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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-Baranauskas-7">[5]</a> succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a>, to the late 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland–Lithuania</a>. The state was founded by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_(tribe)" title="Lithuanians (tribe)">Lithuanians</a>, who were at the time a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">polytheistic</a> nation of several united <a href="/wiki/Baltic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic tribes">Baltic tribes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a>. By 1440 the grand duchy had become the largest European state, controlling an area from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1994289%E2%80%93290-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1236–1795<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lithuania"><img alt="Flag of Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/125px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/188px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/250px-Royal_banner_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lithuania" title="Flag of Lithuania">Royal Banner</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="380"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania" title="Coat of arms of Lithuania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the height of its power in the 15th century."><img alt="The Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the height of its power in the 15th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png/250px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png/375px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png/500px-Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_1430.png 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1724"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the height of its power in the 15th century.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> (1236–1386, 1440–1447, 1492–1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1386–1440, 1447–1492, 1501–1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1569–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a> under protection of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1655–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> (1657–1795)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voruta" title="Voruta">Voruta</a> (hypothetical; 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" title="Kernavė">Kernavė</a> (after 1279 – before 1316 or 1321)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senieji_Trakai" title="Senieji Trakai">Trakai</a> (c. 1316–1323)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> (from 1323)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a> (see <a href="#Languages">§ Languages</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lithuania" title="Politics of Lithuania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a> (1230–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">Grand Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1236–1263 (from 1251 as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">King</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1764–1795 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seimas_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Seimas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Privy Council</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Council_of_Lords" title="Lithuanian Council of Lords">Council of Lords</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Consolidation began </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1180s</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1251–1263</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1385</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1569</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1795</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania" title="Geography of Lithuania">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1260<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1430<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">930,000 km2 (360,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1572<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">320,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1791<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000 km2 (97,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1793<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">132,000 km2 (51,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Lithuania" title="Demographics of Lithuania">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1260<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">400,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1430<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1572<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,700,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1791<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1793<a href="#cite_note-Gyventojai-6">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,800,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a> envisioned a unitary state whereby the Grand Duchy would be abolished; however, an addendum to the Constitution, known as the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations" title="Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations">Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations</a>, restored Lithuania on 20 October 1791.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Supposed appearance of the royal (military) banner with design derived from a 16th century coat of arms<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The grand duchy expanded to include large portions of the former <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and other neighbouring states, including what is now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. At its greatest extent, in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> It was a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multi-ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiconfessionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiconfessionalism">multiconfessional</a> state, with great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage. The consolidation of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a>, the first ruler of the grand duchy, was crowned as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Lithuania">King of Lithuania</a> in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Crusade">a religious crusade</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>, but survived. Its rapid territorial expansion started late in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell1994289-13">[11]</a> and continued under the co-leadership of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Algirdas's son <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a> in 1386, bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">conversion to Christianity</a> of Europe's last pagan state,<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> This marked the beginning of the rule of other countries by the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> members of the Lithuanian ruling <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminid</a> dynasty, who since the 14th–15th centuries ruled not only Lithuania, but also <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a>, son of Kęstutis, marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the grand duchy (it became one of the largest countries territorially in Europe) and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 1410.<a href="#cite_note-EP-19">[17]</a> It also marked the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobility" title="Lithuanian nobility">Lithuanian nobility</a>. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> greatly deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-palikimas-20">[18]</a> Lithuanian noblemen, including the <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_family" title="Radziwiłł family">Radvila family</a>, attempted to break the personal union with Poland.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> However, unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">wars</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> forced the union to remain intact. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> of 1569 created a new state, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. In this <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania maintained its political distinctiveness and had separate ministries, laws, army, and treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200163-22">[20]</a> The federation was terminated by the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a>, when it was supposed to become a single country, the Commonwealth, under one monarch, one parliament and with no Lithuanian autonomy. Shortly afterward, the unitary character of the state was confirmed by adopting the <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations" title="Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations">Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations</a>. However, the newly reformed Commonwealth was invaded by Russia in 1792 and partitioned between neighbouring states. A truncated state (whose principal cities were <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>) remained that was nominally independent. After the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>, the territory was completely <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> in 1795. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Establishment_of_the_state">2.1 Establishment of the state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Kingdom_of_Lithuania">2.2 Kingdom of Lithuania</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rise_of_the_Gediminids">2.3 Rise of the Gediminids</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Territorial_expansion">2.4 Territorial expansion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#One_of_the_largest_European_countries,_ruled_by_Gediminids%E2%80%93Jagiellonians">2.5 One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth">2.6 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Partitions_and_the_Napoleonic_period">2.7 Partitions and the Napoleonic period</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Administrative_division">3 Administrative division</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Religion_and_culture">4 Religion and culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Christianity_and_paganism">4.1 Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Islam">4.2 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Judaism">4.3 Judaism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Languages">5 Languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Linguistic_groups">5.1 Linguistic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Languages_of_administration">5.2 Languages of administration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Legacy">7 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Lithuania" title="Name of Lithuania">Name of Lithuania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg/220px-Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="316"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 116px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg/220px-Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="116" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg/330px-Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg/440px-Lietuvos_vardas._The_first_name_of_Lithuania_in_writing_1009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuania's name in writing, 1009</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg/150px-Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1694"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg/150px-Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="212" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg/225px-Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg/300px-Cover_page_of_%27Knyga_noba%C5%BEnyst%C4%97s%27_from_1653_in_Lithuanian.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuania's name in the Lithuanian language on a 1653 book cover (dides Kunigiſtes Lietuwos)</figcaption></figure> The name of Lithuania (Litua) was first mentioned in 1009 in <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Quedlinburg" title="Annals of Quedlinburg">Annals of Quedlinburg</a>. Some older etymological theories relate the name to a small river not far from <a href="/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" title="Kernavė">Kernavė</a>, the core area of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">early Lithuanian state</a> and a possible first capital of the would-be Grand Duchy of Lithuania, is usually credited as the source of the name. This river's original name is <a href="/wiki/Lietava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lietava River">Lietava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zigmas2-23">[21]</a> As time passed, the suffix -ava could have changed into -uva, as the two are from the same suffix branch. The river flows in the lowlands and easily spills over its banks, therefore the traditional Lithuanian form liet- could be directly translated as lietis (to spill), of the root derived from the Proto-Indo-European leyǝ-.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> However, the river is very small and some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation. On the other hand, such a fact is not unprecedented in world history.<a href="#cite_note-Zigmas-25">[23]</a> A credible modern theory of etymology of the name of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuva) is Artūras Dubonis's hypothesis<a href="#cite_note-Dubonis-26">[24]</a> that Lietuva relates to the word <a href="/wiki/Lei%C4%8Diai" title="Leičiai">leičiai</a> (plural of leitis, a social group of warriors-knights in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania). The title of the Grand Duchy was consistently applied to Lithuania from the 14th century onward.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Naming convention of both title of ruler (<a href="/wiki/Hospodar" title="Hospodar">hospodar</a>)<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> and the state changed as it expanded its territory. Following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ruthenia">Kingdom of Ruthenia</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> and incorporation of its lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> started to title himself as "King of Lithuanians and many Ruthenians",<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> while the name of the state became the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Ruthenia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Similarly the title changed to "King of Lithuanians and Ruthenians, ruler and duke of Semigallia" when <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a> became part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> The 1529 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Lithuania">Statute of Lithuania</a> described the titles of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> as "King of Poland, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Ruthenia, Prussia, Samogitia, Mazovia, and other [lands]".<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The country was also called the Republic of Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Respublica Lituana) since at least the mid-16th century, already before the Union of Lublin in 1569.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_state">Establishment of the state</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania_(1219%E2%80%931295)" title="History of Lithuania (1219–1295)">History of Lithuania (1219–1295)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/175px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 193px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/175px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" data-width="175" data-height="193" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/263px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/350px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> in the 12th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte,_1321.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png/175px-Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="455"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 126px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png/175px-Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png" data-width="175" data-height="126" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png/263px-Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png/350px-Lithuania_in_the_map_of_Pietro_Vesconte%2C_1321.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuania in the <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Vesconte" title="Pietro Vesconte">Pietro Vesconte</a>, 1321. The inscription reads: Letvini pagani – pagan Lithuanians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae,_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg/175px-Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg/175px-Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="117" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg/263px-Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg/350px-Magni_Ducatus_Lithuaniae%2C_et_Regionum_Adiacentium_exacta_Descriptio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Description of <a href="/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" title="Kernavė">Kernavė</a> as "Kiernow primum M. Duci Lith. domicilium" (English: Kernavė, the first residence-capital of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania) in the <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_map" title="Radziwiłł map">Radziwiłł map</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Lithuania" title="Name of Lithuania">first mention of the name Lithuania</a> is found in the <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Quedlinburg" title="Annals of Quedlinburg">Annals of Quedlinburg</a>, which describes the missionary expedition of <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Querfurt" title="Bruno of Querfurt">Bruno of Querfurt</a> to Yotvingians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius200040-40">[38]</a> In the 12th century, Slavic chronicles refer to Lithuania as one of the areas attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a>. Pagan Lithuanians initially paid <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, but they soon grew in strength and organized their own small-scale raids. At some point between 1180 and 1183 the situation began to change, and the Lithuanians started to organize sustainable military raids on the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> provinces, raiding the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, and even threatening <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lituanica-41">[39]</a> The sudden spark of military raids marked consolidation of the Lithuanian lands in <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baranauskas-7">[5]</a> The Lithuanians are the only branch within the Baltic group that managed to create a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state entity</a> in premodern times.