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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="بايرز ناودي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بايرز ناودي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="ביירס נאודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביירס נאודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بيرس ناود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرس ناود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9" title="Beyers Naudé – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyers Naudé" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7" title="拜尔斯·诺德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜尔斯·诺德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South African cleric, theologian and anti-apartheid activist (1915 - 2004)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Beyers Naudé</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_(1972).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg/220px-Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg/330px-Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg/440px-Christiaan_Frederik_Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_%281972%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="3035" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Naudé in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-05-10</span>)</span>10 May 1915<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-09-07)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">South Africa</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Beyers Naudé, Oom Bey (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for "Uncle Bey")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">Stellenbosch University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Cleric</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ilse Hedwig Weder</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Jozua François Naudé and Adriana Johanna Zondagh van Huyssteen</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christiaan Frederick Beyers Naudé</b> (10 May 1915 – 7 September 2004) was a South African <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dominie" title="Dominie">Dominee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed theology">theologian</a> and the leading <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> activist.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known simply as <b>Beyers Naudé</b>, or more colloquially, <i>Oom Bey</i> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> for "Uncle Bey"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of eight children, Beyers Naudé was born to <a href="/wiki/Jozua_Naud%C3%A9_(pastor)" title="Jozua Naudé (pastor)">Jozua François Naudé</a> and Adriana Johanna Naudé (née) van Huyssteen in <a href="/wiki/Roodepoort" title="Roodepoort">Roodepoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Province">Transvaal</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a>). The progenitor of the Naudé name was a French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugee named Jacques Naudé who arrived in the Cape in 1718.<sup id="cite_ref-Lugan1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lugan1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Naudé surname is one of numerous French surnames that retained their original spelling in South Africa. Beyers Naudé was named after General <a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederick_Beyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Frederick Beyers">Christiaan Frederick Beyers</a>, under whom his father had served as a soldier and unofficial <a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain" title="Military chaplain">military chaplain</a> during the second <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Anglo-Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jozua Naudé, an Afrikaner Calvinist minister,or "<a href="/wiki/Dominie" title="Dominie">Dominee</a>", "was convinced that the British would never leave."<sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He helped to found<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Broederbond" class="mw-redirect" title="Broederbond">Broederbond</a></i> (Afrikaans, "Brotherhood" or "League of Brothers"),<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the powerful Afrikaner Calvinist men's <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> that played a dominant role in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa under apartheid">South Africa under apartheid</a>. The <i>Broederbond</i> became especially synonymous with the Afrikaner-dominated <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> that won power in 1948 and implemented the racial segregation policy of apartheid. The elder Naudé also helped produce the earliest translations of the Bible into the newly standardized language of <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, the Naudé family moved to the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Province" title="Cape Province">Cape Province</a> town of Graaff-Reinet, in the Karoo region. Beyers Naudé attended Afrikaans Hoërskool [Afrikaans High School], matriculating in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Who_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naudé studied theology at the <a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_University" title="Stellenbosch University">University of Stellenbosch</a> and lived at <a href="/wiki/Wilgenhof" title="Wilgenhof">Wilgenhof</a> men's residence. He graduated in 1939 with an MA in languages and a theology degree.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sociology lecturer was the future prime minister and chief-architect of apartheid, <a href="/wiki/H._F._Verwoerd" class="mw-redirect" title="H. F. Verwoerd">H. F. Verwoerd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Naudé credited Stellenbosch theologian Ben Keet with laying the groundwork for his own theological dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naudé was ordained in 1939 as a minister in the South African <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> and joined the <i>Broederbond</i> as its youngest member. For 20 years he served various congregations,<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting at <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Western_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington, Western Cape">Wellington</a> in Western Cape Province (1940–1942), <a href="/wiki/Loxton,_Northern_Cape" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxton, Northern Cape">Loxton</a> (1942–1945), <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> - South-Olifantsfontein (1945–1949), Pretoria East (1945–1954), <a href="/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a> (1954–1959) and Aasvoëlkop (<a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>) (1959–1963) preaching a religious justification for apartheid.