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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an event where politicians talk with constituents. For the form of municipal decision-making, see <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reception where local and national politicians meet with their constituents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Town_hall_meeting" title="Talk:Town hall meeting">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Hartford,_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting,_2009-09-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg/220px-West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg/330px-West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg/440px-West_Hartford%2C_Connecticut_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting%2C_2009-09-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A town hall meeting in <a href="/wiki/West_Hartford,_Connecticut" title="West Hartford, Connecticut">West Hartford, Connecticut</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Town hall meetings</b>, also referred to as <b>town halls</b> or <b>town hall forums</b>, are a way for local and national <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a> to meet with their constituents either to hear from them on topics of interest or to discuss specific upcoming legislation or regulation. During periods of active political debate, town halls can be a locus for protest and more active debate.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term originates mainly from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and is unfamiliar in British English where politicians instead hold <a href="/wiki/Political_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Political surgery">surgeries</a>. </p><p>Despite their name, town hall meetings do not necessarily take place in a town hall. They are commonly held in a range of venues, including schools, libraries, municipal buildings, and churches. A number of officials have also experimented with digital formats for town halls. Town hall meetings organized by national politicians are often held in a variety of locations distributed across a voting district so that elected representatives can receive feedback from a larger proportion of constituents. </p><p>Historically, no specific rules or guidelines have defined a town hall meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Real_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any event that allows constituent participation with a politician may be called a town hall, including gatherings in person, group phone calls, or events on Internet platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. Attendees use town halls to voice their opinions and question <a href="/wiki/Elected_official" class="mw-redirect" title="Elected official">elected officials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Political candidate">political candidates</a>, and public figures.<sup id="cite_ref-Anup_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Town_meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Town meetings">town meetings</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democratic</a> rule that originated in colonial <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attendees do not <a href="/wiki/Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote">vote</a> on issues during town hall meetings. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, town halls are a common way for national politicians to connect or reconnect with their constituents during recesses, when they are in their home districts away from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Town hall meetings can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial era</a> of the United States and to the 19th century in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of television and other new media technologies in the 20th century led to a fresh flourishing of town hall meetings in the United States as well as experimentation with different formats in the United States and other countries, both of which continue to the present day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Town hall meetings are meant to resemble the New England <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meeting</a> that originated in the 17th century. However, participants in town hall meetings do not actually vote or make legally binding decisions as town meeting voters do. In March 1795 Wilmington, Charleston, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New-York, and other towns had public meetings related to the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> which was leaked to the early press by sitting senators.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some political organizations track publicized town hall events by politicians across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">1858 debates</a> between <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> in some respects resembled a modern town hall meeting, although the candidates did not take questions from the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not until the twentieth century did presidential candidates commonly campaign in person. Gradually, especially from the 1990s onward, presidential town hall meetings have become nearly as common as <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stump speech (politics)">stump speeches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Nixon's 1968 U.S. Presidential campaign staged nine live televised question and answer sessions using a ground-breaking theatre-in-the-round format broadcast with a live studio television audience and local residents directly asking questions of the candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (March 2019)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> The producer of Nixon's "Man in the Arena"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> live town-hall programs was <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ailes" title="Roger Ailes">Roger Ailes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would later become CEO of <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> when that channel launched.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ailes' use of a direct voter-to-candidate question-and-answer format served as the blueprint for subsequent and now ubiquitous town hall candidate formats and even multiple-candidate debates. </p><p>Another step in the development of the modern town hall meeting came on March 16, 1977, when <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">President Carter</a> attended a televised town hall meeting in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Massachusetts" title="Clinton, Massachusetts">Clinton, Massachusetts</a>, that was "modeled after" a real town meeting but did not include binding votes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> made town hall meetings a part of his presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in town halls fluctuates depending on the level of public interest in the topics being discussed. Controversial or confusing issues that are prominently discussed in the news have led to more town halls being held.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s, town halls held by political candidates have announced and enforced rules on crowd behavior and the scope of questions that may be asked.