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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-簡介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簡介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>簡介</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簡介-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-舉例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#舉例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>舉例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-舉例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-力学性质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#力学性质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>力学性质</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-力学性质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关力学性质子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-力学性质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-体积" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#体积"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>体积</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-体积-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-壓力和浮力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#壓力和浮力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>壓力和浮力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-壓力和浮力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-表面" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#表面"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>表面</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-表面-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>流動</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声音传播" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声音传播"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>声音传播</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声音传播-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>熱力學</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-熱力學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关熱力學子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-熱力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-相變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>相變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-太空中的液體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#太空中的液體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>太空中的液體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-太空中的液體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-溶液" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溶液"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>溶液</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溶液-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-微觀性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#微觀性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>微觀性質</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-微觀性質-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关微觀性質子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-微觀性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-靜態結構係數" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#靜態結構係數"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>靜態結構係數</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-靜態結構係數-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲音的散射和結構的弛豫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲音的散射和結構的弛豫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>聲音的散射和結構的弛豫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲音的散射和結構的弛豫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">液体</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。133种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vloeistof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Flüssigkeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Liquido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5" title="द्रव – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="द्रव" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="سائل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سائل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="سايل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سايل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84" title="سايل – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سايل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="তৰল পদাৰ্থ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৰল পদাৰ্থ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquidu" title="Líquidu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Líquidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maye" title="Maye – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="مایع – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایع" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Шыйыҡса – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шыйыҡса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%ABstis" title="Skīstis – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skīstis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likido" title="Likido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Likido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вадкасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вадкасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вадкасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вадкасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Течност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Течност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2" title="তরল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C4%8Dnost" title="Tečnost – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tečnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Шэнгэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэнгэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquid" title="Líquid – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Líquid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACk-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Ĭk-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭk-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likido" title="Likido – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Likido" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%95" title="شلە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalina" title="Kapalina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapalina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%C4%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Шĕвек – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шĕвек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylif" title="Hylif – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hylif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6ske" title="Væske – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Væske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Flüssigkeit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flüssigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B3%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Υγρό – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υγρό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Liquid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likvo" title="Likvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Likvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Líquido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedelik" title="Vedelik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vedelik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likido" title="Likido – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Likido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B9" title="مایع – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neste" title="Neste – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedel%C3%BCs" title="Vedelüs – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vedelüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waini" title="Waini – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Waini" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liquide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4sk" title="Wääsk – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wääsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leacht" title="Leacht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Líquido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80" title="પ્રવાહી – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રવાહી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushlaght" title="Ushlaght – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushlaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%CC%8Dt-th%C3%AD" title="Yi̍t-thí – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yi̍t-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9C" title="נוזל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5" title="द्रव – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्रव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Liquid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teku%C4%87ine" title="Tekućine – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tekućine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likid" title="Likid – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Likid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folyad%C3%A9k" title="Folyadék – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Folyadék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Հեղուկ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեղուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Liquido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairan" title="Cairan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cairan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Liquide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liquido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6kvi" title="Vökvi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vökvi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquido" title="Liquido – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liquido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="液体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94" title="სითხე – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სითხე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazzal" title="Amazzal – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amazzal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сұйықтық – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сұйықтық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5" title="ದ್ರವ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A1%EC%B2%B4" title="액체 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="액체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eile" title="Şile – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şile" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Суюктук – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суюктук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidum" title="Liquidum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liquidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleujstof" title="Vleujstof – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vleujstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liquid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom%C3%A1i" title="Bomái – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bomái" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skystis" title="Skystis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skystis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7idrums" title="Šķidrums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šķidrums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranoka" title="Ranoka – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Течност – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Течност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ദ്രാവകം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രാവകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Шингэн – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шингэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5" title="द्रव – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्रव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecair" title="Cecair – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cecair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="အရည် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletigkeit" title="Fletigkeit – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fletigkeit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="तरल – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तरल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="ति – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vloeistof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6ske" title="Væske – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Væske" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6ske" title="Væske – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Væske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquide" title="Liquide – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Liquide" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Liquid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhangala%27oo" title="Dhangala'oo – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhangala'oo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2" title="ਤਰਲ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciecz" title="Ciecz – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciecz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="مائع – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مائع" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="مايع – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مايع" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADquido" title="Líquido – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Líquido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriqlla" title="Puriqlla – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puriqlla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichid" title="Lichid – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lichid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Жидкость – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жидкость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statu_liquitu" title="Statu liquitu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Statu liquitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="مايع – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مايع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C4%8Dno_agregatno_stanje" title="Tečno agregatno stanje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tečno agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80" title="ද්‍රව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්‍රව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liquid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvapalina" title="Kvapalina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvapalina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapljevina" title="Kapljevina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kapljevina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuvi" title="Mutuvi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mutuvi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dareere" title="Dareere – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dareere" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABngu" title="Lëngu – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëngu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Течност – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Течност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacai" title="Cacai – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cacai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4tska" title="Vätska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vätska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowevu" title="Kiowevu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiowevu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர்மம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ద్రవం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%8A" title="Моеъ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Моеъ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7" title="ของเหลว – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ของเหลว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likido" title="Likido – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1v%C4%B1" title="Sıvı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıvı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1y%C4%B1ql%C4%B1q" title="Sıyıqlıq – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sıyıqlıq" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Рідина – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рідина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="مائع – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مائع" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyuqlik" title="Suyuqlik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suyuqlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACcuido" title="Lìcuido – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lìcuido" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozoluz" title="Nozoluz – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nozoluz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_l%E1%BB%8Fng" title="Chất lỏng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất lỏng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vloeistoffe" title="Vloeistoffe – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vloeistoffe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likido" title="Likido – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Likido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolaakon" title="Yolaakon – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yolaakon" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="液体 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="液体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="פליסיקייט – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פליסיקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="液體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%CC%8Dk-th%C3%A9" title="E̍k-thé – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="E̍k-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" title="液體 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="液體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uketshezi" title="Uketshezi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uketshezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11435#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&oldid=83527065" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&id=83527065&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B6%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B6%25B2%25E4%25BD%2593"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Liquid" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11435" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_with_liquid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Glass_with_liquid.jpg/220px-Glass_with_liquid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Glass_with_liquid.jpg/330px-Glass_with_liquid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Glass_with_liquid.jpg/440px-Glass_with_liquid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>液体形状能受容器形状影响。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_liquid_gas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/220px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/330px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Solid_liquid_gas.svg/440px-Solid_liquid_gas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>气体、液体、固体（由上而下）：不同的分子排列结构。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>液体</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Liquid</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">物质的四个基本状态</a>之一（其它状态有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93" title="等离子体">等离子体</a>），没有固定的形状，但有一定体积，具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">移动</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%8A%A8" title="转动">转动</a>等运动性。液体是由经分子间作用力结合在一起的微小振动粒子（例如原子和分子）组成。水是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上最常见的液体。和气体一样，液体可以流动，可以容纳于各种形状的容器。有些液体不易被压缩，而有些则可以被压缩。和气体不同的是，液体不能扩散布满整个容器，而是有相对固定的密度。液体的一个与众不同的属性是表面张力，它可以导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E6%B6%A6" title="浸润">浸润现象</a>。 </p><p>液体的密度通常接近于固体，而远大于气体。因此，液体和固体都被归为<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚态物质</a>。另一方面，液体和气体都可以流动，都可被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="流体">流体</a>。虽然液态水在地球上很丰富，但在已知的宇宙中，液态并不是最常见的物态。因为液体的存在需要相对较窄的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a>范围。宇宙中最常见的物态是气体（如星际云气）和等离子体（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>中）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="簡介"><span id=".E7.B0.A1.E4.BB.8B"></span>簡介</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：簡介"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_and_cold_water_immiscibility_thermal_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Hot_and_cold_water_immiscibility_thermal_image.jpg/220px-Hot_and_cold_water_immiscibility_thermal_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Hot_and_cold_water_immiscibility_thermal_image.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>一箱熱水中加入冷水的熱顯像圖，可以看到熱水和冷水相互的流動</figcaption></figure> <p>液體是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="物質狀態">物質的四個基本狀態</a>之一，其它基本狀態為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="氣體">氣體</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%86%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="电浆体">電漿體</a>。与固體不同的是液体属于流体，液體中的分子自由度較高，可以移動。在固體中使分子固定不動的力，在液體中只是暫時性的，因此液體可以流動。 </p><p>液體和氣體一樣都有流體的特質。液體沒有一定的形狀，會順著容器的外形而改變，若是在密封容器中，容器每個表面都會受到相同的壓強。液體和氣體也有不同之處：氣體一定可以和另一氣體均勻混合，液體則不然，兩種液體（例如水和油）可能無法均勻混合。液體也不會填滿容器中所有的空間，會產生液體本身的表面，除非受到高壓壓縮，液體受壓縮後的體積變化不大，因此液體適用在像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="水力学">水力學</a>的應用中。 </p><p>液體的粒子結合的非常牢固，但不是剛性結合，粒子之間有一定的自由度可以移動。溫度上升時．分子的振動增加，使得分子之間的距離也會增加。當液體的溫度到達沸點時，分子之間的內聚力消失，因此液體會轉變為氣體（除非出現<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">過熱</a>情形）。當溫度下降時，分子之間的距離減少。當溫度低到<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="凝固点">凝固點</a>時，分子會排列成一種特殊的形式．稱為結晶，而分子之間的內聚力越來越強，液體會轉變為固體（除非出現<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%86%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="過冷">過冷</a>情形）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="舉例"><span id=".E8.88.89.E4.BE.8B"></span>舉例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：舉例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>常温常压下，只有2种元素单质呈液态：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>。另有4种元素单质熔点略高于室温：<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">钫</a>（其推測的熔点高于室温）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">铯</a>（熔点28.44 °C）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鎵">鎵</a>（熔点29.7646 °C）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">铷</a>（熔点39.31 °C）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。室温下为液态的合金包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0%E9%92%BE%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="钠钾合金">钠钾合金</a>，易熔化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93%E9%93%9F%E9%94%A1%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="镓铟锡合金">镓铟锡合金</a>，及一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="汞合金">汞合金</a>。 </p><p>常温下呈液体的純物質包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>及许多有机溶剂。液態水在化學及生物學上相當重要，一般認為是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>存在必須的物質。 </p><p>無機液體包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>、許多<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E9%9D%9E%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" title="無機非水溶劑">無機非水溶劑</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E9%85%B8" title="无机酸">無機酸</a>。 </p><p>日常會用到的液體中包括許多水溶液，例如家用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="漂白水">漂白水</a>、像是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="矿物油">礦物油</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>等不同物質的混合物、像<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E9%BB%83%E9%86%AC" title="蛋黃醬">蛋黃醬</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E9%86%8B%E6%B1%81" title="油醋汁">油醋汁</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%BF%81%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="乳濁液">乳濁液</a>、像<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="血">血</a>之類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E6%B5%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="悬浊液">悬浊液</a>，以及像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%BC%86" class="mw-redirect" title="油漆">油漆</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="牛奶">牛奶</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a>。 </p><p>許多氣體可以用冷卻的方式<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8C%96" title="液化">液化</a>，產生像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%A7" title="液氧">液氧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%AE" title="液氮">液氮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="液氫">液氫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%A6" title="液氦">液氦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%B0%A8" title="液氨">液氨</a>等液體，但不是所有氣體都可以在一般大氣壓下液化，像<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>只能在高於5.1<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大气压">大氣壓</a>的條件下液化。 </p><p>一些物质无法归类到三种状态中的一种，它们同时具有类液体和类固体的性质。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%86%9C" title="生物膜">生物膜</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>液体有許多不同的用途，像是潤滑、溶劑及冷卻等。在液壓系統中用液体來傳輸功率。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E6%BD%A4%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="磨潤學">磨潤學</a>中會研究液体當作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A6%E6%BB%91%E5%89%82" title="润滑剂">潤滑劑</a>時的一些性質，潤滑劑一般是特別選擇的油，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="工作溫度">操作溫度</a>範圍內有適當的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="黏度">黏度</a>及流動性。因為油類的潤滑性質良好，常用在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="引擎">引擎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E5%8B%95%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="傳動系統">傳動系統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" title="金屬加工">金屬加工</a>以及液壓系統中<sup id="cite_ref-MangDresel2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangDresel2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>許多的液體會用做<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="溶劑">溶劑</a>，溶解其他液體或固體，形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a>，可以用在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%97%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="塗料">塗料</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="密封剂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sealant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%81%E5%89%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="密封剂（页面不存在）">密封剂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sealant" class="extiw" title="en:sealant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sealant</span></a></span>）</span></span>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%90%88%E5%89%82" title="黏合剂">黏合劑</a>上。在工業上常用<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%85%A6%E6%B2%B9" title="石腦油">石腦油</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E9%85%AE" title="丙酮">丙酮</a>來清除零件及機械上的油類、油脂及焦油。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E6%B6%B2" title="體液">體液</a>是身體中的溶液或悬浊液，其主要成份是水。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E5%89%82" title="表面活性剂">表面活性剂</a>常用在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%9A%82" title="肥皂">肥皂</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81%E5%89%82" title="清洁剂">清潔劑</a>中，像<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>等溶劑常用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%89%82" title="抗微生物剂">抗微生物剂</a>，液體也會用在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%A6%9D%E5%93%81" title="化妝品">化妝品</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="墨水">墨水</a>及液態<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E6%96%99%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%99%A8" title="染料激光器">染料激光器</a>中。液體也用在食品產業中，例如萃取<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="植物油">植物油</a>的製程。<sup id="cite_ref-Wypych2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wypych2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>液體有比氣體高的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a>，而且可以流動，因此液體適合用來將熱量從機械元件中移除。熱可以由讓液體流過<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱交換器">熱交換器</a>的方式移除，或者是讓液體<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸發">蒸發</a>，帶走熱量.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。水或是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E4%BA%8C%E9%86%87" title="乙二醇">乙二醇</a>常用在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="引擎">引擎</a>的散熱系統，避免引擎過熱<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。核反應爐中用散熱系統的冷媒包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>，以及像<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鈉">鈉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鉍">鉍</a>等反應溫度下為液態的金屬<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。液態<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E8%97%A5" title="裝藥">推進劑</a>會形成薄膜，冷卻<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="火箭">火箭</a>的推進室<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" title="机械加工">机械加工</a>時．水和油用來移除在加工時產生的熱量，若不移除熱量，工件及刀具會快速的因高熱受損。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%B1%97" class="mw-redirect" title="流汗">流汗</a>時，汗液中的水蒸發，帶走皮膚的熱量。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%96%E9%80%9A%E7%A9%BA%E8%AA%BF" title="暖通空調">暖通空調</a>（HVAC）中，常用水或其他液體作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="工質">工質</a>，將熱量由一處帶到另一處。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>液體是液壓系統中的重要元件，利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="帕斯卡定律">帕斯卡定律</a>傳遞<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液压动力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="fluid power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="液压动力（页面不存在）">液压动力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fluid_power" class="extiw" title="en:fluid power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">fluid power</span></a></span>）</span></span>。像<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B5%E6%B5%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="泵浦">泵浦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BB%8A" title="水車">水車</a>機械從古代就開始使用，可以將液體的運動和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="機械功">機械功</a>之間進行轉換。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液壓泵浦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="hydraulic pump"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E5%A3%93%E6%B3%B5%E6%B5%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="液壓泵浦（页面不存在）">液壓泵浦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydraulic_pump" class="extiw" title="en:hydraulic pump"><span lang="en" dir="auto">hydraulic pump</span></a></span>）</span></span>會對液壓油施力，將力傳遞到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%A3%93%E7%BC%B8" title="液壓缸">液壓缸</a>中。在許多應用中都會用到液壓系統，例如車輛<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%9E%E8%BB%8A" title="煞車">煞車</a>及傳動，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E4%BD%9C%E6%A5%AD%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="工程作業車輛">工程作業車輛</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F" title="飛機">飛機</a>的控制系統。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%A3%93%E6%B2%96%E5%BA%8A" title="液壓沖床">液壓沖床</a>用在許多不同的應用中，包括生產製造、沖製工件、夾具及成形。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>液體有時也用在量測設備中，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="溫度計">溫度計</a>就是利用液體（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%86%A8%E8%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="热膨胀">熱膨脹</a>特性，以及可以流動的特性量測溫度。