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 August 1940 Naudé married Ilse Weder, whose father had been a Moravian missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three sons and a daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-apartheid_activities">Anti-apartheid activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti-apartheid activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> in 1960 (during which the South African police killed 69 black demonstrators protesting against restrictions on their freedom of movement) ended his support for his church's political teachings. He began to question the biblical justification of apartheid by the Dutch Reformed Church: "I made an intensive study of the Bible to prove that those justifications were not valid. I concluded that the passages that were being used by the white DRC to justify apartheid were unfounded. In some cases, there was a deliberate distortion in order to prove the unprovable!"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three decades after his resignation from the denomination, Naudé's vocal support for racial reconciliation and equal rights led to upheavals in the Dutch Reformed Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cottesloe_and_the_Christian_Institute_of_Southern_Africa">Cottesloe and the Christian Institute of Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cottesloe and the Christian Institute of Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to Sharpeville, the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> (WCC) sent a delegation to Johannesburg to meet with clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naudé, by then the moderator of his church district (the Southern Transvaal Synod), helped to organize a consultation (the <a href="/wiki/Cottesloe_Consultation" title="Cottesloe Consultation">Cottesloe Consultation</a>) between the WCC and eighty South African church delegates in Cottesloe, a Johannesburg suburb.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cottesloe_Consultation" title="Cottesloe Consultation">Cottesloe Consultation</a>'s resolutions rejected race as the basis of exclusion from churches, and affirmed the right of all people to own land and have a say in how they are governed.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naudé, alone among his church's delegates, steadfastly continued to reject any theological basis for apartheid after Prime Minister Verwoerd forced the DRC delegation to repudiate the consultation.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch Reformed Church later left the World Council of Churches. </p><p>In 1963 Naudé founded the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Institute_of_Southern_Africa" title="Christian Institute of Southern Africa">Christian Institute of Southern Africa</a> (CI), an ecumenical organization with the aim of fostering reconciliation through interracial dialogue, research, and publications. The DRC forced Naudé to choose between his status as minister and directorship of the CI. He then resigned his church post, left his Aasvoëlkop congregation in Northcliff, Johannesburg, and resigned from the <i>Broederbond</i> in 1963. As a result, he lost his status as minister in the Dutch Reformed Church. His last sermon to his congregation noted that "We must show greater loyalty to God than to man".<sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stoically anticipating the enormous pressure by the Afrikaner political and church establishment that was to come, he told his wife: "We must prepare for ten years in the wilderness."<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Archbishop Desmond Tutu later said "Beyers became a leper in the Afrikaner community."<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same year, Naudé was blamed for leaking secret, confidential, and unauthorized documents about the Broederbond to the press. The University of the Witwatersrand New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Albert_Geyser" title="Albert Geyser">Professor Albert S. Geyser</a> later admitted that he had leaked the documents. Naudé had given the documents to Geyser to evaluate the extent of the influence of the Broederbond on the church. Geyser then provided the information to a journalist at <i>The Sunday Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>The Super-Afrikaners. Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond</i>, written by Ivor Wilkins and Hans Strydom and published in 1978, exposed a name list of possible members of the Broederbond. The source of these documents, that was taken without authorization, was blamed on Naudé.<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsStrydom1978_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsStrydom1978-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967 Naudé and Geyser won a libel case against conservative Pretoria Professor Adriaan Pont, who had called them communists.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1970 Naudé was among a few white South African Christian leaders "who openly called for understanding of the WCC decision" to provide financial support for liberation movements in southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "If blood runs in the streets of South Africa it will not be because the World Council of Churches has done something but because the churches of South Africa have done nothing," Naudé said. In response, the state formed the <a href="/wiki/Schlebusch_Commission" title="Schlebusch Commission">Schlebusch Commission</a> in 1972 to investigate anti-apartheid Christian organizations. When Naudé refused to testify, he was tried and imprisoned. After a night in the cells, a DRC minister paid his fine.<sup id="cite_ref-Trial_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trial-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 1972 trip to Germany and Britain, Naudé preached at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, "the first Afrikaans theologian to be so honoured".<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973 the state withdrew his passport,<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but temporarily returned it in 1974 so that he could travel to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend, Indiana</a> USA, to receive the <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> Award for justice and peace.