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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and migration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Border conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Decline and restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineage_(Kwa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_(Kwa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Lineage (<i>Kwa</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_(Kwa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_(Pödhø)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_(Pödhø)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Group (<i>Pödhø</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_(Pödhø)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamlet_(Pajø)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamlet_(Pajø)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Hamlet (<i>Pajø</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamlet_(Pajø)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_(gølø,_or_"kalø"_gool)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_(gølø,_or_"kalø"_gool)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Family (<i>gølø</i>, or "kalø" <i>gool</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_(gølø,_or_"kalø"_gool)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kwareth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwareth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Kwareth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwareth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ororo_(Ororø)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ororo_(Ororø)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ororo (<i>Ororø</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ororo_(Ororø)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chollo_(Cøllø)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chollo_(Cøllø)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Chollo (Cøllø)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chollo_(Cøllø)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bang_Reth:_Bangng_Rädhø" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bang_Reth:_Bangng_Rädhø"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Bang Reth: Bangng Rädhø</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bang_Reth:_Bangng_Rädhø-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion and mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Nyikang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Nyikang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lineage of Nyikang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Nyikang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Shilluk" title="Regne Shilluk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Shilluk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_shilluk" title="Reino shilluk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino shilluk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilluk_(monarchie)" title="Shilluk (monarchie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shilluk (monarchie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%94%B0%EB%A3%A9_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="씰룩 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="씰룩 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%84%DA%A9" title="مملکت شلک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت شلک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Shilluk" title="Vương quốc Shilluk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Shilluk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">c. 1490 – 1865 kingdom in East Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Läg Cøllø</i> or "Pödh Cøllø" or "Sudan" in Arabic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">15th century–1861</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom"><img alt="Six-bar flag, alternating red, black and white 1490 to 2011 and 2016 to present" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shilluk Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors"><img alt="Shilluk Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png/250px-Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png/375px-Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png/500px-Southern_Sudan_-_1800.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Shilluk Kingdom (yellow) and its neighbors</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a> <small>(from the late 17th century)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1971407–408_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1971407–408-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a><br /><a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">African Traditional Religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Divine monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rädh</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1490–1517 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nyikaangø</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 17th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Odaagø Ocøllø<sup id="cite_ref-Ogot_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 17th century </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Rädh Tugø<sup id="cite_ref-Ogot_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data">Late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Africa">medieval</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1861</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• (1900s) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 (est)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Luo_peoples" title="Luo peoples">Luo peoples</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian Sudan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_the_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shilluk Kingdom</b>, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk people</a>, was located along the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/White_Nile" title="White Nile">White Nile</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Its capital and royal residence were in the town of <a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nyikang" title="Nyikang">Nyikang</a>, who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic people">Nilotic people</a>, the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern <a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a>. