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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paleogeography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleolithic people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paleolithic_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paleolithic people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homo_erectus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homo_erectus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Homo erectus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homo_erectus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Technology and crafts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology_and_crafts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology and crafts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fire use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Advanced tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diet and nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture_and_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture_and_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sculpture and painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture_and_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paleolithic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altsteinzeit" title="Altsteinzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altsteinzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="العصر الحجري القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADticu" title="Paleolíticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Paleolíticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="পুরা প্রস্তর যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরা প্রস্তর যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AB-chio%CC%8Dh-kh%C3%AC_s%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Kū-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kū-chio̍h-khì sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Палеаліт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палеаліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Палеаліт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палеаліт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Paleolitiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Старокаменна епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старокаменна епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidstoazeit" title="Oidstoazeit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oidstoazeit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henoadvezh_ar_maen" title="Henoadvezh ar maen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henoadvezh ar maen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtic" title="Paleolític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paleolític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleuliticu" title="Paleuliticu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Paleuliticu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Oes_y_Cerrig" title="Hen Oes y Cerrig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hen Oes y Cerrig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ldste_stenalder" title="Ældste stenalder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ældste stenalder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altsteinzeit" title="Altsteinzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altsteinzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoliitikum" title="Paleoliitikum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paleoliitikum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παλαιολιθική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιολιθική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico" title="Paleolítico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paleolítico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paleolitiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitoa" title="Paleolitoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paleolitoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="پارینه‌سنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارینه‌سنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9olithique" title="Paléolithique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paléolithique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-Chlochaois" title="An tSean-Chlochaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Chlochaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_Thr%C3%A0th_na_Cloiche" title="Linn Thràth na Cloiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Linn Thràth na Cloiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico" title="Paleolítico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paleolítico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="구석기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구석기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Հին քարի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին քարի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पुरापाषाण काल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरापाषाण काल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starije_kameno_doba" title="Starije kameno doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starije kameno doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paleolitiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithico" title="Paleolithico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paleolithico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornstein%C3%B6ld" title="Fornsteinöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornsteinöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitico" title="Paleolitico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paleolitico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התקופה הפלאוליתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקופה הפלאוליתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolitikum" title="Palaeolitikum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Palaeolitikum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პალეოლითი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალეოლითი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleyolitik" title="Paleyolitik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paleyolitik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%AEt%C3%AEk" title="Paleolîtîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paleolîtîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Палеолит доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палеолит доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitich" title="Paleolitich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Paleolitich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithicum" title="Palaeolithicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaeolithicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C4%ABts" title="Paleolīts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paleolīts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsteenz%C3%A4it" title="Alsteenzäit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alsteenzäit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitas" title="Paleolitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paleolitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithicum" title="Paleolithicum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paleolithicum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitica" title="Paleolitica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paleolitica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90sk%C5%91korszak" title="Őskőkorszak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Őskőkorszak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Старо камено време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старо камено време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale%C3%B4litika" title="Paleôlitika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paleôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രാചീന ശിലായുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ശിലായുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="პალეოლითი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პალეოლითი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Paleolitik" title="Zaman Paleolitik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Paleolitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်ခေတ်ဟောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ခေတ်ဟောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithicum" title="Paleolithicum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paleolithicum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="पुरापाषाण काल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुरापाषाण काल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="旧石器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="旧石器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldre_steinalder" title="Eldre steinalder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eldre steinalder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitic" title="Paleolitic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paleolitic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قدیم سنگی دور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدیم سنگی دور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د ډبرو لرغونې دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډبرو لرغونې دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ADtico" title="Paleolítico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paleolítico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitic" title="Paleolitic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paleolitic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleol%C3%ACticu" title="Paleolìticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paleolìticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoliti" title="Paleoliti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paleoliti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoliticu" title="Paleoliticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paleoliticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeolithic" title="Palaeolithic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palaeolithic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitik" title="Paleolitik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paleolitik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit" title="Paleolit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paleolit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoliittinen_kausi" title="Paleoliittinen kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paleoliittinen kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitikum" title="Paleolitikum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paleolitikum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paleolitiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பழைய கற்காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழைய கற்காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Палеолит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Палеолит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="పాతరాతియుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాతరాతియుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ยุคหินเก่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคหินเก่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Ta%C5%9F_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Eski Taş Çağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Taş Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolit_d%C3%B6wri" title="Paleolit döwri – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Paleolit döwri" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Палеоліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палеоліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="قدیم سنگی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم سنگی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitego" title="Paleolitego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Paleolitego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%C3%A1_c%C5%A9" title="Thời đại đồ đá cũ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ đá cũ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithicum" title="Paleolithicum – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paleolithicum" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolitiko" title="Paleolitiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paleolitiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="旧石器时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旧石器时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="舊石器時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="舊石器時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuoj%C4%97_k%C5%ABl%C4%97_gad%C4%ABn%C4%97" title="Senuojė kūlė gadīnė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senuojė kūlė gadīnė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric period, first part of the Stone Age</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg/220px-Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg/330px-Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg/440px-Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Hunting a <i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodon" title="Glyptodon">Glyptodon</a></i>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Harder" title="Heinrich Harder">Heinrich Harder</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/220px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/330px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg/440px-Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>The oldest known figurative painting is a depiction of a bull that was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h" title="Lubang Jeriji Saléh">Lubang Jeriji Saléh</a> cave in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It was painted 40,000–52,000 years ago or earlier.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3.3</span> <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">Ma</a> – 300 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lomekwi" title="Lomekwi">Lomekwi</a> (3.3 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> (2.6–1.7 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> (1.76–0.13 Ma) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian</a> (1.5 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a> (500–130 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clactonian" title="Clactonian">Clactonian</a> (424–400 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulo-Yabrudian_complex" title="Acheulo-Yabrudian complex">Mugharan</a> (400–220 ka)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300–50 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> (160–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (145–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micoquien" title="Micoquien">Micoquien</a> (130–70 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangoan" title="Sangoan">Sangoan</a> (130–10 ka)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50–12 <a href="/wiki/Year#Abbreviations_yr_and_ya" title="Year">ka</a>)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Initial Upper Paleolithic">Initial Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emiran" title="Emiran">Emiran</a> (50–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmarian" title="Ahmarian">Ahmarian</a> (46–42 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian</a> (36–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Aurignacian" title="Levantine Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (35–29 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebaran">Kebaran</a> (18–12.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian_Mesolithic" title="Trialetian Mesolithic">Trialetian</a> (16–8 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> (14.5–11.5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a> (12.2–10.8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe#Upper_Paleolithic_:_50,000–10,000_BP" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohunician" title="Bohunician">Bohunician</a> (48–40 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> (44.5–36 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician" title="Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician">Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician</a> (43–32 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> (43–26 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeletian" title="Szeletian">Szeletian</a> (41,000-37,000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigordian" title="Périgordian">Périgordian</a> (35–20 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian</a> (33–24 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlovian_culture" title="Pavlovian culture">Pavlovian</a> (29–25 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> (22–17 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> (20–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> (17–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a> (15.5–13.1 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federmesser_culture" title="Federmesser culture">Federmesser</a> (14–12.8 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> (14–10 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrensburg_culture" title="Ahrensburg culture">Ahrensburg</a> (13–12 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian</a> (11–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Paleolithic" title="History of Africa">Africa</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khormusan" title="Khormusan">Khormusan</a> (42–18 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (25–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfan_culture" title="Halfan culture">Halfan</a> (22–14 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadan_culture" title="Qadan culture">Qadan</a> (15—11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebilian" title="Sebilian">Sebilian</a> (15–11 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburran_industry" title="Eburran industry">Eburran</a> (15–5 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magosian" title="Magosian">Magosian</a> (10–8 ka)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Siberia" title="Prehistory of Siberia">Siberia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret'</a> (24–15 ka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afontova_Gora" title="Afontova Gora">Afontova Gora</a> (21–12 ka}</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleolithic" title="Template:Paleolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleolithic" title="Template talk:Paleolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Paleolithic</b> or <b>Palaeolithic</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3.3 million</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11,700</span> years ago) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PAY</span>-lee-oh-<span style="font-size:90%">LITH</span>-ik, <span style="font-size:90%">PAL</span>-ee-</i></a>), also called the <b>Old <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:παλαιός">παλαιός</a></span><i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palaeo-" class="extiw" title="wikt:palaeo-"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>palaiós</i></span></a>)</i> 'old' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίθος">λίθος</a></span><i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/litho-" class="extiw" title="wikt:litho-"><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>líthos</i></span></a>)</i> 'stone'), is a period in human <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a> that is distinguished by the original development of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>, and which represents almost the entire period of human <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">prehistoric technology</a>. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominins</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3.3 million years ago, to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,650 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present#Radiocarbon_calibration" title="Before Present">cal</a> <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paleolithic Age in Europe preceded the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Age">Mesolithic Age</a>, although the date of the transition varies geographically by several thousand years. During the Paleolithic Age, hominins grouped together in small societies such as <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a> and subsisted by gathering plants, fishing, and hunting or scavenging wild animals.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paleolithic Age is characterized by the use of <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapped</a> stone tools,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (November 2024)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and vegetable <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>; however, due to rapid decomposition, these have not survived to any great degree. </p><p>About 50,000 years ago, a marked increase in the diversity of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> occurred. In Africa, bone artifacts and the first <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> appear in the archaeological record. The first evidence of human <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> is also noted, from artifacts in places such as <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Archaeologists classify artifacts of the last 50,000 years into many different categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">projectile points</a>, engraving tools, sharp knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. </p><p>Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>—such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i>, who used simple stone tools—into <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">anatomically modern humans</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Behaviourally_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviourally modern humans">behaviourally modern humans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the end of the Paleolithic Age, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic Age, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and to engage in <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">spiritual</a> behavior such as <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kusimba_2003_285_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kusimba_2003_285-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (January 2020)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Conditions during the Paleolithic Age went through a set of glacial and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglacial period">interglacial periods</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures. </p><p>By <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40,000</span> BP, the first humans set foot in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. By <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 45,000</span> BP, humans lived at 61°N latitude in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sami_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sami-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> was reached, and by <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 27,000</span> BP humans were present in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sami_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sami-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Upper Paleolithic Age humans had crossed <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> and expanded throughout the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> continents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paleolithic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Paleolithic">Palaeolithic</a>" was coined by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from Greek: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:παλαιός">παλαιός</a>, <i>palaios</i>, "old"; and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίθος">λίθος</a>, <i>lithos</i>, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeography_and_climate">Paleogeography and climate</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene#Paleogeography_and_climate" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene § Paleogeography and climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliocene_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliocene climate">Pliocene climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pliocene#Paleogeography" title="Pliocene">Pliocene § Paleogeography</a></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.760em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Hominin timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_timeline" title="Template:Human timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_timeline" title="Template talk:Human timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:50.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−10 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−9 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−7 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−5 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:-0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#FFE4F1"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.665em;height:23.335em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" title="Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br /> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.550em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Earliest language</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg/150px-Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg/225px-Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg/300px-Homo_heidelbergensis._Museo_de_Prehistoria_de_Valencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3352" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>A skull of early <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel%C3%B3n" title="Miguelón">Miguelón</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> dated to 430,000 BP.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20191021_Temperature_from_20,000_to_10,000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/290px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/435px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png/580px-20191021_Temperature_from_20%2C000_to_10%2C000_years_ago_-_recovery_from_ice_age.png 2x" data-file-width="2572" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Temperature rise in Antarctica marking the end of the Paleolithic, as derived from ice core data.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Paleolithic overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch of geologic time. Both ended 12,000 years ago although the Pleistocene started 2.6 million years ago, 700,000 years after the Paleolithic's start.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies. </p><p>During the preceding <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, continents had continued to <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">drift</a> from possibly as far as 250 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a> (160 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from their present locations to positions only 70 km (43 mi) from their current location. South America became linked to North America through the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> fauna. The formation of the isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, because warm <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial</a> ocean currents were cut off, and the cold Arctic and Antarctic waters lowered temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. </p><p>Most of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> formed during the Pliocene to connect the continents of North and South America, allowing fauna from these continents to leave their native habitats and colonize new areas.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMPPliocene_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMPPliocene-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africa's collision with Asia created the Mediterranean, cutting off the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> were essentially at their modern positions; the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a> on which they sit have probably moved at most 100 km (62 mi) from each other since the beginning of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Scotese_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates. <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheets</a> grew on <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The formation of an Arctic ice cap around 3 million years ago is signaled by an abrupt shift in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> ratios and ice-rafted cobbles in the North Atlantic and North <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> beds.<sup id="cite_ref-Andel_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andel-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mid-latitude <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciation</a> probably began before the end of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UCMPPliocene_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCMPPliocene-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> climate was characterized by repeated glacial cycles during which <a href="/wiki/Continental_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental glacier">continental glaciers</a> pushed to the 40th <a href="/wiki/Parallel_(latitude)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel (latitude)">parallel</a> in some places. Four major glacial events have been identified, as well as many minor intervening events. A major event is a general glacial excursion, termed a "glacial". Glacials are separated by "interglacials". During a glacial, the glacier experiences minor advances and retreats. The minor excursion is a "stadial"; times between stadials are "interstadials". Each glacial advance tied up huge volumes of water in continental ice sheets 1,500–3,000 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> (4,900–9,800 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a>) deep, resulting in temporary sea level drops of 100 m (330 ft) or more over the entire surface of the Earth. During interglacial times, drowned coastlines were common, mitigated by isostatic or other emergent motion of some regions. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/253px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/380px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg/506px-Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Ant%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption>Many giant mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceroses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_fossilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera leo fossilis">cave lions</a> inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_steppe" title="Mammoth steppe">mammoth steppe</a> during the Pleistocene.</figcaption></figure> <p>The effects of glaciation were global. <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> was ice-bound throughout the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene. The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> were covered in the south by the <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> ice cap. There were glaciers in New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. The decaying glaciers of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwenzori Range">Ruwenzori Range</a> in east and central Africa were larger. Glaciers existed in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and to the west in the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a>. In the northern hemisphere, many glaciers fused into one. The <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran Ice Sheet</a> covered the North American northwest; the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide">Laurentide</a> covered the east. The Fenno-Scandian ice sheet covered northern Europe, including Great Britain; the Alpine ice sheet covered the Alps. Scattered domes stretched across <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the Arctic shelf. The northern seas were frozen. During the late Upper Paleolithic (Latest Pleistocene) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 18,000</span> BP, the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> land bridge between Asia and North America was blocked by ice,<sup id="cite_ref-Scotese_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotese-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture#Evidence_of_human_habitation_before_Clovis" title="Clovis culture">may have prevented</a> early <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indians</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> from directly crossing <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> to reach the Americas. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynas" title="Mark Lynas">Mark Lynas</a> (through collected data), the Pleistocene's overall climate could be characterized as a continuous <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> with <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> in the south <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> weakening or heading east, warm air rising near <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, warm water spreading from the west Pacific and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the east Pacific, and other El Niño markers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Paleolithic is often held to finish at the end of the ice age (the end of the Pleistocene epoch), and Earth's climate became warmer. This may have caused or contributed to the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a>, although it is also possible that the late <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">Pleistocene extinctions</a> were (at least in part) caused by other factors such as disease and overhunting by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New research suggests that the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> may have been caused by the combined effect of climatic change and human hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists suggest that climate change during the end of the Pleistocene caused the mammoths' habitat to shrink, resulting in a drop in population. The small populations were then hunted out by Paleolithic humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global warming that occurred during the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> may have made it easier for humans to reach mammoth habitats that were previously frozen and inaccessible.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small populations of woolly mammoths survived on isolated Arctic islands, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Island_(Alaska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Island (Alaska)">Saint Paul Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a>, until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3700</span> BP and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span> BP respectively. The Wrangel Island population became extinct around the same time the island was settled by prehistoric humans.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of prehistoric human presence on Saint Paul island (though early human settlements dating as far back as 6500 BP were found on the nearby <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Classifications of Paleolithic geoclimatic episodes<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Age <br />(before)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">America</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Europe">Mediterranean Europe</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>10,000 years</td> <td>Flandrian interglacial</td> <td>Flandriense</td> <td><i>Mellahiense</i></td> <td><i>Versiliense</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flandrian_interglacial" title="Flandrian interglacial">Flandrian interglacial</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80,000 years</td> <td><b>Wisconsin</b></td> <td><b>Devensiense</b></td> <td>Regresión</td> <td>Regresión</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin Stage</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>140,000 years</td> <td>Sangamoniense</td> <td>Ipswichiense</td> <td><i>Ouljiense</i></td> <td><i>Tirreniense II y III</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eemian_Stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian Stage">Eemian Stage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200,000 years</td> <td><b>Illinois</b></td> <td><b>Wolstoniense</b></td> <td>Regresión</td> <td>Regresión</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title="Wolstonian Stage">Wolstonian Stage</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>450,000 years</td> <td>Yarmouthiense</td> <td>Hoxniense</td> <td><i>Anfatiense</i></td> <td><i>Tirreniense I</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoxnian_Stage" title="Hoxnian Stage">Hoxnian Stage</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>580,000 years</td> <td><b>Kansas</b></td> <td><b>Angliense</b></td> <td>Regresión</td> <td>Regresión</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kansan_glaciation" title="Kansan glaciation">Kansan Stage</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>750,000 years</td> <td>Aftoniense</td> <td>Cromeriense</td> <td><i>Maarifiense</i></td> <td><i>Siciliense</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromer_Forest_Bed" title="Cromer Forest Bed">Cromerian Complex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,100,000 years</td> <td><b>Nebraska</b></td> <td><b>Beestoniense</b></td> <td>Regresión</td> <td>Regresión</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title="Beestonian stage">Beestonian stage</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,400,000 years</td> <td>interglacial</td> <td>Ludhamiense</td> <td><i>Messaudiense</i></td> <td><i>Calabriense</i></td> <td>Donau-Günz </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleolithic_people">Paleolithic people</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra-Amata-Hut.