<a href="#cite_note-LithuaniaHistoryBr-42">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian Crusade</a> began after the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, crusading <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a>, were established in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1202 and 1226 respectively. The Christian orders posed a significant threat to pagan Baltic tribes, and further galvanized the formation of the Lithuanian state. The peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia–Volhynia">Galicia–Volhynia</a> of 1219 provides evidence of cooperation between Lithuanians and <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitians</a>. This treaty lists <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">21 Lithuanian dukes</a>, including five senior Lithuanian dukes from Aukštaitija (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivinbudas" title="Živinbudas">Živinbudas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daujotas" title="Daujotas">Daujotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilikaila" title="Vilikaila">Vilikaila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dausprungas" title="Dausprungas">Dausprungas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a>) and several dukes from <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDemaitija" class="mw-redirect" title="Žemaitija">Žemaitija</a>. Although they had battled in the past, the Lithuanians and the Žemaičiai now faced a common enemy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Likely Živinbudas had the most authority<a href="#cite_note-Lituanica-41">[39]</a> and at least several dukes were from the same families.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The formal acknowledgement of common interests and the establishment of a hierarchy among the signatories of the treaty foreshadowed the emergence of the state.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></div> Mindaugas, the duke<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> of southern Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius200043%E2%80%93127-47">[45]</a> was among the five senior dukes mentioned in the treaty with Galicia–Volhynia. The <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Rhymed_Chronicle" title="Livonian Rhymed Chronicle">Livonian Rhymed Chronicle</a>, reports that by the mid-1230s, Mindaugas had acquired supreme power in the whole of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-LV-48">[46]</a> In 1236, the Samogitians, led by <a href="/wiki/Vykintas" title="Vykintas">Vykintas</a>, defeated the Livonian Order in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saule" title="Battle of Saule">Battle of Saule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The Order was forced to become a branch of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia, making Samogitia, a strip of land that separated <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> from Prussia, the main target of both orders. The battle provided a break in the wars with the Knights, and Lithuania exploited this situation, arranging attacks on the Ruthenian provinces and annexing <a href="/wiki/Navahrudak" class="mw-redirect" title="Navahrudak">Navahrudak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hrodna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Hrodna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LV-48">[46]</a> In 1248, a civil war broke out between Mindaugas and his nephews <a href="/wiki/Tautvilas" title="Tautvilas">Tautvilas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edivydas" class="mw-redirect" title="Edivydas">Edivydas</a>. The powerful coalition against Mindaugas included Vykintas, the Livonian Order, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasilko_of_Volhynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasilko of Volhynia">Vasilko of Volhynia</a>. Taking advantage of internal conflicts, Mindaugas allied with the Livonian Order. He promised to convert to Christianity and exchange some lands in western Lithuania in return for military assistance against his nephews and the royal crown. In 1251, Mindaugas was baptized and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> proclaiming the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a>. After the civil war ended, Mindaugas was crowned as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Lithuania">King of Lithuania</a> on 6 July 1253, starting a decade of relative peace. Mindaugas later renounced Christianity and converted back to paganism. Mindaugas tried to expand his influence in <a href="/wiki/Polatsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Polatsk">Polatsk</a>, a major centre of commerce in the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava (river)">Daugava River</a> basin, and <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LV-48">[46]</a> The Teutonic Knights used this period to strengthen their position in parts of Samogitia and Livonia, but they lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skuodas_(1259)" title="Battle of Skuodas (1259)">Battle of Skuodas</a> in 1259 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Durbe" title="Battle of Durbe">Battle of Durbe</a> in 1260.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> This encouraged the conquered Semigallians and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> to rebel against the Knights.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Treniota" title="Treniota">Treniota</a>, Mindaugas broke the peace with the Order, possibly reverted to <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">pagan beliefs</a>. He hoped to unite all Baltic tribes under the Lithuanian leadership. As military campaigns were not successful, the relationships between Mindaugas and Treniota deteriorated. Treniota, together with <a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Pskov" title="Daumantas of Pskov">Daumantas of Pskov</a>, assassinated Mindaugas and his two sons, Ruklys and Rupeikis, in 1263.<a href="#cite_note-SLI-52">[50]</a> The state lapsed into years of internal fighting.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Gediminids">Rise of the Gediminids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminids</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palemonids" title="Palemonids">Palemonids</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg/150px-Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="1137"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 182px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg/150px-Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="182" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg/225px-Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg/300px-Gedimino_bok%C5%A1tai._Columns_of_Gediminas._1416.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columns_of_Gediminas" title="Columns of Gediminas">Columns of Gediminas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="117" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/263px-Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/350px-Gedimino_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Tower" title="Gediminas' Tower">Gediminas' Tower</a> and other remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Castle_Complex#History_of_the_Upper_Castle" title="Vilnius Castle Complex">Upper Castle in Vilnius</a></figcaption></figure> From 1263 to 1269, Lithuania had three grand dukes – <a href="/wiki/Treniota" title="Treniota">Treniota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%A1vilkas" title="Vaišvilkas">Vaišvilkas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarn">Švarnas</a>. The state did not disintegrate, however, and <a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a> came to power in 1269. Traidenis strengthened Lithuanian control in <a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a>, fought with the Livonian Order, winning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karuse" title="Battle of Karuse">Battle of Karuse</a> in 1270 and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aizkraukle" title="Battle of Aizkraukle">Battle of Aizkraukle</a> in 1279, and assisted the <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>/Sudovians to defend from the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> For his military assistance, <a href="/wiki/Nameisis" title="Nameisis">Nameisis</a> recognized Traidenis as his <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> There is considerable uncertainty about the identities of the grand dukes of Lithuania between Traidenis' death in 1282 and the assumption of power by <a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a> in 1295. The country's capital was located in <a href="/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" title="Kernavė">Kernavė</a> until 1316 or 1321 where Traidenis and Vytenis mainly resided and led to its prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrakaiKpd-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> During this time, the Orders finalized their conquests. In 1274, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Prussian_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Prussian Rebellion">Great Prussian Rebellion</a> ended, and the Teutonic Knights proceeded to conquer other Baltic tribes: the <a href="/wiki/Nadruvians" title="Nadruvians">Nadruvians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skalvians" title="Skalvians">Skalvians</a> in 1274–1277, and the Yotvingians in 1283; the Livonian Order completed its conquest of Semigalia, the last Baltic ally of Lithuania, in 1291.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius200045%E2%80%9372-59">[57]</a> The Orders could now turn their full attention to Lithuania. The "buffer zone" composed of other Baltic tribes had disappeared, and Grand Duchy of Lithuania was left to battle the Orders on its own.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminid dynasty</a> ruled the grand duchy for over a century, and Vytenis was the first ruler of the dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> During his reign Lithuania was in constant war with the Order, the Kingdom of Poland, and Ruthenia. Vytenis was involved in succession disputes in Poland, supporting <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II_of_Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boleslaus II of Masovia">Boleslaus II of Masovia</a>, who was married to a Lithuanian duchess, <a href="/wiki/Gaudemunda_of_Lithuania" title="Gaudemunda of Lithuania">Gaudemunda</a>. In Ruthenia, Vytenis managed to recapture lands lost after the assassination of Mindaugas and to capture the principalities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Pinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principality of Pinsk (page does not exist)">Pinsk</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsko_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" class="extiw" title="lt:Pinsko kunigaikštystė">lt</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Turov</a>. In the struggle against the Order, Vytenis allied with <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>'s citizens; securing positions in Riga strengthened trade routes and provided a base for further military campaigns. Around 1307, Polotsk, an important trading centre, was annexed by military force.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Vytenis also began constructing a defensive castle network along <a href="/wiki/Nemunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemunas">Nemunas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VytenisVle-63">[61]</a> Gradually this network developed into the main defensive line against the Teutonic Order.<a href="#cite_note-VytenisVle-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_expansion">Territorial expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Irpin_River" title="Battle on the Irpin River">Battle on the Irpin River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png/175px-Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1411"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png/175px-Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png" data-width="175" data-height="244" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png/263px-Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png/350px-Lithuanian_state_in_13-15th_centuries.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuanian state in 13–15th centuries</figcaption></figure> The expansion of the state reached its height under Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a>, also titled by some contemporaneous German sources as Rex de Owsteiten (English: King of <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitija" title="Aukštaitija">Aukštaitija</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowell199450-64">[62]</a> who created a strong central government and established an empire that later spread from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> In 1320, most of the principalities of western Rus' were either vassalized or annexed by Lithuania. In 1321, Gediminas <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Irpen%27_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle on the Irpen' River">captured Kiev</a>, sending <a href="/wiki/Stanislav_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav of Kiev">Stanislav</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Rurikid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid">Rurikid</a> to rule <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, into exile. Gediminas also re-established the permanent capital of the Grand Duchy in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> presumably moving it from <a href="/wiki/Senieji_Trakai" title="Senieji Trakai">Old Trakai</a> in 1323, which previously served as the country's capital since 1316 or 1321.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrakaiKpd-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> The state continued to expand its territory under the reign of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a>, who both ruled the state harmonically.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inaugurations</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">Lithuanian monarchs</a> until 1569, the <a href="/wiki/Gediminas%27_Cap" title="Gediminas' Cap">Gediminas' Cap</a> was placed on the monarch's heads by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Vilnius" title="Bishop of Vilnius">Bishop of Vilnius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Cathedral" title="Vilnius Cathedral">Vilnius Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kepure-72">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg/150px-Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg/150px-Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg/225px-Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg/300px-Lutsk_castle_tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lubart%27s_Castle" title="Lubart's Castle">Lubart's Castle</a> in Ukraine, built by the son of Gediminas' <a href="/wiki/Liubartas" title="Liubartas">Liubartas</a> in the mid-14th century, is famous for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Lutsk" title="Congress of Lutsk">Congress of Lutsk</a> which took place in 1429</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg/220px-Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg/220px-Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg/330px-Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg/440px-Lithuania_Territorial_Extension_1430.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of Vytautas the Great (1392–1430)</figcaption></figure> Lithuania was in a good position to conquer the western and the southern parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. While almost every other state around it had been <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus'">plundered or defeated by the Mongols</a>, the hordes stopped at the modern borders of Belarus, and the core territory of the Grand Duchy was left mostly untouched. The weak control of the Mongols over the areas they had conquered allowed the expansion of Lithuania to accelerate. Rus' principalities were never incorporated directly into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, maintaining vassal relationships with a fair degree of independence. Lithuania annexed some of these areas as vassals through diplomacy, as they exchanged rule by the Mongols or the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> with rule by the Grand Duchy. An example is <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, which was often in the Lithuanian sphere of influence and became an occasional dependency of the Grand Duchy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> Lithuanian control resulted from internal frictions within the city, which attempted to escape submission to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow</a>. Such relationships could be tenuous, however, as changes in a city's internal politics could disrupt Lithuanian control, as happened on a number of occasions with Novgorod and other East-Slavic cities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Grand Duchy of Lithuania managed to hold off Mongol incursions and eventually secured gains. In 1333 and 1339, Lithuanians defeated large Mongol forces attempting to regain <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> from the Lithuanian sphere of influence. By about 1355, the State of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> had formed, and the Golden Horde did little to re-vassalize the area. In 1362, regiments of the Grand Duchy army defeated the Golden Horde at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Blue_Waters_(1362)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle at Blue Waters (1362)">Battle at Blue Waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> In 1380, a Lithuanian army allied with Russian forces to defeat the Golden Horde in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a>, and though the rule of the Mongols did not end, their influence in the region waned thereafter. In 1387, Moldavia became a vassal of Poland and, in a broader sense, of Lithuania. By this time, Lithuania had conquered the territory of the Golden Horde all the way to the Dnieper River. In a crusade against the Golden Horde in 1398 (in an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a>), Lithuania invaded northern Crimea and won a decisive victory. In an attempt to place Tokhtamish on the Golden Horde throne in 1399, Lithuania moved against the Horde but was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River" title="Battle of the Vorskla River">Battle of the Vorskla River</a>, losing the steppe region.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_of_the_largest_European_countries,_ruled_by_Gediminids–Jagiellonians">One of the largest European countries, ruled by Gediminids–Jagiellonians</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_(pink)_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_(red)_in_1386_-_1434.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/175px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2929"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/175px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png" data-width="175" data-height="172" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/263px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png/350px-Map_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania_%28pink%29_and_the_Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_%28red%29_in_1386_-_1434.