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<span>Regnal period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regnal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanda_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanda_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nanda kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanda_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Imperial extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military strength</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ministers_and_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministers_and_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ministers and scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministers_and_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanda_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanda_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nanda era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanda_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpopularity_and_overthrow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpopularity_and_overthrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Unpopularity and overthrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpopularity_and_overthrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanda dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية ناندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية ناندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="ناندا ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناندا ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="নন্দ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নন্দ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нанда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нанда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandovci" title="Nandovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nandovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandareich" title="Nandareich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nandareich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری ناندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ناندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Nanda" title="Empire Nanda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire Nanda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%8B%A4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="난다 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난다 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="नंद वंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नंद वंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Nanda" title="Dinastia Nanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Nanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ನಂದ ರಾಜವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಂದ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნანდას იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნანდას იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="നന്ദ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നന്ദ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნანდაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნანდაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ناندا امپراتوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ناندا امپراتوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="नन्द साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नन्द साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E6%9C%9D" title="ナンダ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナンダ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandlar_imperiyasi" title="Nandlar imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nandlar imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਨੰਦਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੰਦਾ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="نندا سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نندا سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Nanda" title="Império Nanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Nanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="නන්ද රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නන්ද රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நந்த அரசமரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நந்த அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="నంద వంశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నంద వంశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์นันทะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์นันทะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Nanda İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nanda İmparatorluğu" 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style="display:none">Ruling dynasty of Magadha</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Nanda dynasty</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 322 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanda_Empire,_c.325_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler Dhana Nanda (c. 325 BCE).[2]"><img alt="Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler Dhana Nanda (c. 325 BCE).[2]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/300px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/450px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png/600px-Nanda_Empire%2C_c.325_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1121" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Possible extent of the Nanda Empire under its last ruler <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 325 BCE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivikism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESujatoBrahmali201422-23_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESujatoBrahmali201422-23-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201130-31_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201130-31-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Magadha#House_of_Nanda" title="List of monarchs of Magadha">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 340 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda" title="Mahapadma Nanda">Mahapadma</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 329</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 322 BCE</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 322 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila (region)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asmaka" title="Asmaka">Asmaka</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/300px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/400px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Kingdom of Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Kingdom of Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nanda dynasty</b> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadhan Empire</a>, an ancient Indian empire during the fourth century BCE and possibly also during the fifth. The Nandas overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> and expanded the empire to include a larger part of northern India. Ancient sources differ considerably regarding the names of the Nanda kings and the duration of their rule, but based on the Buddhist tradition recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i>, they appear to have ruled during <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345</span>–322 BCE, although some theories date the start of their rule to the fifth century BCE. </p><p>The Nandas built on the successes of their <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a> and Shaishunaga predecessors and instituted a more centralised administration. Ancient sources credit them with amassing great wealth, which was probably a result of the introduction of a new currency and taxation system. </p><p>Ancient texts also suggest that the Nandas were unpopular among their subjects because of their low-status birth, excessive taxation, and general misconduct. The last Nanda king <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a> was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. </p><p>Modern historians generally identify the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> and the Prasii mentioned in ancient Greco-Roman accounts as a Nanda king. While describing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> (327–325 BCE), Greco-Roman writers depict this kingdom as a great military power. The prospect of a war against this kingdom, coupled with the exhaustion resulting from almost a decade of campaigning, led to a mutiny among Alexander's homesick soldiers, putting an end to his Indian campaign. