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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of Drug Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Drug_Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Drug Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Drug_Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marijuana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marijuana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Marijuana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marijuana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocaine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cocaine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cocaine_&_heroin_cartels_(late_1970s-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocaine_&_heroin_cartels_(late_1970s-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocaine_&_heroin_cartels_(late_1970s-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medellín_Cartel_(1976–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medellín_Cartel_(1976–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Medellín Cartel (1976–1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medellín_Cartel_(1976–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cali_Cartel_(1977−1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cali_Cartel_(1977−1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Cali Cartel (1977−1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cali_Cartel_(1977−1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norte_del_Valle_Cartel_(1990−2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norte_del_Valle_Cartel_(1990−2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norte_del_Valle_Cartel_(1990−2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Coast_Cartel_(1999−2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Coast_Cartel_(1999−2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>North Coast Cartel (1999−2004)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Coast_Cartel_(1999−2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor_criminal_organizations_(2006–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor_criminal_organizations_(2006–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Successor criminal organizations (2006–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor_criminal_organizations_(2006–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extradition_treaty_with_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extradition_treaty_with_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Extradition treaty with the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extradition_treaty_with_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_in_government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_in_government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence in government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_in_government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_upon_the_armed_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_upon_the_armed_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence upon the armed conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_upon_the_armed_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence upon the armed conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_upon_the_armed_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerrillas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrillas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Guerrillas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrillas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramilitaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Paramilitaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramilitaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_gangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_gangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Drug gangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_gangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1fico_en_Colombia" title="Narcotráfico en Colombia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Narcotráfico en Colombia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga-trafikoa_Kolonbian" title="Droga-trafikoa Kolonbian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Droga-trafikoa Kolonbian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotrafic_en_Colombie" title="Narcotrafic en Colombie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Narcotrafic en Colombie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թմրաբիզնես Կոլումբիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թմրաբիզնես Կոլումբիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotraffico_in_Colombia" title="Narcotraffico in Colombia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Narcotraffico in Colombia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotr%C3%A1fico_na_Col%C3%B4mbia" title="Narcotráfico na Colômbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Narcotráfico na Colômbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Наркобизнес в Колумбии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наркобизнес в Колумбии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbian_huumekartellit" title="Kolumbian huumekartellit – Finnish" lang="fi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colombian sale and distribution of illegal narcotics</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._(13761079665).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg/250px-As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg/375px-As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg/500px-As%C3%AD_evitamos_que_sigan_envenenando_las_juventudes_del_mundo._%2813761079665%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368" /></a><figcaption>Stacks of cocaine seized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Colombian police</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>illegal drug trade in Colombia</b> has, since the 1970s, centered successively on four major <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartels" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug cartels">drug trafficking cartels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Norte del Valle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Cartel" title="North Coast Cartel">North Coast</a>, as well as several <i>bandas criminales</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">BACRIMs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade eventually created a new social class and influenced several aspects of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Colombian culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. </p><p>The Colombian government efforts to reduce the influence of drug-related criminal organizations is one of the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a>, an ongoing low-intensity war among rival <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">narcoparamilitary</a> groups, guerrillas and drug cartels fighting each other to increase their influence and against the Colombian government that struggles to stop them. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> is known for being the world's-leading producer of coca for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worldwide demand for psychoactive drugs during the 1960s and 1970s resulted in increased production and processing of the plant in Colombia. Cocaine produced at $1,500/kilo in jungle labs can be sold on the streets of the US for as much as $50,000/kilo.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US, the world's largest consumer of cocaine<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other illegal drugs, intervened in Colombia throughout this period in an attempt to cut off the supply of these drugs to the US. The <a href="/wiki/Drug_barons_of_Colombia" title="Drug barons of Colombia">drug barons of Colombia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonzalo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Gacha" title="José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha">José Rodríguez Gacha</a>, were long considered by authorities to be among the most dangerous, wealthy, and powerful men in the world. </p><p>Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>, the United States and European countries have provided financial, logistical, tactical and military aid to the government of Colombia in order to implement plans to combat the illegal drug trade. The most notable of these programs has been the <a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a> which also intended to combat <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> guerrillas, who have controlled many coca-growing regions in Colombia over the past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, cocaine production was 60% lower than at its peak in 2000. In that same year, Peru surpassed Colombia as the main producer of coca leaves in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-unodc.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The level of drug-related violence was halved in the last 10 years and dropped below that of countries like <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Colombia's efforts to combat this problem was signing the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">Vienna Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a>, and including chemicals and drug precursors in the list.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a stronger response than seen globally as those substances are freely traded in the rest of the world. The actual consumption of the drug in Colombia is smaller than in the United States despite internal production being based in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the fact that the population of the United States is the largest user of illegal drugs in the world, with one in six citizens claiming to have used cocaine in their life,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), after reviewing the efficiency of the actions taken by the Colombian government for more than 20 years, has called for cocaine consuming countries - mostly in Europe and North America - to take their share of responsibility and reduce demand for cocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-unodc.