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poland_during_the_Jagiellon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty">Poland and Lithuania</a> in 1386–1434</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="117" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/263px-Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/350px-Traku_pilis_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trakai_Island_Castle" title="Trakai Island Castle">Trakai Island Castle</a>, built by Grand Duke Vytautas, which served as a residence of Lithuanian Grand Dukes<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></figcaption></figure> Lithuania was Christianized in 1387, led by <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a>, who personally translated Christian prayers into the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis20165-78">[76]</a> and his cousin Vytautas the Great who founded many Catholic churches and allocated lands for parishes in Lithuania. The state reached a peak (becoming one of the largest countries territorially in Europe) under <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a>, who reigned from 1392 to 1430.<a href="#cite_note-EP-19">[17]</a> Vytautas was one of the most famous rulers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke">Grand Duke</a> from 1401 to 1430, and as the <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hrodna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Hrodna</a> (1370–1382) and the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a> (1387–1389). Vytautas was the son of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a>, uncle of Jogaila, who became King of Poland in 1386, and he was the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Vasili_II_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili II of Moscow">Vasili II of Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 1410, Vytautas commanded the forces of the Grand Duchy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a>. The battle ended in a decisive Polish-Lithuanian victory against the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">war of Lithuania against military Orders</a>, which lasted for more than 200 years, and was one of the longest wars in the history of Europe, was finally ended. Vytautas backed the economic development of the state and introduced many reforms. Under his rule, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania slowly became more centralized, as the governours loyal to Vytautas replaced local princes with dynastic ties to the throne. The governours were rich landowners who formed the basis for the nobility of the Grand Duchy. During Vytautas' rule, the <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%A1tautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Goštautas">Goštautas</a> families started to gain influence.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Matejko,_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/220px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11788" data-file-height="5235"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 98px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/220px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="98" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/330px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/440px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a>, 1410, with <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Jungingen" title="Ulrich von Jungingen">Ulrich von Jungingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a> at center</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/175px-Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="117" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/263px-Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg/350px-Valdovu_by_Augustas_Didzgalvis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Restored <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania">Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</a>, which was reconstructed in a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance style</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></figcaption></figure> In 1440, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> was sent by his older brother <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III</a> to Lithuania to rule in his name, however instead a manifestation of the sovereignty of Lithuania occurred when Casimir was elected as the Grand Duke of Lithuania upon his arrival to Vilnius on 29 June 1440 and subsequently titled himself as a "free lord" (pan – dominus), this way breaching the agreements of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Grodno_(1432)" title="Union of Grodno (1432)">Union of Grodno (1432)</a> and terminating the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>; Casimir also became the King of Poland in 1447.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Following Casimir's death in 1492, the factual termination of the Polish–Lithuanian union also occurred during the reign of Casimir's sons <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander Jagiellon</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a> who had respectively ruled Lithuania and Poland separately in 1492–1501.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The rapid expansion of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Moscow</a> soon put it into a comparable position to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> in 1478, Muscovy was among the preeminent states in <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">northeastern Europe</a>. Between 1492 and 1508, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III">Ivan III</a> further consolidated Muscovy, winning the key <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vedrosha" title="Battle of Vedrosha">Battle of Vedrosha</a> and capturing such ancient lands of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> On 8 September 1514, the allied forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland, under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orsha" title="Battle of Orsha">Battle of Orsha</a> against the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Mikhail Golitsin. The battle was part of a long series of <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a> conducted by Russian rulers striving to gather all the former lands of Kievan Rus' under their rule. According to Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii by Sigismund von Herberstein, the primary source for the information on the battle, the much smaller army of Poland–Lithuania (under 30,000 men) defeated the 80,000 Muscovite soldiers, capturing their camp and commander. The Muscovites lost about 30,000 men, while the losses of the Poland–Lithuania army totalled only 500. While the battle is remembered as one of the greatest Lithuanian victories, Muscovy ultimately prevailed in the war. Under the 1522 peace treaty, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania made large territorial concessions.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png/175px-Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png/175px-Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png" data-width="175" data-height="137" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png/263px-Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png/350px-Rzeczpospolita_voivodships.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> c. 1635</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_(with_Vytis)_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa,_1623.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png/175px-The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1616"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 175px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png/175px-The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png" data-width="175" data-height="175" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png/263px-The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png/350px-The_Great_Seal_of_Lithuania_%28with_Vytis%29_from_the_reign_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_1623.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The preservation of the Great Seal of Lithuania (pictured, dating to 1623) when concluding the Union of Lublin meant that the <a href="/wiki/Election_sejm" title="Election sejm">elected monarchs</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_instrument" title="Legal instrument">acts</a> without being confirmed with the Lithuanian seals were <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">void</a> in Lithuania. These Lithuanian seals were in possession of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Chancellor_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Chancellor of Lithuania">Lithuanian Grand Chancellor</a> (Great Seal) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Vice-Chancellor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor (page does not exist)">Lithuanian Vice-Chancellor</a> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvos_pakancleris" class="extiw" title="lt:Lietuvos pakancleris">lt</a>] (Lesser Seal).<a href="#cite_note-Bumblauskas2010-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> The wars with the Teutonic Order, the loss of land to Moscow, and the continued pressure threatened the survival of the state of Lithuania, so it was forced to ally more closely with Poland, forming a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> of 1569. The union was formally called the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_and_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, however now commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. During the period of the Union, many of the territories formerly controlled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Polish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Polish Kingdom">Crown of the Polish Kingdom</a>, while the gradual process of <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a> slowly drew Lithuania itself under Polish domination.<a href="#cite_note-EBMakuch-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBLublin-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-EBStranga-92">[90]</a> Following the death of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, a joint Polish–Lithuanian monarch was to be elected as in the Union of Lublin it was agreed that the title "Grand Duke of Lithuania" will be received by a jointly elected monarch in the <a href="/wiki/Election_sejm" title="Election sejm">Election sejm</a> on his accession to the throne, thus losing its former institutional significance, however the Union of Lublin guaranteed that the institution and the title "Grand Duke of Lithuania" will be preserved.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepure-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In 1573, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry Valua</a> was <a href="/wiki/1573_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_royal_election" title="1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election">elected</a> as the first joint Polish–Lithuanian monarch, however his rule was short and he never personally visited the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, despite being announced as the Grand Duke of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> The double election of 1575 was held in the presence of a small number of Lithuanian lords, who additionally supported the Habsburg candidate Emperor Maximilian II, however, the race for the crown was won by Stephen Báthory, crowned on May 1, 1576.<a href="#cite_note-:03-96">[94]</a> The Lithuanian lords, at a convention in Grodno (on 8-20 April 1576), protested this choice, threatening to break the union and giving themselves the right to choose a separate ruler.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> However, the king managed to rally the Lithuanian delegation by promising to preserve their rights and freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-:03-96">[94]</a> On May 29, 1580, in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Cathedral" title="Vilnius Cathedral">Vilnius Cathedral</a>, King and Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> received from the hand of the bishop of Samogitia <a href="/wiki/Merkelis_Giedraitis" title="Merkelis Giedraitis">Merkelis Giedraitis</a> a <a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">blessed sword and hat</a>, given by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a> through the envoy Paweł Uchański.<a href="#cite_note-:12-98">[96]</a> This was a recognition by the Pope of the ruler's successes in the struggle against the infidels.<a href="#cite_note-:12-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In Lithuania, this ceremony was treated as the celebration of the elevation of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, during which Lithuania's sovereignty was manifested.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Báthory's reign was marked with successful <a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_of_Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory">Livonian campaign</a> against tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>'s military forces, which resulted in the reintegration of <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> to Lithuania and the restoration of control of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_(1588)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg/170px-Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg/170px-Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="267" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg/255px-Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg/340px-Statut_Vialikaha_Kniastva_Lito%C5%ADskaha._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%281588%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Third Statute of Lithuania (confirmed in 1588), which stated that Poland and Lithuania have equal rights within the Commonwealth<a href="#cite_note-3S-103">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> The rule of Lithuania by the Gediminid–Jagiellonian family representatives resumed through <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal line</a> following the death of Báthory (1586) when <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a>) was <a href="/wiki/1587_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_royal_election" title="1587 Polish–Lithuanian royal election">elected in 1587</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raila-104">[102]</a> On 28 January 1588, Sigismund III confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Lithuania#Third_Statute" title="Statutes of Lithuania">Third Statute of Lithuania</a> which stated that the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of two countries – Poland and Lithuania where both countries have equal rights within it and separated the powers of the ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Seimas</a>, the executive and the courts (this for the first time in European history ensured the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> in the state, but Lithuania's citizens, who were subjects to the Statute, were only nobles).<a href="#cite_note-3S-103">[101]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)</a> Polish and Lithuanian forces achieved victory and restored <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>, notably winning the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Battle of Kircholm</a> in 1605, while during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> Polish and Lithuanian armies achieved territorial gains (e.g. restored the control of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1609%E2%80%931611)" title="Siege of Smolensk (1609–1611)">Smolensk</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Voivodeship" title="Smolensk Voivodeship">Smolensk Voivodeship</a>, in 1611) and for the first time <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_occupation_of_Moscow" title="Polish–Lithuanian occupation of Moscow">fully captured</a> Russia's capital <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1610.<a href="#cite_note-Raila-104">[102]</a> Sigismund III's son, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a>, began ruling Lithuania in 1632 and achieved military success and popularity during the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a>, but he renounced his claims to the Russian throne per the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Polyanovka" title="Treaty of Polyanovka">Treaty of Polyanovka</a> in 1634 and failed at reclaiming the Swedish throne.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Raila-104">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a>'s reign was initially marked with disastrous military loses as during the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a> in the mid-17th century most of the territory of Lithuania was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> and even the Lithuania's capital Vilnius was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilnius_(1655)" title="Battle of Vilnius (1655)">captured for the first time by a foreign army and ravaged</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raila-104">[102]</a> In 1655, Lithuania unilaterally <a href="/wiki/Union_of_K%C4%97dainiai" title="Union of Kėdainiai">seceded</a> from Poland, declared the Swedish King <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav</a> as the Grand Duke of Lithuania and fell under the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Lithuania" title="Swedish Lithuania">protection of the Swedish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> However, by 1657 Lithuania was once again a part of the Commonwealth following the Lithuanian revolt against the Swedes.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The Lithuania's capital Vilnius was liberated in 1661.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Throughout this Polish–Lithuanian Union period, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained a separate state and retained many rights in the federation (including separate name, territory, coat of arms, ministries, ruling system, laws, army, courts, treasury, and seal) until the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Guarantee_of_Two_Nations" title="Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations">Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations</a> were passed in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-HistoryOfLithuania2013-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiublinoUnija-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bumblauskas2010-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partitions_and_the_Napoleonic_period">Partitions and the Napoleonic period</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy were directly annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the rest by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>. In 1812, just prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a>, the former Grand Duchy revolted against the Russians. Soon after his arrival in Vilnius, Napoleon proclaimed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Commissary_Provisional_Government_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Commissary Provisional Government of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> which, in turn, renewed the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Union">Polish-Lithuanian Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sobczy%C5%84ski-111">[109]</a> The union was never formalized, however, as only half a year later Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> was pushed out of Russia and forced to retreat further westwards. In December 1812, Vilnius was recaptured by Russian forces, bringing all plans for the recreation of the Grand Duchy to an end.