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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Race relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Critiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert E. Park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%8A._%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="روبرت إي. بارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت إي. بارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="رابرت ازرا پارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت ازرا پارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert E. Park" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert E. Park" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="רוברט פארק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט פארק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Роберт Парк – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Парк" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert E. Park" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%89._%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="روبرت اى. بارك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت اى. بارك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBE%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ロバート・E・パーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・E・パーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert E. Park" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ezra_Park" title="Robert Ezra Park – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Ezra Park" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%AD%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Парк, Роберт Эзра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парк, Роберт Эзра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%95._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Роберт Е. Парк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Е. Парк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="Robert E. Park – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert E. Park" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Park" title="Robert Park – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Park" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Роберт Парк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Парк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·E·帕克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·E·帕克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q919081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Park" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American sociologist (1864–1944)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert E. Park</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_E._Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Robert_E._Park.jpg/220px-Robert_E._Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Robert_E._Park.jpg/330px-Robert_E._Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Robert_E._Park.jpg/440px-Robert_E._Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1864-02-14</span>)</span>February 14, 1864<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Harveyville, <a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne County, Pennsylvania</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 7, 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-02-07)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Friedrich Wilhelm University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Human ecology</li><li>race relations</li><li>collective behavior</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Clara Cahill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hettner" title="Alfred Hettner">Alfred Hettner</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roderick_D._McKenzie" title="Roderick D. McKenzie">Roderick D. McKenzie</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Ezra Park</b> (February 14, 1864 – February 7, 1944) was an American <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociologist</a> who is considered to be one of the most influential figures in early U.S. sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park was a pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, changing it from a passive philosophical discipline to an active discipline rooted in the study of human behavior. He made significant contributions to the study of urban communities, race relations and the development of empirically grounded research methods, most notably participant observation in the field of <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1905 to 1914, Park worked with <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a>. After Tuskegee, he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> from 1914 to 1933, where he played a leading role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School of sociology</a>. </p><p>Park is noted for his work in <a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a>, cultural <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">social movements</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_disorganization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social disorganization (page does not exist)">social disorganization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played a large role in defining sociology as a natural science and challenged the belief that sociology is a moral science.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw sociology as "...a point of view and a method for investigating the processes by which individuals are inducted into and induced to cooperate in some sort of permanent corporate existence, society."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_early_life">Childhood and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert E. Park was born in Harveyville, <a href="/wiki/Luzerne_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Luzerne County, Pennsylvania">Luzerne County, Pennsylvania</a>, on February 14, 1864, to parents Hiram Asa Park and Theodosia Warner Park. Immediately following his birth, the Park family moved to Red Wing, Minnesota, where he grew up.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park lived in <a href="/wiki/Red_Wing,_Minnesota" title="Red Wing, Minnesota">Red Wing</a> for his first eighteen years. Given the pseudonym "Middle Border" by American novelist <a href="/wiki/Hamlin_Garland" title="Hamlin Garland">Hamlin Garland</a>, Red Wing was a small town of immigrants and <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakota Sioux">Mdewakanton</a> on the bluffs and in the valley along the northern <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The rural area is fertile, and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> serves as a corporate outpost for East Coast colonial investment in the American West; Park's hometown was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities">Twin Cities</a> nearby to the north and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to the east by barge, riverboat, and railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suggesting something of a criminology credential, Park later recalled an encounter with bandit <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a>, who young Park provided with directions to a local blacksmith's shop.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park has been described as an "awkward, sentimental and romantic boy" whose character led him to develop an interest in writing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not considered a promising student, but he liked learning about the people in his town and their ancestries, a niche which would prove to be useful throughout his life. Park graduated high school in 1882, finishing tenth overall in a class of thirteen. Park was interested in attending college after high school, but his father did not consider his son "study material" and did not support the boy's plan. As a result, Robert ran away from home and found a job working on a railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park's love of writing and concern for social issues, especially issues related to race in cities, led him to become a journalist. Franklin Ford and Park made plans for a newspaper, <i>Thought News</i>, which would report public opinion. Although it was never published, Park still pursued a career as a journalist. From 1887 to 1898, Park worked as a journalist in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park's experience as a reporter led him to study the social function of the newspaper, "not as an organ of opinion, but as a record of current events".<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his newspaper career, Park became disenchanted with the idea that newspaper reporting could alone solved social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reporter Park learned a great deal about urban communities, which inspired his later sociological endeavors in <a href="#Race_relations">race relations</a>. </p><p>In 1894, Park married Clara Cahill, the daughter of a wealthy Michigan family and had four children: Edward, Theodosia, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Park_Redfield" title="Margaret Park Redfield">Margaret</a> and Robert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park first attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> where he excelled in his courses. Because of his success at the University of Minnesota, his father offered to invest in furthering Robert's education at the prestigious <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Upon entering the University of Michigan, Park decided to transition from studying science to instead studying <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>. His professor <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Thomas_(linguist)" title="Calvin Thomas (linguist)">Calvin Thomas</a> exerted a great influence on him. He challenged him to expand his mind and deeply pursue the concepts presented in his courses.