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Indian and Greco-Roman traditions characterise the dynasty's founder as of low birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> (1st century BCE), Porus told Alexander that the contemporary Nanda king was thought to be the son of a barber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a> (1st century CE) adds that according to Porus, this barber became the former queen's paramour thanks to his attractive looks, treacherously assassinated the then king, usurped the supreme authority by pretending to act as a guardian for the then princes, and later killed the princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jain tradition, as recorded in the <i>Avashyaka Sutra</i> and the 12th-century text <i><a href="/wiki/Parishishtaparvan" title="Parishishtaparvan">Parishishta-parvan</a></i>, corroborates the Greco-Roman accounts, stating that the first Nanda king was the son of a barber. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 12th century text <i>Parishishta-parvan</i>, the mother of the first Nanda king was a courtesan. However, the text also states that the daughter of the last Nanda king married Chandragupta, because it was customary for <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> girls to choose their husbands; thus, it implies that the Nanda king claimed to be a Kshatriya, that is, a member of the warrior class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196614-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> name the dynasty's founder as <a href="/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda" title="Mahapadma Nanda">Mahapadma</a>, and claim that he was the son of the <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a> king <a href="/wiki/Mahanandin" title="Mahanandin">Mahanandin</a>. However, even these texts hint at the low birth of the Nandas, when they state that Mahapadma's mother belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> class, the lowest of the <a href="/wiki/Varna_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Varna in Hinduism">varnas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the claim of the barber ancestry of the dynasty's founder is attested by two different traditions—Greco-Roman and Jain, it appears to be more reliable than the Puranic claim of Shaishunaga ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist tradition calls the Nandas "of unknown lineage" (<i>annata-kula</i>). According to <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, the dynasty's founder was Ugrasena, who was originally "a man of the frontier": he fell into the hands of a gang of robbers, and later became their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008272_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008272-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later ousted the sons of the Shaishunaga king <a href="/wiki/Kalashoka" title="Kalashoka">Kalashoka</a> (or Kakavarna).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/K._N._Panikkar" title="K. N. Panikkar">K. N. Panikkar</a> suggested that the Nandas were the sole Kshatriyas in India "at the time of the Mauryas" and <a href="/wiki/M._N._Srinivas" title="M. N. Srinivas">M. N. Srinivas</a> suggested that the "other Kshatriya castes have come into existence through a process of caste mobility from among the lower castes".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 177">: 177 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regnal_period">Regnal period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regnal period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is little unanimity among the ancient sources regarding the total duration of the Nanda reign or their regnal period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198823_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198823-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i> assigns 88 years to the rule of the first Nanda king alone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some manuscripts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> state the total duration of the Nanda rule as 40 years. The 16th century Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> assigns 29 years to the Nandas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198822–23_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198822–23-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to assign precise date for the Nanda and other early dynasties of Magadha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> and Vivekanand Jha date the Nanda rule from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 344</span>–322 BCE, relying on the Sri Lankan Buddhist tradition which states that the Nandas ruled for 22 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a> dates the Nanda rule from 364/345 BCE to 324 BCE, based on the assumption that <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> died in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 486 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another theory, based on astronomical calculations, the first Nanda king ascended the throne in 424 BCE. Proponents of this theory also interpret the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> to mean that "Nandaraja" (the Nanda king) flourished in year 103 of the <a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Mahavira Era</a>, that is, in 424 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Prasad_Jain200525_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJyoti_Prasad_Jain200525-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th century Jain writer <a href="/wiki/Merutunga" title="Merutunga">Merutunga</a>, in his <i>Vichara-shreni</i>, states that king Chandra <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a> of <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(Ancient_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (Ancient India)">Avanti</a> died on the same night as the Jain leader <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. He was succeeded by his son Palaka, who ruled for 60 years. After that, the Nandas rose to power at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> and captured the Avanti capital <a href="/wiki/Ujjayini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujjayini">Ujjayini</a>. The Nanda rule, spanning the reigns of nine kings, lasted for 155 years, after which the Mauryas came to power. According to the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> Jain tradition, Mahavira died in 527 BCE, which would mean that the Nanda rule—according to Merutunga's writings—lasted from 467 BCE to 312 BCE. According to historian <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>, while all the chronological details provided by Merutunga cannot be accepted without corroborative evidence, they cannot be dismissed as entirely unreliable unless contradicted by more reliable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar197659–60_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._C._Majumdar197659–60-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nanda_kings">Nanda kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nanda kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Buddhist, Jain, and Puranic traditions all state that there were 9 Nanda kings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008272_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008272-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the sources differ considerably on the names of these kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Greco-Roman accounts, the Nanda rule spanned two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Curtius</a> (1st century CE) suggests that the dynasty's founder was a barber-turned-king, and that his son was the dynasty's last king, who was overthrown by Chandragupta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek accounts name only one Nanda king—Agrammes or Xandrames—who was a contemporary of Alexander. "Agrammes" may be a Greek transcription of the Sanskrit word "Augrasainya" (literally "son or descendant of Ugrasena", Ugrasena being the name of the dynasty's founder according to the Buddhist tradition).