<a href="#cite_note-Sobczy%C5%84ski-111">[109]</a> Most of the lands of the former Grand Duchy were re-annexed by Russia. The <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_Voivodeship" title="Augustów Voivodeship">Augustów Voivodeship</a> (later <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_Governorate" title="Augustów Governorate">Augustów Governorate</a>), including the counties of <a href="/wiki/Marijampol%C4%97" title="Marijampolė">Marijampolė</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalvarija,_Lithuania" title="Kalvarija, Lithuania">Kalvarija</a>, was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, a rump state in personal union with Russia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Lithuania" title="Administrative divisions of Lithuania">Administrative divisions of Lithuania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg/240px-Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg/240px-Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg.png" data-width="240" data-height="109" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg/360px-Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg/480px-Divisions_of_Lithuania_1385.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuania and its administrative divisions in 1385.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png/240px-Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1235"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 260px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png/240px-Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png" data-width="240" data-height="260" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png/360px-Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png/480px-Lithuania_in_the_17th_century.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lithuania and its administrative divisions in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> Administrative structure of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1413–1564).<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Voivodeship (Palatinatus) </th> <th scope="col">Established </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship" title="Vilnius Voivodeship">Vilnius</a> </th> <td>1413 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Trakai</a> </th> <td>1413 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Samogitian eldership</a> </th> <td>1413 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Voivodeship" title="Kiev Voivodeship">Kiev</a> </th> <td>1471 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Polotsk_Voivodeship" title="Polotsk Voivodeship">Polotsk</a> </th> <td>1504 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nowogr%C3%B3dek_Voivodeship_(1507%E2%80%931795)" title="Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)">Naugardukas</a> </th> <td>1507 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Voivodeship" title="Smolensk Voivodeship">Smolensk</a> </th> <td>1508 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Voivodeship" title="Vitebsk Voivodeship">Vitebsk</a> </th> <td>1511 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Podlaskie_Voivodeship_(1513%E2%80%931795)" title="Podlaskie Voivodeship (1513–1795)">Podlaskie</a> </th> <td>1514 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Brest_Litovsk_Voivodeship" title="Brest Litovsk Voivodeship">Brest Litovsk</a> </th> <td>1566 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Voivodeship" title="Minsk Voivodeship">Minsk</a> </th> <td>1566 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mstsislaw_Voivodeship" title="Mstsislaw Voivodeship">Mstislavl</a> </th> <td>1569 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Voivodeship_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Volhynian Voivodeship (1569–1795)">Volhyn</a> </th> <td>1564–1566 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Brac%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" title="Bracław Voivodeship">Bratslav</a> </th> <td>1564 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a> </th> <td>1561 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Religion_and_culture">Religion and culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_paganism">Christianity and paganism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">Christianization of Lithuania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuania_and_Vytis_(Pogonia)_in_1544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg/190px-Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 261px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg/190px-Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg" data-width="190" data-height="261" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg/285px-Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg/380px-Lithuania_and_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29_in_1544.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A facsimile of a page from <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a> atlas <a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_universalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographia universalis">Cosmographia universalis</a> (first edition 1544), describing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1544</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1,_Vilnius,_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/170px-Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4589" data-file-height="5000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/170px-Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="185" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/255px-Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/340px-Vilnius_University_Great_Courtyard_1%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Johns,_Vilnius" title="Church of St. Johns, Vilnius">Church of St. Johns</a> in Vilnius. Example of <a href="/wiki/Vilnian_Baroque" title="Vilnian Baroque">Vilnian Baroque</a> style<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg/170px-Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg/170px-Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg/255px-Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg/340px-Vilnius_St_Anns_church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Vilnius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anne's Church, Vilnius">St. Anne's Church</a> and the church of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Francis_and_St._Bernard,_Vilnius" title="Church of St. Francis and St. Bernard, Vilnius">Bernardine Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. Two examples of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the baptism in 1252 and coronation of King <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a> in 1253, Lithuania was recognized as a Christian state until 1260, when Mindaugas supported an uprising in <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> and (according to the German order) renounced Christianity. Up until 1387, Lithuanian nobles professed their own religion, which was <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Ethnic Lithuanians were very dedicated to their faith. The pagan beliefs needed to be deeply entrenched to survive strong pressure from missionaries and foreign powers. Until the 17th century, there were relics of old faith reported by counter-reformation active <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priests, like feeding <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDaltys" title="Žaltys">žaltys</a> with milk or bringing food to graves of ancestors. The lands of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, as well as local <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a> (princes) in these regions, were firmly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> Christian (Greek Catholic after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>), though. While pagan beliefs in Lithuania were strong enough to survive centuries of pressure from military orders and missionaries, they did eventually succumb. A separate <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanate of Lithuania">Eastern Orthodox metropolitan eparchy</a> was created sometime between 1315 and 1317 by the Constantinople Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_XIII_of_Constantinople" title="John XIII of Constantinople">John XIII</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</a> which divided the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia" title="Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia">Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia</a> between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, in 1355 the <a href="/wiki/Halych_metropoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Halych metropoly">Halych metropoly</a> was liquidated and its eparchies transferred to the metropoles of Lithuania and Volhynia.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> In 1387, Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Lithuania" title="Christianization of Lithuania">converted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, while most of the Ruthenian lands stayed <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>, however, on 22 February 1387, Supreme Duke <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a> banned Catholics marriages with Orthodox, and demanded those Orthodox who previously married with the Catholics to convert to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Jogaila-116">[114]</a> At one point, though, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> reprimanded the Grand Duke for keeping non-Catholics as advisers.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Consequently, only in 1563 did Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> issue a privilege that equalized the rights of Orthodox and Catholics in Lithuania and abolished all previous restrictions on Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> There was an effort to polarise Orthodox Christians after the Union of Brest in 1596, by which some Orthodox Christians acknowledged papal authority and Catholic catechism, but preserved their liturgy. The country also became one of the major centres of the Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In the second half of the 16th century, Calvinism spread in Lithuania, supported by the families of <a href="/wiki/Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Radziwiłł">Radziwiłł</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chodkiewicz" title="Chodkiewicz">Chodkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapieha" title="Sapieha">Sapieha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorohostajski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorohostajski (page does not exist)">Dorohostajski</a> and others. By the 1580s the majority of the senators from Lithuania were <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian</a> Unitarians (<a href="/wiki/Jan_Kiszka" title="Jan Kiszka">Jan Kiszka</a>).<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In 1579, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Grand Duke of Lithuania, founded <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a>, one of the oldest universities in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. Due to the work of the Jesuits during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> the university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres of the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The work of the Jesuits as well as conversions from among the Lithuanian senatorial families turned the tide and by the 1670s <a href="/wiki/Polish_Reformed_Church" title="Polish Reformed Church">Calvinism</a> lost its former importance though it still retained some influence among the ethnically Lithuanian peasants and some middle nobility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Islam in Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_(1362-1394)._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_(Jambek)._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg/170px-Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 83px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg/170px-Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="83" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg/255px-Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg/340px-Coin_of_the_time_of_Vladimiras_Algirdas_%281362-1394%29._Imitating_a_Gulistan_mint_dang_of_Jani_Beg_%28Jambek%29._Uncertain_Kiev_region_mint._Pseudo-Arabic_legend.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coin of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a>, around the time of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Olgerdovich" title="Vladimir Olgerdovich">Vladimir Olgerdovich</a> (1362–1394), imitating a <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulistan mint">Gulistan mint</a> dang of <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a> (Jambek). Uncertain Kiev region mint. Pseudo-Arabic legend.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, unlike many other northern and western European countries, has a long history starting from 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Small groups of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a> migrated to ethnically Lithuanian lands, mainly under the rule of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas</a> (early 15th century). In Lithuania, unlike many other European societies at the time, there was religious freedom. Lithuanian Tatars were allowed to settle in certain places, such as <a href="/wiki/Trakai" title="Trakai">Trakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Akiner2009-2-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keturiasde%C5%A1imt_Totori%C5%B3" title="Keturiasdešimt Totorių">Keturiasdešimt Totorių</a> is one of the oldest Tatar settlements in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After a successful military campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a> in 1397, Vytautas brought the first <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatar</a> prisoners of war to <a href="/wiki/Trakai" title="Trakai">Trakai</a> and various places in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Trakai" title="Duchy of Trakai">Duchy of Trakai</a>, including localities near <a href="/wiki/Vok%C4%97" title="Vokė">Vokė</a> river just south of Vilnius. The first mosque in this village was mentioned for the first time in 1558. There were 42 Tatar families in the village in 1630.<a href="#cite_note-:0-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AGrand_Duchy_of_Lithuania&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+4+March+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (May 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">History of the Jews in Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/170px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1201"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/170px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/255px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg/340px-Constitution_of_May_3_in_Lithuanian_language.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May</a>, one of the first official state documents issued in both <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, Lithuanian edition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_groups">Linguistic groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/170px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1757"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/170px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png" data-width="170" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/255px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png/340px-Lithuanian_language_in_the_16th_century.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Area where according to <a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zigmas Zinkevičius</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian language</a> was predominantly spoken in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> The majority of inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a>, which included the voivodeships of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Voivodeship" title="Vilnius Voivodeship">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Trakai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Samogitia" title="Duchy of Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, spoke Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20014-128">[126]</a> These areas remained almost wholly Lithuanian-speaking, both colloquially and by ruling nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002-129">[127]</a> Despite its frequent oral use, Lithuanian did not begin to be used in writing until the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost201518-130">[128]</a> Ruthenians, ancestors of modern Belarusians and Ukrainians, living in the eastern and southern lands of the Grand Duchy spoke <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20014-128">[126]</a> The Ruthenian language had an old writing tradition.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2006-131">[129]</a> The language of the Orthodox Church was <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, while official documents used the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Ruthenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery Ruthenian">Chancery Ruthenian</a>, close to but not identical to the spoken language, which over time absorbed many Lithuanian and Polish words.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201322-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudavi%C4%8Dius2006646-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003110%E2%80%93111-134">[132]</a> Some Poles (mainly <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burghers</a>, clergy, merchants, and <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a>) moved to Lithuania, although this migration was small-scale.<a href="#cite_note-Potasenko-135">[133]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>, this movement significantly increased.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Polish was adopted also gradually by the local inhabitants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Already in early 16th century, Polish became the Lithuanian magnates' first language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The following century it was adopted by the Lithuanian nobility in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimonien%C4%972006554-137">[135]</a> The Polish language also penetrated other social strata: the clergy, the townspeople, and even the peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachuba201034-138">[136]</a> Since the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> was used much more often than other languages for writing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polish finally became the Commonwealth's official chancellery language in 1697.