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Massina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segou_and_Massina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmadu_Tall_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadu_Tall_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ahmadu Tall and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadu_Tall_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tukulor Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سلطنة تكرور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة تكرور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_de_Tukulor" title="Imperiu de Tukulor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu de Tukulor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="توكولير ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توكولير ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Mansamara" title="Toucouleur Mansamara – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Toucouleur Mansamara" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_toukouleur" title="Impalaeriezh toukouleur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh toukouleur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Tukulor" title="Imperi Tukulor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Tukulor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_tuculor" title="Imperio tuculor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio tuculor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_toucouleur" title="Empire toucouleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Toucouleur" title="Kekaisaran Toucouleur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Toucouleur" title="Impero Toucouleur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="トゥクロール帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥクロール帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Toucouleur" title="Imperiul Toucouleur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Тиджания Омара ал-Хаджа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тиджания Омара ал-Хаджа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukulorivaltakunta" title="Tukulorivaltakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tukulorivaltakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takruri_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Takruri Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Takruri Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Імперія тукулерів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперія тукулерів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سلطنت ٹوکیولیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت ٹوکیولیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Toucouleur" title="Đế quốc Toucouleur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Toucouleur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BA%93%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="图库洛尔帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图库洛尔帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BA%93%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="图库洛尔帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图库洛尔帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toucouleur_Empire&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sunni empire in West Africa (1861–1890)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Toucouleur Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names">الخلافة التجانية<br /><small><i>Al-khilafat al-tijania</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1852–1893</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The greatest extent of the Toucouleur Empire at the time of Omar Tall's death in 1864"><img alt="The greatest extent of the Toucouleur Empire at the time of Omar Tall's death in 1864" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png/250px-Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png/375px-Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Umars_jihad_state_map_general_c1864.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="228" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The greatest extent of the <b>Toucouleur Empire</b> at the time of Omar Tall's death in 1864</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Segou" class="mw-redirect" title="Segou">Segou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Caliph</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Omar Tall declares <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> against Tamba </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 1852</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1893</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Segu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Segu Empire">Segu Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Diarra" title="Kingdom of Diarra">Kingdom of Diarra</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tukulor Empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخلافة التجانية</span>; <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: <i lang="ff">Laamateeri Tukuleer</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Empire toucouleur</i>; also known as the <b>Tijaniyya Jihad state</b> or the <b>Segu Tukulor</b> or the <b>Tidjaniya Caliphate</b> or the <b>Umarian State</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (1861–1890) was an Islamic state in the mid-nineteenth century founded by <a href="/wiki/Omar_Saidou_Tall" title="Omar Saidou Tall">Elhadj Oumar Foutiyou Tall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_founding">Background and founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Omar Tall returned from the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> in 1836 with the titles of El Hadj and <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a> brotherhood of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a>. After a long stay in <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, he moved to the <a href="/wiki/Fouta_Djallon" title="Fouta Djallon">Fouta Djallon</a> region (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>) in the 1840s. Here, he completed a major work on Tijaniyya scholarship; after this he started to focus on military struggle. Omar Tall planned to conquer new pagan territory for Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omar Tall's message appealed to a large cross-section of the Sahelian population in the mid 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, Moors, and others. Many lowerclass people had grievances against local religious or military elites. Slaves aspired to gain freedom fighting for Islam. Rootless individuals of mixed ethnic background found new social identity and opportunities. Communities under the power of Europeans looked to Tall to drive off the foreigners. <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a> families hoped to gain political power in addition to their religious influence.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His growing power and number of followers caused tension with the leaders of the Imamate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851 he moved his community to found the city of <a href="/wiki/Dinguiraye" title="Dinguiraye">Dinguiraye</a> in what was then the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Tamba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Tamba (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Tamba</a>. The king, Yambi, granted him the land in return for a yearly payment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup> Soon, however, Tall's continued stockpiling of weapons began to worry the Tamba leaders as well. After a series of emissaries to Tall were rebuffed, and one prominent griot even converted to Islam, Yambi pre-emptively attacked the community but was defeated in September 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 108">: 108 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_conquests_and_conflict_with_the_French">First conquests and conflict with the French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First conquests and conflict with the French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg/220px-Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg/330px-Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg/440px-Stein_1861_Africa_Umars_Jihad_State.