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198814-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, compiled in India in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century CE</span> (but based on earlier sources), also state that the Nandas ruled for two generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200412-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Puranic tradition, the dynasty's founder was Mahapadma: the <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i> assigns him an incredibly long reign of 88 years, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> mentions the length of his reign as only 28 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198423-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puranas further state that Mahapadma's 8 sons ruled in succession after him for a total of 12 years, but name only one of these sons: Sukalpa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198420-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Vayu Purana</i> script names him as "Sahalya", which apparently corresponds to the "Sahalin" mentioned in the Buddhist text <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198823_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198823-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dhundhiraja_of_Svamimalai" title="Dhundhiraja of Svamimalai">Dhundhi-raja</a>, an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranic</a> commentator, names one of the Nanda kings as Sarvatha-siddhi, and states that his son was Maurya, whose son was Chandragupta Maurya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Puranas themselves do not talk of any relation between the Nanda and the Maurya dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri1988140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Sri Lankan Buddhist text <i>Mahavamsa</i>, written in <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali language</a>, there were 9 Nanda kings – they were brothers who ruled in succession, for a total of 22 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These nine kings were:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda" title="Mahapadma Nanda">Ugra-sena</a> (Uggasena in Pali)</li> <li>Panduka</li> <li>Pandugati</li> <li>Bhuta-pala</li> <li>Rashtra-pala</li> <li>Govishanaka</li> <li>Dasha-siddhaka</li> <li>Kaivarta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_extent">Imperial extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/400px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/600px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>An estimate of the territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a> empires, including during the rule of predecessors and successors of the Nandas<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nanda capital was located at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> region of eastern India. This is confirmed by the Buddhist and Jain traditions, as well as the Sanskrit play <i><a href="/wiki/Mudrarakshasa" title="Mudrarakshasa">Mudrarakshasa</a></i>. The Puranas also connect the Nandas to the <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a>, which ruled in the Magadha region. The Greek accounts state that Agrammes (identified as a Nanda king) was the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a> valley) and the Prasii (probably a transcription of the Sanskrit word <i>prachya</i>s, literally "easterners"). According to the later writer <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>), Pataliputra (Greek: Palibothra) was located in the country of the Prasii, which further confirms that Pataliputra was the Nanda capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of various historical sources – including the ancient Greek accounts, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> – suggests that the Nandas controlled eastern India, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a> valley, and at least a part of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817–20_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817–20-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also highly probable that they controlled the <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (India)">Avanti</a> region in Central India, which made it possible for their successor <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> to conquer present-day <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> western India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819–20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819–20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Jain tradition, the Nanda minister subjugated the entire country up to the coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Puranas state that the Nanda king Mahapadma destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>, and attained undisputed sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198419–20_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198419–20-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a> said to have been exterminated by him include <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Maithalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Kashi">Kasheyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasenadi" title="Pasenadi">Ikshvakus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shurasena" title="Shurasena">Shurasenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heheya_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Heheya Kingdom">Haihayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitihotras" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitihotras">Vitihotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalingas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashmaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashmaka">Ashmakas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Maithala (literally, "of <a href="/wiki/Mithil%C4%81_(ancient_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithilā (ancient city)">Mithilā</a>") territory was located to the north of Magadha, on the border of present-day Nepal and northern <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. This region had come under the control of Magadha during the reign of the 5th century BCE king <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a>. The Nandas probably subjugated the local chieftains, who may have retained some degree of independence from Magadha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kasheyas were the residents of the area around Kashi, that is, present-day <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. According to the Puranas, a Shaishunaga prince was appointed to govern Kashi, which suggests that this region was under Shaishunaga control. The Nandas may have captured it from a successor of the Shaishunaga prince.