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining that there are limits to what the Andean governments can do if cocaine consumption continues unabated, a position that has been maintained by the Colombian government for many years and was later accepted by the United States government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oper_high_step.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oper_high_step.jpg/350px-Oper_high_step.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oper_high_step.jpg/525px-Oper_high_step.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oper_high_step.jpg/700px-Oper_high_step.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the flow of heroin from Colombia to the US.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Colombian National Police</a> has captured and extradited drug lords at a rate of over 100 per year for the last 10 years and currently gives technical advice to 7 countries in Latin America and 12 in Africa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Drug traffickers have resisted those actions by killing five presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Gal%C3%A1n_Sarmiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento">Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Pardo_Leal" title="Jaime Pardo Leal">Jaime Pardo Leal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Jaramillo_Ossa" title="Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa">Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_G%C3%B3mez_Hurtado" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Gómez Hurtado">Alvaro Gómez Hurtado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Pizarro_Leong%C3%B3mez" title="Carlos Pizarro Leongómez">Carlos Pizarro Leongómez</a>, by allegedly planning and financing the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege</a> that left 11 of the 25 Supreme Court Justices dead, by killing over 3,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Colombia)" title="Patriotic Union (Colombia)">Union Patriótica</a> political party, and by assassinating countless police officers, judges and witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Drug_Production">History of Drug Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of Drug Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marijuana">Marijuana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marijuana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colombia" title="Cannabis in Colombia">marijuana drug trade</a> was the gateway to what would eventually make Colombia’s drug industry so prevalent. In the 1960s, marijuana production was centralized in Mexico and Jamaica. Mexico had direct transports to the United States and were their main supplier of the plant. To counter increasing production and consumption, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">government of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">government of Colombia</a> along with other countries initiated a campaign called the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>". Part of this campaign was a series of “eradication programs” which drove American consumers away from Mexican exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoumi_102–116_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoumi_102–116-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this new gap in the marijuana industry, Colombian growers took the opportunity to join the business. Colombian growers were successful due to the extensive rural regions that were negligible to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoumi_102–116_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoumi_102–116-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine">Cocaine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cocaine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scarcity of the coca industry and unique growing environment made cocaine production a very profitable industry for Colombia. Raw Coca has specific cultivation needs that can only be fulfilled in a limited number of tropical countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoumi_102–116_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoumi_102–116-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to the marijuana industry, cocaine producers set up in the depths of Colombian jungles where they could be left undetected and undisrupted. Between 1993 and 1999 Colombia became the main global producer of raw <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, as well as of refined <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. Two factors that allowed the coca business to boom in the 1990s: the end of the cold war depleted the funds of the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarios de Colombia prompting them to turn to the illegal drug industry for revenue, and the promotion and protection of coca cultivation helped paramilitary groups sustain power with local support. </p><p>The process of creating the drug was relatively simple and could be accomplished with minimal technology. The coca leaves were collected and then “soaked in gasoline and other chemicals to extract the coca base”. Which as of 2011 it was estimated by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC) that 63,330 homes were involved in the cultivation process of the coca leaf. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next step is taking the extracted base and compressing it of all water until it's an “easy-to-handle brick containing about 50 percent cocaine”.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the final part of the process that is then shipped to distributors. The value of the cocaine trade is assessed at $10 billion per year in U.S. dollars. Colombia's share of coca production is estimated at 43% of global production.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020 the area of coca bush cultivation in Colombia decreased by 7.1% but this was offset by increases in Peru 13% and Bolivia 15.3% which is where Colombia gets much of its raw cocaine materials from. Despite the decrease in cultivation land, Colombia still holds the largest share of coca bush cultivation accounting for roughly 61% of global cultivation. Further, despite the recent decrease in land Colombia's manufacturing of cocaine increased by 8%<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing its reign as the largest cocaine producer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroin">Heroin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heroin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colombia has a long history of producing heroin, but this production has been decreasing significantly over the past several years as criminal groups have shifted their focus of production towards other drugs and other sources of trafficking. Most of the heroin produced in Colombia is derived from opium poppies grown in the southwestern region of the country, specifically in Nariño, which border Ecuador. The production process involved refining raw opium sap into morphine and then converting the morphine into heroin. According to the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the area of opium poppy cultivation in Colombia has decreased by 26% between 2019 and 2020, from 3,330 hectares to 2,460 hectares. This decline is a part of a larger regional trend, as the overall area of opium poppy cultivation in Latin America and the Caribbean decreased by 18% during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to UNODC, Colombia produced an estimated 1.5 metric tons of pure heroin in 2020. This represents a significant decrease from the peak production levels of 2016-2017, when Colombia was estimated to produce up to 9 metric tons of heroin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cocaine_production">Cocaine production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cocaine production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colcoca01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Colcoca01.jpg/250px-Colcoca01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Colcoca01.jpg/375px-Colcoca01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Colcoca01.jpg/500px-Colcoca01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coca_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca plant">coca plant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1993 and 1999 Colombia became the main global producer of raw <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, as well as of refined <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, and one of the major exporters of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>. </p><p>The value of the cocaine trade is assessed at $10 billion per year in U.S. dollars. Colombia's share of coca production is estimated at 43% of global production.