<a href="#cite_note-BurantZubek1993-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zinkevi%C4%8Dius-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200146-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003109%E2%80%93114-142">[140]</a> Other important ethnic groups throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Tatars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BurantZubek1993-139">[137]</a> Jews spoke mainly in the eastern dialect of Yiddish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201321-143">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Tatars">Lithuanian Tatars</a> used a language of <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak origin</a> that was full of borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201328-144">[142]</a> It ceased to be used in the 16th century, and was replaced by Ruthenian and Polish, written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201328-144">[142]</a> Brought in 1397 from Crimea, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a> used a dialect of West <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaite language</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> was used for religious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201329-145">[143]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, which had been politically connected to the Grand Duchy since the mid-16th century, was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a> who spoke a <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201320-146">[144]</a> Inhabiting the towns, mainly in Livonia, the mostly Protestant Germans used a local variety of German called Baltendeutsch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201321-143">[141]</a> Prussian and Yotvingians refugees, pushed out by the Teutonic Knights, also found their footing in the Grand Duchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201320-146">[144]</a> Similarly, Russian Old Believers emigrated to Lithuanian lands in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201321-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages_of_administration">Languages of administration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania,_1588.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg/170px-Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 52px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg/170px-Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg.png" data-width="170" data-height="52" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg/255px-Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg/340px-Title_of_the_Statute_of_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_1588.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Title of the Statute of Grand Duchy of Lithuania written in the Ruthenian language, 1588</figcaption></figure> The Grand Duchy's linguistic and ethnic situation, as well as the fusion of Lithuanian and Ruthenian elements in its culture, became the trigger for a long-running debate among historians from Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine over whether the state was essentially Lithuanian or Ruthenian-Lithuanian, in which the more advanced Ruthenian culture played a central role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost201524-147">[145]</a> Before the Lithuanian expansion into the Ruthenian lands, Lithuanian was the only language of public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalczak2019233-148">[146]</a> However, the conquests, already initiated by <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a> in 13th century, began the process of fusing Ruthenian and Lithuanian culture and, in the absence of its own writing tradition, adopting Ruthenian as the language of administration and written communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalczak2019233-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost201524,_308-149">[147]</a> From at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a>, but probably much earlier, the language of internal administration was <a href="/wiki/Chancery_Ruthenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancery Ruthenian">Chancery Ruthenian</a>, a language similar to, but not the same as, the spoken language used by Ruthenians living in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003110%E2%80%93111-134">[132]</a> As for the correspondences with foreign courts the grand ducal chancellery prepared it in the language appropriate to the recipient: Latin for the correspondence with the West, German with the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> and Chancery Ruthenian with the East Slavic and Tatar rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20014-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000152-151">[149]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania,_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/175px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/175px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png" data-width="175" data-height="163" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/263px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg/350px-1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania%2C_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Grand Duke of Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander Jagiellon</a>, specified that the Roman Catholic priests in these 28 churches must know the Lithuanian language, according to his letter of 18 September 1501, which was addressed to the Bishop of Vilnius Albertas.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></figcaption></figure> The language used at court continued to be Lithuanian until the mid-16th century, the other being Ruthenian; later, both languages began to be replaced by Polish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201348-154">[152]</a> Ruthenian culture dominated the courts of the <a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">Gediminid</a> princes since the 14th century, especially those ruling directly over Ruthenian subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015160-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000109-156">[154]</a> Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a> was most likely bilingual, knowing and speaking Lithuanian and Ruthenian, and was able to communicate in the <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Samogitian dialect">Samogitian dialect</a> of the Lithuanian language.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015159%E2%80%93160-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> The Lithuanian language was still strongly present at the Vilnius court of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir Jagiellon">Casimir Jagiellon</a>, who had to learn it when he assumed power in the Grand Duchy in 1444.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis20166-160">[158]</a> Casimir's assumption of power in Poland in 1447 marked the end of the existence of a separate court in Vilnius (it later existed only in years 1492–1496 and 1544–1548<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015319-161">[159]</a>). Many Lithuanians and Ruthenian nobles joined the court in Kraków, they learned Polish language over time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015320%E2%80%93321-162">[160]</a> Casimir was the last Grand Duke to know the Lithuanian language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015320-163">[161]</a> From 1500, the elite of the Lithuanian state rapidly adopted the Polish language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015319-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000195-164">[162]</a> The process of moving away from Ruthenian to Polish in administration was soon apparent. The first were the nobles of <a href="/wiki/Podlachia" title="Podlachia">Podlachia</a>, who adopted Polish laws as early as the 1440s, and repeatedly demanded that official documents be written in Polish, since they no longer knew Ruthenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015482-165">[163]</a> The political reforms of 1564–1566 established <a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">sejmiks</a>, local land courts, appellate courts modelled on Polish system, through which the Polish language flowed into Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002477-166">[164]</a> The first codification of Lithuanian laws, the Statute of Lithuania, was issued in Chancery Ruthenian (1529), but was quickly translated into Latin (1530) and Polish (1532).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2015418-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanclerz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanclerz">Court Chancellor</a> of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania <a href="/wiki/Lew_Sapieha" title="Lew Sapieha">Lew Sapieha</a> noted in the preface of the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Lithuania" title="Statutes of Lithuania">Third Statute of Lithuania</a> (1588) that all state documents to be written exclusively in Ruthenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002476-168">[166]</a> Despite this, after the Polish translation of the statute was published in 1614, it was not reissued in Ruthenian ever again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWisner2008267-169">[167]</a> Polish was increasingly used in official documents, especially after the Union of Lublin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200146-141">[139]</a> Finally, in 1697, the Sejm, as part of the equalization of law between Lithuania and Poland, confirmed that only the Polish language was to be used in administration in Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003109%E2%80%93114-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2006-131">[129]</a> although Ruthenian continued to be used on a few official documents until the second half of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Zinkevi%C4%8Dius-140">[138]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia,_1639.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg/175px-Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 211px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg/175px-Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg" data-width="175" data-height="211" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg/263px-Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg/350px-Old_Lithuanian_texts._Order_of_Ladislaus_IV_Vasa_forbiding_hunting_in_neighouring_Prussia%2C_1639.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV's</a> universal of March 22, 1639 forbidding his subjects to hunt on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a>. The universal was translated into Old Lithuanian at the Prussian chancellery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis200256-170">[168]</a></figcaption></figure> After the baptism, the use of Latin, still the main language of learning and writing in Western Europe, also spread in Lithuania as a language of document. Latin was the second language of the grand ducal chancellery in the 14th–16th centuries, although it was used less frequently than Ruthenian in internal administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201363-171">[169]</a> This was accompanied by the spread since mid-15th century of the legend of the Roman origin of the Lithuanian nobility (from the <a href="/wiki/Palemonids" title="Palemonids">Palemon lineage</a>), and the closeness of the Lithuanian language and Latin. This let some intellectuals in the mid-16th century to advocate for replacement of Ruthenian with Latin, as they considered Latin as the native language of Lithuanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis201615%E2%80%9316-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000194-173">[171]</a> Despite the appearance of literature in Lithuanian in the 16th century, the language did not gain the status of a chancellery language in the Grand Duchy until the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201356%E2%80%9362-174">[172]</a> Unlike neighboring <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Prussia</a>, where the custom of issuing official documents in Lithuanian, especially those addressed to Lithuanian subjects, appeared as early as the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201356-175">[173]</a> The Prussian chancellery translated two universals of 1639 and 1641 prepared by the royal chancellery of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV</a> in Latin forbidding the passage of his subjects from the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> to Prussia, which was then a Polish fief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201356-175">[173]</a> In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first document in Lithuanian was a translation from the Polish text of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">May 3 Constitution</a>, which was issued in 1791.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201362-176">[174]</a> Subsequently, several documents were published in Lithuanian during the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201362-176">[174]</a> Of course, Lithuanian was used in speech, in administrative offices and by government officials when dealing with residents who were unable to communicate in another language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201364-177">[175]</a> Vilnius city charter of November 18, 1551 declared that summons to court and verdicts had to be announced in Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201355-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002478-179">[177]</a> A similar charter was issued in Kaunas in 1540.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002475-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziarnovi%C4%8D201355-178">[176]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Poland#Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569%E2%80%931795)" title="Demographic history of Poland">Demographic history of Poland § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)</a></div> In 1260, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the land of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and ethnic Lithuanians formed the majority (68%) of its 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Letukiene-182">[180]</a> With the acquisition of new <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> territories, in 1340 this portion decreased to 30%.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> By the time of the largest expansion towards <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus'</a> lands, which came at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was 800 to 930 thousand km2, just 10% to 14% of which was ethnically Lithuanian.<a href="#cite_note-Letukiene-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003109,_125-184">[182]</a> On 6 May 1434, Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis" title="Sigismund Kęstutaitis">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a> released his privilege which tied the Orthodox and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian nobles">Lithuanian nobles</a> rights in order to attract the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_nobility" title="Ruthenian nobility">Slavic nobles</a> of the eastern regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania who supported the former Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> An estimate of the population in the territory of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania together gives a population at 7.5 million for 1493, breaking them down by ethnicity at 3.75 million <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a> (ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>), 3.25 million Poles and 0.5 million Lithuanians.<a href="#cite_note-Pogonowski1989-186">[184]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>, 1569, Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown. According to an analysis of the tax registers in 1572, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_proper" title="Lithuania proper">Lithuania proper</a> had 850,000 residents of which 680,000 were Lithuanians.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In the mid and late 17th century, due to Russian and Swedish invasions, there was much devastation and population loss on throughout the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,<a href="#cite_note-Kotilaine2005-188">[186]</a> including ethnic Lithuanian population in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius voivodeship">Vilnius surroundings</a>. Besides devastation, the Ruthenian population declined proportionally after the territorial losses to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. By 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in the territory of 320 thousand km2, the biggest part of whom were inhabitants of Ruthenia and about 1.39 million or 29% – of ethnic Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-Letukiene-182">[180]</a> During the following decades, the population decreased in a result of <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">partitions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Letukiene-182">[180]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_(in_Lithuanian_language)_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas,_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg,_1547_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="629"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 234px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="234" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-CATECHISMVSA_PRAsty_Szadei_%28in_Lithuanian_language%29_by_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas%2C_published_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg%2C_1547_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first printed book in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Prussian tribes</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> origin) were the subject of Polish expansion, which was largely unsuccessful, so Duke <a href="/wiki/Konrad_of_Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Konrad of Masovia">Konrad of Masovia</a> invited the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> to settle near the Prussian area of settlement. The fighting between Prussians and the Teutonic Knights gave the more distant Lithuanian tribes time to unite. Because of strong enemies in the south and north, the newly formed Lithuanian state concentrated most of its military and diplomatic efforts on expansion eastward. The rest of the former Ruthenian lands were conquered by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Some other lands in Ukraine were vassalized by Lithuania later. The subjugation of Eastern Slavs by two powers created substantial differences between them that persist to this day. While there were certainly substantial regional differences in Kievan Rus', it was the Lithuanian annexation of much of southern and western Ruthenia that led to the permanent division between Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Russians, and even four Grand Dukes of Lithuania are appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_of_Russia" title="Millennium of Russia">Millennium of Russia</a> monument. In the 19th century, the romantic references to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were an inspiration and a substantial part of both the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_national_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian national revival">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_national_revival" title="Belarusian national revival">Belarusian</a> national revival movements and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romanticism in Poland</a>. Notwithstanding the above, Lithuania was a kingdom under Mindaugas, who was crowned by the authority of Pope Innocent IV in 1253. Vytenis, Gediminas and Vytautas the Great also assumed the title of King, although uncrowned by the Pope. A failed attempt was made in 1918 to revive the Kingdom under a German Prince, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach</a>, who would have reigned as Mindaugas II of Lithuania. In the first half of the 20th century, the memory of the multiethnic history of the Grand Duchy was revived by the people connected with the <a href="/wiki/Krajowcy" title="Krajowcy">Krajowcy</a> movement,<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Abramowicz_(1879%E2%80%931939)" title="Ludwik Abramowicz (1879–1939)">Ludwik Abramowicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstancja_Skirmuntt" title="Konstancja Skirmuntt">Konstancja Skirmuntt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Pius_R%C3%B6mer" title="Michał Pius Römer">Michał Pius Römer</a>, Juozapas Albinas Herbačiauskas, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mackiewicz" title="Józef Mackiewicz">Józef Mackiewicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Mackiewicz" title="Stanisław Mackiewicz">Stanisław Mackiewicz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-VMU2011-192">[190]</a> This feeling was expressed in poetry by <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VMU2011-192">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg/170px-Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg/170px-Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg/255px-Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg/340px-Lithuanian_soldiers_during_the_Battle_of_%C5%BDalgiris_reconstruction_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Medieval-like Lithuanian soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Act of Independence of Lithuania</a>, signed by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania" title="Council of Lithuania">Council of Lithuania</a> on February 16, 1918, proclaimed that "the Council of Lithuania, as the sole representative of the Lithuanian nation, based on the recognized right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">national self-determination</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Conference" title="Vilnius Conference">Vilnius Conference</a>'s resolution of September 18–23, 1917, proclaims the restoration of the independent state of Lithuania, founded on democratic principles, with Vilnius as its capital, and declares the termination of all state ties which formerly bound this State to other nations".