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> also had a very strong influence on Park during his college year. After Park took Dewey's course on logic his sophomore year of college, he decided to again shift his major, this time to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. Park stated that his interest in going to college has originally been purely practical, originally intending to pursue engineering, but this mindset shifted when he began taking courses which truly intrigued him. He was endlessly fascinated by the notion of exploring the realm of the dubious and unknown rather than focusing on the secure knowledge offered to him in his previous years of education. Upon becoming a student of philosophy Park became, "presently possessed with a devouring curiosity to know more about the world and all that men had thought and done". His future work in the field of sociology, which primary focused on human's behavior in different environments, proves that this exploratory mindset stuck with him for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the University of Michigan Park was involved in the school newspaper, <i>The Argonaut.</i> He held a position of associate editor his junior year and managing editor his senior year. He wrote a satirical piece titled, "A Misapprehension, A Realistic Tale à la Henry James". The connections he formed at <i>The Argonaut</i> would prove helpful in later landing him a job as a reporter at Minneapolis newspaper. </p><p>Park graduated from the University of Michigan (<a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>) in 1887 and attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He earned an MA from Harvard in 1899. After graduating, he went to Germany to study at Friedrich Wilhelm University. He studied Philosophy and Sociology in 1899–1900 with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> in Berlin. The three courses Park took with Simmel constituted the majority of his sociological training<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Park proceeded to adopt Simmel's belief that modernity would express itself most tangibly in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simmel's work the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Money" title="The Philosophy of Money">Philosophy of Money</a></i> and relative shorter essays greatly influenced Park's future writing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Berlin, Park read a book on the logics of social sciences by Russian author <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kistyakovski" title="Bogdan Kistyakovski">Bogdan A. Kistyakovski</a>, who studied under philosopher Wilhelm Windelband.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this reading that inspired Park to spend a semester at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> (1900), and then undergo his PhD in philosophy in 1903 in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband">Wilhelm Windelband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hettner" title="Alfred Hettner">Alfred Hettner</a> with a dissertation titled <i>Masse und Publikum. Eine methodologische und soziologische Untersuchung,</i> which translates to<i>:</i> <i>Crowd and Public: A methodological and sociological study.</i> Park then traveled to Germany to study at the University of Berlin. He enrolled for one semester at the University of Strasbourg, and studied for a few years at the University of Heidelberg alongside <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a>, earning his PhD in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_life">Professional life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Professional life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journalism">Journalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park began his career with journaling in Minneapolis in 1887. Between then and 1898, he worked with newspapers in Detroit, Denver, New York, and Chicago until attending Harvard in 1898. He believed that his work for newspapers could encourage moral and social change through public outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked in various journalistic capacities, such as being a police reporter, general reporter, and feature writer and city newspaper editor and wrote muckraking stories and investigative pieces and articles that called for techniques of "scientific reporting," which he later realized was similar to survey research.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park's main focus as a journalist was the daily life of human beings and their routines. His focus was what journalists call "human interest".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience as a journalist impacted his view on the world and how people should study it. Although he was a journalist for many years he was not totally satisfied with just reporting current events. Park wanted to dive deeper than the surface of these events and understand the underlying long-term significance of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teaching">Teaching</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Teaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1904, Park began teaching philosophy at Harvard as an assistant professor.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park taught there for two years until celebrated educator and author, <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a>, invited him to the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a> to work on racial issues in the southern United States. Park was offered a position by the Congo Reform Association, but ended up subsequently working for Washington at Tuskegee. Park and Washington originally met through their mutual interest in helping Africans through the Congo Reform Association of which Park was secretary and Washington was vice president. Over the next seven years, Park worked for Washington by doing field research and taking courses. In 1910, Park traveled to Europe to compare US poverty to European poverty. Shortly after the trip, Washington, with the help of Park, published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Farthest_Down" title="The Man Farthest Down">The Man Farthest Down</a></i> (1913).<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This publication highlights Parker and Washington's journey to explore Europe in the hopes of finding the man "the farthest down" in order to explore these people were choosing to emigrate and the likeliness of a future change in positions. This led them on a six-week journey through the British Isles, France, Italy, Poland, Denmark, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-tuskegee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuskegee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Tuskegee Institute, Park joined the Department of Sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1914, first as a lecturer (until 1923), then as a full professor until his retirement in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-ASA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Chicago, he continued to study and teach <a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a> and race relations. In 1914, Park taught his first course in the Sociology and Anthropology department. The course was titled <i>The Negro in America</i> and it was, "Directed especially to the effects, in slavery and freedom, of the white and black race, an attempt will be made to characterize the nature of the present tensions and tendencies and to estimate the character of the changes which race relations are likely to bring about in the American system".<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This class was important from a historical perspective because it may have been the first course ever offered at a predominantly white institution that focused exclusively on black Americans. This set a precedent for classes with similar focuses to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy">Legacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Park's time at the University of Chicago, its sociology department began to use the city that surrounded it as a sort of research laboratory. His work, together with that of his Chicago colleagues, such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homer_Hoyt" title="Homer Hoyt">Homer Hoyt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> – developed into an approach to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a> that became known as the Chicago School. This would become Park's legacy. </p><p>After leaving the University of Chicago, Park moved to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>. He taught at <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> until his death in 1944, at age 79.