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of cocaine production range from environmental damage to effects on <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Colombia">health</a> and the country's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">economy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Colombia" title="Environmental issues in Colombia">environment</a> is damaged through <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> caused by clearing fields for <a href="/wiki/Plant_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cultivation">plant cultivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">chemical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> also have effects on Colombia. The issues are difficult to address because of the wealth and power of <a href="/wiki/Drug_traffickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug traffickers">drug traffickers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many plantations provide prostitutes to sustain their employees. <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted diseases</a> are spread at a rapid pace and contribute to the workers' inability to heal from the flesh wounds and their incapability of survival outside of this environment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The few positive outcomes from the manufacturing of cocaine include temporarily providing a job for a family struggling financially and raising Colombia's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000 Colombia agreed, under US pressure, to begin researching <a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">fusarium</a> based <a href="/wiki/Mycoherbicide" title="Mycoherbicide">mycoherbicides</a>. This was supported by some American politicians, but <a href="/wiki/Environmentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalists">environmentalists</a> were among those who fiercely objected to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, which causes the plant sickness <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_wilt" title="Fusarium wilt">fusarium wilt</a>, citing broad <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> risks that it could endanger food crops and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. Significant opposition delayed the project, but its supporters said there was little scientific evidence to support such claims. According to a professor of <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rehovot,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehovot, Israel">Rehovot, Israel</a>: "What you're doing is taking a disease that is already present and putting on more of it." However, fusarium outbreaks in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> had little impact on coca cultivation and specialists expressed doubts about whether such an herbicide would be efficacious.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_(drugs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (drugs)">Prohibition</a> of drugs in Colombia was based on the introduction of prohibition laws in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Narcotics_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Narcotics Act">Harrison Narcotics Act</a> of 1914 which prohibited the production and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, in 1937 added <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> and later on a variety of stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogenic drugs between 1964 and 1968. </p><p>Some psychoactive drugs were already grown in Colombia at limited level by local <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">indigenous groups</a>, who mostly employed marijuana and coca leaves for ceremonial and traditional medical uses as part of their culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocaine_&_heroin_cartels_(late_1970s-present)"><span id="Cocaine_.26_heroin_cartels_.28late_1970s-present.29"></span>Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cocaine & heroin cartels (late 1970s-present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Office_of_Envigado" class="mw-redirect" title="The Office of Envigado">The Office of Envigado</a></div> <p>With prohibition, established producers and traffickers formed armed and clandestine <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a>. During the 1980s, as demand increased, the cartels expanded and organized into major criminal conglomerates usually headed by one or several kingpins as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Cartel" title="North Coast Cartel">North Coast Cartel</a>, along with federation-style groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Norte del Valle Cartel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medellín_Cartel_(1976–1993)"><span id="Medell.C3.ADn_Cartel_.281976.E2.80.931993.29"></span>Medellín Cartel (1976–1993)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medellín Cartel (1976–1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a> established a ruthless organization, kidnapping or murdering those who interfered with its objectives. The Medellín Cartel was responsible for the murders of hundreds of people, including government officials, politicians, law enforcement members, journalists, relatives of same, and innocent bystanders. When conflicts emerged between the Medellín Cartel and the guerrillas, the cartel also promoted the creation of <a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">paramilitary groups</a>. </p><p>The cartel originally imported most coca from <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, processing it into <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> inside Colombia and then distributing it through most of the trafficking routes and distribution points in the U.S., including Florida, California and New York. </p><p>The pressure mounted by the US and Colombian governments to counter them led to the cartel's destruction. Most of the cartel's associates were gunned down by <a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Police">police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Colombia">military</a> forces or turned themselves in to authorities in exchange for lenient prison terms.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cali_Cartel_(1977−1995)"><span id="Cali_Cartel_.281977.E2.88.921995.29"></span>Cali Cartel (1977−1995)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cali Cartel (1977−1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a>, also known as "Cali's Gentlemen", was based in southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, around the city of <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department" title="Valle del Cauca Department">Valle del Cauca Department</a>. The Cali Cartel was founded by the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela" title="Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela">Gilberto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela" title="Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela">Miguel</a>, as well as associate <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santacruz_Londo%C3%B1o" title="José Santacruz Londoño">José Santacruz Londoño</a>. The Cali Cartel originally began as a ring of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappers</a> known as <i>Las Chemas</i>. The profits of kidnapping helped finance the ring's move to drug trafficking, originally beginning in <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">Marijuana</a> and eventually spreading to cocaine. The cartel's estimated revenue would eventually reach an estimated $7 billion a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Organized_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Organized-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Outwit_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outwit-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cartel's influence spread to the political and justice system. It also played a role in the manhunt that led to the death of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Escobar" title="Pablo Escobar">Pablo Escobar</a> and helped form the vigilante group "<a href="/wiki/Los_Pepes" title="Los Pepes">Los Pepes</a>" (Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar), which worked alongside members of the government's elite <a href="/wiki/Search_Bloc" title="Search Bloc">Bloque de Busqueda</a> (Search Bloc), exchanging information on the whereabouts of Escobar and other key members of the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a>. </p><p>After the collapse of the cartel, it was discovered it was <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a> phone calls made into and out of <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pin_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pin-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DD_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was engaged in <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> using numerous front companies spread throughout Colombia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norte_del_Valle_Cartel_(1990−2012)"><span id="Norte_del_Valle_Cartel_.281990.E2.88.922012.29"></span>Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Norte del Valle Cartel (1990−2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Norte del Valle Cartel</a></div> <p>The Norte del Valle Cartel, or North Valley Cartel, was a <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a> which operated principally in the north of the <a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle del Cauca">Valle del Cauca</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. It rose to prominence during the second half of the 1990s, after the Cali Cartel and the Medellín Cartel fragmented, and was known as one of the most powerful organizations in the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drugs_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drugs trade">illegal drugs trade</a>. The chiefs of the Norte del Valle cartel included <a href="/wiki/Diego_Le%C3%B3n_Montoya_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Diego León Montoya Sánchez">Diego León Montoya Sánchez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilber_Varela" title="Wilber Varela">Wilber Varela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Ram%C3%ADrez_Abad%C3%ADa" title="Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía">Juan Carlos Ramírez Abadía</a>. Of the original leaders of the cartel, Wilber Varela was the last remaining member being sought by the authorities, but was found dead on January 31, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Norte del Valle cartel is estimated to have exported more than 1.2 million pounds – or 500 metric tons – of cocaine worth in excess of $10 billion from