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. The current Shilluk king is <a href="/wiki/Reth_Kwongo_Dak_Padiet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet">Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet</a> who ascended to the throne in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The monarchy (the Reth) has been political and religious in nature. The monarch guaranteed social order; his health and the health of the nation were intertwined. Worship is performed in rituals inspired by the <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myth</a> of Nyikang, the first Reth. The Shilluk monarchy and the beliefs of its people was studied in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seligman" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Seligman">Charles Seligman</a> and in 1916 by British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>. Seligman described the Shilluk form of government as a "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">sacred kingship</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_people">Geography and people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom was located along a strip of land along the western and eastern bank of the White Nile and <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat River</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Lake_No" title="Lake No">Lake No</a> to about 12° north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk people</a> are closely related to the more numerous South Sudanese ethnic groups, the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinka_people" title="Dinka people">Dinka</a> (their neighbors to the south and east, respectively). Their <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">language</a> is related to that of the <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuak people</a> near the rivers Baro and <a href="/wiki/River_Pibor" class="mw-redirect" title="River Pibor">Pibor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_group_of_Shilluk,_ca_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg/330px-A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg/495px-A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg/660px-A_group_of_Shilluk%2C_ca_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>A group of Shilluk in around 1860, just before the fall of the kingdom. Men were either naked or wore the skins of cats or young lambs, while women and children wore calf skins.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English name for the Shilluk language derives from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> version of the Shilluk self-designation: <i>Cøllø</i>, or <i>Chollo</i>. This (and a belief by many Shilluk) suggests a common origin with the <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a>, another ethnic group living on the <a href="/wiki/Ugandan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan">Ugandan</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sudanese">South Sudanese</a> and Luo in Tanzania, Kenya, DRC, Chad, CAR and Ethiopia (Anuak) borders. </p><p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic people">Nilotic peoples</a> of South Sudan (such as the Nuer and Dinka), the Shilluk practiced subsistence <a href="/wiki/Cattle_herding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle herding">semi-nomadic cattle</a> breeding and some grain farming.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their social system was egalitarian, and the cattle herds had great symbolic value. The lifestyle of the modern Shilluk is similar, except that their herds are smaller. The Shilluk were capable of being sedentary, because the land along the White Nile was more fertile than elsewhere in the region. Their cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Durra" class="mw-redirect" title="Durra">durra</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, made them a relatively prosperous agricultural people except during prolonged droughts. In 2005 Shilluk population was estimated at 1.7 million; during the nineteenth century they were estimated at 200,000, living in hundreds of villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogot_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogot-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was divided into two provinces: Gher (Gärø) in the north and Luak (Lwagø) in the south. These, in turn, were divided into zones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_migration">Origins and migration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and migration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Nyikang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shrine_of_Nyikang.png/220px-Shrine_of_Nyikang.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shrine_of_Nyikang.png/330px-Shrine_of_Nyikang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Shrine_of_Nyikang.png/440px-Shrine_of_Nyikang.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>A shrine dedicated to Nyikang, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Shilluk legends, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> was founded in 1490. Its legendary first ruler ("Reth") was the hero known as Nyikang who claimed to be half-crocodile and possessed power over the rain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201818-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nyikang was the son of a king, Okwa, who ruled a country located "far south near a large lake".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may be <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a> live. After Okwa's death, Nyikang went to war with his brother Duwadh, the legitimate successor to the throne. Facing defeat, Nyikang left his homeland with his retinue and migrated northeast to <a href="/wiki/Wau,_South_Sudan" title="Wau, South Sudan">Wau</a> (near the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_River" title="Bahr el Ghazal River">Bahr el Ghazal</a>, "river of gazelles" in Arabic). Here (known by the Shilluk as the <i>Pothe Thuro</i>) Nyikang married the daughter of Dimo, the local magician. After a conflict with Dimo Nyikang migrated north (crossing the Bahr el Ghazal) to Acietagwok (a Shilluk village about 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of the village of Tonga) around 1550. Nyikang then traveled to Nyilual, an uninhabited region west of the present town of <a href="/wiki/Malakal" title="Malakal">Malakal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyler_1918_108_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyler_1918_108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, legends claim that Nyikang vanished in a whirlwind in the middle of a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201818-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom">Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Border_conflicts">Border conflicts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Border conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aturwic_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aturwic_1910.jpg/220px-Aturwic_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Aturwic_1910.jpg/330px-Aturwic_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Aturwic_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Aturwik, the homestead mound of the Shilluk king at <a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a> with his four huts built on top. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 17th century, to ensure a surplus of resources the Shilluk raided and looted neighbouring populations north and south along the White Nile. The looting was usually conducted by the heads of <i>podh</i> (clusters of villages). The Reth was no exception; the Reth of the south would send his Shilluk warriors upstream to Dinka lands. Reserving the largest share of the plunder, the Reth increased his possessions and his influence on the Shilluk country through his armed men, <i>Bath Reth</i>. The timing of these events remains obscure, and it is unclear whether the Reth is a figure from a single dynasty or several Reth coexisted. If the latter, there may have been a dozen different dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the reign of King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odak_Ochollo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odak Ochollo (page does not exist)">Odak Ochollo</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600–1635) and 1861, the Shilluk tried to expand their northern border militarily. The portion of the valley of the White Nile between the villages of Muomo and Asalaya was unfavourable for agriculture; however, the northern <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> provided an abundance of game, fish and honey. To control trade on the White Nile Odak Ochollo made an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Sultanate of Darfur</a>, supporting it in its fight against the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Funj" class="mw-redirect" title="Funj">Funj</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar Sultanate</a>. </p><p>By 1630, the Dinka south and west of the Shilluk country had invaded the southern border of the Sultanate of Sennar. The progression of the Dinka continued through the 17th and 18th centuries, towards the <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazirah_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazirah (state)">Gezira</a> region. Before this changed the strategic balance, the Shilluk and Funj united against the Dinka and checked them militarily. This era marked the beginning of Shilluk economic ties to other groups (Funj, Arabs, European merchants and <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist Sudan">Mahdists</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golden_Age"><span class="anchor" id="Golden_Age_of_the_Shilluk_monarchy"></span>Golden Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1650 the Shilluk population (despite its diversity) appeared to gain a sense of national unity, accompanied by a strengthening of royal authority. The Reth and a more-centralized government established a monopoly on economic resources and trade. This consolidation is primarily due to the military success of the Shilluk King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhokoth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhokoth (page does not exist)">Dhokoth</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1670–1690). Looting continued upstream along the White Nile in Dinka territory and westward to the <a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a>. </p><p> In 1684, a drought destroyed the Shilluk crops. Driven by hunger, many men took up arms and went down the river to the Arabized peoples of present <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. These lootings were orchestrated from the river; men in canoes would raid the northern Arab regions. During this time the White Nile was known as the <i>Bahr al-Scheluk</i>, the "river of Shilluk". King <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tug%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tugø (page does not exist)">Tugø</a> (Rädh Tugø) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1690–1710), son of Rädh Dhøköödhø, founded <a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a> as the permanent residence of the Shilluk kings and set up elaborate rituals and investiture ceremonies.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CentralEastAfrica1750.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CentralEastAfrica1750.png/220px-CentralEastAfrica1750.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CentralEastAfrica1750.png/330px-CentralEastAfrica1750.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/CentralEastAfrica1750.png/440px-CentralEastAfrica1750.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The state along the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> in 1750</figcaption></figure> <p>The Shilluk Kingdom reached its peak in the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201818-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Sultanate of Sennar declined in power. The Shilluk kings took the disappearance of Sennar from the political scene as an opportunity to strengthen their position on the northern frontier. The caravans were under the influence of the Shilluk kings, and were enriched by the shuttle service made available by the Shilluk to merchants wishing to cross the White Nile to Asalaya when travelling between <a href="/wiki/Sennar" title="Sennar">Sennar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ubayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ubayyid">El Obeid</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Shilluk Kingdom expanded its territory up to the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile" title="Blue Nile">Blue</a> and White Nile, where <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> was later built, and defeated numerous attempted invasions by the northern peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201818-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline_and_restoration">Decline and restoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline and restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deserted_Shillook_Village,_1862.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png/260px-Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png/390px-Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png/520px-Deserted_Shillook_Village%2C_1862.