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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Drafting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drafting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_summaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_summaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Article summaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_summaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_under_the_Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_under_the_Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Congress under the Articles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congress_under_the_Articles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congress under the Articles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congress_under_the_Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Taxation and commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Accomplishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_of_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_of_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Presidents of Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_of_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._under_the_Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._under_the_Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>U.S. under the Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._under_the_Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Signatures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Signatures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Signatures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Signatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Signers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parchment_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parchment_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Parchment pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parchment_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revision_and_replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revision_and_replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Revision and replacement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revision_and_replacement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revision and replacement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revision_and_replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimacy_of_closing_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy_of_closing_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Legitimacy of closing down</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy_of_closing_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Final months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Articles of Confederation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="وثائق الكونفدرالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثائق الكونفدرالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederasiya_m%C9%99qal%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Konfederasiya məqalələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konfederasiya məqalələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Артыкулы Канфедэрацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Артыкулы Канфедэрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_de_la_Confederaci%C3%B3" title="Articles de la Confederació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Articles de la Confederació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_Konfederace_a_trval%C3%A9_unie" title="Články Konfederace a trvalé unie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Články Konfederace a trvalé unie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B8derationsartiklerne" title="Konføderationsartiklerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konføderationsartiklerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B6derationsartikel" title="Konföderationsartikel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konföderationsartikel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%ADculos_de_la_Confederaci%C3%B3n" title="Artículos de la Confederación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artículos de la Confederación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikoloj_de_Konfederacio" title="Artikoloj de Konfederacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Artikoloj de Konfederacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="اصول کنفدراسیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصول کنفدراسیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_de_la_Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Articles de la Confédération – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Articles de la Confédération" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigos_da_Confederaci%C3%B3n" title="Artigos da Confederación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artigos da Confederación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EA%B7%9C%EC%95%BD" title="연합규약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연합규약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasal-Pasal_Konfederasi" title="Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasal-Pasal Konfederasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articoli_della_Confederazione" title="Articoli della Confederazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Articoli della Confederazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="תקנון הקונפדרציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקנון הקונפדרציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfederacijos_straipsniai" title="Konfederacijos straipsniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konfederacijos straipsniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articoi_de_la_Confederazzion" title="Articoi de la Confederazzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Articoi de la Confederazzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artikelen_van_Confederatie" title="Artikelen van Confederatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Artikelen van Confederatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E8%A6%8F%E7%B4%84" title="連合規約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連合規約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konf%C3%B8derasjonsartiklene" title="Konføderasjonsartiklene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konføderasjonsartiklene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artyku%C5%82y_konfederacji_i_wieczystej_unii" title="Artykuły konfederacji i wieczystej unii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Artykuły konfederacji i wieczystej unii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigos_da_Confedera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Artigos da Confederação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artigos da Confederação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articolele_Confedera%C8%9Biei" title="Articolele Confederației – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Articolele Confederației" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Статьи Конфедерации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статьи Конфедерации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Articles of Confederation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_Konfeder%C3%A1cie" title="Články Konfederácie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Články Konfederácie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%95%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="بنەماکانی کۆنفیدڕاڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بنەماکانی کۆنفیدڕاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Уговор о конфедерацији и сталној унији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уговор о 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First constitution of the United States of America (1781–1789)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Articles of Confederation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_page1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Articles_page1.jpg/220px-Articles_page1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Articles_page1.jpg/330px-Articles_page1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Articles_page1.jpg/440px-Articles_page1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="2115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Page I of the Articles of Confederation</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">November 15, 1777</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">February 2, 1781</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1781</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseded</th><td class="infobox-data">March 4, 1789, by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data">Continental Congress</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">First constitution for the United States</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</b> was an agreement among the 13 states of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, that served as the nation's first <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">frame of government</a>. It was debated by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> at <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> between July 1776 and November 1777, and finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777. It <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">came into force</a> on March 1, 1781, after being <a href="/wiki/Ratified" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratified">ratified</a> by all 13 colonial states. A guiding principle of the Articles was the establishment and preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the states. The Articles consciously established a weak <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederal government</a>, affording it only those powers the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. The document provided clearly written rules for how the states' league of friendship, known as the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a>, would be organized. </p><p>While waiting for all states to ratify, the Congress observed the Articles as it conducted business, directing the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">war effort</a>, conducting diplomacy with foreign states, addressing territorial issues and dealing with Native American relations. Little changed procedurally once the Articles of Confederation went into effect, as ratification did little more than constitutionalize what the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> had been doing. That body was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a>; but most Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same. </p><p>As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing U.S. states, its delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government (such as in assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendered it ineffective at doing so. As the government's weaknesses became apparent, especially after <a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a>, some prominent political thinkers in the fledgling union began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger government. Initially, in September 1786, <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">some states met</a> to address interstate <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist trade barriers</a> between them. Shortly thereafter, as more states became interested in meeting to revise the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a>. Delegates quickly agreed that the defects of the frame of government could not be remedied by altering the Articles, and so went beyond their mandate by replacing it with a new constitution. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_courts_of_the_United_States" title="List of courts of the United States">courts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">taxing powers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_context">Background and context</h2></div> <p>The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a> in 1754 and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s proposed <a href="/wiki/Albany_Plan" title="Albany Plan">Albany Plan</a>, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen; others would weaken, especially in the degree of loyalty (or lack thereof) owed the Crown. Colonists' <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">civil disobedience</a> resulted in the British enacting coercive and quelling measures, such as the passage of what colonists called the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> in the British Parliament, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">armed skirmishes</a> which resulted in dissidents being <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">proclaimed rebels</a>. These actions eroded the number of colonists continuing to be <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> to the Crown. Together with the highly effective propaganda campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> leaders, caused an increasing number of colonists to begin agitating for independence from the mother country. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> began acting as the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>. </p><p>It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution; a "rulebook" for how the new nation should function. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a>, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1969354–55_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1969354–55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> argued in the closing pages of the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Sense (pamphlet)">Common Sense</a></i> that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain, in particular, could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "[t]he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaine177645–46_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine177645–46-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond improving their existing <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">association</a>, the records of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">a resolution</a> before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time, he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">model treaty</a>, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmitage200461–66_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmitage200461–66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drafting">Drafting</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Historical 13-cent postage stamp commemorating the Articles of Confederation 200th anniversary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG/200px-Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG/300px-Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG/400px-Articles_of_Confederation_13c_1977_issue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>1977 13-cent U.S. <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a> commemorating the Articles of Confederation bicentennial; the draft was completed on November 15, 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> to prepare a draft of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 with one representative from each colony to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee was made up of the following individuals:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> (Pennsylvania, chairman of the committee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> (Massachusetts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a> (New Hampshire)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinnett</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a> (North Carolina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a> (Rhode Island)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> (New York)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a> (Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson</a> (Virginia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a> (South Carolina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> (Connecticut)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a> (Maryland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a> (New Jersey, added to the committee last<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <p>The committee met frequently, and chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(Pennsylvania_and_Delaware)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (Pennsylvania and Delaware)">John Dickinson</a> presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. Afterward, there were long debates on such issues as state <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, the exact powers to be given to Congress, whether to have a judiciary, <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">western land claims</a>, and voting procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1959127–84_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1959127–84-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further complicate work on the constitution, Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia twice, for <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, in the winter of 1776, and later for <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster, Pennsylvania">Lancaster</a> then <a href="/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania" title="York, Pennsylvania">York, Pennsylvania</a>, in the fall of 1777, to evade advancing <a href="/wiki/British_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="British troops">British troops</a>. Even so, the committee continued with its work. </p><p>The final draft of the <i>Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</i> was completed on November 15, 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consensus was achieved by including language guaranteeing that each state retained its sovereignty, leaving the matter of western land claims in the hands of the individual states, including language stating that votes in Congress would be <i>en bloc</i> by state, and establishing a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature with limited and clearly delineated powers.<sup id="cite_ref-A&Eratifies_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A&Eratifies-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ratification">Ratification</h2></div> <p>The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in late November 1777. The first state to ratify was <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process.<sup id="cite_ref-MilestoneArticles_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilestoneArticles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, had indicated they were prepared to <a href="/wiki/State_cession" class="mw-redirect" title="State cession">cede their claims</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> to the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20121782_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20121782-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be two years before the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-MilestoneArticles_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilestoneArticles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">State </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="13 !">1</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/30px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/60px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>December 16, 1777 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="12 !">2</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg/30px-Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg/60px-Seal_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>February 5, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="08 !">3</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/30px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/45px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Seal_of_New_York.svg/60px-Seal_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="2660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>February 6, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="11 !">4</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Rhode_Island_(pre_2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/30px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/45px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg/60px-Seal_of_Rhode_Island_%28pre_2022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="280" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td>February 9, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="01 !">5</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Connecticut.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Connecticut.svg/26px-Seal_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Connecticut.svg/39px-Seal_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Seal_of_Connecticut.svg/52px-Seal_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="537" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>February 12, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="03 !">6</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seal_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Seal_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seal_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Seal_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Seal_of_Georgia.svg/60px-Seal_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>February 26, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="06 !">7</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg/30px-Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg/60px-Seal_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>March 4, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="10 !">8</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/30px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/45px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg/60px-Seal_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="289" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>March 5, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="05 !">9</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/30px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/45px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg/60px-Seal_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="448" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>March 10, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="09 !">10</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/30px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg/60px-Seal_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>April 5, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="07 !">11</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/30px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/45px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg/60px-Seal_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>November 19, 1778 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="02 !">12</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Delaware.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Seal_of_Delaware.svg/30px-Seal_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Seal_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Seal_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Seal_of_Delaware.svg/60px-Seal_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="349" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>February 1, 1779 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="04 !">13</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Maryland_(reverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg/30px-Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg/45px-Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg/60px-Seal_of_Maryland_%28reverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>February 2, 1781 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Article_summaries">Article summaries</h2></div> <p>The Articles of Confederation contain a <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a>, thirteen articles, a <a href="/wiki/Eschatocol" title="Eschatocol">conclusion</a>, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "<a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">the Union shall be perpetual</a>". </p><p>Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles: </p> <ol><li>Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"</li> <li>Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated."</li> <li>Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."</li> <li>Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equal treatment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "<a href="/wiki/Pauper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauper">paupers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagabond_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagabond (person)">vagabonds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fugitive" title="Fugitive">fugitives</a> from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, if caught they will be <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradited</a> to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.</li> <li>Allocates one vote in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years.</li> <li>Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations <a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">already proposed</a>. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a>.</li> <li>Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.</li> <li>Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.</li> <li>Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled. <ul><li>Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letters of marque and reprisal</a> (documents authorizing <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a>) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">courts for appeals in all cases of captures</a>, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states.</li> <li>The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.