Colombia to Mexico and ultimately to the United States for resale. Indictments filed in the United States charge the Norte del Valle cartel with using violence and brutality to further its goals, including the murder of rivals, individuals who failed to pay for cocaine, and associates who were believed to be working as informants. </p><p>Leaders of the Norte del Valle cartel were further alleged to have bribed and corrupted Colombian law enforcement and Colombian legislators to, among other things, attempt to block the extradition of Colombian narcotics traffickers to the United States for further prosecution. According to the indictments filed in the United States, members of the Norte del Valle cartel even conducted their own wiretaps in Colombia to intercept the communications of rival drug traffickers and Colombian and United States law enforcement officials. </p><p>The cartel is believed to have employed the services of the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> (AUC), a right-wing paramilitary organization internationally classified as a terrorist organization, to protect the cartel's drug routes, its drug laboratories, and its members and associates. The AUC is one of the 37 Foreign Terrorist Organizations identified by the U.S. State Department in 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Coast_Cartel_(1999−2004)"><span id="North_Coast_Cartel_.281999.E2.88.922004.29"></span>North Coast Cartel (1999−2004)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North Coast Cartel (1999−2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_Cartel" title="North Coast Cartel">North Coast Cartel</a></div> <p>The North Coast Cartel was based in the Colombian city of <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Region">Caribbean coast</a> and was headed by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Orlandez_Gamboa" title="Alberto Orlandez Gamboa">Alberto Orlandez Gamboa</a> "<i>Caracol</i>" (The Snail), who was considered as ruthless as Pablo Escobar. The organization transshipped significant amounts of cocaine to the United States and Europe via the smuggling routes it controlled from Colombia's North Coast through the Caribbean. As head of the organization, Gamboa depended on his close associates to conduct the organization's operations and to insulate himself.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of Caracol's Barranquilla-based drug trafficking organization was attributed in part, to the respect the drug organization received from other traffickers operating on Colombia's North Coast. DEA Intelligence indicated that traffickers paid taxes to Gamboa's organization in order to be allowed to ship drugs out of the North Coast. His influence in this region was so strong that traffickers even asked him for permission before conducting assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 6, 1998, Caracol was arrested in Barranquilla, as a result of an ongoing joint investigation between DEA's Barranquilla Resident Office and the Colombian National Police. After his arrest, Caracol immediately was flown to Bogotá, where he was held on murder, kidnapping, and terrorism charges. He was extradited to the United States in August 2000. On March 13, 2003, Caracol pleaded guilty to participating in a narcotics trafficking conspiracy that smuggled tens of thousands of kilograms of cocaine into New York and other cities. His plea was announced on the morning he was to go on trial in Federal District Court in Manhattan after losing a crucial appellate ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the capture of Gamboa the Colombian National Police succeeded in dismantling the North Coast Cartel.<sup id="cite_ref-SEMANA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEMANA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difficulty for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Colombian Government</a> in combating the illegal drug trade is the robustness of the drug cartels. These cartels have massive social and financial networks to support their drug production. As such, these cartels protect their business by way of illegal paramilitary groups that act as non-state actors and provide financial capital to government officials, generating a corrupt political system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Although the state government has attempted to control drug production, especially in the cocaine industry, the government’s weak state capacity has proven to be ineffective in controlling the illegal drug trade and production. For example, the Colombian government has tried to eliminate coca plants by spraying chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily, the Colombian Government and UNODC use three programs to reduce the coca production of civilian farmers. The Products of Peace is a governmental program that aims to support domestic farmers producing other raw goods such as coffee beans, honey, beans, and dairy products. The Forest-Warden Families Programme operates under the Presidential Programme for Social Action of Colombia. The goal of this program is to gain the support of farmers in the voluntary eradication of illegal crops in an attempt to recover forest life and create a healthy ecosystem in these vulnerable areas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the government monitors and implements the integrated and sustainable illicit crop reduction and alternative development strategy in Colombia. This process showcases an attempt to improve the socio-economic conditions for domestic farmers by increasing their income by purchasing non-illicit crops and rewarding them for their efforts in environmental conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor_criminal_organizations_(2006–present)"><span id="Successor_criminal_organizations_.282006.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Successor criminal organizations (2006–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Successor criminal organizations (2006–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paramilitarism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitarism in Colombia">New paramilitary</a> groups and related drug trafficking organizations that have continued operating after the AUC demobilization process are referred to as <i>bandas criminales emergentes</i><sup id="cite_ref-semana.com_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semana.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or BACRIM (Spanish for "emerging criminal organizations") by the Colombian government.<sup id="cite_ref-BrookingsJuly2010_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrookingsJuly2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2011, Colombia remained the world's largest cocaine producer.<sup id="cite_ref-businessweek.com_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessweek.com-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2003, Human Rights Watch stated that, according to their Colombian intelligence sources, "40 percent of the country's total cocaine exports" were controlled by these paramilitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in 2011 an independent investigation made by the Colombian newspaper <i>El Tiempo</i> estimated that 50% of all Colombian cocaine was controlled by the same BACRIM groups.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian National Police">Colombian National Police</a>, these groups had 3,749 members by July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-World-Report-2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-World-Report-2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGO</a> <i>Instituto de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Paz</i> has indicated they would have approximately 6,000 armed combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-World-Report-2011_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-World-Report-2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others estimate their ranks may include up to 10,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-BrookingsJuly2010_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrookingsJuly2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successor groups are often made up of mid-level paramilitary commanders and criminal structures that either did not demobilize in the first place or were re-activated after the demobilizations had concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-World-Report-2011_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-World-Report-2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many demobilized paramilitaries received recruitment offers, were threatened into joining the new organizations or have simultaneously rearmed and remained in government reintegration programs. New recruits have also come from traditional areas for paramilitary recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main emerging criminal and paramilitary organizations are known as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">The Black Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Urabe%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Urabeños">Los Urabeños</a></li> <li><i>Los Paisas</i><sup id="cite_ref-paisas_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paisas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel#Future" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Los Machos</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-semana.com_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semana.