<sup id="cite_ref-ASA_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his lifetime, Park became a well-known figure both within and outside the academic world. At various times from 1925, he was president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Urban_League" title="Chicago Urban League">Chicago Urban League</a>, and he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Council" title="Social Science Research Council">Social Science Research Council</a>. Park's presidential address for the American Sociological Association was entitled "The Concept of Position in Sociology" and was later published in the <i>Proceedings</i> of the 1925 Annual Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_ecology">Human ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Human ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park coined the term <a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">human ecology</a>, the study of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environments</a>. The term has been described as an attempt to apply the interrelations of human beings a type of analysis previously applied to the interrelations of plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park himself explains human ecology as, "fundamentally an attempt to investigate the processes by which the biotic balance and social equilibrium are disturbed, the transition is made from one relatively stable order to other". <a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Bogardus" title="Emory S. Bogardus">Bogardus</a> acknowledges that Park is the father of human ecology, proclaiming, "Not only did he coin the name but he laid out the patterns, offered the earliest exhibit of ecological concepts, defined the major ecological processes and stimulated more advanced students to cultivate the fields of research in ecology than most other sociologists combined."<sup id="cite_ref-Deegan_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deegan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park found that a key underpinning of his human ecology is the concept of competition. He believed that it is the primary feature of the biotic level of life. He maintained that human beings restricted in some areas when it comes to competition, while in the plant and animal kingdom it is uninhibited. He maintained that human restriction of competition is what allows our modern concept of society to exist. The essential characteristics of competition are 1) a territorially organized population 2) that is more or less completely rooted in the soil it occupies 3) the individual units living in a relationship are living in a mutually dependent relationship, not a symbiotic one.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Park's papers regarding this topic, "Dominance" and "Succession: An Ecological Concept", ecological competition can be manifest itself through dominance and succession.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_ecology">Urban ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Urban ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Park continued to strengthen his theory of human ecology. Along with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Burgess" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest W. Burgess">Ernest W. Burgess</a> developed a program of urban research in the sociology department.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also developed a theory of <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">urban ecology</a>, which first appeared in their book <i>Introduction to the Science of Sociology</i> (1922). Using the city of Chicago as their model they proposed that cities were environments like those found in nature. Park and Burgess suggested that cities were governed by many of the same forces of <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian evolution">Darwinian evolution</a> that happens in ecosystems. They felt the most significant force was competition. Competition was created by groups fighting for urban resources, like land, which led to a division of urban space into <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niches" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological niches">ecological niches</a>. Within these niches people shared similar social characteristics because they were subject to the same ecological pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-CSISS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSISS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Competition for land and resources within cities eventually leads to separation of urban space into zones with the more desirable zones imposing higher rent. As residents of a city become more affluent, they move outward from the city center. Park and Burgess refer to this a <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">succession</a>, a term also used in plant ecology. They predicted that cities would form into five concentric rings with areas of social and physical deterioration concentrated in the center and prosperous areas near the city's edge. This model is known as <a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric zone theory">concentric zone theory</a>, it was first published in <i>The City</i> (1925).<sup id="cite_ref-CSISS_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSISS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_relations">Race relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Race relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park spent a great deal of time studying <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> while at the University of Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park contributed significantly to the study of race relations, with <a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everrett Hughes</a> stating that, "Park probably contributed more ideas for analysis of racial relations and cultural contracts than any other modern social scientist."<sup id="cite_ref-Deegan_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deegan-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park worked closely with Booker T. Washington and the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a> from 1907 to 1914. While working under Washington, Park's primary interest was the system that had evolved to define Black-White relations in the South. Park said that he learned more about human nature and society while in the South. He says that, "These seven years were for me a sort of prolonged internship during which I gained a clinical and first hand knowledge of a first class social problem . . .[It was from Washington that] I gained some adequate notion of how deep-rooted in human history and human nature social institutions were, and how difficult, if not impossible it was, to make fundamental changes in them by mere legislation or by legal artifice of any sort".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the Tuskegee Institute, Park joined the University of Chicago where he developed a theory of assimilation, as it pertained to immigrants in the United States, known as the "race relation cycle".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cycle has four stages: contact, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation. The first step is contact followed by competition. Then, after some time, a hierarchical arrangement can prevail – one of accommodation – in which one race was dominant and others dominated. In the end assimilation occurred. Park declared that it is "a cycle of events which tends everywhere to repeat itself" and that it can also be seen in other social processes."<sup id="cite_ref-Desmond_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desmond-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was instrumental in founding the race relations course at Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critiques">Critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park's theory of conflict has been discredited for a number of reasons, and his theories and contributions in sociology have largely been neglected and forgotten over time. </p><p>In the years following the heyday of the Chicago school, Park's reputation took a downfall, and his idea of "symbolic interactionism" was subsequently pushed aside. Park was frequently called a conservative when it came to his theory of the race relations cycle. Critics of Park misinterpreted his theory of race relations, believing that Park meant to assert that progression through the four stages was inevitable; current discourse debates whether Park meant anything of the sort. Within Park's theory of conflict, race relations exists merely as a specific case of this greater theory. Racial groups, or any other kind of group can remain in the conflict stage indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park was further criticized for perceived racist tendencies. Already in his work as an editorial secretary of the Congo Reform Association, Park defended the idea of a noble white civilizing mission to elevate an allegedly savage African population. During his years at the Tuskegee Institute, this nostalgia for European imperialism was complemented by a stereotypical depiction of black peasants in the South as a primitive counterpart of the negative tendencies Park identified in modern city life. These early views on imperialism and race have been called a form of "romantic racism" that strongly influenced his later more elaborated sociological perspectives on the same issues.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As already the black Marxist Oliver C. Cox, a student of Park, has warned, this racial essentialism eventually led Park to a mystification of race relations in the Jim Crow era as a natural solution to racial conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In his essay <i>Education in its relation to the conflict and fusion of cultures</i>, Park can be quoted: </p><blockquote><p>The Negro is, by natural disposition, neither an intel-lectual nor an idealist, like the Jew; nor a brooding introspective, like the East African; nor a pioneer and frontiersman, like the Anglo-Saxon. He is primarily an artist, loving of life for its sake. His métier is expression rather than action. He is, so to speak the lady among the races.</p></blockquote> <p>Park's belief in inherited racial temperaments, though racist, was somewhat offset by his belief in "social inheritance" working in tandem with "biological inheritance". Put simply, he thought that while some races are more predisposed to certain temperaments, a whole person is also made up of their social qualities. Park also supported Franz Boas' conclusion that there was no scientific evidence to indicate that "Blacks were as a group intellectually inferior to Whites". </p><p>The works of sociologists <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Hum_Lee" title="Rose Hum Lee">Rose Hum Lee</a> illustrate the downfalls of Park's thinking, specifically in relation to adhering to his views on ethnic groups in America. Park's conclusions that the complete assimilation of Jews, Christians, and Chinese folks have occurred was shown within Wirth and Hum Lee's work to be untrue.