<sup id="cite_ref-Anup_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2024 study, members of the US Congress held over 25,000 town halls over the period 2015–2022.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_significant_United_States_town_hall_meetings" title="List of significant United States town hall meetings">List of significant United States town hall meetings</a></div> <p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a> groups opposed to the proposed <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">health care reform legislation</a> began attending town halls to express their disagreement with the legislation. The large and vocal crowds led some representatives to cancel or scale back their town hall events. Representative <a href="/wiki/Brian_Baird" title="Brian Baird">Brian Baird</a> canceled his live town hall meetings after receiving death threats, choosing to hold a telephone conference call with his constituents instead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Town hall meetings by teleconference or online grew in popularity. Obama held some as sitting President, starting in 2011. Federal agencies have held town halls on Twitter since at least 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some politicians have held AMAs on Reddit, which have similar formats. </p><p>In 2017, constituents opposed to repeal of that same <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">health care act</a> began attending town halls to express their disagreement with abolishing the legislation. In districts where elected representatives have not scheduled town halls, some constituents have publicly petitioned for meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creative requests for town hall meetings include humorous flyer<sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sticker campaigns<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as songs.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some constituents have held mock town halls, using a cardboard cutout or <a href="/wiki/Empty_chair_debating" title="Empty chair debating">empty chair</a>, to stand in for elected representatives who decline to meet with them.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian town hall meetings have been held by <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a> politicians since at least the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian town halls have been forums for provincial politicians to discuss issues of the day since at least the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1993 elections, televised town hall meetings were one of a number of initiatives mainstream media adopted to center ordinary citizens at the heart of their campaign coverage. These efforts, which also included panels of voters to offer comment in print and on radio shows, have been collectively praised as an "international best practice."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The purpose of town hall meetings is for local and regional officials to hear the community's views on public issues.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been no specific rules or guidelines for holding a town hall meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Real_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The format of the meetings can vary. Usually, the person holding the meeting (e.g. member of Congress) makes some opening remarks. Sometimes others (e.g. local leaders) will address the audience, as well. The main part of a town hall meeting tends to occur when the floor is opened up to questions and comments from the audience. Attendees generally present ideas, voice their opinions, ask questions of the public figures, elected officials, or political candidates at the town hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Anup_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the town hall meeting is televised or recorded. In recent years, town halls held by political candidates have announced and enforced rules on crowd behavior and the scope of questions that may be asked.<sup id="cite_ref-Anup_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the turnout is large, and if the objective of the particular town hall meeting is to give as many people as possible an opportunity to speak, then the attendees can be broken down into smaller discussion groups. Each smaller group, in that case, appoints someone to summarize discussion of their group. </p><p>Some have explored alternative formats for town hall meetings, such as an "electronic town hall."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress Foundation commissioned a report on online town hall meetings, which found they grew in size and importance starting in the mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the name town hall, meetings need not take place in a town hall. They commonly take place in a range of venues, including: schools, libraries, municipal buildings, churches, etc. Generally they are held in a public space and there is no charge to attend. In a given district, town hall meetings that are organized by the district's congressional representative are often held in a variety of places across the district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses_of_the_term">Other uses of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other uses of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "town hall meeting" is also used to describe informal corporate gatherings held to share information such as business results or personnel changes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmericaSpeaks" title="AmericaSpeaks">AmericaSpeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery_(politics)" title="Surgery (politics)">Political surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_significant_United_States_town_hall_meetings" title="List of significant United States town hall meetings">List of significant United States town hall meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_cabildo" title="Open cabildo">Open cabildo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rop.org/halfway-through-rops-reflections-on-town-hall-madness/">"Halfway through: ROP's Reflections on Town Hall Madness"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Angry+Town+Hall+Meetings+on+Health+Care+Law%2C+and+Few+Answers&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Faffordable-care-act-sensenbrenner-republicans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeMarkovits2024" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Andrew J.; Markovits, Daniel (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lsq.12456">"Congressional town halls"</a>. <i>Legislative Studies Quarterly</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flsq.12456">10.1111/lsq.12456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-9805">0362-9805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legislative+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Congressional+town+halls&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Flsq.12456&rft.issn=0362-9805&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Markovits%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Flsq.12456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Zachary_Courser_-_The_Tea_Party_at_the_Election.pdf">"The Tea Party at the Election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Tea+Party+at+the+Election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cerium.ca%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FZachary_Courser_-_The_Tea_Party_at_the_Election.