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Los Gaitanistas</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renacer_(gang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renacer (gang) (page does not exist)">Renacer</a><sup id="cite_ref-semana.com_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-semana.com-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nueva Generación</i><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Rise-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Oliverio_Guerrero" title="Pedro Oliverio Guerrero">ERPAC</a> (Popular Revolutionary Antiterrorist Army of Colombia) <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloque_Meta" title="Bloque Meta">Bloque Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertadores_del_Vichada" title="Libertadores del Vichada">Libertadores del Vichada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Popular_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejército Popular de Liberación">Ejército Popular de Liberación</a> (Formerly considered a guerrilla movement, as of 2013 considered a <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartel</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Office_of_Envigado" class="mw-redirect" title="The Office of Envigado">The Office of Envigado</a> (former enforcement wing for the <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_Cartel" title="Medellín Cartel">Medellín Cartel</a> that inherited their turf and business connections)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These groups continue to be involved in the drug trade, commit widespread human rights abuses, engage in forced displacement and undermine democratic legitimacy in other ways, both in collusion with and opposition to FARC-EP guerrillas.<sup id="cite_ref-BrookingsJuly2010_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrookingsJuly2010-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-World-Report-2011_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-World-Report-2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their targets have included human rights defenders, labor unionists and victims of the former AUC. Members of government security forces have also been accused of tolerating their growth.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW-World-Report-2011_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-World-Report-2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2010, ERPAC paramilitary leader Pedro Guerrero, also known as <i>Cuchillo</i> or "Knife", died after a police raid.<sup id="cite_ref-RNW-Cuchillo-2010_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNW-Cuchillo-2010-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Cuchillo-2010_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Cuchillo-2010-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extradition_treaty_with_the_US">Extradition treaty with the US</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extradition treaty with the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the greatest threat posed to the Medellín Cartel and the other traffickers was the implementation of an extradition treaty between the United States and Colombia. It allowed Colombia to extradite any Colombian suspected of drug trafficking to the US and to be put on trial there for their crimes. </p><p>This was a major problem for the cartels since the drug traffickers had little to no access to their local power, resources, or influence while in the US, and a trial there would most likely lead to imprisonment. Among the staunch supporters of the extradition treaty were Colombian Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Police Officer Jaime Ramírez and numerous Supreme Court Judges.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the cartel applied a "bend or break" strategy towards several of these supporters. When attacked against the police began to cause major losses, some of the major drug lords themselves were temporarily pushed out of Colombia. They would then go into hiding in other countries that lacked extradition treaties with the United States while they ordered cartel members to take out key supporters of the extradition treaty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_in_government_and_politics">Influence in government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence in government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difficulty for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Colombian Government</a> in combating the illegal drug trade is the robustness of the drug cartels. These cartels have massive social and financial networks to support their drug production. As such, these cartels protect their business by way of illegal paramilitary groups that act as non-state actors and provide financial capital to government officials, generating a corrupt political system. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Although the state government has attempted to control drug production, especially in the cocaine industry, the government’s weak state capacity has proven to be ineffective in controlling the illegal drug trade and production. For example, the Colombian government has tried to eliminate coca plants by spraying chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primarily, the Colombian Government and UNODC use three programs to reduce the coca production of civilian farmers. The Products of Peace is a governmental program that aims to support domestic farmers producing other raw goods such as coffee beans, honey, beans, and dairy products. The Forest-Warden Families Programme operates under the Presidential Programme for Social Action of Colombia. The goal of this program is to gain the support of farmers in the voluntary eradication of illegal crops in an attempt to recover forest life and create a healthy ecosystem in these vulnerable areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the government monitors and implements the integrated and sustainable illicit crop reduction and alternative development strategy in Colombia. This process showcases an attempt to improve the socio-economic conditions for domestic farmers by increasing their income by purchasing non-illicit crops and rewarding them for their efforts in environmental conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the fact that the population of the United States is the largest user of illegal drugs in the world, with one in six citizens claiming to have used cocaine in their life,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), after reviewing the efficiency of the actions taken by the Colombian government for more than 20 years, has called for cocaine consuming countries - mostly in Europe and North America - to take their share of responsibility and reduce demand for cocaine,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explaining that there are limits to what the Andean governments can do if cocaine consumption continues unabated, a position that has been maintained by the Colombian government for many years and was later accepted by the United States government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_upon_the_armed_conflict">Influence upon the armed conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence upon the armed conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict_(1964%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian conflict (1964–present)">Colombian conflict (1964–present)</a></div> <p>With the fall of the two main drug trafficking cartels of Medellín and Cali in the 1990s, some of organizations that inherited their drug routes were members of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Norte_del_Valle_Cartel" title="Norte del Valle Cartel">Norte del Valle Cartel</a>. The FARC and ELN guerrillas came to control the coca-growing regions in the Colombian Amazon and to tax the income from the sale of coca-paste. The right-wing para-military groups initially grew out of the private armies of cocaine cartels.<sup id="cite_ref-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Para-military groups such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a> assassinated trade unionists, left-wing priests and any others deemed to be leftist sympathists. They have also collaborated with Colombian state forces. "The strengthening of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) during the 1990s was an unintended consequence of a series of tactical successes in U.S. anti-drug policies. These included dismantling the Medellín and Cali drug cartels, interdicting coca coming into Colombian processing facilities, and using drug certification requirements to pressure the Colombian government to attack drug cartels and allow aerial fumigation of coca crops. These successes, however, merely pushed coca cultivation increasingly to FARC-dominated areas while weakening many of the FARC's political-military opponents. This provided the FARC with unprecedented opportunities to extract resources from the cocaine industry to deepen its long insurgency against the Colombian state."<sup id="cite_ref-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerrillas">Guerrillas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Guerrillas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrilla movements in Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELN_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="ELN Colombia">ELN Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army" title="Popular Liberation Army">Popular Liberation Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">19th of April Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramilitaries">Paramilitaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Paramilitaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">The Black Eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloque_Meta" title="Bloque Meta">Bloque Meta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertadores_del_Vichada" title="Libertadores del Vichada">Libertadores del Vichada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Urabe%C3%B1os" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Urabeños">Los Urabeños</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_gangs">Drug gangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Drug gangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Office_of_Envigado" class="mw-redirect" title="The Office of Envigado">The Office of Envigado</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Paisas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Paisas (page does not exist)">Los Paisas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-paisas_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paisas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Colombia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_barons_of_Colombia" title="Drug barons of Colombia">Drug barons of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> (OFAC) known in Colombia as "Lista Clinton"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia–United States relations</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime in Colombia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Crisis Group. 