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ikshvakus ruled the historical Kosala region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, and had come into conflict with the Magadha kingdom during the reign of Ajatashatru. Their history after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Virudhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Virudhaka">Virudhaka</a> is obscure. A passage of the 11th century story-collection <i><a href="/wiki/Kathasaritsagara" title="Kathasaritsagara">Kathasaritsagara</a></i> refers to the Nanda camp (<i>kataka</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> town of the Kosala region. This suggests that the Nanda king went on a military campaign to Kosala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Panchalas occupied the Ganges valley to the north-west of the Kosala region, and there are no records of their conflict with the Magadha monarchs before the Nanda period. Therefore, it appears that the Nandas subjugated them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Greek accounts, Alexander expected to face king Agrammes (identified as a Nanda king) if he advanced eastwards from the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>. This suggests that the Nanda territory extended up to the Ganges river in the present-day western <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Shurasenas ruled the area around <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>. The Greek accounts suggest that they were subordinates to the king of the Prasii, that is, the Nanda king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kuru territory, which included the sacred site of <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a>, was located to the west of the Panchala territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818–19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818–19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek records suggest that the king of Gangaridai and Prasii controlled this region, which may be taken as corrorobrative evidence for the Nanda conquest of the Kuru territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Haihayas ruled the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> valley in central India, with their capital at <a href="/wiki/Mahishmati" title="Mahishmati">Mahishmati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817–18_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198817–18-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanda control over this territory does not seem improbable, given that their predecessors – the Shaishunagas – are said to have subjugated the rulers of Avanti in central India (according to the Puranas), and their successors – the Mauryas – are known to have ruled over Central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Vitihotras, according to the Puranas, were closely associated with the Haihayas. Their sovereignty is said to have ended before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a> in Avanti, far earlier than the Nandas and the Shaishunagas came to power. However, a passage in the <i>Bhavishyanukirtana</i> of the Puranas suggests that the Vitihotras were contemporaries of the Shaishunagas. It is possible that the Shaishunagas restored a Pradyota prince as a subordinate ruler, after defeating the Pradyotas. The Nandas may have defeated this Vitihotra ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198819-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jain writers describe the Nandas as the successors of Palaka, the son of king <a href="/wiki/Pradyota" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradyota">Pradyota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198820_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198820-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Kalingas occupied the coastal territory in present-day <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanda control of this region is corroborated by the <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> of the later king <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st or 2nd century BCE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription states that "Nanda-raja" (the Nanda king) had excavated a canal in Kalinga, and had taken a Jain idol from Kalinga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the inscription, this canal had been dug "<i>ti-vasa-sata</i>" years ago: the term is variously interpreted as "three hundred" or "one hundred and three".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198813_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198813-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ashmakas occupied the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> valley in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one theory, <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a> in this region was originally called "Nau Nand Dehra" (abode of the nine Nandas), which may be considered as evidence of the Nanda control of this area. However, there is no concrete evidence that the Nanda rule extended to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya range">Vindhya range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198818-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Amaravati" title="Amaravati">Amaravathi</a> hoard of <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">Punch marked coins</a> have revealed imperial standard coins dating back to the Nandas besides other dynasties of Magadha, including the Mauryas; but it is not certain when this region was annexed by the Magadhan rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala country</a> (North Mysore) inscriptions suggest that the Nandas also ruled it, which included a part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in southern India. However, these inscriptions are relatively late (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 CE</span>), and therefore, cannot be considered as reliable in this context. The Magadha empire included parts of southern India during the reign of the Mauryas – the successors of the Nandas – but there is no satisfactory account of how they came to control this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198820_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198820-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an inscription discovered at Bandanikke states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala country</a> (which included the north-western parts of Mysore and the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency) was ruled by the nava-Nanda, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta-kula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryya kings</a>; then the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rattas</a> ruled it : after whom were the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a>; then the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuryya family</a>; and after them the (<a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a>) Ballalas.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_strength">Military strength</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military strength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">invaded north-western India</a> at the time of Agrammes or Xandrames,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom modern historians generally identify as the last Nanda king – <a href="/wiki/Dhana_Nanda" title="Dhana Nanda">Dhana Nanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198436_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDilip_Kumar_Ganguly198436-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 326 BCE, Alexander's army reached the <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a> (Greek: Hyphasis), beyond which the Nanda territory was located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014252_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014252-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Curtius, Alexander learned that Agrammes had 200,000 infantry; 20,000 cavalry; 3,000 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephants</a>; and 2,000 four-horse chariots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diodorus gives the number of elephants as 