<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">preamble</a> of the most recent <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Constitution of Lithuania</a>, adopted during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Lithuanian_constitutional_referendum" title="1992 Lithuanian constitutional referendum">1992 Lithuanian constitutional referendum</a>, the continuity of Lithuanian statehood is also stressed.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscientific</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Litvinism" title="Litvinism">litvinism</a> was developed since the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Famous Lithuanian sports clubs <a href="/wiki/BC_%C5%BDalgiris" title="BC Žalgiris">BC Žalgiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/FK_%C5%BDalgiris" title="FK Žalgiris">FK Žalgiris</a> as well the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDalgiris_Arena" title="Žalgiris Arena">largest indoor arena in Lithuania</a> are named after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> (Žalgirio mūšis). According to the 10th article of the Law on the State Flag and Other Flags of the Republic of Lithuania (<a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės vėliavos ir kitų vėliavų įstatymas), adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Lithuania#State_(historical)_flag" title="Flag of Lithuania">historical Lithuanian state flag</a> (with horseback knight on a red field, which initial design dates back to the reign of Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_the_Great" title="Vytautas the Great">Vytautas the Great</a>)<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> must be constantly raised over the most important governmental buildings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Seimas_Palace" title="Seimas Palace">Seimas Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania" title="Government of Lithuania">Government of Lithuania</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Lithuania#Ministries" title="Government of Lithuania">ministries</a>, Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council" title="Municipal council">municipal council</a> buildings) and significant historical buildings (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania">Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trakai_Island_Castle" title="Trakai Island Castle">Trakai Island Castle</a>), also in <a href="/wiki/Kernav%C4%97" title="Kernavė">Kernavė</a> and in the site of the <a href="/wiki/Senieji_Trakai_Castle" title="Senieji Trakai Castle">Senieji Trakai Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History of Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">History of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">History of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania">List of cities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Lithuania" title="List of heads of state of Lithuania">List of heads of state of Lithuania</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Lithuania" title="Portal:Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/42px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ukraine" title="Portal:Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap 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Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvos+did%C5%BEiojo+kunigaik%C5%A1%C4%8Dio+lei%C4%8Diai%3A+i%C5%A1+Lietuvos+ankstyv%C5%B3j%C5%B3+valstybini%C5%B3+strukt%C5%ABr%C5%B3+praeities+%28Lei%C4%8Diai+of+Grand+Duke+of+Lithuania%3A+from+the+past+of+Lithuanian+stative+structures&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Lietuvos+istorijos+instituto+leidykla&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dubonis&rft.aufirst=Art%C5%ABras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojtár1999" class="citation book cs1">Bojtár, Endre (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Er1_CwAAQBAJ">Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People</a>. Central European University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-42-9"><bdi>978-963-9116-42-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+the+Past%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Baltic+People&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-42-9&rft.aulast=Bojt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Endre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEr1_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodziejczyk2011" class="citation book cs1">Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHrTxHmegRYC&dq=Hospodar+grand+duchy+of+lithuania&pg=PA664">The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004191907" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004191907"><bdi>978-9004191907</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Khanate+and+Poland-Lithuania%3A+International+Diplomacy+on+the+European+Periphery+%2815th%E2%80%9318th+Century%29.+A+Study+of+Peace+Treaties+Followed+by+Annotated+Documents.&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004191907&rft.aulast=Kolodziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHrTxHmegRYC%26dq%3DHospodar%2Bgrand%2Bduchy%2Bof%2Blithuania%26pg%3DPA664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Depending on translation of the source, here and below original Rus' name can be translated as Russia or Ruthenia. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.%C5%A1altiniai.info/files/literatura/LC00/Gedimino_lai%C5%A1kai.LC0600.pdf">Gedimino laiškai [Letters of Gediminas]</a> (PDF) (in Lithuanian). <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a>, Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. p. 2. Retrieved 30 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gedimino+lai%C5%A1kai+%5BLetters+of+Gediminas%5D&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Vilnius+University%2C+Institute+of+Lithuanian+Literature+and+Folklore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.%C5%A1altiniai.info%2Ffiles%2Fliteratura%2FLC00%2FGedimino_lai%25C5%25A1kai.LC0600.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenwein2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosenwein, Barbara H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqVYDwAAQBAJ&dq=king+of+lithuanias+and+many+ruthenians&pg=PA405">Reading the Middle Ages, Volume II: From c. 900 to c. 1500</a> (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442636804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442636804"><bdi>978-1442636804</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Middle+Ages%2C+Volume+II%3A+From+c.+900+to+c.+1500&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1442636804&rft.aulast=Rosenwein&rft.aufirst=Barbara+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqVYDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dking%2Bof%2Blithuanias%2Band%2Bmany%2Bruthenians%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickūnaitė2006" class="citation book cs1">Mickūnaitė, Giedrė (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfwOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Letwinorum+et+multorum+Ruthenorum+rex%22&pg=PA106">Making a Great Ruler: Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania</a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6155211072" title="Special:BookSources/978-6155211072"><bdi>978-6155211072</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+a+Great+Ruler%3A+Grand+Duke+Vytautas+of+Lithuania&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-6155211072&rft.aulast=Mick%C5%ABnait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Giedr%C4%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfwOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Letwinorum%2Bet%2Bmultorum%2BRuthenorum%2Brex%2522%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1969" class="citation web cs1">Parker, William Henry (11 November 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_4rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22">"An Historical Geography of Russia"</a>. Aldine Publishing Company – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+Russia&rft.pub=Aldine+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969-11-11&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_4rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunitz1947" class="citation web cs1">Kunitz, Joshua (11 November 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5L1oAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+and+russia%22">"Russia, the Giant that Came Last"</a>. Dodd, Mead – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+Giant+that+Came+Last&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1947-11-11&rft.aulast=Kunitz&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5L1oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2Band%2Brussia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Between Two Worlds: A Comparative Study of the Representations of Pagan Lithuania in the Chronicles of the Teutonic Order and Rus' </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lndm.lt/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gedimino-laiskai-Galutinis-visas.pdf">Lietuvos valdovo žodis pasauliui: atveriame mūsų žemę ir valdas kiekvienam geros valios žmogui</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1976" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Karl F. von (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncYUAAAAIAAJ&dq=written+laws+given+to+the+state,+the+grand+principality+of+lithuania&pg=PA19">Studien Zur Geschichte Osteuropas</a>. Brill Archive. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04520-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04520-0"><bdi>978-90-04-04520-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studien+Zur+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04520-0&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Karl+F.+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncYUAAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dwritten%2Blaws%2Bgiven%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bstate%2C%2Bthe%2Bgrand%2Bprincipality%2Bof%2Blithuania%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuolys2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuolys, Darius (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2005~1367151482423/">"Lietuvos Respublika : idėjos ištakos"</a>. Senoji Lietuvos literatūra: 157–198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1822-3656">1822-3656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senoji+Lietuvos+literat%C5%ABra&rft.atitle=Lietuvos+Respublika+%3A+id%C4%97jos+i%C5%A1takos&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1822-3656&rft.aulast=Kuolys&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt%2Fobject%2FLT-LDB-0001%3AJ.04~2005~1367151482423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁuczyński2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Łuczyński, Jarosław (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zapiskihistoryczne.pl/files/issues/75faa561dc57d9779d97e4010a158dc2_ZH_2013_1_LuczynskiN.pdf">"Przestrzeń Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego na mapie Radziwiłłowskiej Tomasza Makowskiego z 1613 roku w świetle treści kartograficznej i opisowej"</a> (PDF). Zapiski Historyczne (in Polish). 78 (1). <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a>: 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zapiski+Historyczne&rft.atitle=Przestrze%C5%84+Wielkiego+Ksi%C4%99stwa+Litewskiego+na+mapie+Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82owskiej+Tomasza+Makowskiego+z+1613+roku+w+%C5%9Bwietle+tre%C5%9Bci+kartograficznej+i+opisowej&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C5%81uczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zapiskihistoryczne.pl%2Ffiles%2Fissues%2F75faa561dc57d9779d97e4010a158dc2_ZH_2013_1_LuczynskiN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupienėKuncevičius200040-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius200040_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000">Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lituanica-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lituanica_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lituanica_41-1">b</a> Encyclopedia Lituanica. Boston, 1970–1978, Vol.5 p.395 </li> <li id="cite_note-LithuaniaHistoryBr-42"><a href="#cite_ref-LithuaniaHistoryBr_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lithuania/History#ref37336">"Lithuania – History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Lithuania+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLithuania%2FHistory%23ref37336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lithuania Ascending p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> A. Bumblauskas, Senosios Lietuvos istorija, 1009–1795 [The early history of Lithuania], Vilnius, 2005, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIršėnasRačiūnaitė2015" class="citation book cs1">Iršėnas, Marius; Račiūnaitė, Tojana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leidykla.vda.lt/Files/_TheLithuanianMillenium_2015_per.pdf">The Lithuanian Millennium: History, Art and Culture</a> (PDF). Vilnius: <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Academy_of_Arts" title="Vilnius Academy of Arts">Vilnius Academy of Arts</a> Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-447-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-447-097-4"><bdi>978-609-447-097-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lithuanian+Millennium%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Vilnius+Academy+of+Arts+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-609-447-097-4&rft.aulast=Ir%C5%A1%C4%97nas&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Ra%C4%8Di%C5%ABnait%C4%97%2C+Tojana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleidykla.vda.lt%2FFiles%2F_TheLithuanianMillenium_2015_per.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> By contemporary accounts, the Lithuanians called their early rulers kunigas (kunigai in plural). The word was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – kuning, konig. Later on kunigas was replaced by the word kunigaikštis, used to describe to medieval Lithuanian rulers in modern Lithuanian, while kunigas today means priest. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupienėKuncevičius200043–127-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius200043%E2%80%93127_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiaupaKiaupien%C4%97Kuncevi%C4%8Dius2000">Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000</a>, pp. 43–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-LV-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LV_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LV_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LV_48-2">c</a> V. Spečiūnas. Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.): Enciklopedinis žinynas. Vilnius, 2004. p. 15-78. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113823/http://visitlithuania.net/lithuania/history/major-battle/1661-the-battle-of-saule">"The Battle of Saule"</a>. VisitLithuania.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitlithuania.net/lithuania/history/major-battle/1661-the-battle-of-saule">the original</a> on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitLithuania.net&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Saule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitlithuania.net%2Flithuania%2Fhistory%2Fmajor-battle%2F1661-the-battle-of-saule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatūra" class="citation book cs1">Batūra, Romas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029090124/http://www.tb.lt/Leidiniai/sisteminis_katalogas/Humanitariniai%20mokslai/Istorija/2010-places%20of%20fighting.pdf">Places of Fighting for Lithuania's Freedom</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/General_Jonas_%C5%BDemaitis_Military_Academy_of_Lithuania" title="General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania">General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania</a>. pp. 1–2. 