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Farthest_Down:_A_Record_of_Observation_and_Study_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe">The Man Farthest Down: A Record of Observation and Study in Europe</a> (with Booker T. Washington), 1912</i></li> <li><i>Introduction to the Science of Sociology (with E.W. Burgess)</i>, 1921</li> <li><i>Old World Traits Transplanted: The Early Sociology of Culture</i>, 1921</li> <li><i>The Immigrant Press and Its Control</i>, 1922</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_(Park_and_Burgess_book)" title="The City (Park and Burgess book)">The City: Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment</a></i>, 1925<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Proceedings: The Concept of Position in Sociology</i> <i>Proceedings,</i> 1925</li> <li><i>The University and the Community of Races</i>, 1932</li> <li><i>Cultural Conflict and the Marginal Man</i>, 1937<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>An Outline of the Principles of Sociology</i>, 1939</li> <li><i>American Sociology: The Story of Sociology in the United States through 1950</i>, 1951</li> <li><i>Human Communities: The City and Human Ecology</i>, 1952</li> <li><i>Societies</i>, 1955</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Park's impact on the field of sociology is palpable yet often goes unrecognized. The majority of the sociologists born in the nineteenth century borrowed and concentrated in other fields and their work was considered sociological after the fact.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Park was one such sociologist, with much of his interests originating in philosophy and then evolving into what we consider to be modern sociology when he began to focus on studying Chicago. His work led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago school in sociology</a>. Park along with fellow Chicago School sociologists <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">William I. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">George Herbert Mead</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> created a theoretical basis for sociology which emphasized the more methodological approach which we recognize today.<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school produced many studies on city life, including ones on Polish immigrants, gangs, and Jewish ghetto life. It has been noted that Park and his students employed a 'moving camera' approach to their studies of urban life, attempting to capture city dwellers in their natural modes of life.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chicago school of thought regarding <a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">urban ecology</a> still guides much of the work conducted in this field today. Additionally, Erving Goffman, who is considered to be the most influential sociologist of the twenty-first century, embraced the legacy of Park by adopting more qualitative methods when constructing predictive empirical science in contrast to positivist sociological trends.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1903: <i>Masse und Publikum. Eine methodologische und soziologische Untersuchung</i> (Ph.D. thesis) publ. Berlin: Lack & Grunau, 1904</li> <li>1912: <i>The Man Farthest Down: a Record of Observation and Study in Europe</i> with Booker T Washington, New York: Doubleday</li> <li>1921: <i>Introduction to the Science of Sociology</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>) Chicago: University of Chicago Press</li> <li>1921: <i>Old World Traits Transplanted: the Early Sociology of Culture</i> with Herbert A Miller, & Kenneth Thompson, New York: Harper & Brothers</li> <li>1922: <i>The Immigrant Press and Its Control</i> New York: Harper & Brothers</li> <li>1925: <i>The City: Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment</i> (with R. D. McKenzie & <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a>) Chicago: University of Chicago Press</li> <li>1928: <i>Human Migration and the Marginal Man</i>, American Journal of Sociology 33: 881–893</li> <li>1932: <i>The University and the Community of Races</i> Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press</li> <li>1932: <i>The Pilgrims of Russian-Town The Community of Spiritual Christian Jumpers in America</i>, by Pauline V. Young Ph.D. with an Introduction by Robert E. Park, Chicago: University of Chicago Press</li> <li>1937: <i>Cultural Conflict and the Marginal Man</i> in Everett V Stonequist, <i>The Marginal Man,</i> Park's Introduction, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</li> <li>1939: <i>Race relations and the Race Problem; a Definition and an Analysis</i> with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Tristram_Thompson" title="Edgar Tristram Thompson">Edgar Tristram Thompson</a>, Durham, NC: Duke University Press</li> <li>1939: <i>An Outline of the Principles of Sociology</i>, with Samuel Smith, New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc</li> <li>1940: <i>Essays in Sociology</i> with C W M Hart, and Talcott Parsons et al., Toronto: University of Toronto Press</li> <li>1950: <i>Race and Culture</i>, Glencoe Ill: The Free Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-923780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-923780-9">978-0-02-923780-9</a></li> <li>1952: <i>Human Communities: the City and Human Ecology</i> Glencoe, Ill: The Free Press</li> <li>1955: <i>Societies</i>, Glencoe Ill: The Free Press</li> <li>1967: <i>On Social Control and Collective Behavior,</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-54381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-54381-5">978-1-135-54381-5</a></li> <li>1969: <i>Human Migration and the Marginal Man.</i> in <i>The Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities</i>. Ed. Richard Sennett. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969, pp. 131–142</li> <li>1972: <i>The Crowd and the Public and Other Essays,</i> Heritage of Society</li> <li>1974: <i>The Collected Papers of Robert Ezra Park: Volumes 1,2, & 3.</i> Arno Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-05517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-05517-1">978-0-405-05517-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrearley1944" class="citation journal cs1">Brearley, H. C. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2571809">"Robert Ezra Park 1864-1944"</a>. <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 419–419. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Robert+Ezra+Park+1864-1944&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-419&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft.aulast=Brearley&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2571809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave"><i>Encyclopedia of the City</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n544">504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256" title="Special:BookSources/9780415252256"><bdi>9780415252256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415252256&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediacity00cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Ezra_Park_&_Ernest_W._Burgess" class="citation book cs1">Robert Ezra Park & Ernest W. Burgess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheScienceOfSociology"><i>Introduction to the Science of Sociology</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Science+of+Sociology&rft.au=Robert+Ezra+Park+%26+Ernest+W.+Burgess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIntroductionToTheScienceOfSociology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q8jhwd"><i>The Anthem Companion to Robert Park</i></a>. Anthem Press. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-184-5"><bdi>978-0-85728-184-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q8jhwd">j.ctt1q8jhwd</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthem+Companion+to+Robert+Park&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1q8jhwd%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-184-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1q8jhwd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkBurgess1921" class="citation book cs1">Park, Robert; Burgess, Ernest (1921). <i>Introduction to the Science of Sociology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Science+of+Sociology&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinifred.1992" class="citation book cs1">Winifred., Raushenbush (1992). <i>Robert E. Park : biography of a sociologist</i>. UMI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0402-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-0402-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468205205">468205205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Park+%3A+biography+of+a+sociologist&rft.pub=UMI&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468205205&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0402-9&rft.aulast=Winifred.&rft.aufirst=Raushenbush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/park-robert-e-0">"Park, Robert E | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Park%2C+Robert+E+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences%2Fapplied-and-social-sciences-magazines%2Fpark-robert-e-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter.2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter., Kivisto (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/718564876"><i>Key ideas in sociology</i></a>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7811-8"><bdi>978-1-4129-7811-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/718564876">718564876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+ideas+in+sociology&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F718564876&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7811-8&rft.aulast=Peter.