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary German map showing states prior to the rise of Omar Tall, coloured to represent his empire in 1861. Conquered capitals in green, French forts in blue. The unoccupied region in the center is the waste of <a href="/wiki/Hodh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh">Hodh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After conquering Tamba, Tall launched his jihad. His first moves were to the north, with the Jallonke general Modi Mamadu Jam leading the conquests of Makhana and <a href="/wiki/Guidimaka_Region" title="Guidimaka Region">Guidimakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 103">: 103 </span></sup> Tall built a <i>tata</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortification</a>) near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kayes" title="Kayes">Kayes</a> that is today a popular <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> destination.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He conquered <a href="/wiki/Bambouk" title="Bambouk">Bambouk</a>, then seized <a href="/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel" title="Nioro du Sahel">Nioro du Sahel</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a>, in April 1855, which became his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-EAH_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855 and 56, his newly conquered <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> subjects rebelled against the imposition of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> </p><p>After restoring control, Omar Tall turned west towards <a href="/wiki/Futa_Toro" class="mw-redirect" title="Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajaaga" title="Gajaaga">Gajaaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bundu_(state)" title="Bundu (state)">Bundu</a>. This brought him into conflict with the French who were attempting to establish their commercial supremacy along the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegal river">Senegal river</a>. Tall besieged the French <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> army at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_Fort" title="Siege of Medina Fort">Medina Fort</a>. The siege failed on July 18, 1857, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe" title="Louis Faidherbe">Louis Faidherbe</a>, French governor of Senegal, arrived with relief forces. In 1860 Omar Tall made a treaty with the French that recognized his, and his followers', sphere of influence in Futa Toro and assigned them the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Segu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segou_and_Massina">Segou and Massina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Segou and Massina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With his western flank secure, Tall turned towards the <a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a>. He formally enthroned his son <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Tall" title="Ahmadu Tall">Ahmadu Tall</a> as his successor and <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a> during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> The Toucouleur forces captured <a href="/wiki/Nyamina" title="Nyamina">Nyamina</a> without a fight on May 25, 1860, then won the battle of Witala in September, during which the cannon captured from the French were decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-Segu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 413">: 413 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amadu_III_of_Masina" title="Amadu III of Masina">Amadu III of Masina</a> lent aid to Bina 'Alī, the <i>faama</i> of <a href="/wiki/Segou" class="mw-redirect" title="Segou">Segou</a>, on condition that he accept Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster19991116_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster19991116-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1861 the Massina army was mobilized under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ba_Lobbo" title="Ba Lobbo">Ba Lobbo</a> with 8,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry and 1,000 musketeers and was joined at Tio, on the right bank of the Niger opposite <a href="/wiki/Sansanding" title="Sansanding">Sansanding</a>, by what was left of the Bamana forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198782_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198782-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-February two fleets of canoes clashed in mid-stream. About 500 of Umar's troops attacked a village near Tio on their own initiative, and were caught and destroyed. The next day, however, Umar split his army into two wings, which crossed the river at night and crushed the allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198783_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198783-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segou" title="Battle of Segou">Battle of Segou</a> on March 10, 1861, Tall made the city the capital of his Toucouleur Empire. Another Bambara revolt broke out, instigated by Massina.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> Installing Ahmadu as <a href="/wiki/Faama" title="Faama">faama</a> of Segou, Tall marched down the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a> to put an end to the threat of Hamdullahi once and for all.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was controversial, as attacking a fellow Muslim power was forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-EAH_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 70,000 died in the battles that followed. The most decisive was at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cayawal" title="Battle of Cayawal">Cayawal</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Amadu_III_of_Masina" title="Amadu III of Masina">Amadu III</a> was wounded, then captured and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198783_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198783-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a> fell quickly followed by <a href="/wiki/Hamdullahi" title="Hamdullahi">Hamdullahi</a> in May 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198784_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198784-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this victory, the region remained deeply unsettled. <i>Tonjon</i> warlords commanding remnants of the Bamana armies resisted in pockets, and raiding was endemic on all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Segu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 414">: 414 </span></sup> Soon, a major rebellion broke out in the Massina lands led by <a href="/wiki/Ba_Lobbo" title="Ba Lobbo">Ba Lobbo</a>. While suppressing the revolt in the spring of 1863, Omar Tall reoccupied the city of Hamdullahi, but in June the rebel forces besieged his army there. They captured the city in February 1864. Omar Tall fled, but was killed soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-Tall-Hadja_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tall-Hadja-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmadu_Tall_and_decline">Ahmadu Tall and decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ahmadu Tall and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg/220px-The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg/330px-The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg/440px-The_Tijaniyya_Caliphate_in_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>The Toucouleur Caliphate in 1881 under the reign of Ahmadu Tall.