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/220px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/330px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terra-Amata-Hut.gif/440px-Terra-Amata-Hut.gif 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of a temporary wood house, based on evidence found at <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice, France</a>) and dated to the Lower Paleolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400,000</span> BP)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly all of our knowledge of Paleolithic people and way of life comes from <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> comparisons to modern hunter-gatherer cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/!Kung_people" class="mw-redirect" title="!Kung people">!Kung San</a> who live similarly to their Paleolithic predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of a typical Paleolithic society was a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans hunted wild animals for meat and gathered food, firewood, and materials for their tools, clothes, or shelters.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The population density was very low, around only 0.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (1/sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was most likely due to low body fat, <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>, high levels of physical activity among women,<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> late weaning of infants, and a <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, even a large area of land could not support many people without being actively farmed - food was difficult to come by and so groups were prevented from growing too large by the amount of food they could gather. Like contemporary hunter-gatherers, Paleolithic humans enjoyed an abundance of leisure time unparalleled in both <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> farming societies and modern industrial societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle or Upper Paleolithic, people began to produce works of art such as <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and began to engage in religious behavior such as burials and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homo_erectus">Homo erectus</h3></div> <p>At the beginning of the Paleolithic, hominins were found primarily in eastern Africa, east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>. Most known hominin fossils dating earlier than one million years before present are found in this area, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </p><p>By <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,000,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,500,000</span> BP, groups of hominins began leaving Africa, settling southern Europe and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> was occupied by <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,700,000</span> BP, and northern China was reached by <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,660,000</span> BP. By the end of the Lower Paleolithic, members of the hominin family were living in what is now China, western Indonesia, and, in Europe, around the Mediterranean and as far north as England, France, southern Germany, and Bulgaria. Their further northward expansion may have been limited by the lack of control of fire: studies of cave settlements in Europe indicate no regular use of fire prior to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300,000</span> BP.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Asian fossils from this period are typically placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. Very little fossil evidence is available at known Lower Paleolithic sites in Europe, but it is believed that hominins who inhabited these sites were likewise <i>Homo erectus</i>. There is no evidence of hominins in America, Australia, or almost anywhere in Oceania during this time period. </p><p>Fates of these early colonists, and their relationships to modern humans, are still subject to debate. According to current archaeological and genetic models, there were at least two notable expansion events subsequent to peopling of Eurasia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,000,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,500,000</span> BP. Around 500,000 BP a group of early humans, frequently called <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i>, came to Europe from Africa and eventually evolved into <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>). In the Middle Paleolithic, Neanderthals were present in the region now occupied by Poland. </p><p>Both <i>Homo erectus</i> and <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> became extinct by the start of the Upper Paleolithic. Descended from <i>Homo sapiens</i>, the anatomically modern <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens sapiens">Homo sapiens sapiens</a></i> emerged in eastern Africa <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300,000</span> BP, left Africa around 50,000 BP, and expanded throughout the planet. Multiple hominid groups coexisted for some time in certain locations. <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> were still found in parts of Eurasia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40,000</span> BP years, and engaged in an unknown degree of interbreeding with <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>. DNA studies also suggest an unknown degree of interbreeding between <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Homo sapiens denisova</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hominin fossils not belonging either to <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> or to <i>Homo sapiens</i> species, found in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> and Indonesia, were radiocarbon dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 40,000</span> BP and <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 17,000</span> BP respectively. </p><p>For the duration of the Paleolithic, human populations remained low, especially outside the equatorial region. The entire population of Europe between 16,000 and 11,000 BP likely averaged some 30,000 individuals, and between 40,000 and 16,000 BP, it was even lower at 4,000–6,000 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, remains of thousands of butchered animals and tools made by Palaeolithic humans were found in <a href="/wiki/Lapa_do_Picareiro" title="Lapa do Picareiro">Lapa do Picareiro</a>, a cave in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, dating back between 41,000 and 38,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_and_crafts">Technology and crafts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_(TG10).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg/220px-Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg/330px-Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg/440px-Bifaz_de_Atapuerca_%28TG10%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Biface" class="mw-redirect" title="Biface">biface</a> viewed from both its superior and inferior surface</figcaption></figure> <p>Some researchers have noted that science, limited in that age to some early ideas about <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had limited impact on Paleolithic technology. Making fire was widespread knowledge, and it was possible without an understanding of chemical processes, These types of practical skills are sometimes called crafts. Religion, superstitution or appeals to the supernatural may have played a part in the cultural explanations of phenomena like <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <p>Paleolithic humans made tools of stone, bone (primarily of deer), and wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early paleolithic hominins, <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, were the first users of stone tools. Excavations in <a href="/wiki/Gona,_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona, Ethiopia</a>, have produced thousands of artifacts, and through radioisotopic dating and <a href="/wiki/Magnetostratigraphy" title="Magnetostratigraphy">magnetostratigraphy</a> the sites can be firmly dated to 2.6 million years ago. Evidence shows these early hominins intentionally selected raw stone with good flaking qualities and chose appropriately sized stones for their needs to produce sharp-edged tools for cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Paleolithic stone tool industry, the <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>, began around 2.6 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produced tools such as <a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">choppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">burins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">stitching awls</a>. It was completely replaced around 250,000 years ago by the more complex <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> industry, which was first conceived by <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> around 1.8–1.65 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acheulean implements completely vanish from the archaeological record around 100,000 years ago and were replaced by more complex Middle Paleolithic tool kits such as the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> industries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower Paleolithic humans used a variety of stone tools, including <a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">hand axes</a> and choppers. Although they appear to have used hand axes often, there is disagreement about their use. Interpretations range from cutting and chopping tools, to digging implements, to flaking cores, to the use in traps, and as a purely ritual significance, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courting behavior</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Calvin" title="William H. Calvin">William H. Calvin</a> has suggested that some hand axes could have served as "killer <a href="/wiki/Frisbees" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisbees">frisbees</a>" meant to be thrown at a herd of animals at a waterhole so as to stun one of them. There are no indications of <a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">hafting</a>, and some artifacts are far too large for that. Thus, a thrown hand axe would not usually have penetrated deeply enough to cause very serious injuries. Nevertheless, it could have been an effective weapon for defense against predators. Choppers and <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a> were likely used for skinning and butchering scavenged animals and sharp-ended sticks were often obtained for digging up edible roots. Presumably, early humans used wooden spears as early as 5 million years ago to hunt small animals, much as their relatives, <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, have been observed to do in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower Paleolithic humans constructed shelters, such as the possible wood hut at <a href="/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)" title="Terra Amata (archaeological site)">Terra Amata</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earliest_tools" title="List of earliest tools">List of earliest tools</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_use">Fire use</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Font-de-Gaume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Font-de-Gaume.jpg/220px-Font-de-Gaume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Font-de-Gaume.jpg/330px-Font-de-Gaume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Font-de-Gaume.jpg/440px-Font-de-Gaume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Knight" title="Charles R. Knight">Charles R. Knight</a>'s 1920 reconstruction of Magdalenian painters at <a href="/wiki/Font-de-Gaume" title="Font-de-Gaume">Font-de-Gaume</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Fire was used by the Lower Paleolithic hominins <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> as early as 300,000 to 1.5 million years ago and possibly even earlier by the early Lower Paleolithic (Oldowan) hominin <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> or by robust <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></i> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of fire only became common in the societies of the following <a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thoth&Schick-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of fire reduced mortality rates and provided protection against predators.<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early hominins may have begun to cook their food as early as the Lower Paleolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1.9</span> million years ago) or at the latest in the early Middle Paleolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250,000</span> years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Wrangham_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrangham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scientists have hypothesized that hominins began cooking food to defrost frozen meat, which would help ensure their survival in cold regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrangham_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrangham-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists cite morphological shifts in cranial anatomy as evidence for emergence of cooking and <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> technologies. These morphological changes include decreases in <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> and jaw size, thinner tooth <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>, and decrease in gut volume.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During much of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> epoch, our ancestors relied on simple <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> saw the emergence of boiling, an advance in <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> technology which rendered plant foods more digestible, decreased their toxicity, and maximised their nutritional value.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermally altered rock (heated stones) are easily identifiable in the archaeological record. Stone-boiling and pit-baking were common techniques which involved heating large pebbles then transferring the hot stones into a perishable container to heat the water.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology is typified in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Palaeolithic">Middle Palaeolithic</a> example of the <a href="/wiki/Abri_Pataud" title="Abri Pataud">Abri Pataud</a> hearths.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rafts">Rafts</h3></div> <p>The Lower Paleolithic <i>Homo erectus</i> possibly invented <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">rafts</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 840,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800,000</span> BP) to travel over large bodies of water, which may have allowed a group of <i>Homo erectus</i> to reach the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> and evolve into the small hominin <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>. However, this hypothesis is disputed within the anthropological community.<sup id="cite_ref-vicnet1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicnet1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible use of rafts during the Lower Paleolithic may indicate that Lower Paleolithic hominins such as <i>Homo erectus</i> were more advanced than previously believed, and may have even spoken an early form of modern language.<sup id="cite_ref-vicnet1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicnet1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supplementary evidence from Neanderthal and modern human sites located around the Mediterranean Sea, such as Coa de sa Multa (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300,000</span> BP), has also indicated that both Middle and Upper Paleolithic humans used rafts to travel over large bodies of water (i.e. the Mediterranean Sea) for the purpose of colonizing other bodies of land.<sup id="cite_ref-vicnet1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicnet1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_tools">Advanced tools</h3></div> <p>By around 200,000 BP, Middle Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tool</a> manufacturing spawned a tool-making technique known as the <a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">prepared-core technique</a>, which was more elaborate than previous <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique increased efficiency by allowing the creation of more controlled and consistent <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It allowed <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> humans to create stone-tipped <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>, which were the earliest composite tools, by hafting sharp pointy stone flakes onto wooden shafts. In addition to improving tool-making methods, the Middle Paleolithic also saw an improvement of the tools themselves that allowed access to a wider variety and amount of food sources. For example, <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a> or small stone tools or points were invented around 70,000–65,000 BP and were essential to the invention of bows and <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">atlatls</a> (spear throwers) in the following Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">Harpoons</a> were invented and used for the first time during the late Middle Paleolithic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90,000</span> BP); the invention of these devices brought fish into the human diets, which provided a hedge against starvation and a more abundant food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to their technology and their advanced social structures, Paleolithic groups such as the Neanderthals—who had a Middle Paleolithic level of technology—appear to have hunted large game just as well as Upper Paleolithic modern humans,<sup id="cite_ref-Parson2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parson2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Neanderthals in particular may have likewise hunted with projectile weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Neanderthal use of projectile weapons in hunting occurred very rarely (or perhaps never) and the Neanderthals hunted large game animals mostly by <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambushing</a> them and attacking them with handheld weapons such as thrusting spears rather than attacking them from a distance with projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_inventions">Other inventions</h3></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, further inventions were made, such as the <a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">net</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 22,000</span> or <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 29,000</span> BP)<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Spear_thrower" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear thrower">spear thrower</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP), the bow and arrow (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25,000</span> or <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP)<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest example of ceramic art, the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice" title="Venus of Dolní Věstonice">Venus of Dolní Věstonice</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 29,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25,000</span> BP).