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the CI increasingly incorporated black African radicals like <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>, Naudé had to bear the brunt of harassment by the state security police. The state eventually forced the CI to close in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-ABD_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banning_and_the_SACC">Banning and the SACC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Banning and the SACC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1977 to 1984 the South African government "banned" Naudé – a form of house arrest with severe restrictions on his movements and interactions. For example, he could not be in the same room with more than one other person.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leaders of the Christian Institute suffered the same fate, including Brian Brown, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cedric_Mayson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cedric Mayson (page does not exist)">Cedric Mayson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ralph_Randall" title="Peter Ralph Randall">Peter Randall</a>. Although under constant police surveillance, Naudé managed to secretly help anti-apartheid resistors move around and out of South Africa by providing them with old vehicles that he had repaired himself. He later joked that this was "My small contribution to a struggle I knew was right."<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ANC liaison was <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mufamadi" title="Sydney Mufamadi">Sydney Mufamadi</a>, who became Minister of Provincial and Local Government in the post-apartheid government.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 Naudé and three other DRC theologians broke with the DRC and were accepted as clergy by the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa, the black African denomination established by the white Dutch Reformed Church.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his unbanning in 1985, he succeeded Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> as secretary general of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Council_of_Churches" title="South African Council of Churches">South African Council of Churches</a>. In this role he called for the release of political prisoners (especially <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>) and negotiation with the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987 the apartheid regime outlawed public pleas for the release of detainees. But Naudé pressed Christians to continue to publicly pray for detainees, despite government threats of imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his term at the South African Council of Churches ended, Naudé continued to serve a number of anti-apartheid and development organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Defence_and_Aid_Fund_for_Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa">Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa</a>, the Ecumenical Service for Socio-Economic Transformation, Kagiso Trust, and the Editorial Board of Challenge Magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Mourn_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-apartheid_influence">Post-apartheid influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1990 Naudé occasionally opened ANC events with scripture readings.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year he was invited by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> to be the only Afrikaner member on their delegation in negotiations with the National Party government at Groote Schuur. Despite his long association with the African National Congress, Naudé never actually joined the party.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have speculated that this, along with his advanced age and constant ill health during the last few years of his life, caused him to be politically sidelined. Others conclude that Naudé harbored a fierce independence and never sought personal advancement. Despite his association with the ANC, for instance, he also maintained ties with the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">black consciousness</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Africanist Congress">Pan Africanist Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000 he signed the Declaration of Commitment by White South Africans, a public document that acknowledged that apartheid had damaged black South Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death at 89 on 7 September 2004, Nelson Mandela eulogized Naudé as "a true humanitarian and a true son of Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naudé's official <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> on Saturday 18 September 2004 was attended by <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a>, other dignitaries, and high-ranking ANC officials. Naudé's ashes were scattered in the <a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">township</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra, Gauteng">Alexandra</a>, just outside <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>. He was survived by his wife, four children, and two great-grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-ANC_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being persecuted by his own ethnic group, Naudé "never outwardly expressed spite for his former opponents. 'I am an Afrikaner,' he said. 'I saw myself never as anything else but an Afrikaner, and I'm very grateful for the small contribution which I could have made.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Post_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_accolades">Honors and accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his life Naudé received several honors, including the Bruno Kreisky Award for services to human rights (Austria, 1979)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kreisky.org/human.rights/englisch/awards.htm">[1]</a>, the Franklin D. Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> Award (USA, 1984)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090526164701/http://www.feri.org/common/news/info_detail.cfm?QID=1983&ClientID=11005">[2]</a>, the African American Institute Award (USA, 1985), <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award</a> (USA, 1985) along with Allan Boesak and Winnie Mandela,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Swedish Labour Movement Award (Sweden, 1988), the Order of Oranje-Nassau (Netherlands, 1995), <a href="/wiki/Order_for_Meritorious_Service" title="Order for Meritorious Service">Order for Meritorious Service</a> (Gold) (South Africa, 1997), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Cross_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Cross of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (Germany, 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-Mourn_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourn-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naudé received fourteen honorary doctorates during his lifetime<sup id="cite_ref-Who_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1993 he was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 the city of Johannesburg, where he had lived most of his life in the suburb of Greenside, honored Naudé in several ways. Naudé received the Freedom of the City of Johannesburg while DF Malan Drive, a major road in Johannesburg, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_Drive" title="Beyers Naudé Drive">Beyers Naudé Drive</a>. The Library Gardens in downtown Johannesburg, formerly known as Market Square, were renamed as <a href="/wiki/Beyers_Naud%C3%A9_Square" title="Beyers Naudé Square">Beyers Naudé Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 Naudé was voted 36th among <a href="/wiki/SABC3%27s_Great_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="SABC3's Great South Africans">Top 100 Great South Africans</a> in an informal poll conducted by a television program of the South African Broadcasting Corporation. </p><p>Naudé was called "one of the true Christian prophets of our time" by the acting secretary of the World Council of Churches, Georges Lemopoulos.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naudé's comments after the 1976 Soweto uprising presciently anticipated an outflow of South Africans in the post-apartheid era. He warned that white privilege could not and should not endure.<sup id="cite_ref-IOL_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "For many it will be impossible to live in this new South African society; they will be destroyed physically, emotionally and psychologically. They would be allowed to stay, but they would find the atmosphere unacceptable and therefore many will say, "we cannot adjust, we must go.""<sup id="cite_ref-Black_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State" title="University of the Free State">University of the Free State</a> changed the name of one of its hostels (JBM Hertzog) to Beyers Naudé.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the local Christian <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> (a middle school comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a>) was renamed in honour of Beyers Naudé.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 2002 a school in Soweto was named after him (Dr Beyers Naude high school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ABD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABD_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrockman1994" class="citation book cs1">Brockman, Norbert C. (1994). "Naudé, Christiaan Frederick Beyers, b. 1915. Reformed. South Africa". <i>An African Biographical Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naud%C3%A9%2C+Christiaan+Frederick+Beyers%2C+b.+1915.+Reformed.+South+Africa&rft.btitle=An+African+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Brockman&rft.aufirst=Norbert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lugan1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lugan1996_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugan1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lugan" title="Bernard Lugan">Lugan, Bernard</a> (1996). <i>Ces Francais Qui Ont Fait L'Afrique Du Sud</i> [<i>The French People Who Made South Africa</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84100-086-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-84100-086-9"><bdi>2-84100-086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ces+Francais+Qui+Ont+Fait+L%27Afrique+Du+Sud&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-84100-086-9&rft.aulast=Lugan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANC_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Beyers Naudé." African National Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2004" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Adam (8 September 2004). "C.F. Beyers Naude (sic) Dies; Cleric Opposed Apartheid Regime". <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=C.F.+Beyers+Naude+%28sic%29+Dies%3B+Cleric+Opposed+Apartheid+Regime&rft.date=2004-09-08&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuggot2004" class="citation news cs1">Suggot, Mungo (8 September 2004). "Obituary: The Rev Beyers Naudé – Courageous Afrikaner cleric who became a champion of South Africa's liberation struggle". <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+The+Rev+Beyers+Naud%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+Courageous+Afrikaner+cleric+who+became+a+champion+of+South+Africa%27s+liberation+struggle&rft.date=2004-09-08&rft.aulast=Suggot&rft.aufirst=Mungo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Who_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Who_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070811212424/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3289">"Mr Beyers Naudé"</a>. <i>Who's Who of Southern Africa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/Pages/profilefull.aspx?IndID=3289">the original</a> on 11 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Mr+Beyers+Naud%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoswhosa.co.za%2FPages%2Fprofilefull.aspx%3FIndID%3D3289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOL_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Beyers Naude's struggle of faith". <i>The Independent</i>. 7 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Beyers+Naude%27s+struggle+of+faith&rft.date=2004-09-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Beyers Naudé." <i>Encarta</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jani_Allan" title="Jani Allan">Allan, Jani</a> (23 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janiallan.com/2016/06/12/beyers-naude-defines-concept-afrikaner/">"The rebel with a cause – easing in the turning tide"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2016</span> – via Sunday Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rebel+with+a+cause+%E2%80%93+easing+in+the+turning+tide&rft.date=1989-04-23&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Jani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaniallan.com%2F2016%2F06%2F12%2Fbeyers-naude-defines-concept-afrikaner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1982" class="citation cs2">Weiss, Ruth (July 1982), "Black-hearted White", <i>New Internationalist</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Black-hearted+White&rft.date=1982-07&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilkinsStrydom1978-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilkinsStrydom1978_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsStrydom1978" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, Ivor; Strydom, Hans (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BwNAQAAIAAJ"><i>Super-Afrikaners: Inside the Afrikaner Broederbond</i></a>. Jonathan Ball. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868500089" title="Special:BookSources/9780868500089"><bdi>9780868500089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super-Afrikaners%3A+Inside+the+Afrikaner+Broederbond&rft.pub=Jonathan+Ball&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780868500089&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft.au=Strydom%2C+Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BwNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Letter_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Letter to Rev. Dr Molefe Tsele, General Secretary of the South African Council of Churches, 7 September 2004." Georges Lemopoulos. World Council of Churches</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trial-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trial_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_of_Jurists,_Geneva1975" class="citation book cs1">International Commission of Jurists, Geneva, ed. (1975). <i>The Trial of Beyers Naudé – Christian witness and the rule of law</i>. London: Search Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85532-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85532-355-4"><bdi>978-0-85532-355-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+Beyers+Naud%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+Christian+witness+and+the+rule+of+law&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Search+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85532-355-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Obituaries: Beyers Naude". <i>The Telegraph</i>. 7 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Beyers+Naude&rft.date=2004-09-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"A Plea from the Church". <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 12 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Plea+from+the+Church&rft.date=2005-04-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1987" class="citation news cs1">Smith, William E. (27 April 1987). "South Africa Campaign of The Iron Fist". <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=South+Africa+Campaign+of+The+Iron+Fist&rft.date=1987-04-27&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mourn-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mourn_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mourn_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>SA Mourns the Passing of Dr Beyers Naudé</i>, South African Council of Churches, 7 September 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SA+Mourns+the+Passing+of+Dr+Beyers+Naud%C3%A9&rft.pub=South+African+Council+of+Churches&rft.date=2004-09-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzy2004" class="citation news cs1">Ramzy, Austin (13 September 2004). "Milestones". <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Milestones&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407044628/http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&lang=en">"Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rfkcenter.org/allan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6?id=881&lang=en">the original</a> on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+F+Kennedy+Center+Laureates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frfkcenter.org%2Fallan-boesak-beyers-naude-a-winnie-mandela-south-africa-6%3Fid%3D881%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080815101402/https://www.afsc.org/about/nobel/past-nominations.htm">"AFSC's Past Nobel Nominations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsc.org/about/nobel/past-nominations.htm">the original</a> on 15 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFSC%27s+Past+Nobel+Nominations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsc.org%2Fabout%2Fnobel%2Fpast-nominations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-org_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4019&catid=166&Itemi..">Beyers Naude Square goes natural</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132357/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4019&catid=166&Itemi..">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, joburg.org.za, retrieved 20 September 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://residences.ufs.ac.za/templates/residences_content.aspx?rid=127&resi=15">Housing and Residence Affairs - Beyers Naudé</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215233722/http://residences.ufs.ac.za/templates/residences_content.aspx?rid=127&resi=15">Archived</a> 15 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State" title="University of the Free State">University of the Free State</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyersnaude.nl/identiteit/">"CG Beyers Naude - Leeuwarden > over de school > Identiteit"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CG+Beyers+Naude+-+Leeuwarden+%3E+over+de+school+%3E+Identiteit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyersnaude.nl%2Fidentiteit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeyers+Naud%C3%A9" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about-south-africa.com/html/beyers_naude.html">Beyers Naude — Christian and Afrikaner Opposition to Apartheid</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070215043909/https://www.afsc.org/newengland/bigcat/ttl.php?FID=458"><i>Cry of Reason: An Afrikaner Speaks Out</i> Video, 1987, 58 mins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galleries.media24.com/News24/Beyers%20Naude%20-%20%20His%20Life%20in%20pictures/14_Beyers.jpg">Picture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050911193903/http://galleries.media24.com/News24/Beyers%20Naude%20-%20%20His%20Life%20in%20pictures/14_Beyers.jpg">Archived</a> 11 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beyersnaudecentre.org">Beyers Naudé Centre for Public Theology at Stellenbosch University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/liberation-africa/interviews/beyers-naude.html">Interview with Beyers Naudé by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa</a> – dated 15 September 1995</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMADRES" title="COMADRES">CoMadres</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Boesak" title="Allan Boesak">Allan Boesak</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beyers Naudé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Bujak" title="Zbigniew Bujak">Zbigniew Bujak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Geun-tae" title="Kim Geun-tae">Kim Geun-tae</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Jae-keun" title="In Jae-keun">In Jae-keun</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Kamau_Kuria" title="Gibson Kamau Kuria">Gibson Kamau