</li> <li>Congress shall regulate the <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post offices</a>; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces.</li> <li>The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.</li> <li>Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.</li> <li>Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a> without nine states assenting. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.</li></ul></li> <li>When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states <i>in</i> Congress to execute.</li> <li>If Canada [referring to the British <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>] accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.</li> <li>Affirms that the Confederation will honor all <a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause#The_precursor_in_the_Articles_of_Confederation" title="Engagements Clause">bills of credit incurred, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by Congress</a> before the existence of the Articles.</li> <li>Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congress_under_the_Articles">Congress under the Articles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army">Army</h3></div> <p>Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2005469_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2005469-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Phelps wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is hardly surprising, given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states, that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787. Their wartime experiences had nationalized them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps2001165–66_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps2001165–66-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a>, who would later become the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008174–76_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuls2008174–76-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knox wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the Union".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the war had been won, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> was largely disbanded. A very small <a href="/wiki/First_American_Regiment" title="First American Regiment">national force</a> was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> defused the <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newburgh conspiracy">Newburgh conspiracy</a>, but riots by unpaid <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge189398_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge189398-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788, the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDougherty200947–74_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty200947–74-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period#Foreign_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period § Foreign affairs</a></div> <p>The 1783 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2003255–59_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2003255–59-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>, wrote in a <a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">diplomatic correspondence</a> to <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the 1786 <a href="/wiki/Jay%E2%80%93Gardoqui_Treaty" title="Jay–Gardoqui Treaty">Jay–Gardoqui Treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">British army</a> to leave frontier forts which were on American soil—and which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Jay%27s_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay's Treaty">Jay's Treaty</a> in 1795 after the federal Constitution came into force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_and_commerce">Taxation and commerce</h3></div> <p>Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewnationhistory0000jens_x8b5page177_177–233]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewnationhistory0000jens_x8b5page177_177–233]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congress was denied any powers of <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005105_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005105-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107–8_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107–8-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them. </p><p>Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or <a href="/wiki/Interstate_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate commerce">interstate commerce</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This sentence seems to contradict the above text about Congress powers to regulate foreign commerce (section Article summaries). (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accomplishments">Accomplishments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union#Articles_of_Confederation" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Articles of Confederation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22">"Articles of Confederation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Articles+of+Confederation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> created territorial government, set up protocols for the <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admission of new states</a> and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_(land)" title="Public domain (land)">public use</a>. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatō1886352_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatō1886352-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a> established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</a> (36 square miles), the <a href="/wiki/Section_(United_States_land_surveying)" title="Section (United States land surveying)">section</a> (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a>). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> that had already been surveyed and divided up by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>). Then, when the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Homestead Act</a> was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up <a href="/wiki/State_cession" class="mw-redirect" title="State cession">northwestern land claims</a>, organized the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. Although it did not happen under the articles, the land north of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, eventually became the states of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and the part of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> that is east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states. </p><p>No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit <a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">Frankland</a> (later modified to Franklin), <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont</a> to the Union were considered, but none were approved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidents_of_Congress">Presidents of Congress</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a></div> <p>Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as <i>President of the United States in Congress Assembled</i>—chaired the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_States" title="Committee of the States">Committee of the States</a> when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1959178–79_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1959178–79-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Huntington (statesman)">Samuel Huntington</a>, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>President </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Huntington, Samuel"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Huntington (statesman)">Samuel Huntington</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="01 !">March 1, 1781</span> – July 10, 1781 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="McKean, Thomas"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="02 !">July 10, 1781</span> – November 5, 1781 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hanson, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="03 !">November 5, 1781</span> – November 4, 1782 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Boudinot, Elias"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot" title="Elias Boudinot">Elias Boudinot</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="04 !">November 4, 1782</span> – November 3, 1783 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Mifflin, Thomas"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="05 !">November 3, 1783</span> – June 3, 1784 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Lee, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="06 !">November 30, 1784</span> – November 4, 1785 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hancock, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="07 !">November 23, 1785</span> – June 5, 1786 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Gorham, Nathaniel"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="08 !">June 6, 1786</span> – November 3, 1786 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="StClair, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="09 !">February 2, 1787</span> – November 4, 1787 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Griffin, Cyrus"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Griffin" title="Cyrus Griffin">Cyrus Griffin</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="10 !">January 22, 1788</span> – November 15, 1788 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._under_the_Articles">U.S. under the Articles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a></div> <p>The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary, and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1987245–66_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987245–66-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankel200317–24_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel200317–24-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeese2009104_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeese2009104-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87, <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a>, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2008187_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2008187-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen195937_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen195937-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2010257–8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2010257–8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1787, Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanfounding00barlpage225_225–45]_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanfounding00barlpage225_225–45]-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a> in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signatures">Signatures</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Articles of Confederation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Congress</a>. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a>, who were the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President</a> and Secretary to the Congress. </p><p>The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification. </p><p>On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> could not, since their states had not ratified. <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent. </p><p>After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778. </p><p>The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland <a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland#The_Revolutionary_period" title="History of Maryland">refused to ratify</a> the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. <a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar,_Chevalier_de_la_Luzerne" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne">Chevalier de La Luzerne</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Minister</a> to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780, when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ren%C3%A9_Dominique_Sochet,_Chevalier_Destouches" title="Charles René Dominique Sochet, Chevalier Destouches">Destouches</a> would do what he could but La Luzerne also "sharply pressed" Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg/200px-Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg/300px-Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg/400px-Act_of_Maryland_to_ratify_Articles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation, February 2, 1781</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lawsofmaryland_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawsofmaryland-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sim_Lee" title="Thomas Sim Lee">Thomas Sim Lee</a> in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state. </p><p>Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signers">Signers</h3></div> <p>The signers and the states they represented were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Huntington (statesman)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Hosmer" title="Titus Hosmer">Titus Hosmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adams_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Adams (congressman)">Andrew Adams</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (delegate)">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Van Dyke (governor)">Nicholas Van Dyke</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Walton_(1738%E2%80%931783)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Walton (1738–1783)">John Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Telfair" title="Edward Telfair">Edward Telfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Langworthy_(Founding_Father)" title="Edward Langworthy (Founding Father)">Edward Langworthy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts Bay</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Francis Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovell_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lovell (delegate)">James Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Samuel Holten</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wentworth_Jr." title="John Wentworth Jr.">John Wentworth Jr.