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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Windelband</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فيلهلم فيندلباند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلم فيندلباند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم ویندلباند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلهلم ویندلباند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Віндэльбанд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм Віндэльбанд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Винделбанд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм Винделбанд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم ویندلباند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلم ویندلباند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EB%B9%88%EB%8D%B8%EB%B0%98%ED%8A%B8" title="빌헬름 빈델반트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 빈델반트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Վիլհելմ Վինդելբանդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ Վինդելբանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Вильгельм Виндельбанд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вильгельм Виндельбанд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Виндельбанд Вильгельм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Виндельбанд Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelms_Vindelbands" title="Vilhelms Vindelbands – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilhelms Vindelbands" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ويلهيلم وينديلباند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويلهيلم وينديلباند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ヴィルヘルム・ヴィンデルバント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・ヴィンデルバント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Виндельбанд, Вильгельм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виндельбанд, Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Windelband" title="Wilhelm Windelband – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelm Windelband" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Віндельбанд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм Віндельбанд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%AD" title="威廉·文德尔班 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·文德尔班" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German philosopher (1848–1915)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wilhelm Windelband</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg/220px-Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg/330px-Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg/440px-Wilhelm_Windelband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="3708" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wilhelm Windelband, prior to 1905</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1848-05-11</span>)</span>11 May 1848<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg" title="Province of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1915<span style="display:none">(1915-10-22)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> (Dr. phil., 1870)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baden_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden School">Baden School</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dielehrenvomzufa00winduoft"><i>Die Lehren vom Zufall (The Theories of Chance)</i></a> (1870)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">philosophical logic</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Nomothetic" title="Nomothetic">nomothetic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Idiographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiographic">idiographic</a> distinction</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelm Windelband</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɪndl̩bant]</a></span>; 11 May 1848 – 22 October 1915) was a German <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baden_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden School">Baden School</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windelband_grab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Windelband_grab.JPG/220px-Windelband_grab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Windelband_grab.JPG/330px-Windelband_grab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Windelband_grab.JPG/440px-Windelband_grab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>His grave in Heidelberg</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windelband was born the son of a Prussian official in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>. He studied at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Windelband is now mainly remembered for the terms <a href="/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic" title="Nomothetic and idiographic"><i>nomothetic</i> and <i>idiographic</i></a>, which he introduced. These have currency in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and other areas, though not necessarily in line with his original meanings. Windelband was a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantian</a> who argued against other contemporary neo-Kantians, maintaining that "to understand <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> rightly means to go beyond him". Against his <a href="/wiki/Positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist">positivist</a> contemporaries, Windelband argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with the natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies. His interests in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and cultural sciences represented an opposition to <a href="/wiki/Psychologism" title="Psychologism">psychologism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a> schools by a critical philosophic system. </p><p>Windelband relied in his effort to reach beyond Kant on such philosophers as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Herbart" title="Johann Friedrich Herbart">Johann Friedrich Herbart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Hermann Lotze</a>. Closely associated with Windelband was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a>. Windelband's disciples were not only noted philosophers, but <a href="/wiki/Sociologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologists">sociologists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologians">theologians</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following works by Windelband are available in English translations: </p> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphiloso00inwind">History of Philosophy</a></i> (1893) (two volumes) reprinted 1901, 1938 and 1979 by Macmillan</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyancientp04windgoog">History of Ancient Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i>An Introduction to Philosophy</i> (1895)<i></i></li> <li><i>Theories in Logic</i> (1912)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li>"History and Natural Science" (J. T. Lamiell, transl.). <i>Theory and Psychology</i> <b>8</b>, 1998, 6–22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Heimsoeth" title="Heinz Heimsoeth">Heinz Heimsoeth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Windelband defended foundationalism in his book <i>Über die Gewißheit der Erkenntniss.</i> (1873)—see <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Frederick C. Beiser</a> (2014), <i>The Genesis of Neo-Kantianism, 1796–1880</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 517.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRickert1929" class="citation book cs1">Rickert, Heinrich (1929) [1915]. <i>Wilhelm Windelband</i> (2nd ed.). Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Windelband&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.C.B.+Mohr&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Rickert&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Windelband" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayeda2008" class="citation book cs1">Mayeda, Graham (2008). "Is there a Method to Chance? Contrasting Kuki Shūzō's Phenomenological Methodology in The Problem of Contingency with that of his Contemporaries Wilhelm Windelband and Heinrich Rickert". In Hori, Victor S; Curley, Melissa Anne-Marie (eds.). <i>Frontiers of Japanese Philosophy II: Neglected Themes and Hidden Variations</i>. Nagoya, Japan: Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+Method+to+Chance%3F+Contrasting+Kuki+Sh%C5%ABz%C5%8D%27s+Phenomenological+Methodology+in+The+Problem+of+Contingency+with+that+of+his+Contemporaries+Wilhelm+Windelband+and+Heinrich+Rickert&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Japanese+Philosophy+II%3A+Neglected+Themes+and+Hidden+Variations&rft.place=Nagoya%2C+Japan&rft.pub=Nanzan+Institute+for+Religion+and+Culture&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mayeda&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilhelm+Windelband" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Windelband&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_ignorance" title="Sociology of scientific ignorance">Sociology of scientific ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Sociology of scientific knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_science" title="List of philosophers of science">Philosophers of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Precursors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Pierre Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wilhelm Windelband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Laudan" title="Larry Laudan">Larry Laudan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, 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href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019220">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36586847">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010316249&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1495716">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/91237">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073809608">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=57545">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/383784">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118633635.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118633635">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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