Kuria</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Lizhi" title="Fang Lizhi">Fang Lizhi</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_M%C3%A9ndez_Ur%C3%ADzar" title="Amílcar Méndez Urízar">Amílcar Méndez Urízar</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Feldman" title="Avigdor Feldman">Avigdor Feldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raji_Sourani" title="Raji Sourani">Raji Sourani</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakufwa_Chihana" title="Chakufwa Chihana">Chakufwa Chihana</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambang_Widjojanto" title="Bambang Widjojanto">Bambang Widjojanto</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren_Wanding" title="Ren Wanding">Ren Wanding</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_Vi%E1%BA%BFt_Ho%E1%BA%A1t" title="Đoàn Viết Hoạt">Đoàn Viết Hoạt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C4%90an_Qu%E1%BA%BF" title="Nguyễn Đan Quế">Nguyễn Đan Quế</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sezgin_Tanr%C4%B1kulu" title="Sezgin Tanrıkulu">Sezgin Tanrıkulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eenal_Sar%C4%B1han" title="Şenal Sarıhan">Şenal Sarıhan</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Celeita" title="Berenice Celeita">Berenice Celeita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Florez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Florez">Gloria Florez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Prieto_Mendez" title="Jaime Prieto Mendez">Jaime Prieto Mendez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Calixto" title="Mario Calixto">Mario Calixto</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kpakala_Francis" title="Michael Kpakala Francis">Michael Kpakala Francis</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Macwan" title="Martin Macwan">Martin Macwan</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darci_Frigo" title="Darci Frigo">Darci Frigo</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loune_Viaud" title="Loune Viaud">Loune Viaud</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Immokalee_Workers" title="Coalition of Immokalee Workers">Coalition of Immokalee Workers</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphine_Djiraibe" title="Delphine Djiraibe">Delphine Djiraibe</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bradberry" title="Stephen Bradberry">Stephen Bradberry</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Pierre" title="Sonia Pierre">Solange Pierre</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmed_Abdallah" title="Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah">Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminatou_Haidar" title="Aminatou Haidar">Aminatou Haidar</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Zimbabwe_Arise" title="Women of Zimbabwe Arise">WOZA</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Barrera_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Abel Barrera Hernández">Abel Barrera Hernández</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Mugisha" title="Frank Mugisha">Frank Mugisha</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Librada_Paz" title="Librada Paz">Librada Paz</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragia_Omran" title="Ragia Omran">Ragia Omran</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adilur_Rahman_Khan" title="Adilur Rahman Khan">Adilur Rahman Khan</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Taubina" title="Natalia Taubina">Natalia Taubina</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_C._James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea C. James (page does not exist)">Andrea C. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Martin" title="Glenn E. Martin">Glenn E. Martin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Romero_(activist)" title="Alfredo Romero (activist)">Alfredo Romero</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_We_Dream" title="United We Dream">United We Dream</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_for_Our_Lives" title="March for Our Lives">March for Our Lives</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Indigenous_Youth_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Indigenous Youth Council (page does not exist)">International Indigenous Youth Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detained_Migrant_Solidarity_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detained Migrant Solidarity Committee (page does not exist)">Detained Migrant Solidarity Committee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angry_Tias_%26_Abuelas_of_the_Rio_Grande_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angry Tias & Abuelas of the Rio Grande Valley (page does not exist)">Angry Tias & Abuelas of the Rio Grande Valley</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Uni%C3%B3n_del_Pueblo_Entero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Unión del Pueblo Entero (page does not exist)">La Unión del Pueblo Entero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandra_Korap" title="Alessandra Korap">Alessandra Korap</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665932#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665932#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q665932#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000079887433">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/207059225">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/119945/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWrY49bVV7yRfMdhkkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118586572">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83200055">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108581r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12108581r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070283877">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010984354105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029463734">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60k2rfc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naudé&oldid=1203850911">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyers_Naudé&oldid=1203850911</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_births" title="Category:1915 births">1915 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2004_deaths" title="Category:2004 deaths">2004 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians">20th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afrikaner_people" title="Category:Afrikaner people">Afrikaner people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_anti-apartheid_activists" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed anti-apartheid activists">Calvinist and 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