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The Rise and Growth of the Successor Groups</a>", <i>Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia</i>, February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paisas-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paisas_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paisas_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIn_Sight2006" class="citation web cs1">In Sight (3 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/groups-colombia/paisas">"Paisas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eltiempo.com&rft.atitle=Los+Urdinola+comandan+la+banda+%27los+Machos%27%2C+que+se+cre%C3%ADa+extinta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eltiempo.com%2Fjusticia%2FARTICULO-WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12015921.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606093951/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo-322475-bacrim-se-extienden-territorio-venezolano">"Las Bacrim se extienden a territorio venezolano"</a>. <i>ElEspectador</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/judicial/articulo-322475-bacrim-se-extienden-territorio-venezolano">the original</a> on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElEspectador&rft.atitle=Las+Bacrim+se+extienden+a+territorio+venezolano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fnoticias%2Fjudicial%2Farticulo-322475-bacrim-se-extienden-territorio-venezolano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/nacional/articuloimpreso96022-erpac-dolor-de-cabeza-de-uribe">"Erpac, dolor de cabeza de Uribe"</a>. <i>ElEspectador</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ElEspectador&rft.atitle=Erpac%2C+dolor+de+cabeza+de+Uribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elespectador.com%2Fimpreso%2Fnacional%2Farticuloimpreso96022-erpac-dolor-de-cabeza-de-uribe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701125233/http://insightcrime.org/farc-peace/epl-megateo-future-farc">"The EPL and "Megateo": The Future of the FARC? - InSight Crime | Organized Crime in the Americas"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+EPL+and+%22Megateo%22%3A+The+Future+of+the+FARC%3F+-+InSight+Crime+%26%23124%3B+Organized+Crime+in+the+Americas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Ffarc-peace%2Fepl-megateo-future-farc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322091604/http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombias-bacrim-common-criminals-or-actors-in-armed-conflict">"Colombia's BACRIM: Common Criminals or Actors in Armed Conflict?"</a>. insightcrime.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/colombias-bacrim-common-criminals-or-actors-in-armed-conflict">the original</a> on 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colombia%27s+BACRIM%3A+Common+Criminals+or+Actors+in+Armed+Conflict%3F&rft.pub=insightcrime.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightcrime.org%2Fnews-analysis%2Fcolombias-bacrim-common-criminals-or-actors-in-armed-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllegal+drug+trade+in+Colombia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRW-AUC-heirs-2010-Impact_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/node/88058/section/8">IV. The Successor Groups’ Human Rights and Humanitarian Impact</a>", <i>Paramilitaries’ Heirs: The New Face of Violence in Colombia</i>, February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNW-Cuchillo-2010-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RNW-Cuchillo-2010_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/notorious-drug-lord-killed-colombia">Colombia kills paramilitary drug lord wanted in US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929094518/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/notorious-drug-lord-killed-colombia">Archived</a> 2012-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 29, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Cuchillo-2010-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Cuchillo-2010_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12087873">Colombian drug lord Guerrero was 'drunk' when he died</a>, December 30, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peceny,_M._2006_pp._95-116_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peceny, M., Durnan, M. (2006), "The FARC's best friend: U.S. antidrug policies and the deepening of Colombia's civil war in the 1990s", <i>Latin American Politics and Society</i> 48 (2), pp. 95-116</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/inside/colombian.html">PBS.org - Frontline: drug wars; the Colombian Cartels</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/colombia/libros/jinetes/cap1.html">Los Jinetes de la Cocaina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509001147/http://www.ocolombia.com/article/the-new-face-of-the-colombian-cocaine-trade.html">- The New Face of the Colombian Cocaine Trade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ojpzvcxiW0"><span class="plainlinks">Cocaine Has An Iron Grip On Colombia</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> published January 9, 2020 <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_conflict" title="Template talk:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombian_conflict_(1964–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a> (1964–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:110%;text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Participants </p> </th> <th colspan="1" style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Colombian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Colombian conflict">Timeline</a> </p> </th> <th style="font-size:110%; background-color:#b0c4de"> <p>Key aspects </p> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td colspan="3" style="line-height:10pt; padding:0.25em 0;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <i> </i></div> </td> <td width="30%" rowspan="3" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia (1948–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetalia_Republic" title="Marquetalia Republic">Marquetalia Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">The National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Dominican_Republic_Embassy_siege_in_Bogot%C3%A1" title="1980 Dominican Republic Embassy siege in Bogotá">Dominican Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_siege" title="Palace of Justice siege">Palace of Justice siege (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAS_Building_bombing" title="DAS Building bombing">DAS Building bombing (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Colombia)#Decline_and_Extermination" title="Patriotic Union (Colombia)">Patriotic Union Party extermination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_exchange" title="Humanitarian exchange">Humanitarian exchange</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapirip%C3%A1n_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapiripán Massacre">Mapiripán Massacre (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cagu%C3%A1n_DMZ" title="El Caguán DMZ">El Caguán DMZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999%E2%80%932002_FARC%E2%80%93Government_peace_process" title="1999–2002 FARC–Government peace process">Failed peace process (1999–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bojay%C3%A1_massacre" title="Bojayá massacre">Bojayá massacre (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Deputies_hostage_crisis" title="Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis">Valle del Cauca Deputies hostage crisis (2002–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_El_Nogal_Club_bombing" title="2003 El Nogal Club bombing">El Nogal Club bombing (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Neiva_bombing" title="2003 Neiva bombing">Neiva bombing (2003)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Parapolitics scandal (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22False_positives%22_scandal" title=""False positives" scandal">"False positives" scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">Andean diplomatic crisis (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaque" title="Operation Jaque">Operation Jaque (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operacion_Fenix" title="Operacion Fenix">Operation Fenix (2008)</a> <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o_massacres" title="Nariño massacres">Nariño massacres (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Colombian_clashes" title="2013 Colombian clashes">2013 Colombian clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Renewed peace process (2012–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Colombian_peace_agreement_referendum" title="2016 Colombian peace agreement referendum">Peace agreement referendum (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Huila_attack" title="2022 Huila attack">2022 Huila attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Peace" title="Total Peace">Total Peace concept</a></li></ul> <div> </div> </td> <td width="20%" rowspan="7" style="padding-left:0.5em; text-align:left;"> <div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Government aspects</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_security" title="Democratic security">Democratic security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Patriota" title="Plan