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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of guard hair</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_guard_hair-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of guard hair subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_guard_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Awn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bristles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bristles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bristles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bristles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spines" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Longest, most coarse hairs in a mammal's coat</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG/220px-Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG/330px-Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG/440px-Down_Awn_and_guard_hairs_of_cat_2012_11_13_9203r.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption>Down and guard hairs of a domestic tabby cat</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Guard hair</b> or <b>overhair</b> is the outer layer of <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a> of most <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, which overlay the <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>. Guard hairs are long and coarse and protect the rest of the pelage (fur) from abrasion and frequently from moisture. They are visible on the surface of the fur and usually lend a characteristic contour and colour pattern. Underneath the contour hair is the short, dense, fine down. There are three types of guard hair: awns, bristles, and spines.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guard hair (overhair) is the top or outer layer of the coat. Guard hairs are longer, generally coarser, and have nearly straight shafts that protrude through the layer of softer down hair. The distal end of the guard hair is the visible layer of most mammal coats. The guard hair is spread over most of the skin, constitutes the main mass of the fur, and gives the contour and color of the fur, from the combinations in different percentages of two pigments: brown and black <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">eumelanin</a>, and yellow and red pheomelanin. This layer has the most marked pigmentation and gloss, manifesting as coat markings that are adapted for <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> or display. Guard hair repels water and blocks sunlight, protecting the undercoat and skin in wet or aquatic habitats, and from the sun's <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation. Guard hairs can also reduce the severity of cuts or scratches to the skin. Many mammals, such as the domestic <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a>, have a <a href="/wiki/Goose_bumps" title="Goose bumps">pilomotor reflex</a> that raises their guard hairs as part of a threat display when agitated.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_guard_hair">Types of guard hair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of guard hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three major types of guard hair recognized are awns, spines and bristles, although intermediates between these types are known.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awn">Awn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Awn_hair" title="Awn hair">Awn hair</a> is the most common type of guard hair, characterized by an expanded distal end, a thin base, and definitive growth. The shafts of the awn are thick and usually spindle-shaped (or blade- or shieldlike), thinning gradually at the tip. Spindle-shaped portion is hard and usually differently colored. Awns usually lie in one direction, giving the pelage a distinct contour. This type of hair is found in <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">carnivorans</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">equids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and on the face and legs of <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, the covering bristles are shorter, stiffer, straighter, and inconspicuously spindled.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bristles">Bristles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bristles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bristle#Natural_types" title="Bristle">Bristles</a> are firm, generally long hairs in equids and <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">bovids</a>, some carnivorans, etc., that grow continuously and form manes. The mane often varies by sex, serving to distinguish the sexes (<a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>). For example, male <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> have a collar of long, hard outline hair that grows continuously and extends to the shoulders and forms a mane on the back of the neck. Bristles function as visual signals that augment facial expressions (e.g., lions) or body postures (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spines">Spines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The guard hairs are sometimes modified to form defensive <a href="/wiki/Spine_(zoology)#Mammals" title="Spine (zoology)">spines</a>. Spines are the stiff, enlarged guard hairs that exhibit definitive growth and form the protective quills of <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>. In porcupines, the cuticular scales are elongate and form barbs that make it difficult to remove imbedded spines.<sup id="cite_ref-R1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R3_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-R1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. A. Feldhamer, J. F. Merritt, C. Krajewski, J. L. Rachlow, K. M. Stewart. <i>Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology. Fifth Edition.</i> <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Martin, Ronald H. Pine, Anthony F. DeBlase. <i>A Manual of Mammalogy: With Keys to Families of the World</i>. 3rd edition. Waveland Pr Inc. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R3_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. A. Kelt, J. L. Patton. <i>A Manual of the Mammalia: An Homage to Lawlor’s “Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals”.</i> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 2020</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&oldid=1176810321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guard_hair&oldid=1176810321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fur" title="Category:Fur">Fur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammal_anatomy" title="Category:Mammal anatomy">Mammal anatomy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 September 2023, at 03:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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