&rft.aufirst=Kivisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F718564876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazier, P. & Gaziano, Cecilie. (1979). Robert Ezra Park: His Theory of News, Public Opinion and Social Control. Journalism & Mass Communication Monographs. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy AM. Robert Ezra Park. <i>Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EBSCOhost_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCOhost (identifier)">EBSCO<i>host</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AN=88825233">88825233</a>. Accessed February 28, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASA_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718103749/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/park.html">"Robert E. Park"</a>. <i>American Sociological Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.asanet.org/governance/park.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Association&rft.atitle=Robert+E.+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.asanet.org%2Fgovernance%2Fpark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.2004" class="citation book cs1">A., Salerno, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/768412685"><i>Beyond the Enlightenment : lives and thoughts of social theorists</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97724-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97724-2"><bdi>0-275-97724-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/768412685">768412685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Enlightenment+%3A+lives+and+thoughts+of+social+theorists&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F768412685&rft.isbn=0-275-97724-2&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Salerno%2C+Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F768412685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/fac/facch17_01.html">"Robert E. Park, Sociology"</a>. <i>www.lib.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Robert+E.+Park%2C+Sociology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fprojects%2Fcentcat%2Ffac%2Ffacch17_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Belman, Lary S. (December 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00947679.1975.12066793">"Robert Ezra Park: An Intellectual Portrait of a Journalist and Communication Scholar"</a>. <i>Journalism History</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 116–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00947679.1975.12066793">10.1080/00947679.1975.12066793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-7679">0094-7679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+History&rft.atitle=Robert+Ezra+Park%3A+An+Intellectual+Portrait+of+a+Journalist+and+Communication+Scholar&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=116-132&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00947679.1975.12066793&rft.issn=0094-7679&rft.aulast=Belman&rft.aufirst=Lary+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00947679.1975.12066793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShils1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shils, Edward (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27698804">"The Sociology of Robert E. Park"</a>. <i>The American Sociologist</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 88–106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1232">0003-1232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27698804">27698804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Sociologist&rft.atitle=The+Sociology+of+Robert+E.+Park&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=88-106&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27698804%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-1232&rft.aulast=Shils&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27698804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Austin, Duke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/sociology/visitors/pages/duke/Robert_Park_Entry">"Park, Robert E. (1864–1944)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</i>. Sage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Park%2C+Robert+E.+%281864%E2%80%931944%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Sage&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Duke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fsociology%2Fvisitors%2Fpages%2Fduke%2FRobert_Park_Entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuskegee-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tuskegee_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tuskegee Connection: Booker T. Washington and Robert E. Park St. Clair Drake Between 1910 and 1912, Booker T. Washington wrote The Man Farthest Down, a"record of observation and study in Europe," with, as the title page informs us, "the collaboration of Robert E. Park." At that time the <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02697865.pdf">https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF02697865.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asanet.org/about/governance-and-leadership/council/presidents/robert-e-park">"Robert E. Park"</a>. <i>American Sociological Association</i>. 2009-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Association&rft.atitle=Robert+E.+Park&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asanet.org%2Fabout%2Fgovernance-and-leadership%2Fcouncil%2Fpresidents%2Frobert-e-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, Robert Ezra. “Human Ecology.” <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>, vol. 42, no. 1, University of Chicago Press, 1936, pp. 1–15, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2768859">2768859</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deegan-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deegan_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deegan_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeegan1990" class="citation book cs1">Deegan, Mary Jo (1990). <i>Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago School</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Addams+and+the+men+of+the+Chicago+School&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Deegan&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSISS-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSISS_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSISS_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Nina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/26">"Robert Park and Ernest Burgess: Urban Ecology Studies, 1925"</a>. <i>Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Spatially+Integrated+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Robert+Park+and+Ernest+Burgess%3A+Urban+Ecology+Studies%2C+1925&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiss.org%2Fclassics%2Fcontent%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brit_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/444029/Robert-E-Park">"Robert E. Park (American Sociologist)"</a>. <i>Britannica Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Robert+E.+Park+%28American+Sociologist%29&rft.btitle=Britannica+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F444029%2FRobert-E-Park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, S. (1991). Civilization, Culture, and Color: Changing Foundations of Robert E. Park's Sociology of Race Relations. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 4(3), 285-300. Retrieved March 5, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20006999">http://www.jstor.org/stable/20006999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desmond-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2009" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Matthew (2009). <i>Racial Domination, Racial Progress</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-297051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-297051-7"><bdi>978-0-07-297051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Domination%2C+Racial+Progress&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-297051-7&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown_University2016" class="citation web cs1">Brown University (November 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfatFi7Ezkc">"Gary Okihiro, "Third World Studies: Theorizing Liberation"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/SfatFi7Ezkc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Gary+Okihiro%2C+%22Third+World+Studies%3A+Theorizing+Liberation%22&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.au=Brown+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSfatFi7Ezkc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthens2013" class="citation journal cs1">Athens, Lonnie (2013-01-10). "Park's Theory of Conflict and His Fall From Grace in Sociology". <i>Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 75–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1532708612471315">10.1177/1532708612471315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1532-7086">1532-7086</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145149885">145149885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies+%E2%86%94+Critical+Methodologies&rft.atitle=Park%27s+Theory+of+Conflict+and+His+Fall+From+Grace+in+Sociology&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-87&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145149885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1532-7086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1532708612471315&rft.aulast=Athens&rft.aufirst=Lonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLösing2014" class="citation book cs1">Lösing, Felix (2014). "From the Congo to Chicago: Robert E. Park's Romance with Racism". In Hund, Wulf D.; Lentin, Alana (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896494443"><i>Racism and Sociology</i></a>. Zürich: Lit. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90598-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90598-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90598-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/896494443">896494443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Congo+to+Chicago%3A+Robert+E.+Park%27s+Romance+with+Racism&rft.btitle=Racism+and+Sociology&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F896494443&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90598-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6sing&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F896494443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1944" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Oliver C. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292493">"The Racial Theories of Robert E. Park and Ruth Benedict"</a>. <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 452–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2292493">10.2307/2292493</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2984">0022-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292493">2292493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=The+Racial+Theories+of+Robert+E.+Park+and+Ruth+Benedict&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-463&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0022-2984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2292493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2292493&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Oliver+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2292493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, Stanford M. “The Race Relations Cycle of Robert E. Park.” <i>The Pacific Sociological Review</i>, vol. 11, no. 1, [Sage Publications, Inc., University of California Press], 1968, pp. 16–22, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1388520">10.2307/1388520</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkBurgess1925" class="citation book cs1">Park, R. E.; Burgess, E. W, eds. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo3636460.html"><i>The City</i></a> (1st ed.). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1925&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FC%2Fbo3636460.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1937" class="citation book cs1">Park, Robert E. (1937). <i>"Cultural Conflict and the Marginal Man", introduction to "The Marginal Man" by Everett V. Stonequist</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 372–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Cultural+Conflict+and+the+Marginal+Man%22%2C+introduction+to+%22The+Marginal+Man%22+by+Everett+V.+Stonequist&rft.pages=372-76&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica2005" class="citation book cs1">Sica, Alan (2005). <i>Social Thought, From the Enlightenment to the Present</i>. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-39437-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-39437-X"><bdi>0-205-39437-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Thought%2C+From+the+Enlightenment+to+the+Present&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-205-39437-X&rft.aulast=Sica&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2008" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Douglas (2008). <i>Understanding Society, A Survey of Modern Social Theory</i>. Canada: Oxford University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-542184-2"><bdi>978-0-19-542184-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Society%2C+A+Survey+of+Modern+Social+Theory&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-542184-2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1944" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Oliver C. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292493">"The Racial Theories of Robert E. Park and Ruth Benedict"</a>. <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 452–463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2292493">10.2307/2292493</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292493">2292493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=The+Racial+Theories+of+Robert+E.+Park+and+Ruth+Benedict&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=452-463&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2292493&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2292493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Oliver+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2292493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, Matthias (2004). "Human Geography and Ecological Sociology". <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 575–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0145553200012852">10.1017/s0145553200012852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151640926">151640926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Human+Geography+and+Ecological+Sociology&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-605&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0145553200012852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151640926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemper2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kemper, Robert V. (2006). James Birx, H. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Anthropology</i>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3029-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-3029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Anthropology&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3029-7&rft.aulast=Kemper&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1990" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Barbara Ballis (1990). <i>The Romance of Culture in an Urban Civilization: Robert E. Park on Race and Ethnic Relations in Cities</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02877-6"><bdi>978-0-415-02877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Culture+in+an+Urban+Civilization%3A+Robert+E.+Park+on+Race+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Cities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02877-6&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ballis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1987" class="citation journal cs1">Lal, Barbara Ballis (1987). "Black and Blue in Chicago: Robert E. Park's Perspective on Race Relations in Urban America, 1914–44". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 546–566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F590916">10.2307/590916</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/590916">590916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Black+and+Blue+in+Chicago%3A+Robert+E.+Park%27s+Perspective+on+Race+Relations+in+Urban+America%2C+1914%E2%80%9344&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=546-566&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F590916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F590916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ballis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLannoy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lannoy, Pierre (2004). "When Robert E. Park was (Re) writing "the city": Biography, the social survey, and the science of sociology". <i>The American Sociologist</i>. <b>35</b>: 34–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12108-004-1002-9">10.1007/s12108-004-1002-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145317346">145317346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Sociologist&rft.atitle=When+Robert+E.+Park+was+%28Re%29+writing+%22the+city%22%3A+Biography%2C+the+social+survey%2C+and+the+science+of+sociology&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=34-62&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12108-004-1002-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145317346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lannoy&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindner1996" class="citation book cs1">Lindner, Rolf (1996). <i>The Reportage of Urban Culture: Robert Park and the Chicago School</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44052-3"><bdi>978-0-521-44052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reportage+of+Urban+Culture%3A+Robert+Park+and+the+Chicago+School&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44052-3&rft.aulast=Lindner&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLösing2014" class="citation book cs1">Lösing, Felix (2014). "From the Congo to Chicago: Robert E. Park's Romance with Racism". In Hund, Wulf D.; Lentin, Alana (eds.). <i>Racism and Sociology</i>. Zürich: Lit. pp. 107–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90598-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90598-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90598-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Congo+to+Chicago%3A+Robert+E.