</figcaption></figure> <p>At his death, Omar Tall's nephew <a href="/wiki/Tidiani_Tall" title="Tidiani Tall">Tidiani Tall</a> contested the succession with Ahmadu Tall, continuing the war in Massina and installing his capital at Bandiagara. At Segou, Ahmadu continued to reign, fighting to centralize the empire against the resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> aristocracy. To that end he cultivated a base of support among the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> natives of Segou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198268_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198268-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, <i>Torodbe</i> from Futa Toro dominated the upper ranks of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 109">: 109 </span></sup> </p><p>Ahmadu's brothers Aguibou and Mokhtar, who had been left in Dinguiraye during the wars against Segou and Massina, attempted to take power themselves in Nioro and <a href="/wiki/Koniakary" class="mw-redirect" title="Koniakary">Koniakary</a> during the 1870s, but were both defeated and imprisoned. Ahmadu replaced them with another brother, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muntaga_Tall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muntaga Tall (page does not exist)">Muntaga</a>. He in turn rebelled in 1884, pushing Ahmadu to move his court to Nioro.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105–6">: 105–6 </span></sup> </p><p>The French, meanwhile, continued to expand. They captured Nioro in 1891 and drove Ahmadu to Bandiagara.<sup id="cite_ref-EAH_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAH-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 the French took final control, ending the empire and sending Ahmadu into exile in <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_economy">Government and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the main aims of governance under the Toucouleur Empire was to unify the population of the state under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. To that end, justice and islamization were handled by a corps of qadis and <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabouts</a>. The state was funded by direct religious and secular taxes, as well as customs duties on trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198270_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198270-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omar Tall's conquest of the Bamana Empire was facilitated by internal instability and decentralization, but this made rule of the middle Niger difficult. In the 1860s inflation was rampant, and troops raided widely to obtain supplies, since the state did not have a firm enough grip on the country to tax the people and pay or feed soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Segu_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 415">: 415 </span></sup> Insecurity and the arms trade with the coast helped shift trade away from the north-south Niger routes towards an east–west axis linking Nioro to Segou.<sup id="cite_ref-Segu_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 417">: 417 </span></sup> </p><p>At least by the reign of Ahmadu, the government of the Empire was highly structured, with governors of the various provinces seconded by cadis, military commanders and tax collectors, all appointed by the <i>Khalifa</i>. Ministers based in Segou managed various portfolios such as justice, the <a href="/wiki/Niger_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger river">Niger river</a> fleet, the public treasury, relations with Europeans and other foreign powers, commerce, etc. The army was professionalized and hierarchichal, with a core of <i>sofas</i> bodyguards, and commanded most of the state's budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198269–70_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198269–70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large swath of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> territory that once encompassed the Toucouleur Empire is now today Muslim due to the campaigns of Omar Tall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Imamate of Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_Muslim_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sunni Muslim dynasties">List of Sunni Muslim dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, David (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/217225">"Another Look at the Umarian State"</a>. <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>6 »</b>: 646<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Another+Look+at+the+Umarian+State&rft.volume=6+%C2%BB&rft.pages=646&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F217225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2014" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fortunesofafrica0000mere_b3d2"><i>The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour</i></a>. New York: Public Affairs. pp. 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-459-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61039-459-8"><bdi>978-1-61039-459-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortunes+of+Africa%3A+A+5000+Year+History+of+Wealth%2C+Greed+and+Endeavour&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=168-169&rft.pub=Public+Affairs&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61039-459-8&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffortunesofafrica0000mere_b3d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChastanet1987" class="citation journal cs1">Chastanet, Monique (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_31-32/34962.pdf">"De la traite à la conquête coloniale dans le Haut Sénégal : l'état Soninke du Gajaaga de 1818 à 1858"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cahiers du C.R.A</i>. <b>5</b>: 106–107<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+C.R.A&rft.atitle=De+la+traite+%C3%A0+la+conqu%C3%AAte+coloniale+dans+le+Haut+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal+%3A+l%27%C3%A9tat+Soninke+du+Gajaaga+de+1818+%C3%A0+1858&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=106-107&rft.date=1987-10&rft.aulast=Chastanet&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorizon.documentation.ird.fr%2Fexl-doc%2Fpleins_textes%2Fpleins_textes_5%2Fb_fdi_31-32%2F34962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed., New York: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hanson, John H. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171715">"Historical Writing in Nineteenth Century Segu: A Critical Analysis of an Anonymous Arabic Chronicle"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>12</b>: 101–115<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Historical+Writing+in+Nineteenth+Century+Segu%3A+A+Critical+Analysis+of+an+Anonymous+Arabic+Chronicle&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=101-115&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standard.gm/el-hadj-umar-tall-1797-1864-islamic-scholar-and-empire-builder/">"El-Hadj Umar Tall (1797-1864) Islamic scholar and empire builder"</a>. <i>Standard News From The Gambia</i>. 