<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilu_Cave" title="Kilu Cave">Kilu Cave</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buku island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a>, demonstrates navigation of some 60 km of open ocean at 30,000 BCcal.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early dogs were domesticated sometime between 30,000 and 14,000 BP, presumably to aid in hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-TheBookofGeneralIgnorance_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheBookofGeneralIgnorance-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the earliest instances of successful domestication of dogs may be much more ancient than this. Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canine</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> collected by Robert K. Wayne suggests that dogs may have been first domesticated in the late Middle Paleolithic around 100,000 BP or perhaps even earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> region of France demonstrates that members of the European early <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> culture known as the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> used calendars (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP). This was a lunar calendar that was used to document the phases of the moon. Genuine solar calendars did not appear until the Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Felipe_Fernandez_Armesto_2003_400_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felipe_Fernandez_Armesto_2003_400-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper Paleolithic cultures were probably able to time the migration of game animals such as wild horses and deer.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ability allowed humans to become efficient hunters and to exploit a wide variety of game animals.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research indicates that the Neanderthals timed their hunts and the migrations of game animals long before the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Parson2006_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parson2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_and_nutrition">Diet and nutrition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_human_diet" title="Pleistocene human diet">Pleistocene human diet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wine_grapes03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/170px-Wine_grapes03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/255px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Wine_grapes03.jpg/340px-Wine_grapes03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>People may have first fermented grapes in animal skin pouches to create <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> during the Paleolithic age.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Cocke_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Cocke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate varying proportions of vegetables (including tubers and roots), fruit, seeds (including nuts and wild grass seeds) and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is little direct evidence of the relative proportions of plant and animal foods.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term "<a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">paleolithic diet</a>", without references to a specific timeframe or locale, is sometimes used with an implication that most humans shared a certain diet during the entire era, that is not entirely accurate. The Paleolithic was an extended period of time, during which multiple technological advances were made, many of which had impact on human dietary structure. For example, humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or tools necessary to engage in extensive <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On the other hand, both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic (consequently, allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting). In addition, the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations. During the Lower Paleolithic, ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya" title="Great Rift Valley, Kenya">Great Rift Valley</a>. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, humans greatly expanded their area of settlement, reaching ecosystems as diverse as <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and adapting their diets to whatever local resources were available. </p><p>Another view is that until the Upper Paleolithic, humans were <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a> (fruit eaters) who supplemented their meals with carrion, eggs, and small prey such as baby birds and <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and only on rare occasions managed to kill and consume big game such as <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HartSussman_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HartSussman-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is supported by studies of higher apes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>. Chimpanzees are the closest to humans genetically, sharing more than 96% of their DNA code with humans, and their digestive tract is functionally very similar to that of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_com_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic_com-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chimpanzees are primarily <a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivores</a>, but they could and would consume and digest animal flesh, given the opportunity. In general, their actual diet in the wild is about 95% <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based</a>, with the remaining 5% filled with insects, eggs, and baby animals.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some ecosystems, however, chimpanzees are predatory, forming parties to hunt monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some comparative studies of human and higher primate digestive tracts do suggest that humans have evolved to obtain greater amounts of calories from sources such as animal foods, allowing them to shrink the size of the gastrointestinal tract relative to body mass and to increase the brain mass instead.<sup id="cite_ref-meateating_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meateating-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologists have diverse opinions about the proportions of plant and animal foods consumed. Just as with still existing hunters and gatherers, there were many varied "diets" in different groups, and also varying through this vast amount of time. Some paleolithic hunter-gatherers consumed a significant amount of meat and possibly obtained most of their food from hunting,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others were believed to have a primarily plant-based diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlberg_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlberg-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most, if not all, are believed to have been opportunistic omnivores.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis is that carbohydrate <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> (plant underground <a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">storage organs</a>) may have been eaten in high amounts by pre-agricultural humans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16085279_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16085279-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10539941_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10539941-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17472915_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17472915-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18032604_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18032604-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the Paleolithic diet included as much as 1.65–1.9 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> (3.6–4.2 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>) per day of fruit and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative proportions of plant and animal foods in the diets of Paleolithic people often varied between regions, with more meat being necessary in colder regions (which were not populated by anatomically modern humans until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50,000</span> BP).<sup id="cite_ref-Gowlet_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gowlet-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally agreed that many modern hunting and fishing tools, such as fish hooks, nets, bows, and poisons, were not introduced until the Upper Paleolithic and possibly even Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only hunting tools widely available to humans during any significant part of the Paleolithic were hand-held spears and harpoons. There is evidence of Paleolithic people killing and eating <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">elands</a> as far as <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100,000</span> BP. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/African_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="African Buffalo">buffalo</a> bones found in African caves from the same period are typically of very young or very old individuals, and there is no evidence that pigs, elephants, or rhinos were hunted by humans at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paleolithic peoples suffered less <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russel_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was partly because Paleolithic hunter-gatherers accessed a wider variety of natural foods, which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine.<sup id="cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jareddiamond-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic (and some modern) farmers were caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schultz_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jareddiamond-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-89789-736-6_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-89789-736-6-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Russel_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russel-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods, with meat likely taking a back seat to plants.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were affected by modern <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">diseases of affluence</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15699220_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15699220-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid3541565_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3541565-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common onset of these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-kaplanetal2000_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaplanetal2000-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Casparie&Lee2004_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparie&Lee2004-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large-seeded <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> were part of the human diet long before the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> layers of <a href="/wiki/Kebara_Cave" title="Kebara Cave">Kebara Cave</a>, in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-oldflour_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldflour-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, seeds—such as grains and beans—were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-doi:10.1080/11026480510032043_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi:10.1080/11026480510032043-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent archaeological evidence also indicates that <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> may have originated in the Paleolithic, when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal-skin pouches.<sup id="cite_ref-William_Cocke_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Cocke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleolithic humans consumed animal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> meats, including the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">livers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>. Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have sometimes practiced rudimentary forms of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a> may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> has been observed near the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, presumably for dietary reasons. For instance, some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, presumably for their meat or milk, as early as 14,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-TheBookofGeneralIgnorance_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheBookofGeneralIgnorance-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans also probably consumed <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> plants during the Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods, called <a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">bushfood</a>, for an estimated 60,000 years, since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>. </p><p>In February 2019, scientists reported evidence, based on <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> studies, that at least some Neanderthals may have eaten meat.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20190210_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20190210-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHY-20190219_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHY-20190219-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SD-20190219_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-20190219-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People during the Middle Paleolithic, such as the Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa, began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and in Middle Paleolithic <i>Homo sapiens</i> sites at <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle_Point" title="Pinnacle Point">Pinnacle Point</a>, South Africa around 164,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTIMES/10/08/07_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTIMES/10/08/07-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although fishing only became common during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> have been part of human diets long before the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic and have certainly been consumed by humans since at least the Middle Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-2_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Middle Paleolithic <i>Homo sapiens</i> in the region now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> hunted large 6 ft (1.8 m)-long <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-2_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of fishing allowed some Upper Paleolithic and later hunter-gatherer societies to become sedentary or semi-nomadic, which altered their social structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahn,_Paul_1996-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Example societies are the <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a> as well as some contemporary hunter-gatherers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a>. In some instances (at least the Tlingit), they developed <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and complex social structures such as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of "butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it may have been for religious reasons, and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism, and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of <a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">excarnation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> by carnivores such as <a href="/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber-toothed cat">saber-toothed cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern-day diet known as the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_diet" title="Paleolithic diet">Paleolithic diet</a> exists, based on restricting consumption only to those foods presumed to be available to anatomically modern humans prior to the advent of settled <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organization">Social organization</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrowhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Arrowhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Humans may have taken part in long-distance trade between <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a> for rare commodities and raw materials (such as stone needed for making tools) as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.</figcaption></figure> <p>The social organization of the earliest Paleolithic (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>) societies remains largely unknown to scientists, though Lower Paleolithic hominins such as <i>Homo habilis</i> and <i>Homo erectus</i> are likely to have had more complex social structures than chimpanzee societies.