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>A deserted Shilluk village after a Turkish slave raid, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1786, the <a href="/wiki/Funj_people" title="Funj people">Funj</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sennar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Sennar">Sultanate of Sennar</a> began a period of decline.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Adlan_II" title="Adlan II">Adlan II</a> was troubled by his war with the Hameg tribe established south of the town of <a href="/wiki/Er_Roseires" title="Er Roseires">Er Roseires</a>, following 30 years of anarchy and looting by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasser_Hameg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasser Hameg (page does not exist)">Nasser Hameg</a>. In 1820 the Viceroy of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>, began his southern campaign to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. That year, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkish-Egyptian</a> troops of <a href="/wiki/Raghib_Pasha" title="Raghib Pasha">Ismail Pasha</a> also put a final end to the Sultanate of Funj. Confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> and Shilluk became inevitable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png/260px-Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png/390px-Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png/520px-Schweinfurth-Ansicht_von_Faschoda.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Fashoda in 1869, when it had become the seat of an Egyptian governor</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1821, despite resistance from the Shilluk, the northern border began to recede. The first confirmed slave raid by northerners into Shilluk land occurred in 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201821_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201821-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From then on, the kingdom was increasingly targeted by raiders. During the reign of Reth <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyokwej%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyokwejø (page does not exist)">Nyokwejø</a> (Yör, Nyokwejø wäd Kwondïd (Nyikwëyø) kwar Okonø wäd Tugø) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1820) a united force of <a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> crossed the river <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat</a>, which cost the Shilluk total control of the White Nile. By 1865, the Shilluk Kingdom had lost part its political standing. The present Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom is known by Sudanese as Pödh Cøllø (Sudan) after the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Republic of Sudan</a>. </p><p>The lands of what was the Shilluk Kingdom is now part of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> and the current Shilluk King is Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet who succeeded to Rethship in 1993 after the death of the previous King Reth Ayang Aney Kur in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lineage_(Kwa)"><span id="Lineage_.28Kwa.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Linage_(Kwa)"></span>Lineage (<i>Kwa</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lineage (Kwa)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Kwa</i> means "grandfather" or "ancestor". <i>Kwaarø</i> and <i>Kwari</i> have similar meanings, but imply descent: "grandchild" and "down".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the Shilluk equivalents of "lineage" and "clan". The members of a <i>Kwa</i> descend from the same ancestor, the <i>Kwar Kwa</i>; <i>Kwar Okëëlø</i> means all the descendants of <i>Okëëlø</i> (the name of a person). This system is also used with legendary characters. More than 100 lineages have been studied.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of <i>Kwa</i> are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>Kwa Ajalø</i> was founded by Jalø, an exile with Nyikaangø (Nyikang).</li> <li>The <i>Kwa Mønø</i> was founded by Mønø, a servant Nyikaaŋø met when he arrived in the Shilluk country.</li> <li>The <i>Kwa Ju</i> was founded by Ju, half-brother of Nyikaangø.</li> <li>The <i>Kwa Tugi</i> was founded by Tugø, a spirit which Nyikaangø found in a river.</li> <li>The <i>Kwa Tuga</i> was founded by Tuga, an Arab whose sister married Nyikaangø.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Group_(Pödhø)"><span id="Group_.28P.C3.B6dh.C3.B8.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Grouping_(Pödhø)"></span>Group (<i>Pödhø</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Group (Pödhø)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Buchta_-_Shilluk_warrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man holding a large shield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Richard_Buchta_-_Shilluk_warrior.jpg/220px-Richard_Buchta_-_Shilluk_warrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Richard_Buchta_-_Shilluk_warrior.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Late 19th-century Shilluk warrior</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>pödhø</i>, or grouping, may refer to any grouped set, the Shilluk country, a group or a federation. In the latter context, <i>pödhø</i> refers to a group of villages inhabited by several lineages which unite for mutual defense under a single leader. This federation of hamlets is the basis of Shilluk social structure. The region has over 100 <i>pödhø</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pumphrey_7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pumphrey_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and during the British colonization, these lineages united against the threat of tribal wars. However, during peacetime the communities dissolved because of internal strife; many people faced a conflict of allegiance between their <i>podh</i> leader and the leader of their <i>Kwar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pumphrey_7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pumphrey_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, Nyikang gave each lineage a <i>podh</i> as its home territory. If this line still exists, it is considered the owner of the land and its members are known as <i>dyil</i>. The other lines living in the area from later migrations are known as <i>wëdhdh</i>. If the ruling <i>dyëll</i> family dies out, the rights go to the second-oldest lineage in the area. The lineage of the <i>dyëll</i> theoretically provides the <i>podh</i> with its leader, but authority may revert to the most-important lineage. In this case, the original lineage retains its prestige and land-ownership rights. Some groups (such as the Odong Panyikang) have adopted a rotation system of authority between the two (or three) most-important lines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hamlet_(Pajø)"><span id="Hamlet_.28Paj.C3.B8.