Patriota">Plan Patriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics of Colombia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Illegal drug trade</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illegal drug trade in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snowcap" title="Operation Snowcap">Operation Snowcap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_campaign" title="Catatumbo campaign">Catatumbo campaign</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Kidnappings</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kidnappings_in_Colombia" title="Kidnappings in Colombia">Kidnappings in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_hostages_held_by_FARC" title="List of political hostages held by FARC">FARC political hostages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background: #7BA05B; color: #FFFFFF;"> <b>Lawsuits</b> </span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinaltrainal_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Co.">Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Rodriquez_v._Drummond_Co." title="Estate of Rodriquez v. Drummond Co.">Rodriquez v. Drummond (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Doe v. Chiquita Brands International">Doe v. Chiquita (2007)</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> <br /> </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th colspan="1" style="background:LightGoldenrodYellow; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrillas</a><br /> </th> <th style="background:mistyrose; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Government of Colombia</a> </th> <th style="background:lavender; line-height:11pt; padding:0.25em 0; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Paramilitaries</a><br /> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_ELN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/22px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/33px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_ELN.svg/44px-Flag_of_ELN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Colombia)" title="National Liberation Army (Colombia)">ELN</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_EPL.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_EPL.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_EPL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="270" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberation_Army" title="Popular Liberation Army">EPL</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/FARC_dissidents" title="FARC dissidents">FARC dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_the_Pacific" title="Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific">FARIP</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former guerrillas</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_FARC-EP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC-EP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_FARC" title="List of attacks attributed to FARC">List of FARC attacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_M-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/22px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/33px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_M-19.svg/44px-Flag_of_M-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/19th_of_April_Movement" title="19th of April Movement">M19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammer_and_sickle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/20px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/30px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hammer_and_sickle.svg/40px-Hammer_and_sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Student_Workers_Movement" title="Peasant Student Workers Movement">MOEC</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_CGSB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_Guerrilla_Coordinating_Board" title="Simón Bolívar Guerrilla Coordinating Board">CGSB</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_ERP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_the_ERP.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_ERP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Army_(Colombia)" title="People's Revolutionary Army (Colombia)">ERP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Armado_Quintin_Lame" title="Movimiento Armado Quintin Lame">MAQL</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_Colombian_Communist_Party" title="Clandestine Colombian Communist Party">PCCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foro_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foro de São Paulo">Foro de São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Colombia_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)">PC de C (M-L)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANNCOL" title="ANNCOL">ANNCOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighters%2BLovers" title="Fighters+Lovers">Fighters+Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia#Farcpolitics_Scandal" title="Corruption in Colombia">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td width="15%" style="text-align:left;"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military Forces of Colombia</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Air_Force" title="Colombian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Naval_Infantry" title="Colombian Naval Infantry">Colombian Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">National Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Other:</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Migration" title="Colombia Migration">Migración Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Attorney General of Colombia">Attorney General units</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former government program</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DynCorp" title="DynCorp">DynCorp International</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Verification_Mission_in_Colombia" title="United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia">Mission in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td width="15%" rowspan="5" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Eagles">Águilas Negras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Rastrojos" title="Los Rastrojos">Los Rastrojos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_del_Golfo" title="Clan del Golfo">Clan Úsuga</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Former paramilitaries</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">AUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Americana_Anticomunista" title="Alianza Americana Anticomunista">AAA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><i>Linked to</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yair_Klein" title="Yair Klein">Spearhead Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONVIVIR" title="CONVIVIR">CONVIVIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel#Colombia" title="Drug cartel">Colombian drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel"> Mexican drug cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Some Colombian<br /> military personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_parapolitics_scandal" title="Colombian parapolitics scandal">Some Colombian politicians</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colombia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colombia_topics" title="Template talk:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colombia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colombia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colombian_history" title="Timeline of Colombian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Kingdom of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foolish_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Foolish Fatherland">Foolish Fatherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_New_Granada" title="United Provinces of New Granada">United Provinces of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Military career of Simón Bolívar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Wars of independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">Republic of New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granadine_Confederation" title="Granadine Confederation">Granadine Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Colombia" title="United States of Colombia">United States of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Republic of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1895" title="Colombian Civil War of 1895">Colombian Civil War of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Days%27_War" title="Thousand Days' War">Thousand Days' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War (Leticia Incident)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Colombia)" title="National Front (Colombia)">National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Current internal armed conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peace_process" title="Colombian peace process">Colombian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Colombia" title="Geography of Colombia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Colombia" title="Biodiversity of Colombia">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Colombia" title="Fauna of Colombia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Colombia" title="Flora of Colombia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Colombia" title="Climate of Colombia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Colombia" title="Geology of Colombia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Colombia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Colombia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Colombia" title="Category:Islands of Colombia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Colombia" title="List of rivers of