</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Scudder" title="Nathaniel Scudder">Nathaniel Scudder</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duer_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Duer (delegate)">William Duer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Penn (delegate)">John Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Harnett" title="Cornelius Harnett">Cornelius Harnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Williams (delegate)">John Williams</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(merchant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Morris (merchant)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Roberdeau" title="Daniel Roberdeau">Daniel Roberdeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bayard_Smith" title="Jonathan Bayard Smith">Jonathan Bayard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clingan" title="William Clingan">William Clingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)" title="Joseph Reed (politician)">Joseph Reed</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Marchant" title="Henry Marchant">Henry Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(delegate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collins (delegate)">John Collins</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Drayton" title="William Henry Drayton">William Henry Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathews_(lawyer)" title="John Mathews (lawyer)">John Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hutson" title="Richard Hutson">Richard Hutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Banister_(lawyer)" title="John Banister (lawyer)">John Banister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(politician)" title="Thomas Adams (politician)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvie" title="John Harvie">John Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>, the Articles of Confederation and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. </p><p>Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. </p><p>John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parchment_pages">Parchment pages</h2></div> <p>Original <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> pages of the Articles of Confederation, <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preamble to Art. V, Sec. 1"><img alt="Preamble to Art. V, Sec. 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/168px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/252px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg/336px-Articles_of_Confederation_1-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preamble to Art. V, Sec. 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art. V, Sec. 2 to Art. VI"><img alt="Art. V, Sec. 2 to Art. VI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg/175px-Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg/262px-Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg/350px-Articles_of_Confederation_5-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art. V, Sec. 2 to Art. VI</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art. VII to Art. IX, Sec. 2"><img alt="Art. VII to Art. IX, Sec. 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg/166px-Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg/250px-Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg/333px-Articles_of_Confederation_7-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art. VII to Art. IX, Sec. 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art. IX, Sec. 2 to Sec. 5"><img alt="Art. IX, Sec. 2 to Sec. 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg/172px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg/258px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg/344px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art. IX, Sec. 2 to Sec. 5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art. IX, Sec. 5 to Art. XIII, Sec. 2"><img alt="Art. IX, Sec. 5 to Art. XIII, Sec. 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg/173px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg/260px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg/346px-Articles_of_Confederation_9-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art. IX, Sec. 5 to Art. XIII, Sec. 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 330px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art. XIII, Sec. 2 to signatures"><img alt="Art. XIII, Sec. 2 to signatures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg/167px-Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg/250px-Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg/333px-Articles_of_Confederation_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="3150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art. XIII, Sec. 2 to signatures</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revision_and_replacement">Revision and replacement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Federalists">Anti-Federalists</a></div> <p>In September 1786, delegates from five states met at what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a> to discuss the need for reversing the protectionist interstate trade barriers that each state had erected. At its conclusion, delegates voted to invite all states to a larger convention to be held in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2003276_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2003276-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederation Congress later endorsed this convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation". Although the states' representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, delegates held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new frame of government gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> as defined by the philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian <a href="/wiki/Forrest_McDonald" title="Forrest McDonald">Forrest McDonald</a>, using the ideas of James Madison from <i>Federalist 39</i>, described the change this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1986276_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1986276-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In May 1786, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after <a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a> threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts. </p><p>Historian Ralph Ketcham commented on the opinions of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a> who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines. </p><p>Rakove identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988230_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988230-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power. </p><p>When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003154_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003154-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy_of_closing_down">Legitimacy of closing down</h3></div> <p>Two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> of New York and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Burke_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Burke (governor)">Thomas Burke</a> of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003153–154_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003153–154-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously: </p> <blockquote><p>[T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.</p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity: </p> <blockquote><p>The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.</p></blockquote> <p>The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._40" title="Federalist No. 40">Federalist No. 40</a></i>) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation." Nevertheless, it is a historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201062_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201062-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201062_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201062-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, law professor <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Amar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Amar">Akhil Amar</a> suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_months">Final months</h3></div> <p>On July 3, 1788, the Congress received <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>'s all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in January 1789 for appointing electors, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and vote for a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day "for commencing proceedings" under the new Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705192123/https://www.loc.gov/collections/continental-congress-and-constitutional-convention-from-1774-to-1789/articles-and-essays/to-form-a-more-perfect-union/identifying-defects-in-the-constitution/">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/1/2006_1_72.shtml">the original</a> on June 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=225+Years+Ago&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-02%2F2006-03&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Frederic+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F2006%2F1%2F2006_1_72.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A&Eratifies-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A&Eratifies_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/maryland-finally-ratifies-articles-of-confederation">"Maryland finally ratifies Articles of Confederation"</a>. <i>history.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Maryland+finally+ratifies+Articles+of+Confederation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fmaryland-finally-ratifies-articles-of-confederation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MilestoneArticles-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MilestoneArticles_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MilestoneArticles_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230164242/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles">"Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781"</a>. <i>Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/Articles">the original</a> on December 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milestones+in+the+History+of+U.S.+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Articles+of+Confederation%2C+1777%E2%80%931781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1776-1783%2FArticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams20121782-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams20121782_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2012">Williams 2012</a>, p. 1782.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliot2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Elliot_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Elliot (historian)">Elliot, Jonathan</a>, ed. (2010) [1836]. <i>The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/J.B._Lippincott_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Lippincott & Company">J.B. Lippincott & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA98">98</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debates+in+the+Several+State+Conventions+on+the+Adoption+of+the+Federal+Constitution&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=98&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1917" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, John, ed. (1917). <i>United States Compiled Statutes</i>. Vol. 10. St. Paul: <a href="/wiki/West_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="West Publishing Company">West Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6cUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10605">13044–13045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Compiled+Statutes&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.pages=13044-13045&rft.pub=West+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1872" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Franklin Benjamin (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanconstit00houggoog"><i>American Constitutions</i></a>. Albany: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Weed,_Parsons,_%26_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weed, Parsons, & Company (page does not exist)">Weed, Parsons, & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanconstit00houggoog/page/n25">10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Constitutions&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Weed%2C+Parsons%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanconstit00houggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span> References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress: "The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15, 1778. This error has come from the MS. vol. 9 (History of Confederation), p. 123, Papers of the Continental Congress, Library of Congress." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Albion M. (2008) [1911]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=byh58dkalw8C&pg=PA1"><i>First Ownership of Ohio Lands</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genealogical_Publishing_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genealogical Publishing Company (page does not exist)">Genealogical Publishing Company</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806300986" title="Special:BookSources/9780806300986"><bdi>9780806300986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ownership+of+Ohio+Lands&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780806300986&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Albion+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbyh58dkalw8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/artconf.asp">"Avalon Project – Articles of Confederation : March 1, 1781"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515080651/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/artconf.asp">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+%E2%80%93+Articles+of+Confederation+%3A+March+1%2C+1781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Fartconf.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarp1980" class="citation book cs1">Carp, E. Wayne (1980). <i>To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press Books">UNC Press Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807842690" title="Special:BookSources/9780807842690"><bdi>9780807842690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Starve+the+Army+at+Pleasure%3A+Continental+Army+Administration+and+American+Political+Culture%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780807842690&rft.aulast=Carp&rft.aufirst=E.+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick2005469-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick2005469_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick2005">Chadwick 2005</a>, p. 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhelps2001165–66-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhelps2001165–66_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhelps2001">Phelps 2001</a>, pp. 165–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuls2008174–76-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008174–76_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuls2008">Puls 2008</a>, pp. 174–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuls2008177_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuls2008">Puls 2008</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELodge189398-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELodge189398_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLodge1893">Lodge 1893</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty200947–74-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDougherty200947–74_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDougherty2009">Dougherty 2009</a>, pp. 47–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2003255–59-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2003255–59_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2003">Ferling 2003</a>, pp. 255–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd" class="citation web cs1">Boyd, Julian P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-10-02-0424-0001">"Editorial Note: Jefferson's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States"</a>. <i>Founders Online</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives">National Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232327/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-10-02-0424-0001">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Editorial+Note%3A+Jefferson%27s+Proposed+Concert+of+Powers+against+the+Barbary+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FJefferson%2F01-10-02-0424-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span> [Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 10, June 22–December 31, 1786, ed. Julian P. Boyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954, pp. 560–566]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewnationhistory0000jens_x8b5page177_177–233]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1950[httpsarchiveorgdetailsnewnationhistory0000jens_x8b5page177_177–233]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen1950">Jensen (1950)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newnationhistory0000jens_x8b5/page/177">177–233</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005105-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005105_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr2005">Stahr 2005</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr2005">Stahr 2005</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107–8-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahr2005107–8_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStahr2005">Stahr 2005</a>, pp. 107–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESatō1886352-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESatō1886352_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatō1886">Satō 1886</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1959178–79-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1959178–79_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen1959">Jensen 1959</a>, pp. 178–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1987245–66-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1987245–66_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, pp. 245–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankel200317–24-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankel200317–24_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrankel2003">Frankel 2003</a>, pp. 17–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNeese2009104-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNeese2009104_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNeese2009">McNeese 2009</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrin2008187-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrin2008187_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurrin2008">Murrin 2008</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen195937-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen195937_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJensen1959">Jensen 1959</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2010257–8-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2010257–8_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2010">Ferling 2010</a>, pp. 257–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanfounding00barlpage225_225–45]-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988[httpsarchiveorgdetailsamericanfounding00barlpage225_225–45]_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakove1988">Rakove 1988</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfounding00barl/page/225">225–45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2004" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Ron (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher"><i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101200858" title="Special:BookSources/9781101200858"><bdi>9781101200858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781101200858&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSioussat1936" class="citation journal cs1">Sioussat, St. George L. (October 1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/28432/28188">"THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND, 1780–1781 With Accompanying Documents"</a>. <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 391–418. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010706/https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/28432/28188">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=THE+CHEVALIER+DE+LA+LUZERNE+AND+THE+RATIFICATION+OF+THE+ARTICLES+OF+CONFEDERATION+BY+MARYLAND%2C+1780%E2%80%931781+With+Accompanying+Documents&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-418&rft.date=1936-10&rft.aulast=Sioussat&rft.aufirst=St.+George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F28432%2F28188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawsofmaryland-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lawsofmaryland_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723015508/http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000203/html/am203--265.html">"An ACT to empower the delegates"</a>. <i>Laws of Maryland, 1781</i>. February 2, 1781. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aomol.net/megafile/msa/speccol/sc2900/sc2908/000001/000203/html/am203--265.html">the original</a> on July 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laws+of+Maryland%2C+1781&rft.atitle=An+ACT+to+empower+the+delegates&rft.date=1781-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faomol.net%2Fmegafile%2Fmsa%2Fspeccol%2Fsc2900%2Fsc2908%2F000001%2F000203%2Fhtml%2Fam203--265.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2003276-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling2003276_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerling2003">Ferling 2003</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1986276-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1986276_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1986">McDonald 1986</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetcham1990" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlDPAtJXQu0C&pg=PA381"><i>Roots of the Republic: American Founding Documents Interpreted</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780945612193" title="Special:BookSources/9780945612193"><bdi>9780945612193</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132709/https://books.google.com/books?id=QlDPAtJXQu0C&pg=PA381">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+the+Republic%3A+American+Founding+Documents+Interpreted&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780945612193&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlDPAtJXQu0C%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakove1988">Rakove 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERakove1988230-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERakove1988230_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRakove1988">Rakove 1988</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003154-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003154_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrickson2003">Hendrickson 2003</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003153–154-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrickson2003153–154_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrickson2003">Hendrickson 2003</a>, p. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier201062-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201062_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier201062_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2010">Maier (2010)</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Francisco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEjqp2A6ZgC&pg=PA5"><i>The Constitution as Treaty: The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139467186" title="Special:BookSources/9781139467186"><bdi>9781139467186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+as+Treaty%3A+The+International+Legal+Constructionalist+Approach+to+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781139467186&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxNEjqp2A6ZgC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmar2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Amar" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Amar">Amar, Akhil</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfkJRm6VCQ0C&pg=PA517"><i>America's Constitution: A Biography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588364876" title="Special:BookSources/9781588364876"><bdi>9781588364876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Constitution%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781588364876&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfkJRm6VCQ0C%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kesavan, Vasan (December 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol78/iss1/3">"When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law"</a>. <i>Notre Dame Law Review</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 70–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052616/http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol78/iss1/3/">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=When+Did+the+Articles+of+Confederation+Cease+to+Be+Law&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70-71&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.aulast=Kesavan&rft.aufirst=Vasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fndlr%2Fvol78%2Fiss1%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline2f.html">"America During the Age of Revolution, 1776–1789"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315050400/http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/continental/timeline2f.