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E8%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="压力计">压力计</a>是利用液體的重量來量測<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="氣壓">氣壓</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="力学性质"><span id=".E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6.E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8"></span>力学性质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：力学性质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="体积"><span id=".E4.BD.93.E7.A7.AF"></span>体积</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：体积"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>液体的量通常用体积度量。体积單位包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a>的單位<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E5%B0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="立方公尺">立方公尺</a>（m<sup>3</sup>）以及其衍生單位，較常用的是也可以稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8D%87" title="公升">公升</a>的立方公寸（1 dm<sup>3</sup> = 1 L = 0.001 m<sup>3</sup>），以及也可以稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E5%8D%87" title="毫升">毫升</a>的立方公分（1 cm<sup>3</sup> = 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>）。 </p><p>一的定量液体的体积由其温度和压强决定。一般情况下，液体热胀冷缩，但水在0-4 °C时则相反。液体的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="壓縮性">压缩率</a>很小，例如使水的密度增加1/1000需要200巴压强。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="流体动力学">流体动力学</a>的研究中，特別是在研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%A3%93%E7%B8%AE%E6%B5%81" title="不可壓縮流">不可壓縮流</a>時，通常将液体视为不可压缩的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="壓力和浮力"><span id=".E5.A3.93.E5.8A.9B.E5.92.8C.E6.B5.AE.E5.8A.9B"></span>壓力和浮力</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：壓力和浮力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体静力学">流体静力学</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="引力场">引力场</a>（也叫<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="重力場">重力场</a>）中，液体对容器壁和任何液体中的物体产生壓力。这一壓力指向各个方向，并随深度增加而增加。在均匀的引力场中，静止的液体在深度<i>h</i>处的壓力<i>p</i>为： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=\rho gh\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=\rho gh\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9483523497f76b56118f97d9004f1e418b719cd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.401ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=\rho gh\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>这里 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a1d651c28959a0f15127c097ff4488b123d9e708" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.589ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho \,}"></span>为液体在该温度下的密度（假设为常数）</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ecc456e58b207759836214cb501a1aa1af3be5bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.503ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g\,}"></span>为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="重力加速度">重力加速度</a></dd></dl> <p>需要注意的是此公式假设自由表面处的壓力为0，并且忽略了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B" title="表面张力">表面张力</a>的影响。 </p> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%9B" title="浮力">浮力</a></div> <p>浸入液体的物体受到浮力的作用。（在其他的流体中也有浮力作用，但由于液体密度大而特别显著） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="表面"><span id=".E8.A1.A8.E9.9D.A2"></span>表面</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：表面"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="表面科学">表面科学</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/250px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/375px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg/500px-2006-01-14_Surface_waves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>水面上的表面波</figcaption></figure> <p>除非液体的体积与密闭容器相等，液体会产生一个表面。液体表面像一层弹性膜，表面张力在其上产生，液滴和气泡也由此产生。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="表面波">表面波</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%BB%86%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="毛细现象">毛细现象</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B8%E6%B6%A6" title="浸润">浸润</a>，表面张力波的形成也都与表面张力相关。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="流動"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E5.8B.95"></span>流動</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：流動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体力学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="流体动力学">流体动力学</a></div> <p>液體會受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B" title="剪應力">剪應力</a>及拉伸應力變形，而所產生的阻力則以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="黏度">黏度</a>量度，換言之，黏力越低（黏滯係數低）的液體，具越佳流動性。當液體<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%86%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="過冷">過冷</a>，向<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E6%80%81" title="玻璃态">玻璃态</a>轉化時，黏度會急速上升，該液體會成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="黏彈性">黏彈性</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E8%BE%93%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="传输介质">媒介</a>，並具有固體的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="彈性">彈性</a>及液體的流動性，而這個現象取決於觀察的時間及擾動的頻率。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声音传播"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E9.9F.B3.E4.BC.A0.E6.92.AD"></span>声音传播</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：声音传播"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">音速</a></div> <p>在液体中，仅有的非零<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E5%BA%A6" title="剛度">刚度</a>是体积变形（液体不能保持剪切力）。因此，声音在液体中的传播速度为 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e2d7ce02ca3ae69204b70c149beec25f5c8aee0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.859ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"></span>，这里<i>K</i>是流体的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">体积模量</a>，<i>ρ</i>是密度。比如纯净水中的音速为<i>c</i>=1497<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m/s</a>（在25℃时）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱力學"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>熱力學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：熱力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相變"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E8.AE.8A"></span>相變</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：相變"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸騰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔點</a></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg/300px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg/450px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg/600px-Phase-diag-Xiang-zh-hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>典型的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a>，點線是說明<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的異常特性，綠線說明<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="凝固点">凝固點</a>和壓強的關係，藍線說明<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>和壓強的關係變化，紅線表示可能出現<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇華</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝華</a>的條件</figcaption></figure> <p>當液體位於一個低於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>的溫度時，液體中的成份會蒸發，而氣體的成份也會凝結，直到兩者平衡為止，也就是氣體凝結的速率等於液體蒸發的速率。因此若將一液體蒸發後的蒸氣持續移除，液體最後一定會完全蒸發。若液體的溫度到達<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>時，其蒸發的速率會比凝結的速度要快，溫度到達或超過沸點的液體多半會<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸騰</a>，但有時會有液體溫度超過沸點，但不會沸騰的情形，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">過熱</a>。 </p><p>若液體的溫度低於<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="凝固点">凝固點</a>時，液體會開始<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="結晶">結晶</a>，轉變為固體。這和液體轉變為氣體不同，在定壓下沒有相變化的平衡，因此只要沒有出現<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%86%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="過冷">過冷</a>現象，液體最後會完全轉變為固體。 </p><p>增<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温</a>或减<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压</a>一般能使液体气化，成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a>，例如将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>加温成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="水蒸气">水蒸气</a>。加压或降温一般能使液体固化，成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a>，例如将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>减温成<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>。