Colombia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valleys_and_Plateaus_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valleys and Plateaus of Colombia (page does not exist)">Valleys and Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Colombia" title="List of national parks of Colombia">National parks <span style="font-size:85%;">(Protected Areas)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Colombia" title="List of cities and towns in Colombia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_hazards_in_Colombia" title="Natural hazards in Colombia">Natural hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Colombia" title="Environmental issues in Colombia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_Colombia" title="List of invasive species in Colombia">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Colombia" title="Natural regions of Colombia">Natural regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_natural_region" title="Amazon natural region">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_natural_region" title="Andean natural region">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_natural_region" title="Caribbean natural region">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_region_of_Colombia" title="Insular region of Colombia">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinoqu%C3%ADa_natural_region" title="Orinoquía natural region">Orinoquía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific/Choc%C3%B3_natural_region" title="Pacific/Chocó natural region">Pacific/Chocó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Colombia" title="Administrative divisions of Colombia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Colombia" title="Municipalities of Colombia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Colombia" title="Metropolitan areas of Colombia">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Capital District</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corregimientos_of_Colombia" title="Corregimientos of Colombia">Corregimientos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_territory_(Colombia)" title="Indigenous territory (Colombia)">Indigenous territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Colombia" title="Politics of Colombia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Colombia" title="List of political parties in Colombia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colombia" title="Elections in Colombia">Elections</a></li> <li>Ideologies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Communism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Colombia" title="Government of Colombia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Constitution_of_1991" title="Colombian Constitution of 1991">Constitution</a></li> <li>Control <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Auditor_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Auditor General of Colombia">Auditor General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Comptroller General of Colombia">Comptroller General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_Colombia" title="Office of the Inspector General of Colombia">Inspector General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman%27s_Office_of_Colombia" title="Ombudsman's Office of Colombia">Ombudsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Branch_of_Colombia" title="Executive Branch of Colombia">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Colombia" title="Council of Ministers of Colombia">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_entities_of_Colombia" title="Government entities of Colombia">Government agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Colombia" title="President of Colombia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Colombia" title="Vice President of Colombia">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Colombia" title="Foreign relations of Colombia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Colombia" title="Judiciary of Colombia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Colombia" title="Congress of Colombia">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Police_of_Colombia" title="National Police of Colombia">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Military Forces of Colombia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Aerospace Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Army_of_Colombia" title="National Army of Colombia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Navy" title="Colombian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking in Colombia">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_(Colombia)" title="Bank of the Republic (Colombia)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Colombia" title="List of companies of Colombia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colombia" title="Agriculture in Colombia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Colombia" title="Industry of Colombia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Colombia" title="Mineral industry of Colombia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_peso" title="Colombian peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombia Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Colombia" title="Science and technology in Colombia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Colombia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Colombia" title="Taxation in Colombia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Colombia" title="Trade unions in Colombia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Colombia" title="Tourism in Colombia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Colombia" title="Transport in Colombia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Colombia" title="Category:Society of Colombia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombians" title="Colombians">Colombians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Colombians" title="List of Colombians">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Colombia" title="Demographics of Colombia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Colombia" title="Health care in Colombia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Colombia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Colombia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Colombia" title="Culture of Colombia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Colombia" title="Architecture of Colombia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_art" title="Colombian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Colombia" title="Cinema of Colombia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Colombia">Video gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Colombia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Colombia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Colombia" title="Carnival in Colombia">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Colombia" title="List of festivals in Colombia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_folklore" title="Colombian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_handicrafts" title="Colombian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Colombia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Colombia" title="Theater of Colombia">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Colombia" title="National symbols of Colombia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia" title="Coat of arms of Colombia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Colombia" title="Public holidays in Colombia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Freedom of religion in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Colombia" title="Miss Colombia">Miss Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Colombia" title="Sport in Colombia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">Issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Colombia" title="Human rights in Colombia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Colombia" title="Intersex rights in Colombia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Colombia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Colombia" title="Immigration to Colombia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Colombia" title="Emigration from Colombia">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Colombia" title="Crime in Colombia">Crime</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Colombia" title="Terrorism in Colombia">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_movements_in_Colombia" title="Guerrilla movements in Colombia">Guerrilla movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_paramilitarism_in_Colombia" title="Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia">Right-wing paramilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_in_popular_culture" title="Colombia in popular culture">Colombia in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colombia" title="Outline of Colombia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Colombia-related_articles" title="Index of Colombia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colombia" title="Category:Colombia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Colombia" title="Portal:Colombia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Illegal drug trade in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Bahamas" title="Illegal drug trade in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guatemala" title="Illegal drug trade in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Peru" title="Illegal drug trade in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illegal drug trade in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South America">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&oldid=1243628836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia&oldid=1243628836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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