4,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198815_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198815-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> inflates these numbers significantly, except the infantry:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to him, the Nanda force included 200,000 infantry; 80,000 cavalry; 6,000 elephants; and 8,000 chariots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198816_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198816-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the numbers reported to Alexander had been exaggerated by the local Indian population, who had the incentive to mislead the invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014252_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014252-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nanda army did not have the opportunity to face Alexander, whose soldiers mutinied at the Beas River, refusing to go any further in the east. Alexander's soldiers had first started to agitate to return to their homeland at <a href="/wiki/Hecatompylos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hecatompylos">Hecatompylos</a> in 330 BCE, and the stiff resistance that they had met in north-western India in the subsequent years had demoralised them. They mutinied, when faced with the prospect of facing the Nanda army, forcing Alexander to withdraw from India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014251–253_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014251–253-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little information survives on the Nanda administration today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puranas describe the Nanda king as <i>ekarat</i> ("single ruler"), which suggests that the Nanda empire was an integrated monarchy rather than a group of virtually independent feudal states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198811_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198811-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Greek accounts suggest the presence of a more federated system of governance. For example, <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a> mentions that the land beyond the Beas River was governed by "the aristocracy, who exercised their authority with justice and moderation." The Greek accounts mention the <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> and the Prasii separately, although suggesting that these two were ruled by a common sovereign. Historian <a href="/wiki/H._C._Raychaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="H. C. Raychaudhuri">H. C. Raychaudhuri</a> theorises that the Nandas held centralised control over their core territories in present-day Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, but allowed considerable autonomy in the frontier parts of their empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is suggested by Buddhist legends, which state Chandragupta was unable to defeat the Nandas when he attacked their capital but was successful against them when he gradually conquered the frontier regions of their empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821–22_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821–22-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nanda kings appear to have strengthened the Magadha kingdom ruled by their Haryanka and Shaishunaga predecessors, creating the first great empire of northern India in the process. Historians have put forward various theories to explain the political success of these dynasties of Magadha. Pataliputra, the capital of Magadha, was naturally protected because of its location at the junction of the Ganges and the Son rivers. The Ganges and its tributaries connected the kingdom with important trade routes. It had fertile soil and access to <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> and elephants of the adjacent areas. Some historians have suggested that Magadha was relatively free from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanical</a> orthodoxy, which may have played a role in its political success; however, it is difficult to assess the veracity of this claim. <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmananda_Kosambi" title="Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi">D. D. Kosambi</a> theorised that Magadha's monopoly over iron ore mines played a major role in its imperial expansion, but historian <a href="/wiki/Upinder_Singh" title="Upinder Singh">Upinder Singh</a> has disputed this theory, pointing out that Magadha did not have a monopoly over these mines, and the iron mining in the historical Magadha region started much later. Singh, however, notes that the adjoining <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> was rich in many minerals and other raw materials, and access to these would have been an asset for Magadha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministers_and_scholars">Ministers and scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ministers and scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Jain tradition, Kalpaka was the minister of the first Nanda king. He became a minister reluctantly, but after assuming the office, he encouraged the king to adopt an aggressive expansionist policy. The Jain texts suggest that the ministerial offices of the Nanda Empire were hereditary. For example, after the death of Shakatala, a minister of the last Nanda king, his position was offered to his son Sthulabhadra; when Sthulabhadra refused the offer, Shakatala's second son Shriyaka was appointed as the minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Brihatkatha" title="Brihatkatha">Brihatkatha</a></i> tradition claims that under the Nanda rule, the city of Pataliputra not only became the abode of the goddess of material prosperity (<a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>), but also of the goddess of learning (<a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a>). According to this tradition, notable grammarians such as Varsha, Upavarsha, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Panini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana">Katyayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vararuchi" title="Vararuchi">Vararuchi</a>, and Vyadi lived during the Nanda period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much of this account is unreliable folklore, it is probable that some of the grammarians who preceded <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> lived during the Nanda period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825–26_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_(8482307176).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg/220px-I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg/330px-I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg/440px-I12_1karshapana_Maghada_1ar_%288482307176%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>A silver coin of 1 <a href="/wiki/Karshapana" title="Karshapana">karshapana</a> of the Magadha Empire (ca 600–32 BCE), King Mahapadma Nanda or his sons (ca 346–321 BCE) <b>Obv:</b> different symbols <b>Rev:</b> different symbols including an elephant. <b>Dimensions:</b> 17 mm <b>Weight:</b> 2.5 g.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several historical sources refer to the great wealth of the Nandas. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, the last Nanda king was a treasure-<a href="/wiki/Compulsive_hoarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsive hoarding">hoarder</a>, and amassed wealth worth 80 <i><a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">kotis</a></i> (800 million). He buried these treasures in the bed of the Ganges river. He acquired further wealth by levying taxes on all sorts of objects, including skins, gums, trees, and stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A verse by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Mamulanar" title="Mamulanar">Mamulanar</a> refers to "the untold wealth of the Nandas", which was "swept away and submerged later on by the floods of the Ganges".