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Як Україна звільнилася від Золотої Орди</bdi></a> [Battle at Blue Waters. How Ukraine freed itself from the Golden Horde] (in Ukrainian). istpravda.com.ua. Retrieved 22 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%AF%D0%BA+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8&rft.pub=istpravda.com.ua&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.aulast=Cherkas&rft.aufirst=Borys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istpravda.com.ua%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F30%2F66894%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Vorskla-River">"Battle of the Vorskla River"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Vorskla+River&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-the-Vorskla-River&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archyvai.lt/exhibitions/pilys/trakai.htm">"Trakų pilys"</a>. Lietuvos vyriausiojo archyvaro tarnyba (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 3 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lietuvos+vyriausiojo+archyvaro+tarnyba&rft.atitle=Trak%C5%B3+pilys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archyvai.lt%2Fexhibitions%2Fpilys%2Ftrakai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloczowski2000" class="citation cs2">Kloczowski, Jerzy (2000), A History of Polish Christianity, Cambridge University Press, p. 55, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36429-4"><bdi>978-0-521-36429-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Polish+Christianity&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36429-4&rft.aulast=Kloczowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis20165-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubonis20165_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubonis2016">Dubonis 2016</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vytautas-the-Great">"Vytautas the Great | Lithuanian leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Vytautas+the+Great+%7C+Lithuanian+leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FVytautas-the-Great&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasasMatulevičius" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasas, Rimantas; Matulevičius, Algirdas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/radvilos/">"Radvilos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vle.lt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vle.lt">Vle.lt</a> (in Lithuanian). 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Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9955-33-632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9955-33-632-7"><bdi>978-9955-33-632-7</bdi></a>. 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The pagan Lithuanians themselves were increasingly converting to Orthodoxy and assimilating into the Ruthenian culture. The grand duchy's administrative practices and legal system drew heavily on Slavic customs, and an official Ruthenian state language (also known as Rusyn) developed over time from the language used in Rus. Direct Polish rule in Ukraine in the 1340s and for two centuries thereafter was limited to Galicia. There, changes in such areas as administration, law, and land tenure proceeded more rapidly than in Ukrainian territories under Lithuania. However, Lithuania itself was soon drawn into the orbit of Poland following the dynastic linkage of the two states in 1385/86 and the baptism of the Lithuanians into the Latin (Roman Catholic) church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ukraine%3A+History%3A+Lithuanian+and+Polish+rule&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.aulast=Makuch&rft.aufirst=Andrij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBLublin-91"><a href="#cite_ref-EBLublin_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Union-of-Lublin">"Union of Lublin: Poland-Lithuania [1569]"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 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Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 12 August 2016. <q>While Poland and Lithuania would thereafter elect a joint sovereign and have a common parliament, the basic dual state structure was retained. Each continued to be administered separately and had its own law codes and armed forces. The joint commonwealth, however, provided an impetus for cultural Polonization of the Lithuanian nobility. By the end of the 17th century, it had virtually become indistinguishable from its Polish counterpart.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lithuania%3A+History%3A+Union+with+Poland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.aulast=Stranga&rft.aufirst=Aivars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLithuania%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudavičius" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gudavičius, Edvardas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/didysis-kunigaikstis/">"Didysis kunigaikštis"</a>. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). 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Lituanus.org. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lituanus.org/1997/97_1_05.htm">the original</a> on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 14 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lituanus.org&rft.atitle=The+Reformation+in+the+Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania&rft.aulast=Slavenas&rft.aufirst=Maria+Gra%C5%BEina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1997%2F97_1_05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Vilniaus Universitetas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vu.lt/site_files/InfS/Leidiniai/Vilnius_University_1579_2004.pdf">History of Vilnius University</a>. Retrieved on 2007.04.16 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> For reference: Gulistan coinage of <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Jani_Beg,_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_(1352-3_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg/30px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg/30px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg" data-width="30" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg/45px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Jani_Beg%2C_Gulistan_mint._Dated_AH_753_%281352-3_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhromovKhromova2019" class="citation journal cs1">Khromov, Kostiantyn; Khromova, Iryna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://62.244.28.214/images/5/UL_5.pdf">"COINAGE GENESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE POLITICAL AUTONOMY ON THE LITHUANIAN-HORDE BORDER LANDS the second half of the 14th – the first half of the 15th century"</a> (PDF). Ukraina Lithuanica: студії з історії Великого князівства Литовського: 13–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukraina+Lithuanica%3A+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%B7+%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.atitle=COINAGE+GENESIS+IN+THE+CONTEXT+OF+THE+POLITICAL+AUTONOMY+ON+THE+LITHUANIAN-HORDE+BORDER+LANDS+the+second+half+of+the+14th+%E2%80%93+the+first+half+of+the+15th+century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Khromov&rft.aufirst=Kostiantyn&rft.au=Khromova%2C+Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F62.244.28.214%2Fimages%2F5%2FUL_5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuchodolskiBogucki2007" class="citation book cs1">Suchodolski, Stanisław; Bogucki, Mateusz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twgXAQAAIAAJ">Money Circulation in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern Times: Time, Range, Intensity : International Symposium of the 50th Anniversary of Wiadomości Numizmatyczne : Warsaw, 13–14 October 2006</a>. Avalon. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89499-43-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89499-43-1"><bdi>978-83-89499-43-1</bdi></a>. <q>The first coins, anonymous (Type I), roughly imitate Tatar coins of Jani beg struck in Gulistán in the years 1351–1353 (Kozubovs'kyi 1994). Kozubovs'kyi regarded them as the oldest coins of Volodymyr from the sixties to the early eighties but Khromov, while facing some recent finds ( or a find ) from the Sumy province, is of the opinion that they were struck earlier, between 1354–63 under the rule of the Ruirikid Prince <a href="/wiki/Fiodor_of_Kiev" title="Fiodor of Kiev">Fiodor of Kiev</a>, and that they were struck somewhere to the east of the capital town, in the Sumy region ( Khromov 2004, 2006 ).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+Circulation+in+Antiquity%2C+the+Middle+Ages+and+Modern+Times%3A+Time%2C+Range%2C+Intensity+%3A+International+Symposium+of+the+50th+Anniversary+of+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+Numizmatyczne+%3A+Warsaw%2C+13%E2%80%9314+October+2006&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-89499-43-1&rft.aulast=Suchodolski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Bogucki%2C+Mateusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwgXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórak-Sosnowska,_Katarzyna.2011" class="citation book cs1">Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna. (2011). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe : widening the European discourse on Islam. University of Warsaw. Faculty of Oriental Studies. pp. 207–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8390322957" title="Special:BookSources/978-8390322957"><bdi>978-8390322957</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/804006764">804006764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+Poland+and+Eastern+Europe+%3A+widening+the+European+discourse+on+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=University+of+Warsaw.+Faculty+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F804006764&rft.isbn=978-8390322957&rft.au=G%C3%B3rak-Sosnowska%2C+Katarzyna.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akiner2009-2-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Akiner2009-2_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirin_Akiner2009" class="citation book cs1">Shirin Akiner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FEJ7F2cmCt0C&pg=PA51">Religious Language of a Belarusian Tatar Kitab: A Cultural Monument of Islam in Europe : with a Latin-script Transliteration of the British Library Tatar Belarusian Kitab (OR 13020) on CD-ROM</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03027-4"><bdi>978-3-447-03027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Language+of+a+Belarusian+Tatar+Kitab%3A+A+Cultural+Monument+of+Islam+in+Europe+%3A+with+a+Latin-script+Transliteration+of+the+British+Library+Tatar+Belarusian+Kitab+%28OR+13020%29+on+CD-ROM&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03027-4&rft.au=Shirin+Akiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFEJ7F2cmCt0C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-127"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2016" class="citation news cs1">Hussain, Tharik (1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35170834">"The amazing survival of the Baltic Muslims"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+amazing+survival+of+the+Baltic+Muslims&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Tharik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35170834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone20014-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20014_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20014_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone20014_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2001">Stone 2001</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubonis2002_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDubonis2002">Dubonis 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost201518-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost201518_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2015">Frost 2015</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor2006-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor2006_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor2006_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2006" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, Kevin (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IpR0-OrrwssC&pg=PA115">Culture and Customs of the Baltic States</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 115, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33125-1"><bdi>978-0-313-33125-1</bdi></a>, retrieved 12 August 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33125-1&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpR0-OrrwssC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201322-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBednarczuk201322_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBednarczuk2013">Bednarczuk 2013</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGudavičius2006646-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGudavi%C4%8Dius2006646_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGudavi%C4%8Dius2006">Gudavičius 2006</a>, p. 646. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003110–111-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003110%E2%80%93111_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003110%E2%80%93111_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiemer2003">Wiemer 2003</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Potasenko-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Potasenko_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotašenko2008" class="citation book cs1">Potašenko, Grigorijus (2008). Multinational Lithuania: History of Ethnic Minorities. Šviesa. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5430052508" title="Special:BookSources/978-5430052508"><bdi>978-5430052508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Lithuania%3A+History+of+Ethnic+Minorities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=%C5%A0viesa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5430052508&rft.aulast=Pota%C5%A1enko&rft.aufirst=Grigorijus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeśniewska-Napierała2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leśniewska-Napierała, Katarzyna (2015). 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Statistical numbers, usually accepted in historiography (the sources, their treatment, the method of measuring is not discussed in the source), are given, according to which in 1260 there were about 0.27 million Lithuanians out of a total population of 0.4 million (or 67.5%). The size of the territory of the Grand Duchy was about 200 thousand km2. The following data on population is given in the sequence – year, total population in millions, territory, Lithuanian (inhabitants of ethnic Lithuania) part of population in millions: 1340 – 0.7, 350 thousand km2, 0.37; 1375 – 1.4, 700 thousand km2, 0.42; 1430 – 2.5, 930 thousand km2, 0.59 or 24%; 1490 – 3.8, 850 thousand km2, 0.55 or 14% or 1/7; 1522 – 2.365, 485 thousand km2, 0.7 or 30%; 1568 – 2.8, 570 thousand km2, 0.825 million or 30%; 1572, 1.71, 320 thousand km2, 0.85 million or 50%; 1770 – 4.84, 320 thousand km2, 1.39 or 29%; 1791 – 2.5, 250 km2, 1.4 or 56%; 1793 – 1.8, 132 km2, 1.35 or 75% </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Letukienė, N., Istorija, Politologija: Kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui, 2003, p. 182; there were about 0.37 million Lithuanians of 0.7 million of a whole population by 1340 in the territory of 350 thousand km2 and 0.42 million of 1.4 million by 1375 in the territory of 700 thousand km2. Different numbers can also be found, for example: Kevin O'Connor, The History of the Baltic States, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0">0-313-32355-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq=million+%22Grand+Duchy%22&pg=PA17">Google Print, p. 17</a>. Here the author estimates that there were 9 million inhabitants in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and 1 million of them were ethnic Lithuanians by 1387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003109,_125-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiemer2003109,_125_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiemer2003">Wiemer 2003</a>, pp. 109, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/zygimanto-kestutaicio-privilegija/">"Žygimanto Kęstutaičio privilegija"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vle.lt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vle.lt">Vle.lt</a> (in Lithuanian). 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Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-8183-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-8183-65-8"><bdi>978-609-8183-65-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erelis+lokio+guolyje.+Lenk%C5%B3+bajorai+%C5%BDemaitijoje+XVI%E2%80%93XVIII+a.%3A+migracija%2C+kalba%2C+atmintis&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pub=Lithuanian+Institute+of+History+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-609-8183-65-8&rft.aulast=Drungila&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubonis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dubonis, Artūras (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2002~1367186030476/datastreams/DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/content">"Lietuvių kalba: poreikis ir vartojimo mastai : XV a. antra pusė – XVI a. pirma pusė"</a>. 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Belarusian Political Science Review. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belarusian+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Lithuanian+Language+in+the+Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania%3A+between+Function+and+Status&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Dziarnovi%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Alieh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9798773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Frost, Robert (2015). The Oxford History of Poland–Lithuania. Vol. I: The Making of the Polish–Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. 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The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80362-3"><bdi>978-0-295-80362-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian+State%2C+1386%E2%80%931795&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80362-3&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimonienė2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Trimonien%C4%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Trimonienė (page does not exist)">Trimonienė, Rita</a> (2006). "Polonizacja" [Polonization]. In Ališauskas, Vytautas; Jovaiša, Liudas; Paknys, Mindaugas; Petrauskas, Rimvydas; Raila, Eligijus (eds.). Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Analizy i obrazy. Kraków. pp. 544–560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polonizacja&rft.btitle=Kultura+Wielkiego+Ksi%C4%99stwa+Litewskiego.+Analizy+i+obrazy&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E544-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Trimonien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalczak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Walczak, Bogdan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14746%2Fsnp.2018.18.20">"Język litewski w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim"</a> [Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania]. Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia. 18 (18): 231–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14746%2Fsnp.2018.18.20">10.14746/snp.2018.18.20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Neophilologica+Posnaniensia&rft.atitle=J%C4%99zyk+litewski+w+Wielkim+Ksi%C4%99stwie+Litewskim&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14746%2Fsnp.2018.18.20&rft.aulast=Walczak&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14746%252Fsnp.2018.18.