+Park%27s+Romance+with+Racism&rft.btitle=Racism+and+Sociology&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=107-121&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90598-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6sing&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarotta2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marotta, Vince (2006). "Civilisation, Culture and the Hybrid Self in the work of Robert Ezra Park". <i>Journal of Intercultural Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 413–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256860600936911">10.1080/07256860600936911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143966320">143966320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Civilisation%2C+Culture+and+the+Hybrid+Self+in+the+work+of+Robert+Ezra+Park&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=413-433&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07256860600936911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143966320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marotta&rft.aufirst=Vince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1977" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Fred H. (1977). <i>Quest for an American Sociology: Robert E. Park and the Chicago School</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0243-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0243-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-0243-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quest+for+an+American+Sociology%3A+Robert+E.+Park+and+the+Chicago+School&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0243-7&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Fred+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1989" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Fred (1989). "Social Scientists and the Culture Concept, 1930–1950: The Conflict between Processual and Structural Approaches". <i>Sociological Theory</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 87–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F202064">10.2307/202064</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/202064">202064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.atitle=Social+Scientists+and+the+Culture+Concept%2C+1930%E2%80%931950%3A+The+Conflict+between+Processual+and+Structural+Approaches&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-101&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F202064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F202064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauschenbush1979" class="citation book cs1">Rauschenbush, Winifred (1979). <i>Robert E. Park: Biography of a Sociologist</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0402-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-0402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Park%3A+Biography+of+a+Sociologist&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0402-9&rft.aulast=Rauschenbush&rft.aufirst=Winifred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1967" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph H. (1967). <i>Robert E. Park: On Social Control and Collective Behavior</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Park%3A+On+Social+Control+and+Collective+Behavior&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWald2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wald, Priscilla (2002). "Communicable Americanism: Contagion, Geographic Fictions, and the Sociological Legacy of Robert E. Park". <i>American Literary History</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 653–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Falh%2F14.4.653">10.1093/alh/14.4.653</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3568020">3568020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=Communicable+Americanism%3A+Contagion%2C+Geographic+Fictions%2C+and+the+Sociological+Legacy+of+Robert+E.+Park&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=653-685&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Falh%2F14.4.653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3568020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+E.+Park" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Park&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Ezra_Park" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Ezra Park">Robert Ezra Park</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_E._Park" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Robert E. Park">Robert E. Park</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/centcats/fac/facch17_01.html">An appreciation of Park at the University of Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124061457/http://spartan.ac.brocku.ca/~lward/Odum/BiographicalSketches/Park.html">An appreciation of Park at Brock University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026040852/http://www.bolenderinitiatives.com/sociology/robert-ezra-park-1864-1944">Review materials for studying Robert Ezra Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718103749/http://www2.asanet.org/governance/park.html">An appreciation of Park at the American Sociological Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019081747/http://ssr1.uchicago.edu/PRELIMS/Theory/thmisc1.html#PARK">Park's <i>Cultural Conflict and the Marginal Man</i> (1937) at University of Chicago School of Sociology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33365">Works by Robert E. Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20Ezra%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Park%2C%20R%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Ezra%20Park%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Ezra%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Ezra%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20Ezra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Park%2C%20R%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Park%2C%20R%2E%20Ezra%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Park%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Ezra%20Park%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Park%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Ezra%20Park%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20E%2E%20Park%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20Ezra%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Park%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Park%2C%20Robert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221864-1944%22%20AND%20Park%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Robert E. Park</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/146850657">Robert E. Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919081#P535" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.PARKRE">Guide to the Robert Ezra Park Collection 1882-1979</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Sociological_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Sociological Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Sociological_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1906–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> (1908–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Giddings" title="Franklin Henry Giddings">Franklin Henry Giddings</a> (1910–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Woodbury_Small" title="Albion Woodbury Small">Albion Woodbury Small</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward Alsworth Ross</a> (1914–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Vincent" title="George Edgar Vincent">George Edgar Vincent</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Howard" title="George Elliott Howard">George Elliott Howard</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cooley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cooley">Charles Cooley</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Blackmar" title="Frank W. Blackmar">Frank W. Blackmar</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Dealey" title="James Q. Dealey">James Q. Dealey</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Hayes" title="Edward C. Hayes">Edward C. Hayes</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Lichtenberger" title="James P. Lichtenberger">James P. Lichtenberger</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_G._Weatherly" title="Ulysses G. Weatherly">Ulysses G. Weatherly</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ellwood" title="Charles A. Ellwood">Charles A. Ellwood</a> (1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert E. Park</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gillin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lewis Gillin">John Lewis Gillin</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._I._Thomas" title="W. I. Thomas">W. I. Thomas</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Gillette" title="John M. Gillette">John M. Gillette</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fielding_Ogburn" title="William Fielding Ogburn">William Fielding Ogburn</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Odum" title="Howard W. Odum">Howard W. Odum</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_S._Bogardus" title="Emory S. Bogardus">Emory S. Bogardus</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_L._Bernard" title="Luther L. Bernard">Luther L. Bernard</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Reuter" title="Edward B. Reuter">Edward B. Reuter</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burgess" title="Ernest Burgess">Ernest Burgess</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Stuart_Chapin" title="F. Stuart Chapin">F. Stuart Chapin</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pratt_Fairchild" title="Henry Pratt Fairchild">Henry Pratt Fairchild</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Faris" title="Ellsworth Faris">Ellsworth Faris</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hankins" title="Frank H. Hankins">Frank H. Hankins</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Sutherland" title="Edwin Sutherland">Edwin Sutherland</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morrison_MacIver" title="Robert Morrison MacIver">Robert Morrison MacIver</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_A._Queen" title="Stuart A. Queen">Stuart A. Queen</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Sanderson" title="Dwight Sanderson">Dwight Sanderson</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Lundberg" title="George A. Lundberg">George A. Lundberg</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Vance" title="Rupert Vance">Rupert Bayless Vance</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Young" title="Kimball Young">Kimball Young</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cleveland_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Cleveland Taylor (page does not exist)">Carl Cleveland Taylor</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Cleveland_Taylor" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Cleveland Taylor">de</a>]</span> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wirth" title="Louis Wirth">Louis Wirth</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Franklin_Frazier" title="E. Franklin Frazier">E. Franklin Frazier</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_S._Cottrell_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard S. Cottrell Jr. (page does not exist)">Leonard S. Cottrell Jr.