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196642_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196642-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interpretation of this verse states this wealth was hidden in the waters of the Ganges. The 7th-century Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> mentions the "five treasures of king Nanda's seven precious substances".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></i> (4th century BCE), mentions that the king of India was very wealthy, and aspired to arbitrate in the disputes between the kingdoms of West Asia. Although Xenophon's book describes the events of the 6th century BCE (the period of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>), historian <a href="/wiki/H._C._Raychaudhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="H. C. Raychaudhuri">H. C. Raychaudhuri</a> speculates that the writer's image of the Indian king may be based on the contemporary Nanda king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198812_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198812-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kashika</i>, a commentary on Panini's grammar, mentions <i>Nandopakramani manani</i> – a measuring standard introduced by the Nandas. This may be a reference to their introduction of a new currency system and <a href="/wiki/Punch-marked_coins" title="Punch-marked coins">punch-marked coins</a>, which may have been responsible for much of their wealth. A hoard of coins found at the site of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> probably belongs to the Nanda period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji1966215_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji1966215-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nandas and the Mauryas appear to have patronised the religions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a> region, namely Jainism and <a href="/wiki/Ajivika" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajivika">Ajivikism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rulers of the empire never engaged in conversion of their subjects to other religions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201112-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no evidence that these rulers discriminated against any contemporary religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201117_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magadha" title="Greater Magadha">Greater Magadha</a>, east of the confluence of the Ganges and the Yamuna, was the area where the second urbanisation took place, and where Jainism and Buddhism originated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was outside <a href="/wiki/Aryavarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryavarta">Aryavarta</a>, the heartland of <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Vedic Brahmanism</a> west of the this confuence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with one single state, the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201131_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201131-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanda emperors, and later the Mauryan emperors, had little interest in Brahmanism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20115_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20115-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the conquest of the Vedic heartland by the Nanda and Maurya rule deprived the Brahmins of their patrons, threatening the survival of the Vedic ritual tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201132–33_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201132–33-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and creating opportunities for Buddhists and Jains to spread their religion outside the convines of Magadha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201123_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201123-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Brahmins broadened their services,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201133-34_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201133-34-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">Hindu synthesis</a> of Brahmanical orthodoxy with local religious traditions,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which came to dominate India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, only with the Brahminical <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> (185 BCE–73 BCE) did the Brahmins gain some prominence in Maghadian society,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it was still not considered to be part of Aryavarta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20116_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20116-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jain tradition suggests that several Nanda ministers were inclined towards Jainism. When Shakatala, a minister of the last Nanda king, died, his son Sthulabhadra refused to inherit his father's office, and instead became a <a href="/wiki/Jain_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain monk">Jain monk</a>. Sthulabhadra's brother Shriyaka accepted the post.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <p><b>Pataliputra Voussoir Arch</b> </p><p>A granite stone fragment of an arch discovered by <a href="/wiki/K._P._Jayaswal" title="K. P. Jayaswal">K. P. Jayaswal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kumhrar" title="Kumhrar">Kumhrar</a>, Pataliputra has been analysed as a pre Maurya-Nanda period keystone fragment of a trefoil arch of gateway with mason's marks of three archaic Brahmi letters inscribed on it which probably decorated a <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">Torana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedge-shaped stone with indentation has <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_polish" title="Mauryan polish">Mauryan polish</a> on two sides and was suspended vertically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nanda_era">Nanda era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nanda era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/K._P._Jayaswal" title="K. P. Jayaswal">K. P Jayaswal</a>, Nanda era is mentioned in three sources. Kharavela's <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> mentions Nandaraja constructing canal 103rd year of the Nanda period.<sup id="cite_ref-ei20p71_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ei20p71-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a>, the Sri-Harsha era was being used in areas of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> and there was a difference of 400 years between Sri-Harsha era and Vikrama era which would make it fall in 458 BCE, the attributes of which matched with the Nanda kings. According to 12th century Yedarava inscription of Chalukya king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a>, Nanda era along with <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a> were extant which were abolished in favour of a new Chalukyan era, but other scholars have opined that evidences are too meager to make anything conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unpopularity_and_overthrow">Unpopularity and overthrow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Unpopularity and overthrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All historical accounts agree that the last Nanda king was unpopular among his subjects. According to Diodorus, <a href="/wiki/Porus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Porus the Elder">Porus</a> told Alexander that the contemporary Nanda king was a man of "worthless character", and was not respected by his subjects as he was thought to be of low origin. Curtius also states that according to Porus, the Nanda king was despised by his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who claims that Androkottos (identified as Chandragupta) met