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America+During+the+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1776%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fammem%2Fcollections%2Fcontinental%2Ftimeline2f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanmanMorrison1887" class="citation book cs1">Lanman, Charles; Morrison, Joseph M. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalann01morrgoog"><i>Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.M._Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.M. Morrison (page does not exist)">J.M. Morrison</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Annals+of+the+Civil+Government+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=J.M.+Morrison&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Lanman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicalann01morrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier2010429–430_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2010">Maier (2010)</a>, p. 429–430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/bdsdcc.2410h">"By the United States in Congress assembled, September 13, 1788"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. September 13, 1788. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903075028/http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/bdsdcc.2410h">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2021</span>. <q>the first Wednesday in March next, be the time, and the present Seat of Congress the place for commencing Proceedings under the said Constitution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=By+the+United+States+in+Congress+assembled%2C+September+13%2C+1788&rft.date=1788-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.loc.gov%2Floc.rbc%2Fbdsdcc.2410h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmitage2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Armitage_(historian)" title="David Armitage (historian)">Armitage, David</a> (2004). "The Declaration of Independence in World Context". <i>Magazine of History</i>. <b>18</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_Historians" title="Organization of American Historians">Organization of American Historians</a>: 61–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.61">10.1093/maghis/18.3.61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Declaration+of+Independence+in+World+Context&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=61-66&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmaghis%2F18.3.61&rft.aulast=Armitage&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, R.B. (1999). "Parliamentary Principles, American Realities: The Continental and Confederation Congresses, 1774–1789". In Bowling, Kenneth R. & Kennon, Donald R. (eds.). <i>Inventing Congress: Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress</i>. pp. 76–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Principles%2C+American+Realities%3A+The+Continental+and+Confederation+Congresses%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.btitle=Inventing+Congress%3A+Origins+%26+Establishment+Of+First+Federal+Congress&rft.pages=76-108&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Roger H. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redeemingrepubli0000brow"><i>Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution</i></a></span>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801863554" title="Special:BookSources/9780801863554"><bdi>9780801863554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+the+Republic%3A+Federalists%2C+Taxation%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780801863554&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredeemingrepubli0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett1941" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Edmund Cody (1941). <i>The Continental Congress: A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continental+Congress%3A+A+Definitive+History+of+the+Continental+Congress+From+Its+Inception+in+1774+to+March+1789&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Cody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2005" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Bruce (2005). <i>George Washington's War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sourcebooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sourcebooks">Sourcebooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402226106" title="Special:BookSources/9781402226106"><bdi>9781402226106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+War&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781402226106&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dougherty, Keith L. (2009). "An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions, 1775–1783". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 47–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01455532-2008-015">10.1215/01455532-2008-015</a> (inactive November 1, 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=An+Empirical+Test+of+Federalist+and+Anti-Federalist+Theories+of+State+Contributions%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-74&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F01455532-2008-015&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeinberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Feinberg, Barbara (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/articlesofconfed00fein"><i>The Articles Of Confederation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Twenty_First_Century_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty First Century Books">Twenty First Century Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761321149" title="Special:BookSources/9780761321149"><bdi>9780761321149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Articles+Of+Confederation&rft.pub=Twenty+First+Century+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780761321149&rft.aulast=Feinberg&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farticlesofconfed00fein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl"><i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515924-0&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2010" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John (2010). <i>John Adams: A Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199752737" title="Special:BookSources/9780199752737"><bdi>9780199752737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Adams%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199752737&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2003" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, Benjamin (2003). <i>History in Dispute: The American Revolution, 1763–1789</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._James_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James Press">St. James Press</a>. pp. 17–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+Dispute%3A+The+American+Revolution%2C+1763%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=17-24&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenePole2003" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jack P. & Pole, J. R., eds. (2003). <i>A Companion to the American Revolution</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405116749" title="Special:BookSources/9781405116749"><bdi>9781405116749</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+American+Revolution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405116749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Hendrickson, David C. (2003). <i>Peace Pact: The Lost World of the American Founding</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700612378" title="Special:BookSources/0700612378"><bdi>0700612378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Pact%3A+The+Lost+World+of+the+American+Founding&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0700612378&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffert1992" class="citation book cs1">Hoffert, Robert W. (1992). <i>A Politics of Tensions: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Colorado" title="University Press of Colorado">University Press of Colorado</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Politics+of+Tensions%3A+The+Articles+of+Confederation+and+American+Political+Ideas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hoffert&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorgan2002" class="citation book cs1">Horgan, Lucille E. (2002). <i>Forged in War: The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Pub_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Pub Text">Praeger Pub Text</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313321610" title="Special:BookSources/9780313321610"><bdi>9780313321610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+in+War%3A+The+Continental+Congress+and+the+Origin+of+Military+Supply+and+Acquisition+Policy&rft.pub=Praeger+Pub+Text&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313321610&rft.aulast=Horgan&rft.aufirst=Lucille+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1959) [1940]. <i>The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299002046" title="Special:BookSources/9780299002046"><bdi>9780299002046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Articles+of+Confederation%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+Social-Constitutional+History+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1774%E2%80%931781&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780299002046&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newnationhistory0000jens_x8b5"><i>The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern University Press">Northeastern University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780930350147" title="Special:BookSources/9780930350147"><bdi>9780930350147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Nation%3A+A+History+of+the+United+States+during+the+Confederation%2C+1781-1789&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780930350147&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewnationhistory0000jens_x8b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1943" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1943). "The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 356–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2144490">10.2307/2144490</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144490">2144490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+a+National+Government+During+the+American+Revolution&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-379&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2144490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144490%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJillsonWilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Jillson, Calvin & Wilson, Rick K. (1994). <i>Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804722933" title="Special:BookSources/9780804722933"><bdi>9780804722933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Dynamics%3A+Structure%2C+Coordination%2C+and+Choice+in+the+First+American+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780804722933&rft.aulast=Jillson&rft.aufirst=Calvin&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Rick+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlos2004" class="citation book cs1">Klos, Stanley L. (2004). <i>President Who? Forgotten Founders</i>. Pittsburgh: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evisum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evisum (page does not exist)">Evisum</a>. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0975262750" title="Special:BookSources/0975262750"><bdi>0975262750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=President+Who%3F+Forgotten+Founders&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Evisum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0975262750&rft.aulast=Klos&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1893" class="citation book cs1">Lodge, Henry Cabot (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/George-Washington-Vol-I4/#p98"><i>George Washington, Vol. I</i></a>. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%2C+Vol.