<sup id="cite_ref-White_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Oldowan/Early Acheulean humans such as <i>Homo ergaster</i>/<i>Homo erectus</i> may have been the first people to invent central campsites or home bases and incorporate them into their foraging and hunting strategies like contemporary hunter-gatherers, possibly as early as 1.7 million years ago;<sup id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the earliest solid evidence for the existence of home bases or central campsites (hearths and shelters) among humans only dates back to 500,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, scientists disagree whether Lower Paleolithic humans were largely <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polygynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygynous">polygynous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Provisional model suggests that <a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a> arose in pre-Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">australopithecine</a> societies as an adaptation to monogamous lifestyles; however, other researchers note that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> is more pronounced in Lower Paleolithic humans such as <i>Homo erectus</i> than in modern humans, who are less polygynous than other primates, which suggests that Lower Paleolithic humans had a largely polygynous lifestyle, because species that have the most pronounced sexual dimorphism tend more likely to be polygynous.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human societies from the Paleolithic to the early Neolithic farming tribes lived without states and organized governments. For most of the Lower Paleolithic, human societies were possibly more hierarchical than their Middle and Upper Paleolithic descendants, and probably were not grouped into <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem198-208_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem198-208-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though during the end of the Lower Paleolithic, the latest populations of the hominin <i>Homo erectus</i> may have begun living in small-scale (possibly egalitarian) bands similar to both Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies and modern hunter-gatherers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem198-208_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem198-208-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middle Paleolithic societies, unlike Lower Paleolithic and early Neolithic ones, consisted of bands that ranged from 20–30 or 25–100 members and were usually nomadic.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bohem198-208_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem198-208-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bands were formed by several families. Bands sometimes joined together into larger "macrobands" for activities such as acquiring mates and celebrations or where resources were abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Paleolithic era (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000</span> BP), people began to settle down into permanent locations, and began to rely on agriculture for sustenance in many locations. Much evidence exists that humans took part in long-distance trade between bands for rare commodities (such as <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, which was often used for religious purposes such as ritual<sup id="cite_ref-Henahan_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henahan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Felipe_Fernandez_Armesto_2003_400_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Felipe_Fernandez_Armesto_2003_400-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and raw materials, as early as 120,000 years ago in Middle Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inter-band trade may have appeared during the Middle Paleolithic because trade between bands would have helped ensure their survival by allowing them to exchange resources and commodities such as raw materials during times of relative scarcity (i.e. famine, drought).<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like in modern hunter-gatherer societies, individuals in Paleolithic societies may have been subordinate to the band as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of the elderly members of their societies during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sources claim that most Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies were possibly fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a><sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bohem198_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem198-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have rarely or never engaged in organized violence between groups (i.e. war).<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gutrie_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutrie-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Upper Paleolithic societies in resource-rich environments (such as societies in <a href="/wiki/Sungir" title="Sungir">Sungir</a>, in what is now Russia) may have had more complex and hierarchical organization (such as <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> with a pronounced hierarchy and a somewhat formal <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a>) and may have engaged in <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">endemic warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that there was no formal leadership during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Like contemporary egalitarian hunter-gatherers such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti#Political_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbuti">Mbuti</a> pygmies, societies may have made decisions by communal <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus decision making">consensus decision making</a> rather than by appointing permanent rulers such as chiefs and <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kusimba_2003_285_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kusimba_2003_285-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor was there a formal <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> during the Paleolithic. Each member of the group was skilled at all tasks essential to survival, regardless of individual abilities. Theories to explain the apparent egalitarianism have arisen, notably the <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">primitive communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Boehm (1999) has hypothesized that egalitarianism may have evolved in Paleolithic societies because of a need to distribute resources such as food and meat equally to avoid famine and ensure a stable food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem192_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem192-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raymond C. Kelly speculates that the relative peacefulness of Middle and Upper Paleolithic societies resulted from a low population density, cooperative relationships between groups such as reciprocal exchange of commodities and collaboration on hunting expeditions, and because the invention of projectile weapons such as throwing spears provided less incentive for war, because they increased the damage done to the attacker and decreased the relative amount of territory attackers could gain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other sources claim that most Paleolithic groups may have been larger, more complex, sedentary and warlike than most contemporary hunter-gatherer societies, due to occupying more resource-abundant areas than most modern hunter-gatherers who have been pushed into more marginal habitats by agricultural societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiefer_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiefer-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologists have typically assumed that in Paleolithic societies, women were responsible for gathering wild plants and firewood, and men were responsible for hunting and scavenging dead animals.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, analogies to existent hunter-gatherer societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> suggest that the sexual division of labor in the Paleolithic was relatively flexible. Men may have participated in gathering plants, firewood and insects, and women may have procured small game animals for consumption and assisted men in driving herds of large game animals (such as woolly mammoths and deer) off cliffs.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, recent research by anthropologist and archaeologist Steven Kuhn from the University of Arizona is argued to support that this division of labor did not exist prior to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and was invented relatively recently in human pre-history.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahlberg_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahlberg-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NG2006/12/061207_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG2006/12/061207-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual division of labor may have been developed to allow humans to acquire food and other resources more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-NG2006/12/061207_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG2006/12/061207-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly there was approximate parity between men and women during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, and that period may have been the most <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender-equal</a> time in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutrie_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutrie-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MuseumofAntiquites_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumofAntiquites-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence from art and funerary rituals indicates that a number of individual women enjoyed seemingly high status in their communities, and it is likely that both sexes participated in decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumofAntiquites_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumofAntiquites-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP) was female.<sup id="cite_ref-Tedlock_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tedlock-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> suggests that the status of women declined with the adoption of agriculture because women in farming societies typically have more pregnancies and are expected to do more demanding work than women in hunter-gatherer societies.<sup id="cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jareddiamond-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most modern hunter-gatherer societies, Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups probably followed a largely ambilineal approach. At the same time, depending on the society, the residence could be virilocal, uxorilocal, and sometimes the spouses could live with neither the husband's relatives nor the wife's relatives at all. Taken together, most likely, the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers can be characterized as multilocal.<sup id="cite_ref-MarloweFW22_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarloweFW22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture_and_painting">Sculpture and painting</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg/220px-Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg/330px-Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg/440px-Wien_NHM_Venus_von_Willendorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a> is one of the most famous Venus figurines.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early examples of artistic expression, such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Tan-Tan" title="Venus of Tan-Tan">Venus of Tan-Tan</a> and the patterns found on <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> bones from <a href="/wiki/Bilzingsleben_(Paleolithic_site)" title="Bilzingsleben (Paleolithic site)">Bilzingsleben</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, may have been produced by Acheulean tool users such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> prior to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period. However, the earliest undisputed evidence of art during the Paleolithic comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> sites such as <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a>–South Africa–in the form of <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bead" title="Bead">beads</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Henahan_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henahan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> used as body paint and perhaps in ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henahan_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henahan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undisputed evidence of art only becomes common in the Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a> tool users, according to Robert G. Bednarik, began to engage in symbolic behavior such as art around 850,000 BP. They decorated themselves with beads and collected exotic stones for aesthetic, rather than utilitarian qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarik_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarik-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him, traces of the pigment ochre from late Lower Paleolithic Acheulean archaeological sites suggests that Acheulean societies, like later Upper Paleolithic societies, collected and used ochre to create rock art.<sup id="cite_ref-Bednarik_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bednarik-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it is also possible that the ochre traces found at Lower Paleolithic sites is naturally occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> humans produced works of art such as cave paintings, Venus figurines, animal carvings, and rock paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upper Paleolithic art can be divided into two broad categories: figurative art such as cave paintings that clearly depicts animals (or more rarely humans); and nonfigurative, which consists of shapes and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cave paintings have been interpreted in a number of ways by modern archaeologists. The earliest explanation, by the prehistorian <a href="/wiki/Abbe_Breuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbe Breuil">Abbe Breuil</a>, interpreted the paintings as a form of magic designed to ensure a successful hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-Clottes_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clottes-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this hypothesis fails to explain the existence of animals such as <a href="/wiki/Saber-toothed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Saber-toothed cat">saber-toothed cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, which were not hunted for food, and the existence of half-human, half-animal beings in cave paintings. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis-Williams" title="David Lewis-Williams">David Lewis-Williams</a> has suggested that Paleolithic cave paintings were indications of <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamanistic</a> practices, because the paintings of half-human, half-animal figures and the remoteness of the caves are reminiscent of modern hunter-gatherer shamanistic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Clottes_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clottes-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbol-like images are more common in Paleolithic cave paintings than are depictions of animals or humans, and unique symbolic patterns might have been trademarks that represent different <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a> have evoked similar controversy. Archaeologists and anthropologists have described the figurines as representations of <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> imagery, apotropaic amulets used for sympathetic magic, and even as self-portraits of women themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDeroy_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDeroy-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>R. Dale Guthrie<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has studied not only the most artistic and publicized paintings, but also a variety of lower-quality art and figurines, and he identifies a wide range of skill and ages among the artists. He also points out that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts (powerful beasts, risky hunting scenes and the over-sexual representation of women) are to be expected in the fantasies of adolescent males during the Upper Paleolithic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/240px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/360px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg/480px-Bradshaw_rock_paintings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> found in the north-west <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_region_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley region of Western Australia">Kimberley region of Western Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Venus" figurines have been theorized, not universally, as representing a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>; the abundance of such female imagery has inspired the theory that religion and society in Paleolithic (and later Neolithic) cultures were primarily interested in, and may have been directed by, women. Adherents of the theory include archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Stone" title="Merlin Stone">Merlin Stone</a>, the author of the 1976 book <i><a href="/wiki/When_God_Was_a_Woman" title="When God Was a Woman">When God Was a Woman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlinstone_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlinstone-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other explanations for the purpose of the figurines have been proposed, such as Catherine McCoid and LeRoy McDermott's hypothesis that they were self-portraits of woman artists<sup id="cite_ref-McDeroy_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDeroy-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and R.Dale Gutrie's hypothesis that served as "stone age <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2></div> <p>The origins of music during the Paleolithic are unknown. The earliest forms of music probably did not use musical instruments other than the human voice or natural objects such as rocks. This early music would not have left an archaeological footprint. Music may have developed from rhythmic sounds produced by daily chores, for example, cracking open nuts with stones. Maintaining a rhythm while working may have helped people to become more efficient at daily activities.