Alexander, Androkottos later declared that Alexander could have easily conquered the Nanda territory (Gangaridai and Prasii) because the Nanda king was hated and despised by his subjects, as he was wicked and of low origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665–6_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665–6-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sri Lankan Buddhist tradition blames the Nandas for being greedy and for imposing oppressive taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puranas of India label the Nandas as <i>adharmika</i>, indicating that they did not follow the norms of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> or righteous conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008272_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008272-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nanda dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Nanda Empire">overthrown</a> by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, who was supported by his mentor (and later minister) <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>. Some accounts mention Chandragupta as a member of the Nanda family. For example, the 11th century writers <a href="/wiki/Kshemendra" title="Kshemendra">Kshemendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somadeva" title="Somadeva">Somadeva</a> describe Chandragupta as a "son of the genuine Nanda" (<i>purva-Nanda-suta</i>). Dhundiraja, in his commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>, names Chandragupta's father as Maurya; he describes Maurya as a son of the Nanda king Sarvatha-siddhi and a hunter's daughter named Mura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008273_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008273-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist text <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a></i> mentions a war between the Nanda general Bhaddasala (Sanskrit:Bhadrashala) and Chandragupta. According to the text, this war led to the slaughter of 10,000 elephants; 100,000 horses; 5,000 charioteers; and a billion foot soldiers. While this is obviously an exaggeration, it suggests that the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty was a violent affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of the Nanda Empire">Conquest of the Nanda Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">variously dated from 5th century BCE or mid-4th century BCE</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200413_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004">Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 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C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha200414_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004">Irfan Habib & Vivekanand Jha 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198816-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198816_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014251–253-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIan_Worthington2014251–253_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIan_Worthington2014">Ian Worthington 2014</a>, pp. 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198811-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198811_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821–22-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198821–22_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825–26-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198825–26_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198824_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196642-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji196642_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198812-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._C._Raychaudhuri198812_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988">H. C. Raychaudhuri 1988</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji1966215-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji1966215_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201117-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201117_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-4-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-4_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20073_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2007">Bronkhorst 2007</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201131-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201131_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20115-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20115_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201132–33-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201132–33_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201123-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201123_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201133-34-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201133-34_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 33-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel200712_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHiltebeitel2007">Hiltebeitel 2007</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_Nath200121_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_Nath2001">Vijay Nath 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst201129_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20116-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst20116_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2011">Bronkhorst 2011</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Calcutta_University1923" class="citation book cs1">The Calcutta University (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20579"><i>Proceedinds And Transactions Of The Second Oriental Conference (1923)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedinds+And+Transactions+Of+The+Second+Oriental+Conference+%281923%29&rft.date=1923&rft.au=The+Calcutta+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.20579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner1924" class="citation book cs1">Spooner, Brainerd (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35494"><i>Annual Report Of The Archaeological Survey Of India 1921–22</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+Of+The+Archaeological+Survey+Of+India+1921%E2%80%9322&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Brainerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.35494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1927" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Ramaprasad (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.41145"><i>Memoirs of the archaeological survey of India no.30</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+archaeological+survey+of+India+no.30&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Ramaprasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.41145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ei20p71-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ei20p71_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_P_JayaswalR_D_Banerji1920" class="citation book cs1">K P Jayaswal; R D Banerji (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epigrahiaindicav014769mbp"><i>Epigraphia Indica Volume XX</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Volume+XX&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1920&rft.au=K+P+Jayaswal&rft.au=R+D+Banerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepigrahiaindicav014769mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>, <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua1929" class="citation book cs1">Barua, Benimadhab (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103481"><i>Old Brahmi Inscriptions In The Udayagiri And Khandagiri