+I&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=Henry+Cabot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FGeorge-Washington-Vol-I4%2F%23p98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Maier" title="Pauline Maier">Maier, Pauline</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ratificationpeop0000maie/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684868547" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684868547"><bdi>978-0684868547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratification%3A+The+People+Debate+the+Constitution%2C+1787-1788&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0684868547&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fratificationpeop0000maie%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMain1974" class="citation book cs1">Main, Jackson T. (1974). <i>Political Parties before the Constitution</i>. <a href="/wiki/W_W_Norton_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W W Norton & Company">W W Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393007183" title="Special:BookSources/9780393007183"><bdi>9780393007183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+before+the+Constitution&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780393007183&rft.aulast=Main&rft.aufirst=Jackson+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Forrest_McDonald" title="Forrest McDonald">McDonald, Forrest</a> (1986). <i>Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700603115" title="Special:BookSources/0700603115"><bdi>0700603115</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novus+Ordo+Seclorum%3A+The+Intellectual+Origins+of+the+Constitution&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0700603115&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1935" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Andrew C. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/cmt/mclaughlin/chus.htm"><i>A Constitutional History of the United States</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Publications">Simon Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781931313315" title="Special:BookSources/9781931313315"><bdi>9781931313315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Simon+Publications&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=9781931313315&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fcmt%2Fmclaughlin%2Fchus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeese2009" class="citation book cs1">McNeese, Tim (2009). <i>Revolutionary America 1764–1799</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsea House Publishers">Chelsea House Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604133509" title="Special:BookSources/9781604133509"><bdi>9781604133509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+America+1764%E2%80%931799&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781604133509&rft.aulast=McNeese&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1987" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard B. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgingofunion00morr_0"><i>The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgingofunion00morr_0/page/245">245–66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060914240" title="Special:BookSources/9780060914240"><bdi>9780060914240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+Union%2C+1781%E2%80%931789&rft.pages=245-66&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780060914240&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgingofunion00morr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Richard (1988). <i>The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789</i>. New American Nation Series. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="HarperCollins Publishers">HarperCollins Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+the+Union%2C+1781%E2%80%931789&rft.series=New+American+Nation+Series&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryof00mori"><i>The Oxford History of the American People</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryof00mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrin2008" class="citation book cs1">Murrin, John M. (2008). <i>Liberty, Equality, Power, A History of the American People: To 1877</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Publishing Company">Wadsworth Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111830861" title="Special:BookSources/9781111830861"><bdi>9781111830861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Power%2C+A+History+of+the+American+People%3A+To+1877&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781111830861&rft.aulast=Murrin&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1924" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Allan (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanstatesdu006354mbp"><i>The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775–1789</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+States+During+and+After+the+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931789&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanstatesdu006354mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine1776" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine, Thomas</a> (1776). "Common Sense". In <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (ed.). <i>Paine: Collected Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of America">The Library of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428622005" title="Special:BookSources/9781428622005"><bdi>9781428622005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Common+Sense&rft.btitle=Paine%3A+Collected+Writings&rft.pub=The+Library+of+America&rft.date=1776&rft.isbn=9781428622005&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span> (Collection published 1995.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent2009" class="citation journal cs1">Parent, Joseph M. (Fall 2009). "Europe's Structural Idol: An American Federalist Republic?". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>124</b> (3): 513–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2009.tb00658.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00658.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Structural+Idol%3A+An+American+Federalist+Republic%3F&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=513-535&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2009.tb00658.x&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps2001" class="citation book cs1">Phelps, Glenn A. (2001). "The Republican General". In <a href="/wiki/Don_Higginbotham" title="Don Higginbotham">Higginbotham, Don</a> (ed.). <i>George Washington Reconsidered</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_Press" title="University of Virginia Press">University of Virginia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813920051" title="Special:BookSources/0813920051"><bdi>0813920051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Republican+General&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Reconsidered&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0813920051&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Glenn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuls2008" class="citation book cs1">Puls, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryknoxvisiona00puls_0"><i>Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403984272" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403984272"><bdi>978-1403984272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Knox%3A+Visionary+General+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1403984272&rft.aulast=Puls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryknoxvisiona00puls_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove1982" class="citation book cs1">Rakove, Jack N. (1982). <i>The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress</i>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+National+Politics%3A+An+Interpretive+History+of+the+Continental+Congress&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rakove, Jack N. (1991) "The Articles of Confederation, 1775–1783. In Jack P. Green and J.R. Pole, eds. <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution</i>. Oxford: Blackwell pp. 280–95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55786-244-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55786-244-3">1-55786-244-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove1988" class="citation book cs1">Rakove, Jack N. (1988). "The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation". In Barlow, J. Jackson; Levy, Leonard W. & Masugi, Ken (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfounding00barl"><i>The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313256103" title="Special:BookSources/9780313256103"><bdi>9780313256103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Articles+of+Confederation&rft.btitle=The+American+Founding%3A+Essays+on+the+Formation+of+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780313256103&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Jack+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanfounding00barl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatō1886" class="citation book cs1">Satō, Shōsuke (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historylandques00satgoog"><i>History of the land question in the United States</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Friedenwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Friedenwald (page does not exist)">Isaac Friedenwald</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+land+question+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Isaac+Friedenwald%2C+for+Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Sat%C5%8D&rft.aufirst=Sh%C5%8Dsuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorylandques00satgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStahr2005" class="citation book cs1">Stahr, Walter (2005). <i>John Jay</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826418791" title="Special:BookSources/0826418791"><bdi>0826418791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Jay&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0826418791&rft.aulast=Stahr&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Cleve2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Cleve, George William (2017). <i>We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution</i>. Chicago, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226480503" title="Special:BookSources/9780226480503"><bdi>9780226480503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Have+Not+a+Government%3A+The+Articles+of+Confederation+and+the+Road+to+the+Constitution&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780226480503&rft.aulast=Van+Cleve&rft.aufirst=George+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Frederick D. 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East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-969-7"><bdi>978-0-87013-969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northwest+Ordinance%3A+Essays+on+its+Formulation%2C+Provisions%2C+and+Legacy&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87013-969-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VkZCpH201EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1969" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creationofameric0000wood"><i>The Creation of the American Republic: 1776–1787</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+American+Republic%3A+1776%E2%80%931787&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreationofameric0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArticles+of+Confederation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/articles-of-confederation">Text version of the Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/articles/cover.html">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/articles.html">Articles of Confederation and related resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov15.html">Today in History: November 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/articles.html">United States Constitution Online—The Articles of 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary drafter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wentworth_Jr." title="John Wentworth Jr.">John Wentworth Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dana" title="Francis Dana">Francis Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lovell_(politician)" title="James Lovell (politician)">James Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Samuel Holten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Marchant" title="Henry Marchant">Henry Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Collins_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Collins (Continental Congress)">John Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Hosmer" title="Titus Hosmer">Titus Hosmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adams_(politician)" title="Andrew Adams (politician)">Andrew Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duer_(Continental_congressman)" title="William Duer (Continental congressman)">William Duer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Scudder" title="Nathaniel Scudder">Nathaniel Scudder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Roberdeau" title="Daniel Roberdeau">Daniel Roberdeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bayard_Smith" title="Jonathan Bayard Smith">Jonathan Bayard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clingan" title="William Clingan">William Clingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_(politician)" title="Joseph Reed (politician)">Joseph Reed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(politician,_born_1738)" title="Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1738)">Nicholas Van Dyke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Banister_(lawyer)" title="John