然而，仅加压并不能使所有气体液化，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B%E6%B0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="液態氧">氧</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%81%E6%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="液态氢">氢</a>，氦等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="太空中的液體"><span id=".E5.A4.AA.E7.A9.BA.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.B6.B2.E9.AB.94"></span>太空中的液體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：太空中的液體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在相圖中，液態只出現在壓強超過一定值的條件下，這也說明為何太空或其他真空中不會有液體。因為其壓強為零（除非在行星或恆星的大氣層或是內部），水或其他液態的物質在太空中會依其溫度不同，可以會沸騰或是凝固。在靠近地球的太空中，若太陽沒有照射到，太空中的水會結冰，若太陽有照射到，水就會沸騰汽化。在土星軌道附近的太空，因為太陽光太弱，無法使太空中的冰昇華，像土星的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F%E7%92%B0" title="土星環">土星環</a>即為一例。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="溶液"><span id=".E6.BA.B6.E6.B6.B2"></span>溶液</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：溶液"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a></div> <p>兩液體之間可能會無法<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%BA%B6" title="混溶">混溶</a>，像<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="義大利沙拉醬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian dressing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E9%86%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義大利沙拉醬（页面不存在）">義大利沙拉醬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_dressing" class="extiw" title="en:Italian dressing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian dressing</span></a></span>）</span></span>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="植物油">植物油</a>即為一例。像水和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a>就可以混溶，也就是可以以任意比例混合成溶液。若要將溶液等混合物中的各成份分離，需要透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A6%8F" title="分馏">分餾</a>的技術。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="微觀性質"><span id=".E5.BE.AE.E8.A7.80.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>微觀性質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：微觀性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="靜態結構係數"><span id=".E9.9D.9C.E6.85.8B.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E4.BF.82.E6.95.B8"></span>靜態結構係數</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：靜態結構係數"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/200px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/300px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg/400px-Teilchenmodell_Fl%C3%BCssigkeit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>典型單原子液體的結構，原子會和許多鄰近的原子接觸，但沒有长程的有序性</figcaption></figure> <p>在液體中，原子不會形成晶格，也沒有任何长程的有序性，這可以從<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射線繞射</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="中子衍射技術">中子衍射技術</a>沒有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%96%E5%B3%B0" title="布拉格尖峰">布拉格尖峰</a>看出。在正常情形下，其繞射的訊號會有圓周的對稱性，表示液體的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%90%91%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7" title="各向同性">各向同性</a>，在徑向的衍射強度會有輕微的振盪，可以用靜態<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="结构因子">結構因子</a><i>S(q)</i>描述，其中q為波數<i>q</i>=(4π/λ)sinθ，由光子或中子的波長λ和布拉格角θ計算而得。<i>S(q)</i>的振盪表示液體中的「鄰近度」，也就是和原子最近的一群原子其距離多遠，和原子第二近的一群原子其距離多遠……。 </p><p>更直觀的說明方式是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%84%E5%90%91%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="径向分布函数">徑向分布函數</a><i>g(r)</i>，基本上是<i>S(q)</i>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%B6%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2" title="傅里叶变换">傅里叶变换</a>，是液體某一時刻<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E9%97%9C%E8%81%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對關聯（页面不存在）">對關聯</a>的空間平均值。 </p> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg/300px-Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg/450px-Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg/600px-Lennard-Jones_Radial_Distribution_Function.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%BA%B3-%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%BF" title="兰纳-琼斯势">蘭納-瓊斯勢</a>流體的徑向分布函數</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="聲音的散射和結構的弛豫"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E9.9F.B3.E7.9A.84.E6.95.A3.E5.B0.84.E5.92.8C.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E7.9A.84.E5.BC.9B.E8.B1.AB"></span>聲音的散射和結構的弛豫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：聲音的散射和結構的弛豫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>上述音速的公式<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e2d7ce02ca3ae69204b70c149beec25f5c8aee0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.859ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}"></span>中包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">體積模量</a> <i>K</i>。若<i>K</i>不隨頻率變化，則液體為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="线性介质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="linear medium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线性介质（页面不存在）">线性介质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/linear_medium" class="extiw" title="en:linear medium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">linear medium</span></a></span>）</span></span>，因此聲音的傳播不會<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%97%E6%95%A3" title="耗散">耗散</a>，也不會需要<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式耦合" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mode coupling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式耦合（页面不存在）">模式耦合</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mode_coupling" class="extiw" title="en:mode coupling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mode coupling</span></a></span>）</span></span>。實際上，液體都會有少許的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%A2%91%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="声频散">声频散</a>：隨著頻率增加，<i>K</i>由低頻類似液態的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/44b0af6cafb690d3dbb0f3f30a032631338dc476" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.027ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{0}}"></span>轉變為高頻，類似固態的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\infty }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\infty }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab1648fcb43e75a0cfb456ba8f5f5ecf47df73cb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.848ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\infty }}"></span>。許多的液體，其切換都出現在GHz到THz的範圍之間，有時稱為过音频（hypersound）。 </p><p>一般液體在GHz以下的頻率中不會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B" title="剪應力">剪應力</a>：因此低頻的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a>為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{0}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{0}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bb4c475827fc6fbbd9c77e2d7310743b5fbf228" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.142ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{0}=0}"></span>，有時這也視為是液體的基本性質<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過就像體積模量<i>K</i>一樣，剪切模量<i>G</i>也會隨頻率變化，在过音频也會出現類似的現象，由類似液態的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ccc7daa92085410e0eaef658bb5b07173816962" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.881ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{0}}"></span>變為類似固態，不為0的<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\infty }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∞</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\infty }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2d2172a40ff62352f108303eb3ce37d7ecc5909f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.702ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\infty }}"></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Gray, The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe New York: Workman Publishing, 2009 p.127 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781579128142" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MangDresel2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MangDresel2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Theo Mang; Wilfried Dresel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=UTdfxf2rkNcC">Lubricants and Lubrication</a>. John Wiley & Sons. 27 February 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-61033-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-61033-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-3-527-61033-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726145928/https://books.google.com/books?id=UTdfxf2rkNcC">存档</a>于2020-07-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&rft.au=Theo+Mang&rft.au=Wilfried+Dresel&rft.btitle=Lubricants+and+Lubrication&rft.date=2007-02-27&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-61033-4&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTdfxf2rkNcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wypych2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wypych2001_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">George Wypych. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=NzhUTvUkpDQC&pg=PA847">Handbook of Solvents</a>. ChemTec Publishing. 2001: 847– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-08-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-895198-24-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-895198-24-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-895198-24-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418090145/https://books.google.com/books?id=NzhUTvUkpDQC&pg=PA847">存档</a>于2021-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&rft.au=George+Wypych&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Solvents&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-895198-24-9&rft.pages=847-&rft.pub=ChemTec+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzhUTvUkpDQC%26pg%3DPA847&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. B. Vargaftik <i>Handbook of thermal conductivity of liquids and gases</i> CRC Press 1994 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780849393457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8493-9345-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Erjavec <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=U4TBoJB2zgsC&pg=PA309"><i>Automotive technology: a systems approach</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418090854/http://books.google.com/books?id=U4TBoJB2zgsC&pg=PA309">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Delmar Learning 2000 p. 309 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781401848316" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4018-4831-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Wendt<i>The prospects of nuclear power and technology</i> D. Van Nostrand Company 1957 p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Modern engineering for design of liquid-propellant rocket engines</i> by Dieter K. Huzel, David H. Huang – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1992 p. 99 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781563470134" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-56347-013-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E Mull <i>HVAC principles and applications manual</i> McGraw-Hill 1997 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780070444515" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-07-044451-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Keith Mobley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8DyLdlfJzoMC&pg=PA1"><i>Fluid power dynamics</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418073122/http://books.google.com/books?id=8DyLdlfJzoMC&pg=PA1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Butterworth-Heinemann 2000 p. vii <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780750671743" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7506-7174-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bela G. Liptak <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=pPMursVsxlMC&pg=PA807"><i>Instrument engineers' handbook: process control</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418064128/http://books.google.com/books?id=pPMursVsxlMC&pg=PA807">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） CRC Press 1999 p. 807 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780849310812" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8493-1081-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Max Born. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-proceedings-of-the-cambridge-philosophical-society/article/on-the-stability-of-crystal-lattices-i/E5FB4D987FC3FE1FF02DECDE41D550F1">On the stability of crystal lattices. I</a>. Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1940/04, <b>36</b> (2): 160–172 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8064"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1469-8064</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0305004100017138"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/s0305004100017138</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113162124/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-proceedings-of-the-cambridge-philosophical-society/article/on-the-stability-of-crystal-lattices-i/E5FB4D987FC3FE1FF02DECDE41D550F1">存档</a>于2020-11-13） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=On+the+stability+of+crystal+lattices.+I&rft.au=Max+Born&rft.chron=1940%2F04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1469-8064&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=160-172&rft.volume=36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fmathematical-proceedings-of-the-cambridge-philosophical-society%2Farticle%2Fon-the-stability-of-crystal-lattices-i%2FE5FB4D987FC3FE1FF02DECDE41D550F1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0305004100017138&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Max Born. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1750497">Thermodynamics of Crystals and Melting</a>. The Journal of Chemical Physics: 591–603. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-04-03</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1750497"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1063/1.1750497</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610214320/https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1750497">存档</a>于2020-06-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&rft.atitle=Thermodynamics+of+Crystals+and+Melting&rft.au=Max+Born&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.pages=591-603&rft.volume=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1750497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1750497&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li>J. P. Hansen, I. R. Mcdonald: <i>Theory of simple Liquids</i>. Elsevier Academic Press, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780123705358" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-12-370535-8</a></li> <li>M. P. Allen, D.J. Tildesly: <i>Computer Simulation of Liquids</i>. Oxford University Press, 1989, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780198556459" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-855645-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_matter" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德伯極化子" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rydberg polaron"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德伯極化子（页面不存在）">里德伯極化子</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_polaron" class="extiw" title="en:Rydberg polaron"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rydberg polaron</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇异物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93" title="超流体">超流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="超固体">超固体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="光子分子">光子分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">简并态物质</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="超金属">超金属</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">高能量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夸克物质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="QCD