Caves</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Brahmi+Inscriptions+In+The+Udayagiri+And+Khandagiri+Caves&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Benimadhab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.103481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665–6-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTER._K._Mookerji19665–6_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966">R. K. Mookerji 1966</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2007" class="citation book cs1">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2007). <i>Greater Magadha</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Magadha&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA17"><i>Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Shadow+of+Brahmanism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20140-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaX58-E5-3MC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1984" class="citation book cs1">Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang"><i>History and Historians in Ancient India</i></a></span>. Abhinav Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyhistorian00gang/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03250-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03250-7"><bdi>978-0-391-03250-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Historians+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-391-03250-7&rft.au=Dilip+Kumar+Ganguly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryhistorian00gang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_HabibVivekanand_Jha2004" class="citation book cs1">Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nUvGQgAACAAJ"><i>Mauryan India</i></a>. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85229-92-8"><bdi>978-81-85229-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauryan+India&rft.series=A+People%27s+History+of+India&rft.pub=Aligarh+Historians+Society+%2F+Tulika+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-85229-92-8&rft.au=Irfan+Habib&rft.au=Vivekanand+Jha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnUvGQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2007" class="citation cs2">Hiltebeitel, Alf (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151449/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22.+Digital+printing+2007&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJyoti_Prasad_Jain2005" class="citation book cs1">Jyoti Prasad Jain (2005) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTUwAQAAIAAJ"><i>Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India: 100 BC - AD 900</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121511407" title="Special:BookSources/9788121511407"><bdi>9788121511407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Sources+of+the+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+100+BC+-+AD+900&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788121511407&rft.au=Jyoti+Prasad+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTUwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1976" class="citation book cs1">R. C. Majumdar (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvggAAAAMAAJ"><i>Readings in political history of India: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern</i></a>. B.R. / Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176467841" title="Special:BookSources/9788176467841"><bdi>9788176467841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+political+history+of+India%3A+Ancient%2C+Mediaeval%2C+and+Modern&rft.pub=B.R.+%2F+Indian+Society+for+Prehistoric+and+Quaternary+Studies&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9788176467841&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvggAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_Nath2001" class="citation cs2">Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition", <i>Social Scientist</i>, <b>29</b> (3/4): 19–50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518337">10.2307/3518337</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337">3518337</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=From+%27Brahmanism%27+to+%27Hinduism%27%3A+Negotiating+the+Myth+of+the+Great+Tradition&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=19-50&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._K._Mookerji1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">R. K. Mookerji</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA3"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and His Times</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0405-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+His+Times&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0405-0&rft.au=R.+K.+Mookerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._C._Raychaudhuri1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H. C. Raychaudhuri</a> (1988) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11">"India in the Age of the Nandas"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> (ed.). <i>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas</i> (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0466-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+in+the+Age+of+the+Nandas&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Nandas+and+Mauryas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0466-1&rft.au=H.+C.+Raychaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoAwor58utYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1677-9"><bdi>978-81-317-1677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1677-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPq2iCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujatoBrahmali2014" class="citation book cs1">Sujato, Bhikkhu; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2014). <i>The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts</i>. Buddhist Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Authenticity+of+the+Early+Buddhist+Texts&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Sujato&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu&rft.au=Brahmali%2C+Bhikkhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Worthington2014" class="citation book cs1">Ian Worthington (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ"><i>By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Spear%3A+Philip+II%2C+Alexander+the+Great%2C+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Macedonian+Empire&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992986-3&rft.au=Ian+Worthington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnGVAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magadha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha Empire">Magadha</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANanda+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries (page does not exist)">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" title="Chamoli district">Chamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district" title="Pauri Garhwal district">Pauri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag_district" title="Rudraprayag district">Rudraprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehri_Garhwal_district" title="Tehri Garhwal district">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttarakhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttarakhand by population">Major<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldwani" title="Haldwani">Haldwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand" title="Rudrapur, Uttarakhand">Rudrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotdwar" title="Kotdwar">Kotdwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar,_Nainital" title="Ramnagar, Nainital">Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tehri" title="New Tehri">New Tehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri" title="Pauri">Pauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&oldid=1259132220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nanda_dynasty&oldid=1259132220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nanda_Empire" 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