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Hamlet_(Pajø)"></span>Hamlet (<i>Pajø</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hamlet (Pajø)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilluk_village2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early 20th-century village, with thatch-roofed huts and people walking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shilluk_village2.jpg/220px-Shilluk_village2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shilluk_village2.jpg/330px-Shilluk_village2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Shilluk_village2.jpg/440px-Shilluk_village2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>A Shilluk <i>pajø</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Within each group (<i>podh</i>) are hamlets (<i>pajø</i>). The <i>pac</i> is inhabited by individuals from the same lineage. Some hamlets may consist of only one dwelling, but others may have more than fifty. The <i>pajø</i> is a family in its broadest sense. A traditional dwelling consists of two huts (<i>gol</i>) separated by a small space enclosed by millet stalks or coarse grass mats. The homes are built around a large common pen for goats and cows. A large hut (<i>lwagø</i>) houses livestock during the rainy season. During the rest of the year, the hut is a hostel for foreign guests and a town hall.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_(gølø,_or_"kalø"_gool)"><span id="Family_.28g.C3.B8l.C3.B8.2C_or_.22kal.C3.B8.22_gool.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Family_(gøl,_gool)"></span>Family (<i>gølø</i>, or "kalø" <i>gool</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Family (gølø, or "kalø" gool)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By extension, <i>gol</i> or "kalø" or ("home") also means "family". In the latter sense, the <i>gol</i> is the smallest unit of Shilluk society. An unmarried man does not have his own home; unmarried individuals are attached to their father's <i>gol</i>. If his father has died, the single person joins the <i>gol</i> of his oldest living married brother. The owner of the house is the head of his family, responsible for its inhabitants and the family herd. Since the traditional remedy for an offense is payment in cattle, the head of the family (not the wrongdoer) is responsible for the offense.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shilluk people were divided into four classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kwareth">Kwareth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kwareth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png/220px-The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png/330px-The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png/440px-The_King_of_the_Shilluks.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The Shilluk king in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Kwareth</i> (<i>kwa</i>, "ancestor"; <i>reth</i>, "king") is the royal clan of descendants of Nyikang. This group is widely distributed, with its members having the greatest number of wives. Although it currently has no political authority, members of this class form a rural aristocracy. Members hold one of four titles:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Reth</i>: The regent, who succeeds through <a href="/wiki/Male_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male primogeniture">male primogeniture</a></li> <li><i>Nyireth</i>: Prince or princess; if male, the heir presumptive</li> <li><i>Nyareth</i>: son of a <i>nyireth</i></li> <li><i>Kwar Nyireth</i>: son of a lesser <i>nyireth</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ororo_(Ororø)"><span id="Ororo_.28Oror.C3.B8.29"></span>Ororo (<i>Ororø</i>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ororo (Ororø)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ororø is a branch of the royal line which has lost its place in the line of succession. Its members are similar to the rest of the population, except for their ritual functions in connection with royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Pumphrey_1941_12_14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pumphrey_1941_12_14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of King Odaagø, the Shilluk were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a> after a battle against the <a href="/wiki/Anuak_people" title="Anuak people">Anuaks</a>. After this setback, it was decided at a council of war to enlist all princes in battle the next day. The conscripted army crossed the river to battle, except for Prince Duwadh (<i>Dïwäädø wäd Ocøllø</i>). The battle was a massacre, in which all the princes were killed. Duwadh became king, and demoted every son of the dead princes to the <i>Cøllø</i> class. Since then, only descendants of Duwadh were eligible for the Kwar Reth class. Those relegated were nicknamed <i>Ororø</i> ("son of a crowd of young girls").<sup id="cite_ref-Pumphrey_1941_12_14_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pumphrey_1941_12_14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chollo_(Cøllø)"><span id="Chollo_.28C.C3.B8ll.C3.B8.29"></span>Chollo (Cøllø)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chollo (Cøllø)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This class includes most Shilluk clans and the majority of the Shilluk people. Its members are descendants of the collateral <i>Nyikang</i> (<i>Jur</i> clans, or <i>dhø kalø</i>), the descendants of Nyikang's companions in exile (<i>Abögø</i> clans, <i>Mööyø</i> or <i>Kwa'julø</i>), or Kwa'Jängø the offspring of other peoples who settled in Shilluk country (the <i>Kwa'Jängø</i> clan was originally a <a href="/wiki/Dinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka">Dinka</a> clan) and the descendants of the peoples who were settled in Shilluk country before Nyikang's arrival (the <i>Oman</i> clan).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Were as Kwa'Mööyø are originally Nuer descendants in Shilluk (Chollo) Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bang_Reth:_Bangng_Rädhø"><span id="Bang_Reth:_Bangng_R.C3.A4dh.C3.B8"></span>Bang Reth: Bangng Rädhø</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bang Reth: Bangng Rädhø"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Bang Reth</i> is the class owned by the king. It consists of two groups: the first group includes his royal wives and the widows of dead kings, and the second includes <a href="/wiki/Serfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Serfs">serfs</a> (descendants of slaves captured in raids, or volunteers under the protection of the king because of a violent crime).