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative theory originally proposed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> explains that music may have begun as a hominin mating strategy. Bird and other animal species produce music such as calls to attract mates.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is generally less accepted than the previous hypothesis, but nonetheless provides a possible alternative. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> (and possibly <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BoneAge_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoneAge-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> humans used <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>-like bone pipes as musical instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bahn,_Paul_1996_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahn,_Paul_1996-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and music may have played a large role in the religious lives of Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers. As with modern hunter-gatherer societies, music may have been used in ritual or to help induce <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trances</a>. In particular, it appears that animal skin <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> may have been used in religious events by Upper Paleolithic shamans, as shown by the remains of drum-like instruments from some Upper Paleolithic graves of shamans and the <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> record of contemporary hunter-gatherer shamanic and ritual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Tedlock_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tedlock-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_beliefs">Religion and beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabillou_Sorcier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gabillou_Sorcier.png/220px-Gabillou_Sorcier.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gabillou_Sorcier.png/330px-Gabillou_Sorcier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gabillou_Sorcier.png/440px-Gabillou_Sorcier.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Picture of a half-human, half-animal being in a Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave painting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>. France. Some archaeologists believe that cave paintings of half-human, half-animal beings may be evidence for early shamanic practices during the Paleolithic.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to James B. Harrod humankind first developed <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> beliefs during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controversial scholars of prehistoric religion and anthropology, James Harrod and Vincent W. Fallio, have recently proposed that religion and spirituality (and art) may have first arisen in Pre-Paleolithic chimpanzees<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Early <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a>) societies.<sup id="cite_ref-V.Fallio_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.Fallio-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fallio, the common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans experienced altered states of consciousness and partook in ritual, and ritual was used in their societies to strengthen social bonding and group cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-V.Fallio_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.Fallio-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middle Paleolithic humans' use of burials at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Krapina" title="Krapina">Krapina</a>, Croatia (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130,000</span> BP) and <a href="/wiki/Qafzeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qafzeh">Qafzeh</a>, Israel (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100,000</span> BP) have led some anthropologists and archaeologists, such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Lieberman" title="Philip Lieberman">Philip Lieberman</a>, to believe that Middle Paleolithic humans may have possessed a belief in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> and a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life".<sup id="cite_ref-Lieberman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cut marks on Neanderthal bones from various sites, such as Combe-Grenal and Abri Moula in France, suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal#Cannibalism" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>—like some contemporary human cultures—may have practiced <a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">ritual defleshing</a> for (presumably) religious reasons. According to recent archaeological findings from <i>Homo heidelbergensis</i> sites in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a>, humans may have begun burying their dead much earlier, during the late <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a>; but this theory is widely questioned in the scientific community. </p><p>Likewise, some scientists have proposed that Middle Paleolithic societies such as Neanderthal societies may also have practiced the earliest form of <a href="/wiki/Totemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism">totemism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">animal worship</a>, in addition to their (presumably religious) burial of the dead. In particular, Emil Bächler suggested (based on archaeological evidence from Middle Paleolithic caves) that a <a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">bear cult</a> was widespread among Middle Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A claim that evidence was found for <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> animal worship <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 70,000</span> BCE originates from the <a href="/wiki/Tsodilo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsodilo Hills">Tsodilo Hills</a> in the African Kalahari desert has been denied by the original investigators of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_et_al_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins_et_al-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal cults in the Upper Paleolithic, such as the bear cult, may have had their origins in these hypothetical Middle Paleolithic animal cults.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal worship during the Upper Paleolithic was intertwined with hunting rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, archaeological evidence from art and bear remains reveals that the bear cult apparently involved a type of sacrificial bear ceremonialism, in which a bear was shot with <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, finished off by a shot or thrust in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, and ritually worshipped near a clay bear statue covered by a bear fur with the skull and the body of the bear buried separately.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbara Ehrenreich controversially theorizes that the sacrificial hunting rites of the Upper Paleolithic (and by extension Paleolithic cooperative big-game hunting) gave rise to war or warlike raiding during the following <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> or late Upper Paleolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of anthropomorphic images and half-human, half-animal images in the Upper Paleolithic may further indicate that <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> humans were the first people to believe in a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">pantheon of gods or supernatural beings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mithen_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mithen-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though such images may instead indicate shamanistic practices similar to those of contemporary tribal societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Clottes_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clottes-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known undisputed burial of a shaman (and by extension the earliest undisputed evidence of shamans and shamanic practices) dates back to the early <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> era (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30,000</span> BP) in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tedlock_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tedlock-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during the early Upper Paleolithic it was probably more common for all members of the band to participate equally and fully in religious ceremonies, in contrast to the religious traditions of later periods when religious authorities and part-time ritual specialists such as shamans, priests and medicine men were relatively common and integral to religious life.<sup id="cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religion was possibly <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a>; specifically, it may have involved <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetic magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2006_46-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a>, which are abundant in the Upper Paleolithic archaeological record, provide an example of possible Paleolithic sympathetic magic, as they may have been used for ensuring success in hunting and to bring about fertility of the land and women.<sup id="cite_ref-McClellan_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upper Paleolithic Venus figurines have sometimes been explained as depictions of an <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">earth goddess</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaia (mythology)">Gaia</a>, or as representations of a goddess who is the ruler or mother of the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Narr_102-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narr-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Harrod has described them as representative of female (and male) shamanistic spiritual transformation processes.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbassia_Pluvial" title="Abbassia Pluvial">Abbassia Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontnewydd_Palaeolithic_site" title="Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site">Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian_Pluvial" title="Mousterian Pluvial">Mousterian Pluvial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_society" title="Origins of society">Origins of society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeoarchaeology" title="Palaeoarchaeology">Palaeoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">Peopling of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_Boy" title="Turkana Boy">Turkana Boy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thoth&Schick-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thoth&Schick_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTothSchick2007" class="citation book cs1">Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "21 Overview of Paleolithic Archeology". In Henke, H. C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tatersall, Ian (eds.). <i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology</i>. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1943–</span>1963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-33761-4_64">10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-32474-4"><bdi>978-3-540-32474-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21+Overview+of+Paleolithic+Archeology&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Paleoanthropology&rft.place=Berlin%3B+Heidelberg%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1943-%3C%2Fspan%3E1963&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-33761-4_64&rft.isbn=978-3-540-32474-4&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Schick%2C+Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClellan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClellan_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan2006" class="citation book cs1">McClellan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJgp94zNwNQC"><i>Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-8360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+World+History%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8360-6&rft.au=McClellan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJgp94zNwNQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta.msn.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta.msn.com_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContributed_by_Richard_B._Potts,_B.A.,_Ph.D." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028041106/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394/Human_Evolution.html">"Human Evolution"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394/Human_Evolution.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Evolution&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia+2007&rft.au=Contributed+by+Richard+B.+Potts%2C+B.A.%2C+Ph.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761566394%2FHuman_Evolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lieberman" title="Philip Lieberman">Lieberman, Philip</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tS2MULo5rYC&q=Uniquely+Human+cognitive-linguistic+base&pg=PA162"><i>Uniquely Human</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92183-2"><bdi>978-0-674-92183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uniquely+Human&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92183-2&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tS2MULo5rYC%26q%3DUniquely%2BHuman%2Bcognitive-linguistic%2Bbase%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kusimba_2003_285-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kusimba_2003_285_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kusimba_2003_285_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusimba2003" class="citation book cs1">Kusimba, Sibel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCa5zfefWVUC&q=Middle+Paleolithic"><i>African Foragers: Environment, Technology, Interactions</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0154-8"><bdi>978-0-7591-0154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Foragers%3A+Environment%2C+Technology%2C+Interactions&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0154-8&rft.aulast=Kusimba&rft.aufirst=Sibel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxCa5zfefWVUC%26q%3DMiddle%2BPaleolithic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sami-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sami_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sami_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstock" class="citation web cs1">Weinstock, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/courses/sami/dieda/hist/SamiPrehistRevisitNew.htm">"Sami Prehistory Revisited: transactions, admixture and assimilation in the phylogeographic picture of Scandinavia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sami+Prehistory+Revisited%3A+transactions%2C+admixture+and+assimilation+in+the+phylogeographic+picture+of+Scandinavia&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexas.edu%2Fcourses%2Fsami%2Fdieda%2Fhist%2FSamiPrehistRevisitNew.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebelWatersO'Rourke2008" class="citation journal cs1">Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/GoebelsHumansinAmericas2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Late+Pleistocene+Dispersal+of+Modern+Humans+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5869&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1497-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36149744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1497G&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1153569&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18339930&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft.au=Waters%2C+Michael+R.&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Dennis+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unl.edu%2Frhames%2Fcourses%2Fcurrent%2Freadings%2FGoebelsHumansinAmericas2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettBustosPigatiSpringer2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Matthew R.; Bustos, David; Pigati, Jeffrey S.; Springer, Kathleen B.; Urban, Thomas M.; Holliday, Vance T.; Reynolds, Sally C.; Budka, Marcin; Honke, Jeffrey S.; Hudson, Adam M.; Fenerty, Brendan; Connelly, Clare; Martinez, Patrick J.; Santucci, Vincent L.; Odess, Daniel (23 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abg7586">"Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>373</b> (6562): <span class="nowrap">1528–</span>1531. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sci...373.1528B">2021Sci...373.1528B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abg7586">10.1126/science.abg7586</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34554787">34554787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237616125">237616125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+humans+in+North+America+during+the+Last+Glacial+Maximum&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=6562&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1528-%3C%2Fspan%3E1531&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237616125%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Sci...373.1528B&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abg7586&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34554787&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Matthew+R.&rft.au=Bustos%2C+David&rft.au=Pigati%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Springer%2C+Kathleen+B.&rft.au=Urban%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Holliday%2C+Vance+T.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Sally+C.&rft.au=Budka%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Honke%2C+Jeffrey+S.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Adam+M.&rft.au=Fenerty%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Connelly%2C+Clare&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Santucci%2C+Vincent+L.&rft.au=Odess%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abg7586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubbock2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">Lubbock, John</a> (2005) [1872]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t7vm4dg4c;view=1up;seq=87">"4"</a>. <i>Pre-Historic Times, as Illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages</i>. Williams and Norgate. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421270395" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421270395"><bdi>978-1421270395</bdi></a> – via Elibron Classics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Pre-Historic+Times%2C+as+Illustrated+by+Ancient+Remains%2C+and+the+Manners+and+Customs+of+Modern+Savages&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1421270395&rft.aulast=Lubbock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft7vm4dg4c%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824111711/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php">"The Pleistocene Epoch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/pleistocene.php">the original</a> on 24 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pleistocene+Epoch&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fquaternary%2Fpleistocene.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCMPPliocene-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCMPPliocene_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCMPPliocene_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/pli.html">"University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pliocene epoch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology+website+the+Pliocene+epoch&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Ftertiary%2Fpli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotese-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotese_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotese_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotese" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scotese" title="Christopher Scotese">Scotese, Christopher</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotese.com/lastice.htm">"Paleomap project"</a>. <i>The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Earth+has+been+in+an+Ice+House+Climate+for+the+last+30+million+years&rft.atitle=Paleomap+project&rft.aulast=Scotese&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotese.com%2Flastice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andel-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andel_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Andel1994" class="citation book cs1">Van Andel, Tjeerd H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newviewsonoldpla00vana/page/454"><i>New Views on an Old Planet: A History of Global Change</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newviewsonoldpla00vana/page/454">454</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44243-5"><bdi>978-0-521-44243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Views+on+an+Old+Planet%3A+A+History+of+Global+Change&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44243-5&rft.aulast=Van+Andel&rft.aufirst=Tjeerd+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewviewsonoldpla00vana%2Fpage%2F454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>Six Degrees Could Change The World Mark Lynas interview</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Degrees+Could+Change+The+World+Mark+Lynas+interview&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207061412/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/ple.html">"University of California Museum of Paleontology website the Pleistocene epoch(accessed March 25)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Museum_of_Paleontology" title="University of California Museum of Paleontology">University of California Museum of Paleontology</a>. 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(1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof0001nowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wsoon/HoloceneClimate+Optimum10-d/Enketal09-midHoloceneMammothStPaulIslandAlaska.pdf">"Phylogeographic Analysis of the mid-Holocene Mammoth from Qagnax Cave, St. Paul Island, Alaska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phylogeographic+Analysis+of+the+mid-Holocene+Mammoth+from+Qagnax+Cave%2C+St.+Paul+Island%2C+Alaska&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2F~wsoon%2FHoloceneClimate%2BOptimum10-d%2FEnketal09-midHoloceneMammothStPaulIslandAlaska.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gamble, Clive (1990). <i>El poblamiento Paleolítico de Europa</i> [<i>The Paleolithic settlement of Europe</i>] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7423-445-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-7423-445-X"><bdi>84-7423-445-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+poblamiento+Paleol%C3%ADtico+de+Europa&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Editorial+Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=84-7423-445-X&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusée_de_Préhistoire_Terra_Amata" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-terra-amata.org/musee/le-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata/">"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata"</a> [The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. <i>Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Pr%C3%A9histoire+Terra+Amata&rft.atitle=Le+site+acheul%C3%A9en+de+Terra+Amata&rft.au=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Pr%C3%A9histoire+Terra+Amata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musee-terra-amata.org%2Fmusee%2Fle-site-acheuleen-de-terra-amata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leften_Stavrianos-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leften_Stavrianos_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos1997" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eamHPkIkE1UC&q=paleolithic+society&pg=PA23"><i>Lifelines from Our Past: A New World History</i></a>. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2"><bdi>978-0-13-357005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lifelines+from+Our+Past%3A+A+New+World+History&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-13-357005-2&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeamHPkIkE1UC%26q%3Dpaleolithic%2Bsociety%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eamHPkIkE1UC&dq=paleolithic+society&pg=PA23">pp. 9–13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9H6oqN3Q-GoC&dq=Paleolithic+egalitarianism&pg=PA55">p. 70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stavrianos-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stavrianos_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos1991" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society"><i>A Global History from Prehistory to the Present</i></a>. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society">9–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2"><bdi>978-0-13-357005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+from+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=9-13&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-13-357005-2&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKhe6qNva10C%26q%3Dpaleolithic%2Bsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schultz_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090715184334/http://www.primitivism.com/sedentism.htm">"The Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism by Emily Schultz, et al"</a>. Primitivism.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primitivism.com/sedentism.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Consequences+of+Domestication+and+Sedentism+by+Emily+Schultz%2C+et+al&rft.pub=Primitivism.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primitivism.com%2Fsedentism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmesto2003" class="citation book cs1">Armesto, Felipe Fernandez (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400"><i>Ideas that changed the world</i></a>. New York: Dorling Kindersley limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFIAAAAACAAJ&q=Ideas+that+changed+the+world+by+Felipe+Fernandez+Armesto">10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4/page/400">400</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-3298-4"><bdi>978-0-7566-3298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+that+changed+the+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10%2C+400&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-3298-4&rft.aulast=Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe+Fernandez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideasthatchanged0000fern_a2p4%2Fpage%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillary_Mayell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Mayell_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillary_Mayell" class="citation web cs1">Hillary Mayell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050813013143/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0220_030220_humanorigins2_2.html">"When Did "Modern" Behavior Emerge in Humans?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> News</i>. 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Cooking and the Ecology of Human Origins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">567–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F300083">10.1086/300083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10539941">10539941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:82271116">82271116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Raw+and+the+Stolen.+Cooking+and+the+Ecology+of+Human+Origins&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A82271116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10539941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F300083&rft.aulast=Wrangham&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Jones%2C+JH&rft.au=Laden%2C+G&rft.au=Pilbeam%2C+D&rft.au=Conklin-Brittain%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F255939%2FThe-raw-and-the-stolen-Cooking-and-the-ecology-of-human-origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17472915-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17472915_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeakelBennettKochDominy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Yeakel JD, Bennett NC, Koch PL, Dominy NJ (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911010452/http://people.ucsc.edu/~njdominy/publications/pdf/Proc_R_Soc_B.pdf">"The isotopic ecology of African mole rats informs hypotheses on the evolution of human diet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proc Biol Sci</i>. <b>274</b> (1619): <span class="nowrap">1723–</span>1730. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0330">10.1098/rspb.2007.0330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493578">2493578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17472915">17472915</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ucsc.edu/~njdominy/publications/pdf/Proc_R_Soc_B.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Biol+Sci&rft.atitle=The+isotopic+ecology+of+African+mole+rats+informs+hypotheses+on+the+evolution+of+human+diet&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1619&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1723-%3C%2Fspan%3E1730&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2493578%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17472915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0330&rft.aulast=Yeakel&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Bennett%2C+NC&rft.au=Koch%2C+PL&rft.au=Dominy%2C+NJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ucsc.edu%2F~njdominy%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FProc_R_Soc_B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18032604-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18032604_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez-AguilarMoorePickering2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Moore J, Pickering TR (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148269">"Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>104</b> (49): <span class="nowrap">19210–</span>19213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0707929104">10.1073/pnas.0707929104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2148269">2148269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18032604">18032604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Savanna+chimpanzees+use+tools+to+harvest+the+underground+storage+organs+of+plants&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19210-%3C%2Fspan%3E19213&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148269%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18032604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0707929104&rft.aulast=Hernandez-Aguilar&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Moore%2C+J&rft.au=Pickering%2C+TR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2148269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatonEaton_IIISinclairCordain1998" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, S. Boyd; Eaton III, Stanley B.; Sinclair, Andrew J.; Cordain, Loren; Mann, Neil J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509034221/http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/EvolutionPaleolithic/Long%20chain%20fatty%20acids.pdf"><i>Dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during the Paleolithic</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. Vol. 83. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.691.6953">10.1.1.691.6953</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000059672">10.1159/000059672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-6694-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8055-6694-0"><bdi>978-3-8055-6694-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648501">9648501</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct-ms.org/pdf/EvolutionPaleolithic/Long%20chain%20fatty%20acids.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+intake+of+long-chain+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+during+the+Paleolithic&rft.series=World+Review+of+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.691.6953%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9648501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000059672&rft.isbn=978-3-8055-6694-0&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=S.+Boyd&rft.au=Eaton+III%2C+Stanley+B.&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.au=Cordain%2C+Loren&rft.au=Mann%2C+Neil+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct-ms.org%2Fpdf%2FEvolutionPaleolithic%2FLong%2520chain%2520fatty%2520acids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gowlet-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gowlet_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gowlet, J. A. J. (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/~gowlett/GowlettCJNE_13_03_02.pdf">"What actually was the stone age diet?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Environmental_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Environmental Medicine (page does not exist)">Journal of Environmental Medicine</a></i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13590840310001619338">10.1080/13590840310001619338</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=What+actually+was+the+stone+age+diet%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13590840310001619338&rft.aulast=Gowlet&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcwww.liv.ac.uk%2F~gowlett%2FGowlettCJNE_13_03_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1992" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Jared (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdchimpanzee00jare_0"><i>The third chimpanzee: the evolution and future of the human animal</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060984038" title="Special:BookSources/9780060984038"><bdi>9780060984038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+third+chimpanzee%3A+the+evolution+and+future+of+the+human+animal&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780060984038&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdchimpanzee00jare_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russel-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russel_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russel_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2006" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Sharman Apt (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CjOdT4LqYC&q=paleolithic+history+malnutrition&pg=PA2"><i>Hunger an unnatural history</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic books (page does not exist)">Basic books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07165-4"><bdi>978-0-465-07165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunger+an+unnatural+history&rft.pub=Basic+books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07165-4&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Sharman+Apt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CjOdT4LqYC%26q%3Dpaleolithic%2Bhistory%2Bmalnutrition%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8C-jOdT4LqYC">p. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jareddiamond-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jareddiamond_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJared_Diamond" class="citation web cs1">Jared Diamond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1987/may/02-the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race">"The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race"</a>. <i>Discover</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Introduction+to+archeology&rft.atitle=Intro+to+archeology+The+First+People+and+Culture&rft.au=Nancy+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~arch%2Fsaa%2Fmatrix%2Fia%2Fia03_mod_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2007" class="citation news cs1">Urquhart, James (8 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6937476.stm">"Finds test human origins theory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Blombos+Cave+art&rft.aulast=Henahan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessexcellence.org%2FWN%2FSU%2Fcaveart.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohem198-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bohem198_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Boehm (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197">"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 198</a> Harvard University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gutrie-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gutrie_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gutrie_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutrie2005" class="citation book cs1">Gutrie, R. 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Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Paleolithic+art&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31126-5&rft.aulast=Gutrie&rft.aufirst=R.