2019-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standard+News+From+The+Gambia&rft.atitle=El-Hadj+Umar+Tall+%281797-1864%29+Islamic+scholar+and+empire+builder&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandard.gm%2Fel-hadj-umar-tall-1797-1864-islamic-scholar-and-empire-builder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAH-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAH_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAH_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAH_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoilley2005" class="citation book cs1">Boilley, Pierre (2005). "Tukolor Empire of al-Hajj Umar". In Shillington, Kevin (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of African History</i>. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1591–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tukolor+Empire+of+al-Hajj+Umar&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1591-2&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Boilley&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Segu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Segu_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segu_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segu_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Segu_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1980" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Richard (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/218950">"Production and Reproduction of Warrior States: Segu Bambara and Segu Tokolor, c. 1712–1890"</a>. <i>Journal of African History</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 389–414<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Production+and+Reproduction+of+Warrior+States%3A+Segu+Bambara+and+Segu+Tokolor%2C+c.+1712%E2%80%931890&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=389-414&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F218950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster19991116-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam-Webster19991116_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999">Merriam-Webster 1999</a>, p. 1116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198782-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198782_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1987">Roberts 1987</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198783-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198783_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198783_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1987">Roberts 1987</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts198784-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts198784_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1987">Roberts 1987</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tall-Hadja-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tall-Hadja_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tall, Hadja (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1548j3ck">"Al Hajj Umar Tall: The Biography of a Controversial Leader"</a>. <i>Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (1/2): 73–90 [86]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FF7321-2016514">10.5070/F7321-2016514</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ufahamu%3A+A+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Al+Hajj+Umar+Tall%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Controversial+Leader&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=73-90+86&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FF7321-2016514&rft.aulast=Tall&rft.aufirst=Hadja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F1548j3ck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198268-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198268_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCissoko1982">Cissoko 1982</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198270-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198270_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCissoko1982">Cissoko 1982</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECissoko198269–70-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECissoko198269–70_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCissoko1982">Cissoko 1982</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCissoko1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cissoko, Sekene Mody (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350899">"Formations sociales et État en Afrique précoloniale : Approche historique"</a>. <i>Présence Africaine</i>. COLLOQUE SUR « LA PROBLÉMATIQUE DE L'ÉTAT EN AFRIQUE NOIRE »<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pr%C3%A9sence+Africaine&rft.atitle=Formations+sociales+et+%C3%89tat+en+Afrique+pr%C3%A9coloniale+%3A+Approche+historique&rft.volume=COLLOQUE+SUR+%C2%AB+LA+PROBL%C3%89MATIQUE+DE+L%27%C3%89TAT+EN+AFRIQUE+NOIRE+%C2%BB&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Cissoko&rft.aufirst=Sekene+Mody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24350899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster1999" class="citation book cs1">Merriam-Webster (1999-09-01). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1116">1116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=1116&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1987" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Richard L. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6IpkgOgKJcC&pg=PA82"><i>Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700–1914</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6613-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-6613-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors%2C+Merchants%2C+and+Slaves%3A+The+State+and+the+Economy+in+the+Middle+Niger+Valley%2C+1700%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6613-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6IpkgOgKJcC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATukulor+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davidson, Basil. <i>Africa in History</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.</li> <li>Klien, Martin. <i>Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59678-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-59678-5">0-521-59678-5</a></li> <li>Oloruntimeehin, B.O. <i>The Segu Tukulor Empire</i>. New York: Humanities Press, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00206-7">978-0-391-00206-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tukulor_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africankingdoms.com">African Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050911213052/http://www.suertenich.com/html/afriq/empire.html">A Map of the Toucouleur Empire</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byhisgrace.cc/toucouleur/Profile/Historic-Background.htm">The Toucouleur People</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_kingdom" title="Daju kingdom">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Niani" title="Kingdom of Niani">Niani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niumi">Niumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom" title="Tunjur kingdom">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wuli" title="Kingdom of Wuli">Wuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q536476#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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