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_mythology">Religion and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Nyikang"><span class="anchor" id="Linage_of_Nyikang"></span>Lineage of Nyikang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lineage of Nyikang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sobat.jpg/330px-Sobat.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sobat.jpg/495px-Sobat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Sobat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The river <a href="/wiki/Sobat_River" title="Sobat River">Sobat</a> in South Sudan where the first King Nyikang founded the Shilluk Kingdom.</figcaption></figure><p>The Shilluk, like other Nilotic peoples, do not give great importance to cosmology. The Shilluk focus on a figure who lived so long ago his life is shrouded in myth: King Nyikang.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His origins were considered divine. A white cow named <i>Dean Aduk (Dhyang Adugø)</i> bore a gourd. When it was torn, a man named Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) arose. Kolo fathered Omaro (Omaarø), who fathered Wat Mol (Wäd Möölø), who fathered Okwä.<sup id="cite_ref-Westernmann_1912_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westernmann_1912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Okwa was said to have visited a riverbank and saw two beautiful young women, Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) and Ongwak, coming out of the water. They had long hair, and part of their bodies was crocodile-shaped. Okwa grabbed them, and took them by force; their screams alerted their father, Dunyel Ju'Okwa, who was nearby. Dunyel's was a man on his right side, but a crocodile on his left. After some discussion, Dunyel agreed to give his two daughters to Okwa (Okwä) at a high <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>. Nyakayo (Nyikaayø) Nyikang bore several children; Nyikang was considered by some his eldest son, but according to others he was his youngest son. Another tradition says that Nyikang's twin brother was Duwat (Dïwäädɔ).<sup id="cite_ref-Westernmann_1912_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westernmann_1912-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular belief connects the confluence of the River Sobat and the White Nile with Nyakayo's home.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile"><span class="anchor" id="Exile_of_Nyikang"></span>Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of Okwa (Okwä) began a feud between Nyikang (Nyikaangø) and his brother Duwat (Dïwäädø) about monarchical succession. Duwat became king; Nyikang refused to swear allegiance, deciding to move elsewhere with his family. Names vary with versions of the myth, although Omoli Ju (Omööli Ju), Ju Nya Okwä is commonly named. </p><p>When Nyikang was leaving, Duwat asked him to look behind him as he threw a long, sharp stick towards his half-brother. With this gesture, Duwat signified that the migrants could never return. However, Nyikang took the stick and used it to plant crops. </p><p>After many days of travel, the migrant group arrived in a land ruled by Dim (Dïmø), a sorcerer. Nyikang married, and his wife bore him a son named Dak (Daagø). The fugitives settled near where the Sobat River flowed into the White Nile, and founded the Shilluk Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Oyler_1918_108_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oyler_1918_108-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references"><span class="anchor" id="Notes_and_References"></span>Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oyler" title="Oyler">DS Oyler</a>'s document states the cow that gave it birth Omaro (Omaarɔ) begat Kolo (Köölø, Pöölø) who begot Okwa Mol (Okwä Möölø) as opposed to Kolo being the founder.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMercer1971407–408-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMercer1971407–408_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMercer1971">Mercer 1971</a>, pp. 407–408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogot-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogot_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Ogo99" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Bethwell_Allan_Ogot" title="Bethwell Allan Ogot">Ogot, B. A.</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw-1DOCXUgsC&pg=PA89">"Chapter 7: The Sudan, 1500–1800"</a>. <i>General History of Africa</i>. Vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 89–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520067004" title="Special:BookSources/9780520067004"><bdi>9780520067004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Sudan%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=89-103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520067004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFw-1DOCXUgsC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf">https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1934" class="citation book cs1">Seligman, Charles Gabriel (1934). <i>Egypt and Negro Africa: A Study in Divine Kingship</i>. Routledge and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+and+Negro+Africa%3A+A+Study+in+Divine+Kingship&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Sons&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Shilluk." <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1</i> Infobase Publishing, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201818-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201818_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyler_1918_108-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyler_1918_108_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyler_1918_108_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oyler 1918, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeber 2010, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.A. Robinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=genpub;cc=genpub;rgn=full%20text;idno=ACT4675.0008.001;didno=ACT4675.0008.001;view=image;seq=00000133">"Nimr, the Last King of Shendi", <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i></a>, <b>8</b> (1925), p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartell201821-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartell201821_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartell2018">Martell 