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiemer2003" class="citation book cs1">Wiemer, Björn (2003). "Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 15th century until 1939". In Braunmüller, Kurt; Ferraresi, Gisella (eds.). Aspects of Multilingualism in European Language History. John Benjamins. pp. 105–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-1922-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-1922-2"><bdi>90-272-1922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialect+and+language+contacts+on+the+territory+of+the+Grand+Duchy+of+Lithuania+from+the+15th+century+until+1939&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Multilingualism+in+European+Language+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-272-1922-2&rft.aulast=Wiemer&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisner2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wisner, Henryk (2008). Rzeczpospolita Wazów. Sławne Państwo, Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie [The Commonwealth of the Vasas. The Illustrious State, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania] (in Polish). Vol. 3. Warsaw: Neriton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rzeczpospolita+Waz%C3%B3w.+S%C5%82awne+Pa%C5%84stwo%2C+Wielkie+Ksi%C4%99stwo+Litewskie&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Neriton&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wisner&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrand+Duchy+of+Lithuania" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Young, Francis (2024). Poetry and Nation-Building in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Arc Humanities Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802702293" title="Special:BookSources/9781802702293">9781802702293</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldkistorija.lt/index.php?lang=2">History of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/The%20Baltic%20States/grd_lithuania.htm">Cheryl Renshaw. 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edited on 3 March 2025, at 04:52 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groothertogdom_Litaue" title="Groothertogdom Litaue – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groothertogdom Litaue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="دوقية ليتوانيا الكبرى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية ليتوانيا الكبرى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Duc%C3%A1u_de_Lituania" title="Gran Ducáu de Lituania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gran Ducáu de Lituania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Litva_knyazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Böyük Litva knyazlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Litva knyazlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="بزرق لیتوانی دوکلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بزرق لیتوانی دوکلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бөйөк Литва кенәзлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Литва кенәзлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Вялікае Княства Літоўскае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікае Княства Літоўскае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Вялікае Княства Літоўскае – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікае Княства Літоўскае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Велико литовско княжество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Велико литовско княжество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Kne%C5%BEevina_Litvanija" title="Velika Kneževina Litvanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velika Kneževina Litvanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Veur_Lituania" title="Dugelezh Veur Lituania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Veur Lituania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducat_de_Litu%C3%A0nia" title="Gran Ducat de Lituània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Ducat de Lituània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%C3%A7%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85%C4%95" title="Литва аслă кнеçлĕхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литва аслă кнеçлĕхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litevsk%C3%A9_velkokn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD" title="Litevské velkoknížectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Litevské velkoknížectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchel_Ddugiaeth_Lithwania" title="Uchel Ddugiaeth Lithwania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uchel Ddugiaeth Lithwania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrstend%C3%B8mmet_Litauen" title="Storfyrstendømmet Litauen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storfyrstendømmet Litauen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstentum_Litauen" title="Großfürstentum Litauen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großfürstentum Litauen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedu_suurv%C3%BCrstiriik" title="Leedu suurvürstiriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leedu suurvürstiriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Λιθουανίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο Δουκάτο της Λιθουανίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducado_de_Lituania" title="Gran Ducado de Lituania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Ducado de Lituania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandprinclando_Litovio" title="Grandprinclando Litovio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grandprinclando Litovio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituaniako_Dukerri_Handia" title="Lituaniako Dukerri Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lituaniako Dukerri Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ لیتوانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین بزرگ لیتوانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Lituanie" title="Grand-duché de Lituanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand-duché de Lituanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruthartochdom_Litouwen" title="Gruthartochdom Litouwen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gruthartochdom Litouwen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Ducado_de_Lituania" title="Gran Ducado de Lituania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Ducado de Lituania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%88%AC%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="리투아니아 대공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리투아니아 대공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լիտվայի մեծ իշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիտվայի մեծ իշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4" title="लिथुआनिया की रियासत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिथुआनिया की रियासत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Kne%C5%BEevina_Litva" title="Velika Kneževina Litva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika Kneževina Litva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandadukio_Lituania" title="Grandadukio Lituania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Grandadukio Lituania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keharyapatihan_Lituania" title="Keharyapatihan Lituania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keharyapatihan Lituania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rfurstad%C3%A6mi%C3%B0_Lit%C3%A1en" title="Stórfurstadæmið Litáen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórfurstadæmið Litáen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granducato_di_Lituania" title="Granducato di Lituania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Granducato di Lituania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90" title="הדוכסות הגדולה של ליטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדוכסות הגדולה של ליטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ლიტვის დიდი სამთავრო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიტვის დიდი სამთავრო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEr%C3%AEtiya_Mezin_a_L%C3%AEtvanyay%C3%AA" title="Mîrîtiya Mezin a Lîtvanyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mîrîtiya Mezin a Lîtvanyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtovys_%C4%BBelgercogiste" title="Lītovys Ļelgercogiste – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Lītovys Ļelgercogiste" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Ducatus_Lituaniae" title="Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnus Ducatus Lituaniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvas_lielk%C5%86aziste" title="Lietuvas lielkņaziste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietuvas lielkņaziste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietuvos_Did%C5%BEioji_Kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litv%C3%A1n_Nagyfejedelems%C3%A9g" title="Litván Nagyfejedelemség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Litván Nagyfejedelemség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Големо Кнежевство Литванија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Големо Кнежевство Литванија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ლიეტუვაშ დიდი სათარო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიეტუვაშ დიდი სათარო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89" title="دوقية ليتوانيا الكبرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوقية ليتوانيا الكبرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdemangan_Besar_Lithuania" title="Perdemangan Besar Lithuania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdemangan Besar Lithuania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grootvorstendom_Litouwen" title="Grootvorstendom Litouwen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grootvorstendom Litouwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="リトアニア大公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リトアニア大公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Литвахойн олалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Литвахойн олалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrsted%C3%B8mmet_Litauen" title="Storfyrstedømmet Litauen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storfyrstedømmet Litauen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfyrsted%C3%B8met_Litauen" title="Storfyrstedømet Litauen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storfyrstedømet Litauen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ducat_de_Litu%C3%A0nia" title="Grand Ducat de Lituània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grand Ducat de Lituània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_Litva_knyazligi" title="Buyuk Litva knyazligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk Litva knyazligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielkie_Ksi%C4%99stwo_Litewskie" title="Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Ducado_da_Litu%C3%A2nia" title="Grão-Ducado da Lituânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grão-Ducado da Lituânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Ducat_al_Lituaniei" title="Marele Ducat al Lituaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marele Ducat al Lituaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Великое княжество Литовское – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великое княжество Литовское" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_o_Lithuanie" title="Grand Duchy o Lithuanie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grand Duchy o Lithuanie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukati_i_Madh_i_Lituanis%C3%AB" title="Dukati i Madh i Lituanisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dukati i Madh i Lituanisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litovsk%C3%A9_ve%C4%BEkoknie%C5%BEatstvo" title="Litovské veľkokniežatstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Litovské veľkokniežatstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_litovska_kne%C5%BEevina" title="Velika litovska kneževina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika litovska kneževina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Велика кнежевина Литванија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велика кнежевина Литванија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Kne%C5%BEevina_Litvanija" title="Velika Kneževina Litvanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika Kneževina Litvanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liettuan_suuriruhtinaskunta" title="Liettuan suuriruhtinaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liettuan suuriruhtinaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfurstend%C3%B6met_Litauen" title="Storfurstendömet Litauen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storfurstendömet Litauen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бөек Литва кенәзлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Литва кенәзлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แกรนด์ดัชชีลิทัวเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกรนด์ดัชชีลิทัวเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litvanya_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_D%C3%BCkal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Litvanya Büyük Dükalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Litvanya Büyük Dükalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%BDik_Litwa_Kn%C3%BDazlygy" title="Beýik Litwa Knýazlygy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Beýik Litwa Knýazlygy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Велике князівство Литовське – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велике князівство Литовське" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_c%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Lietuva" title="Đại công quốc Lietuva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại công quốc Lietuva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="立陶宛大公国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="立陶宛大公国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="立陶宛大公國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="立陶宛大公國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietovuos_D%C4%97dliuoj%C4%97_Kon%C4%97gaik%C5%A1t%C4%ABst%C4%97" title="Lietovuos Dėdliuojė Konėgaikštīstė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lietovuos Dėdliuojė Konėgaikštīstė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="立陶宛大公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立陶宛大公国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 March 2025, at 04:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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[\"CITEREFDrungila2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubonis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubonis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubonis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDziarnovič2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEidintasBumblauskasKulakauskasTamošaitis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFijałSemkowicz1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGałędek2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudavičius\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFGudavičius2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudavičiusJučasMatulevičius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudavičiusMatulevičiusVarakauskas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGudavičiusSpečiūnas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGórak-Sosnowska,_Katarzyna.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIršėnasRačiūnaitė2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasas\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJasasMatulevičius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurginis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhromovKhromova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiaupaKiaupienėKuncevičius2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiaupinienė2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloczowski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolodziejczyk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotilaine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalska-Pietrzak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunitz1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuolys2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebedys1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetukienėGineika2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeśniewska-Napierała2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewe1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuchtanas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakuch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarek_Sobczyński\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkauskienė\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatulevičius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMickūnaitė2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawełko-Czajka2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrus1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogonowski1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotašenko2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachuba2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaila\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenwein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowell1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowellBaronas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirin_Akiner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavenas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpečiūnas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatkuvienė\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStranga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuchodolskiBogucki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSužiedėlis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToynbee1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrimonienė2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumelis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrszula_Augustyniak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaitekūnas\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVardys\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalczak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiemer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZikaras2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinkevičius1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinkevičius1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Pastor1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŁuczyński2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Belarus topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 71,\n [\"Cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Format link\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 7,\n [\"Lithuania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 66,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Ukraine topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","16.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.4"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Identifiers\u003E","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","4.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","60","3.7"],["type","60","3.7"],["[others]","440","27.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.next-b6f5f69c6-7kb8j","timestamp":"20250304163809","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49683","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49683","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia 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