matter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夸克物质（页面不存在）">夸克物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QCD_matter" class="extiw" title="en:QCD matter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">QCD matter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lattice夸克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lattice QCD"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lattice%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lattice夸克（页面不存在）">Lattice夸克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_QCD" class="extiw" title="en:Lattice QCD"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lattice QCD</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B-%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E6%BC%BF" title="夸克-膠子電漿">夸克-膠子漿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="奇異物質">奇異物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" title="超臨界流體">超臨界流體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色荷玻璃冷凝物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Color-glass condensate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E8%8D%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%86%B7%E5%87%9D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色荷玻璃冷凝物（页面不存在）">色荷玻璃冷凝物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color-glass_condensate" class="extiw" title="en:Color-glass condensate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Color-glass condensate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他物态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">膠體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶体">晶体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6" title="液晶">液晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="无定形体">无定形体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" title="時間晶體">時間晶體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93" title="准晶体">準晶体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柔粘性結晶" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plastic crystal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%94%E7%B2%98%E6%80%A7%E7%B5%90%E6%99%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柔粘性結晶（页面不存在）">柔粘性結晶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_crystal" class="extiw" title="en:Plastic crystal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plastic crystal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>磁狀態 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="亚铁磁性">亚铁磁性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">铁磁性</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81#弦狀網液態" title="物质状态">弦狀網液態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="超玻璃">超玻璃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="暗物质">暗物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="反物质">反物质</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E8%85%BE" title="沸腾">沸腾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="临界线_(热力学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%BA%BF_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="临界线 (热力学)（页面不存在）">临界线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_line_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Critical line (thermodynamics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Critical line (thermodynamics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E7%82%B9_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="临界点 (热力学)">临界点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6" title="结晶">结晶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%8D%8E" title="凝华">凝华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E8%92%B8" title="闪蒸">闪蒸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA" title="凝固">凝固</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E7%82%B9" title="Λ点">λ点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96" title="熔化">熔化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A9%E5%86%B0%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="復冰現象">復冰現象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B6%B2%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="氣液平衡">饱和流体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E" title="升华">升华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E5%86%B7" title="过冷">过冷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%99%B0%E9%BB%9E" title="清晰點">清晰點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%99%B6%E5%8C%96%E9%BB%9E" title="液晶化點">液晶化點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%98" title="二级相变">二级相变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">數量</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%87%E5%8D%8E%E7%83%AD" title="升华热">升华热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E7%86%B1" title="潛熱">潛熱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" title="潛內能">潜内能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E9%A0%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="特魯頓規則">特魯頓規則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" title="揮發性">揮發性</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双结点" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Binodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%BB%93%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双结点（页面不存在）">双结点</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binodal" class="extiw" title="en:Binodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Binodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="压缩流体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Compressed fluid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="压缩流体（页面不存在）">压缩流体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_fluid" class="extiw" title="en:Compressed fluid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Compressed fluid</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="冷卻曲線">冷卻曲線‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">狀態方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E9%A1%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="莱顿弗罗斯特现象">莱顿弗罗斯特现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%BD%98%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="姆潘巴现象">姆潘巴现象</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有序与无序_(物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Order and disorder (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%97%A0%E5%BA%8F_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有序与无序 (物理)（页面不存在）">有序与无序</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_and_disorder_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Order and disorder (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Order and disorder (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调幅分解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spinodal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E5%B9%85%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调幅分解（页面不存在）">调幅分解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinodal" class="extiw" title="en:Spinodal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spinodal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="超导现象">超导现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%86%B1%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過熱蒸汽">过热蒸汽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%83%AD" title="过热">过热</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热-电介质效应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermo-dielectric effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD-%E7%94%B5%E4%BB%8B%E8%B4%A8%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热-电介质效应（页面不存在）">热-电介质效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Thermo-dielectric effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermo-dielectric effect</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%80%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="相态列表">相态列表</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11435#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11435#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" 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