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann 1912, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann 1912, pp. 127–134 – from a complete list of 74 Kwa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pumphrey_7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pumphrey_7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pumphrey_7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pumphrey_1941_12_14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pumphrey_1941_12_14_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pumphrey_1941_12_14_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, pp. 12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pumphrey 1941, pp. 14–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeber 2010, p. 18-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westernmann_1912-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westernmann_1912_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westernmann_1912_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann 1912, p. XL</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westermann 1912, p. XLI</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeswick2014" class="citation book cs1">Beswick, Stephanie (2014). "The Role of Slavery in the Rise and Fall of the Shilluk Kingdom". In Souad T. Ali; et al. (eds.). <i>The Road to the Two Sudans</i>. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 108–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443856324" title="Special:BookSources/9781443856324"><bdi>9781443856324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Slavery+in+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Shilluk+Kingdom&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+the+Two+Sudans&rft.pages=108-142&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781443856324&rft.aulast=Beswick&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2011" class="citation journal cs1">Graeber, David (2011). "The Divine Kingship of the Shilluk". <i>HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory</i>. <b>1</b> (1). University of Chicago: 1–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau1.1.002">10.14318/hau1.1.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2575-1433">2575-1433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159850613">159850613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Divine+Kingship+of+the+Shilluk&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-62&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159850613%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2575-1433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14318%2Fhau1.1.002&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartell2018" class="citation book cs1">Martell, Peter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xrSXDwAAQBAJ&q=First+Raise+a+Flag"><i>First Raise a Flag</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849049597" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849049597"><bdi>978-1849049597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Raise+a+Flag&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1849049597&rft.aulast=Martell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxrSXDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFirst%2BRaise%2Ba%2BFlag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Mercer, Patricia (1971). "Shilluk Trade and Politics from the Mid-Seventeenth Century to 1861". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>12</b> (3). Cambridge University: 407–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700010859">10.1017/s0021853700010859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154445649">154445649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Shilluk+Trade+and+Politics+from+the+Mid-Seventeenth+Century+to+1861&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-426&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700010859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154445649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mercer&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgot1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IdWSQsban3sC&q=intronisation+shilluk&pg=PA159"><i>Histoire générale de l'Afrique: V. L'Afrique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle</i></a> (in French). UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789232024978" title="Special:BookSources/9789232024978"><bdi>9789232024978</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique%3A+V.+L%27Afrique+du+XVIe+au+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789232024978&rft.aulast=Ogot&rft.aufirst=Bethwell+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIdWSQsban3sC%26q%3Dintronisation%2Bshilluk%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyler1918" class="citation book cs1">Oyler, D. S. (1918). "Nikawng and the Shilluk migration". <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i>. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nikawng+and+the+Shilluk+migration&rft.btitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Oyler&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPumphrey1941" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pumphrey, M. E. C. (1941). "The Shilluk tribe". <i>Sudan Notes and Records</i>. Vol. XXIV, part I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Shilluk+tribe&rft.btitle=Sudan+Notes+and+Records&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Pumphrey&rft.aufirst=M.+E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermann1912" class="citation book cs1">Westermann, Diedrich (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shillukpeopleth02westgoog"><i>The Shilluk People, Their Language and Folklore</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shilluk+People%2C+Their+Language+and+Folklore&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=Diedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshillukpeopleth02westgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShilluk+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_kingdom" title="Daju kingdom">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Niani" title="Kingdom of Niani">Niani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niumi">Niumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom" title="Tunjur kingdom">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wuli" title="Kingdom of Wuli">Wuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&oldid=1247722511">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shilluk_Kingdom&oldid=1247722511</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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