Banister (lawyer)">John Banister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(politician)" title="Thomas Adams (politician)">Thomas Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvie" title="John Harvie">John Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Harnett" title="Cornelius Harnett">Cornelius Harnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Williams (Continental Congress)">John Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Drayton" title="William Henry Drayton">William Henry Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathews_(lawyer)" title="John Mathews (lawyer)">John Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hutson" title="Richard Hutson">Richard Hutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Walton_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Walton (Continental Congress)">John Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Telfair" title="Edward Telfair">Edward Telfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Langworthy_(Founding_Father)" title="Edward Langworthy (Founding Father)">Edward Langworthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Template:Presidents of the Continental Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Continental Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Continental Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Continental_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">Presidents of the Continental Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a> (1774)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton" title="Henry Middleton">Henry Middleton</a> (1774)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a> (1775)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (1775–1777)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a> (1777–1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1778–1779)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a> (1779–1781)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">John Hanson</a> (1781–1782)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Boudinot" title="Elias Boudinot">Elias Boudinot</a> (1782–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> (1784–1785)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (1785–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a> (1786–1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Griffin" title="Cyrus Griffin">Cyrus Griffin</a> (1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_the_United_States_under_the_Articles_of_Confederation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederation_Government" title="Template:Confederation Government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederation_Government" title="Template talk:Confederation Government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederation_Government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederation Government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_the_United_States_under_the_Articles_of_Confederation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of the United States under the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Congresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_States" title="Committee of the States">Committee of the States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congressional Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Offices/Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finance_of_the_United_States" title="Superintendent of Finance of the United States">Superintendent of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Agent of the Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary at War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commander in Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Continental Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meeting sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall (1779–1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_State_House" title="Maryland State House">Maryland State House (1783–1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Arms_Tavern" title="French Arms Tavern">French Arms Tavern (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1785–1789)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_Congress_Proclamation_of_1783" title="Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783">Proclamation of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">1784 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">1785 Land Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:US history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pennsylvania_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pennsylvania_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1774</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Articles of Association</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg/120px-Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg/180px-Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg/240px-Independence_Hall_belltower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1775</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1776</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Provincial_Conference" title="Pennsylvania Provincial Conference">Pennsylvania Provincial Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Constitution_of_1776" title="Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776">Pennsylvania Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington Crosses the Delaware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1777</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Clouds" title="Battle of the Clouds">Battle of the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell#Early_days_(1754–1846)" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell moved to Allentown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paoli" title="Battle of Paoli">Battle of Paoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mifflin" title="Fort Mifflin">Siege of Fort Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matson%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Matson's Ford">Battle of Matson's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1778</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crooked_Billet" title="Battle of Crooked Billet">Battle of Crooked Billet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barren_Hill" title="Battle of Barren Hill">Battle of Barren Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">British occupation of Philadelphia ends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wyoming" title="Battle of Wyoming">Wyoming Valley battle and massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1781</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1783</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">1783 Mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Dickinson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Dickinson" title="Template:John Dickinson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:John_Dickinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:John Dickinson (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Dickinson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Dickinson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Dickinson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of governors of Pennsylvania">5th President of Pennsylvania, 1782–1785</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Delaware" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Delaware">5th President of Delaware, 1781–1783</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress, 1775–1776, 1779–1781</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress, 1774</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress, 1765</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"><i>Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</i> (1767, 1768)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Liberty_Song" title="The Liberty Song">"The Liberty Song" (1768</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_we_stand,_divided_we_fall#Use_in_U.S._history" title="United we stand, divided we fall">United we stand, divided we fall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Signee, Continental Association (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of correspondence">Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence (1774–1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">"Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec" (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">co-wrote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775–1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty committee (1776)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (1776, drafting committee chairman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">President, Annapolis Convention (1786)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, Constitutional Convention (1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associators" title="Associators">Brigadier General, Pennsylvania militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Constitution_of_1792" title="Delaware Constitution of 1792">Delaware Constitution of 1792</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_Dickinson" title="Mary Norris Dickinson">Mary Norris Dickinson</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Dickinson" title="Philemon Dickinson">Philemon Dickinson</a> <small>(brother)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson#Early_life_and_education" title="John Dickinson">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_House" title="John Dickinson House">Poplar Hall home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_Dickinson#Fair_Hill_estate" title="Mary Norris Dickinson">Fair Hill estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Meetinghouse_(Wilmington,_Delaware)" title="Friends Meetinghouse (Wilmington, Delaware)">Friends Burial Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_-_Dickinson_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University - Dickinson Law">Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_High_School" title="John Dickinson High School">John Dickinson High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)"><i>John Adams</i> (2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymont_Stone_School" title="Claymont Stone School">Claymont Stone School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/175396367">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4328865-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83300226">United 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Template:Navbox"," 7.15% 101.476 1 Template:United_States_topics"," 6.99% 99.105 1 Template:Country_topics"," 5.98% 84.892 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.88% 83.481 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.794","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11145911,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmitage2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarp1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDougherty2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenePole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffert1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorgan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHough1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJillsonWilson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesavan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetcham1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanmanMorrison1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodge1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMain1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeese2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevins1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine1776\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParent2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelps2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuls2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakove1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRakove1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatō1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSioussat1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Cleve2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Broader\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox document\"] = 1,\n [\"John Dickinson\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the Continental Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 31,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 10,\n [\"Sort\"] = 23,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7cd56fbfb6-6plsh","timestamp":"20241126222653","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Articles_of_Confederation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q493620","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q493620","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-24T01:05:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T03:57:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Articles_page1.jpg","headline":"first constitution of the United States (1781\u20131789)"}</script> </body> </html>