+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3u6JNwMyMCEC%26q%3DPaleolithic%2Breligions%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&dq=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA428">pp. 420-22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara_Ehrenreich-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_Ehrenreich_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich1997" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Barbara (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC"><i>Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War</i></a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5787-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5787-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-5787-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Rites%3A+Origins+and+History+of+the+Passions+of+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-5787-4&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFuDltu509YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFuDltu509YC">p. 123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Raymond (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108">"The evolution of lethal intergroup violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a></i>. <b>102</b> (43): <span class="nowrap">15294–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..10215294K">2005PNAS..10215294K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102">10.1073/pnas.0505955102</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266108">1266108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16129826">16129826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+lethal+intergroup+violence&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15294-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16129826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0505955102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..10215294K&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1266108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, Raymond C. Warless societies and the origin of war. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TiKKmyacAiAC&q=Primitive+communism&pg=PA71"><i>The Communist Manifesto</i></a>. London. pp. 71, 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-995-7"><bdi>978-1-59986-995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71%2C+87&rft.date=1848&rft.isbn=978-1-59986-995-7&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiKKmyacAiAC%26q%3DPrimitive%2Bcommunism%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby1999" class="citation book cs1">Rigby, Stephen Henry (1999). <i>Marxism and History: A Critical Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 111, 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5612-8"><bdi>0-7190-5612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+History%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=111%2C+314&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7190-5612-8&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohem192-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bohem192_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Boehm (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC&dq=Paleolithic&pg=PA197">"Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior" p. 192</a> Harvard university press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG2006/12/061207-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG2006/12/061207_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG2006/12/061207_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Lovgren" class="citation web cs1">Stefan Lovgren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210022722/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061207-sex-humans.html">"Sex-Based Roles Gave Modern Humans an Edge, Study Says"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/12/061207-sex-humans.html">the original</a> on December 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Sex-Based+Roles+Gave+Modern+Humans+an+Edge%2C+Study+Says&rft.au=Stefan+Lovgren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F12%2F061207-sex-humans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos1991" class="citation book cs1">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society"><i>A Global History from Prehistory to the Present</i></a>. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-357005-2"><bdi>978-0-13-357005-2</bdi></a>. <q>the sexes were more equal during Paleolithic millennia than at any time since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+from+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-13-357005-2&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKhe6qNva10C%26q%3Dpaleolithic%2Bsociety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKhe6qNva10C&q=paleolithic+society">p. 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuseumofAntiquites-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumofAntiquites_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumofAntiquites_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/miscon.html">Museum of Antiquites web site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071121095952/http://museums.ncl.ac.uk/flint/miscon.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . Retrieved February 13, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tedlock-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tedlock_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedlock_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tedlock_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tedlock, Barbara. 2005. The Woman in the Shaman's Body: Reclaiming the Feminine in Religion and Medicine. New York: Bantam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Amos2004" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Amos (2004-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3629559.stm">"Cave yields 'earliest jewellery'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Cave+yields+%27earliest+jewellery%27&rft.date=2004-04-15&rft.au=Jonathan+Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F3629559.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillary_Mayell" class="citation web cs1">Hillary Mayell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416062817/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0415_040415_oldestjewelry.html">"Oldest Jewelry? "Beads" Discovered in African Cave"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/04/0415_040415_oldestjewelry.html">the original</a> on April 16, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Oldest+Jewelry%3F+%22Beads%22+Discovered+in+African+Cave&rft.au=Hillary+Mayell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F04%2F0415_040415_oldestjewelry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_13/Human_Evolution.html">"Human Evolution," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031235302/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_13/Human_Evolution.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Contributed by Richard B. Potts, B.A., Ph.D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bednarik-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarik_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bednarik_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_G._Bednarik" class="citation web cs1">Robert G. Bednarik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026143154/https://semioticon.com/frontline/bednarik.htm">"Beads and the origins of symbolism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semioticon.com/frontline/bednarik.htm">the original</a> on 2018-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beads+and+the+origins+of+symbolism&rft.au=Robert+G.+Bednarik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semioticon.com%2Ffrontline%2Fbednarik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2002" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Richard G. (22 March 2002). <i>The Dawn of Human Culture</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-25252-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-25252-2"><bdi>0-471-25252-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Human+Culture&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002-03-22&rft.isbn=0-471-25252-2&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA-3_126-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314202447/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578676/paleolithic_art.html">"Paleolithic Art"</a>. <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578676/Paleolithic_Art.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paleolithic+Art&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761578676%2FPaleolithic_Art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clottes-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clottes_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clottes_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clottes_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClottes" class="citation web cs1">Clottes, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430093540/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/page7.php">"Shamanism in Prehistory"</a>. <i>Bradshaw foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/clottes/page7.php">the original</a> on 30 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bradshaw+foundation&rft.atitle=Shamanism+in+Prehistory&rft.aulast=Clottes&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bradshawfoundation.com%2Fclottes%2Fpage7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDeroy-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDeroy_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDeroy_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1996" class="citation journal cs1">McDermott, LeRoy (1996). "Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines". <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F204491">10.1086/204491</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744349">2744349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144914396">144914396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Self-Representation+in+Upper+Paleolithic+Female+Figurines&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144914396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2744349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F204491&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=LeRoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Dale Guthrie, <i>The Nature of Paleolithic Art</i>. University of Chicago Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31126-5">978-0-226-31126-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/311260.html">Preface</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merlinstone-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merlinstone_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1978" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Merlin (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l44AAAAACAAJ&q=When+God+Was+a+Woman"><i>When God Was a Woman</i></a>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-696158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-696158-5"><bdi>978-0-15-696158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+God+Was+a+Woman&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-15-696158-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Merlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl44AAAAACAAJ%26q%3DWhen%2BGod%2BWas%2Ba%2BWoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1991" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1991). <i>The Civilization of the Goddess</i>. HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062508041" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062508041"><bdi>978-0062508041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0062508041&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBücher" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Bücher, Karl</a>. <i>Trabajo y ritmo</i> [<i>Work and rhythm</i>] (in Spanish). Madrid: Biblioteca Científico-Filosófica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trabajo+y+ritmo&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Cient%C3%ADfico-Filos%C3%B3fica&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCcher&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (May 1998). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_origin_of_man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The origin of man (page does not exist)">The origin of man</a></i>. Edimat books, S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8403-034-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-8403-034-2"><bdi>84-8403-034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+man&rft.pub=Edimat+books%2C+S.A.&rft.date=1998-05&rft.isbn=84-8403-034-2&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoneAge-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoneAge_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, D.E., <i>Radiocarbon dating of bone and charcoal from Divje babe I cave</i>, cited by Morley, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originsnet.org/aboutornet1.html">"About OriginsNet by James Harrod"</a>. Originsnet.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+OriginsNet+by+James+Harrod&rft.pub=Originsnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.originsnet.org%2Faboutornet1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527230019/http://www.originsnet.org/chimpspiritdatabase.pdf">"Appendices for chimpanzee spirituality by James Harrod"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kJHI9MdxNwC&q=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA108"><i>New Developments in Consciousness Research</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kJHI9MdxNwC&dq=Paleolithic+religions&pg=PA108">98–109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-247-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-247-5"><bdi>978-1-60021-247-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Developments+in+Consciousness+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-109&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-247-5&rft.aulast=Fallio&rft.aufirst=Vincent+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-kJHI9MdxNwC%26q%3DPaleolithic%2Breligions%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310011922/http://www.originsnet.org/mindold.html">"Oldowan Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind by James Harrod"</a>. Originsnet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originsnet.org/mindold.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldowan+Art%2C+Religion%2C+Symbols%2C+Mind+by+James+Harrod&rft.pub=Originsnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.originsnet.org%2Fmindold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWunn2000" class="citation journal cs1">Wunn, Ina (2000). "Beginning of Religion". <i>Numen</i>. <b>47</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">434–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852700511612">10.1163/156852700511612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Beginning+of+Religion&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E434-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852700511612&rft.aulast=Wunn&rft.aufirst=Ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins_et_al-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_et_al_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsCampbellBrookMurphy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Lawrence H.; Campbell, Alec C.; Brook, George A.; Murphy, Michael L. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928023109/http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf">"World's Oldest Ritual Site? The "Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NYAME AKUMA, the Bulletin of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists</i> (67). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohesion.rice.edu/CentersAndInst/SAFA/emplibrary/Robbins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYAME+AKUMA%2C+the+Bulletin+of+the+Society+of+Africanist+Archaeologists&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Ritual+Site%3F+The+%22Python+Cave%22+at+Tsodilo+Hills+World+Heritage+Site%2C+Botswana&rft.issue=67&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Alec+C.&rft.au=Brook%2C+George+A.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcohesion.rice.edu%2FCentersAndInst%2FSAFA%2Femplibrary%2FRobbins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mithen-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mithen_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Mithen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Mithen" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Mithen">Steven Mithen</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofmind00mith"><i>The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05081-1"><bdi>978-0-500-05081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+the+Mind%3A+The+Cognitive+Origins+of+Art%2C+Religion+and+Science&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05081-1&rft.au=Steven+Mithen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprehistoryofmind00mith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwomen.html">Women in the Stone Age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801065954/http://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/willendorfwomen.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in the essay "The Venus of Willendorf" . Retrieved March 13, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308130503/http://www.originsnet.org/mindup.html">"Upper Paleolithic Art, Religion, Symbols, Mind By James Harrod"</a>. Originsnet.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upper+Paleolithic+Art%2C+Religion%2C+Symbols%2C+Mind+By+James+Harrod&rft.pub=Originsnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.originsnet.org%2Fmindup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaleolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Britain/Pre-Roman" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Britain/Pre-Roman">Britain/Pre-Roman</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donsmaps.com/">Donsmaps: a vast repository of Paleolithic resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123052918/http://www.miotas.org/timemap/paleolithic.cfm">Interactive Timeline Simile/Timemap index of Eurasian sites</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_the_Paleolithic102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_the_Paleolithic102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to the Paleolithic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Three-age_system122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Three-age_system" title="Template:Three-age system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Three-age_system" title="Template talk:Three-age system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Three-age_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Three-age system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Three-age_system122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Flint tool</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_Poland" title="Stone Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140148-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85097106">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01116882">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="paleolit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123908&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526058">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560662205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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