</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Slater_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="de:Leonard Slater Cottrell">de</a>]</span> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Angell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Angell">Robert C. Angell</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Stouffer" title="Samuel A. Stouffer">Samuel A. Stouffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Young_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Young (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Donald Young</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Blumer" title="Herbert Blumer">Herbert Blumer</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Murphy_Williams" title="Robin Murphy Williams">Robin M. Williams Jr.</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Davis" title="Kingsley Davis">Kingsley Davis</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Becker" title="Howard P. Becker">Howard P. Becker</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._L._Faris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. L. Faris (page does not exist)">Robert E. L. Faris</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Hughes_(sociologist)" title="Everett Hughes (sociologist)">Everett Hughes</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Homans" title="George C. Homans">George C. Homans</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_E._Moore" title="Wilbert E. Moore">Wilbert E. Moore</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Loomis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Loomis (page does not exist)">Charles P. Loomis</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hauser" title="Philip Hauser">Philip Hauser</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Marshall_Rose" title="Arnold Marshall Rose">Arnold Marshall Rose</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_H._Turner" title="Ralph H. Turner">Ralph H. Turner</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Sewell" title="William H. Sewell">William H. Sewell</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Goode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Goode (page does not exist)">William J. Goode</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Komarovsky" title="Mirra Komarovsky">Mirra Komarovsky</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blau" title="Peter Blau">Peter Blau</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Lewis A. Coser</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_McClung_Lee" title="Alfred McClung Lee">Alfred McClung Lee</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Yinger" title="John Milton Yinger">John Milton Yinger</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Hawley" title="Amos Hawley">Amos Hawley</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_M._Blalock_Jr." title="Hubert M. Blalock Jr.">Hubert M. Blalock Jr.</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Rossi" title="Peter H. Rossi">Peter H. Rossi</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Rossi" title="Alice S. Rossi">Alice S. Rossi</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Short_Jr." title="James F. Short Jr.">James F. Short Jr.</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_T._Erikson" title="Kai T. Erikson">Kai T. Erikson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_White_Riley" title="Matilda White Riley">Matilda White Riley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_L._Kohn" title="Melvin L. Kohn">Melvin L. Kohn</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans" title="Herbert J. Gans">Herbert J. Gans</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Huber" title="Joan Huber">Joan Huber</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lieberson" title="Stanley Lieberson">Stanley Lieberson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman" title="James Samuel Coleman">James Samuel Coleman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Gamson" title="William A. Gamson">William A. Gamson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" title="Amitai Etzioni">Amitai Etzioni</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_T._Hallinan" title="Maureen T. Hallinan">Maureen T. Hallinan</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Smelser" title="Neil Smelser">Neil Smelser</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Quadagno" title="Jill Quadagno">Jill Quadagno</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Portes" title="Alejandro Portes">Alejandro Portes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Feagin" title="Joe Feagin">Joe Feagin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Massey" title="Douglas Massey">Douglas Massey</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Reskin" title="Barbara Reskin">Barbara Reskin</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Bielby" title="William T. Bielby">William T. Bielby</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Michael Burawoy</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Duster" title="Troy Duster">Troy Duster</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Fuchs_Epstein" title="Cynthia Fuchs Epstein">Cynthia Fuchs Epstein</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Frances Fox Piven</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_L._Kalleberg" title="Arne L. Kalleberg">Arne L. Kalleberg</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Nakano_Glenn" title="Evelyn Nakano Glenn">Evelyn Nakano Glenn</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Erik Olin Wright</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_L._Ridgeway" title="Cecilia L. Ridgeway">Cecilia L. Ridgeway</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_England" title="Paula England">Paula England</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Milkman" title="Ruth Milkman">Ruth Milkman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Lamont" title="Michèle Lamont">Michèle Lamont</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Bonilla-Silva" title="Eduardo Bonilla-Silva">Eduardo Bonilla-Silva</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Romero" title="Mary Romero">Mary Romero</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Williams_(sociologist)" title="Christine Williams (sociologist)">Christine Williams</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldon_Morris" title="Aldon Morris">Aldon Morris</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Menj%C3%ADvar" title="Cecilia Menjívar">Cecilia Menjívar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Carter" title="Prudence Carter">Prudence Carter</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919081#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919081#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919081#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109087833">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64048352">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34445/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGPGdJxq7bCjp7jfQXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118789643">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79045316">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011086619">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174098k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12174098k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452136">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Park, Robert Ezra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV039449">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35409183">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002105483&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1060864">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069017557">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90846681">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199621056">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqtzsxx1n7mv8r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810580541405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278320105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520359906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14035025">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00361166?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=259292">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500235420">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/942371">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118789643.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118789643">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028000927">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67h1h4j">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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