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalgov.gov/2015/12/18/twitter-town-hall-tips-from-the-va/">"Twitter Town Hall Tips from the VA"</a>. <i>DigitalGov</i>. 2015-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigitalGov&rft.atitle=Twitter+Town+Hall+Tips+from+the+VA&rft.date=2015-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalgov.gov%2F2015%2F12%2F18%2Ftwitter-town-hall-tips-from-the-va%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalgov.gov/2013/10/16/twitter-chats-for-federal-agencies/">"Twitter Chat Guidance for Federal Agencies"</a>. <i>DigitalGov</i>. 2013-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DigitalGov&rft.atitle=Twitter+Chat+Guidance+for+Federal+Agencies&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalgov.gov%2F2013%2F10%2F16%2Ftwitter-chats-for-federal-agencies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/protesters-will-hold-town-hall-meeting-for-gardner-but-hell-be-absent/article/1597323">"Protesters will hold town hall meeting for Gardner, but he'll be absent"</a>. <i>Colorado Springs Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=Protesters+will+hold+town+hall+meeting+for+Gardner%2C+but+he%27ll+be+absent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fprotesters-will-hold-town-hall-meeting-for-gardner-but-hell-be-absent%2Farticle%2F1597323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran" class="citation news cs1">Moran, Jay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.wbfo.org/post/rally-seeks-town-hall-meeting-collins">"Rally seeks town hall meeting with Collins"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rally+seeks+town+hall+meeting+with+Collins&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.wbfo.org%2Fpost%2Frally-seeks-town-hall-meeting-collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/news/2017/02/21/voters-shame-cowardly-reps-town-halls-hosted-cardboard-cut-outs">"Voters Shame Cowardly Reps with Town Halls Hosted by Cardboard Cut-Outs"</a>. <i>Common Dreams</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Common+Dreams&rft.atitle=Voters+Shame+Cowardly+Reps+with+Town+Halls+Hosted+by+Cardboard+Cut-Outs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fnews%2F2017%2F02%2F21%2Fvoters-shame-cowardly-reps-town-halls-hosted-cardboard-cut-outs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaite.com/online/missing-stickers-placed-on-milk-cartons-after-lawmaker-dodges-town-halls/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Missing' Stickers Placed on Milk Cartons After Lawmaker Dodges Town Halls"</a>. <i>www.mediaite.com</i>. 21 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mediaite.com&rft.atitle=%27Missing%27+Stickers+Placed+on+Milk+Cartons+After+Lawmaker+Dodges+Town+Halls&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaite.com%2Fonline%2Fmissing-stickers-placed-on-milk-cartons-after-lawmaker-dodges-town-halls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndivisible_Martin2017" class="citation cs2">Indivisible Martin (2017-02-18), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219020213/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YytB-QesZ58&gl=US&hl=en"><i>Dear Brian Mast – from the People of Martin County</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YytB-QesZ58">the original</a> on 2017-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+Brian+Mast+%E2%80%93+from+the+People+of+Martin+County&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft.au=Indivisible+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DYytB-QesZ58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/politics/texas/article/ted-cruz-town-hall-houston-congress-10947876.php">"Constituents host 'Texas Town Hall without Ted Cruz'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Constituents+host+%27Texas+Town+Hall+without+Ted+Cruz%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftexas%2Farticle%2Fted-cruz-town-hall-houston-congress-10947876.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTEGNA" class="citation news cs1">TEGNA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.9news.com/news/local/politics/cory-gardners-cory-gardner-less-town-hall/410860626">"Cory Gardner's Cory Gardner-less town hall"</a>. <i>KUSA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KUSA&rft.atitle=Cory+Gardner%27s+Cory+Gardner-less+town+hall&rft.au=TEGNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9news.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fpolitics%2Fcory-gardners-cory-gardner-less-town-hall%2F410860626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForestMarchildonMclntosh2004" class="citation book cs1">Forest, Pierre-Gerlier; Marchildon, Gregory P.; Mclntosh, Tom, eds. (2004-01-01). <i>Changing Health Care in Canada: The Romanow Papers, Volume 2</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442672833">10.3138/9781442672833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8618-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-8618-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442672833">10.3138/9781442672833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Health+Care+in+Canada%3A+The+Romanow+Papers%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442672833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442672833&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8618-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Ian (1995). "Bringing the voters back in: A Canadian model for Australia?". <i>Australian Studies of Journalism</i>. <b>4</b>: 29–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Studies+of+Journalism&rft.atitle=Bringing+the+voters+back+in%3A+A+Canadian+model+for+Australia%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=29-49&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://participedia.net/en/methods/new-england-town-meetings">"New England Town Hall Meetings"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+England+Town+Hall+Meetings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparticipedia.net%2Fen%2Fmethods%2Fnew-england-town-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtzioni1972" class="citation journal cs1">Etzioni, Amitai (1972). "Minerva: An electronic town hall". <i>Policy Sciences</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 457–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01405348">10.1007/BF01405348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154572096">154572096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Sciences&rft.atitle=Minerva%3A+An+electronic+town+hall&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-474&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01405348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154572096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Etzioni&rft.aufirst=Amitai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATown+hall+meeting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congressfoundation.org/projects/town-hall/online-town-hall-meetings-exploring-democracy-in-the-21st-century">Online Town Hall Meetings – Exploring Democracy in the 21st Century</a>. Congress Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbusiness.com/its-time-for-a-town-hall-meeting-11550341-1.html">It's Time for A Town Hall Meeting</a>, All Business.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_hall_meeting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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