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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Health status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_rate_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_rate_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Birth rate and population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_rate_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_Expenditure_Profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_Expenditure_Profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Health Expenditure Profile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_Expenditure_Profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_causes_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_causes_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Major causes of death</span> 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href="#Under-5_mortality_and_neonatal_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.4</span> <span>Under-5 mortality and neonatal mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under-5_mortality_and_neonatal_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Road injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations:_Sustainable_Development_Goals,_2016–2030" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations:_Sustainable_Development_Goals,_2016–2030"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals, 2016–2030</span> </div> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22">"Health in Cameroon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Health+in+Cameroon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG/220px-Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG/330px-Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG/440px-Hopital_Laquintinie_de_Douala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Laquintinie Hospital, Douala, Littoral Region</figcaption></figure> <p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Cameroon is fulfilling 61.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Cameroon achieves 81.7% of what is expected based on its current income.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 70.5% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cameroon falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 30.9% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> brought more light to the deplorable healthcare system and saw the country venturing into <a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg/220px-Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg/330px-Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg/440px-Au_Laboratoire_au_Cameroun_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>A laboratory in Cameroon, picture by John Mbenguè</figcaption></figure> <p>There is also a shortage in professional medical staff, partially caused by public service hiring quotas. Therefore the staff that works is badly paid and has too much work to do, which makes it difficult to treat patients adequately. Many doctors and nurses which were trained in Cameroon emigrate to Europe – but also to South Africa and Asia – for that reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_Futrih_N._Njini_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose_Futrih_N._Njini-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_infrastructure">Health infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Cameroon" title="List of hospitals in Cameroon">List of hospitals in Cameroon</a></div> <p>As of 2016, Cameroon's health map illustrates 10 regions, 189 health districts, 1800 health areas and approximately 5166 public and private health facilities spread throughout the national territory. Access to health services in Cameroon in 2016 was at 2.19 health facilities per 10,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The health facilities are organized into seven main categories: general hospitals, central hospitals, regional hospitals, district hospitals, district medical centers, Integrated health centers and ambulatory health centers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_status">Health status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Population: 24,348,25 estimate for 2019 <sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surface Area: 475,650 Square Km</li> <li>Population density: 51 inhabitants per square Km</li> <li>Young population: 48% of total population below 15 years and 3.5% aged 65 and above<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Annual growth rate: 2.6%</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Cameroon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Cameroon was 57.35 years.<sup id="cite_ref-iuonoa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iuonoa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2017, the estimates were 65.5 and 61.0 years for females and males respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_rate_and_population">Birth rate and population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth rate and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population is estimated as 24,053,727 in 2017 <sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_2018,_Cameroon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_2018,_Cameroon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Central Bureau of Census and Population Studies gives an official projection of 24,348,251 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been substantial increase from 2.3 million in 1900 through 4.34, 8.66, 11.7, 15.4, 20.1 millions in the years 1950, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_Expenditure_Profile">Health Expenditure Profile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health Expenditure Profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> in 2017 is $3,640, making it a low middle income country.<sup id="cite_ref-World_Bank_2018,_Cameroon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank_2018,_Cameroon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a> (CHE) per capita has been on an increase in the last 20 years; US$43, 48, 54 and 64 in the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016 respectively though out-of-pocket spending has been the main source of payment for health services for majority of Cameroonians throughout this period.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, of the health expenditure per capita of $64 spent, estimated that out-of-pocket spending accounted for 70% while domestic public spending, voluntary health insurance, aid accounted for 13%, 9% and 6% respectively and other sources just 2%.<sup id="cite_ref-who.int_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who.int-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_causes_of_death">Major causes of death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major causes of death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1990 till 2018 communicable, maternal, neonatal diseases as group is the leading causes of death followed by non-communicable diseases and injuries in Cameroon and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, globally this is not the same pattern observed as the group of non-communicable diseases has been the leading cause of death followed by the group of communicable, maternal & neonatal diseases and thirdly the group of injuries in the last three decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top ten causes of death in 2018: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory infections">Lower respiratory infections</a></li> <li>Neonatal disorder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrheal_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal diseases">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">Ischemic heart disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li>Road injuries and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV/AIDS"><span id="HIV.2FAIDS"></span>HIV/AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: HIV/AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> is the second cause of death in Cameroon in 2018 after <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Progress had been made in AIDS-related death and new infections in Cameroon; reduction in the number of deaths from 22,000 to 18,000 and the number of new infections from 36,000 to 23,000 between the years 2010 and 2018. In 2018, 540,000 people were living with HIV and the prevalence among adults (15–49 years) was 3.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the incidence among all people of all ages in Cameroon is 1.02% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sub Saharan Africa, the incidence (new infections per 1,000 of population) among adults (15–49 years) declined from 3.39 in 2010, 2.49 in 2015 to 2.14 in 2017 and globally for adults it also declined from 0.44 to 0.40 between 2015 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Many organizations have been partnering with the government of Cameroon via the ministry of public health (MINSANTE) to against this disease. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg/220px-Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg/330px-Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg/440px-Incidence_of_HIV_in_Cameroon_from_1990_-_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Incidence of HIV in Cameroon from 1990 to 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_and_child_healthcare">Maternal and child healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maternal and child healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 155 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 24. In Cameroon the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 0.2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 35.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWMY_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017: </p> <ul><li>Prevalence of child stunting: 30.7%</li> <li>Prevalence of child experiencing wasting: 2.8%</li> <li>Prevalence of child (2–4 years) overweight: 20.9%</li> <li>Coverage of seven vaccine in target population: 72.1%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maternal_mortality_ratio">Maternal mortality ratio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maternal mortality ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_ratio" title="Maternal mortality ratio">maternal mortality ratio</a> is defined as the number of women who die due to causes related to pregnancy or aggravated by pregnancy and provision of care with such deaths occurring during pregnancy or delivery or within 42 days after the end of pregnancy, whatever the duration or type of pregnancy, expressed per 100,000 live births for a given period.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maternal mortality ratio of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> has shown decline in the last three decades. These deaths are however preventable with appropriate management and care. More efforts are needed so as to meet the global <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> target of this indicator which is less than 70 per 100,000 lives births by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the world at large, it reduced significantly by almost half (44% reduction) from 385 in the year 1990 to 216 in the year 2015; as compared to Sub-Saharan Africa from 987 in 1990 from 546 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Table 1: Maternal Mortality Ratio in Cameroon from 1990 to 2015</b></i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th>Maternal Mortality Ratio </th></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>676 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>729 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>749 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>728 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source: World Health Organization, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund and The World Bank, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015, WHO, Geneva, 2015</i> </p><p>Cameroon has a disproportionately high maternal mortality ratio, with approximately 600 deaths per 100,000 births and a perinatal mortality rate of 50 to 60 per 1,000 births, which is among the highest in the world. The primary causes of maternal death, such as hemorrhage, eclampsia, sepsis, obstructed labor, and pre-existing medical conditions, are consistent with those seen in other low-income countries. Similarly, sepsis, congenital malformations, fetal growth restriction, and preexisting complications account for the majority of perinatal mortality. Approximately 85% of pregnant women receive some form of antenatal care, a similar proportion benefit from skilled birth attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, structural barriers to maternal healthare make the delivery of public health interventions to improve these rates challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coverage_of_skill_birth_attendants">Coverage of skill birth attendants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Coverage of skill birth attendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Cameroon, there has been a drop from 63.4% in 1990 to 56.8% in 2000 and then an increase to 67.9% in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Globally, the 81% of live births worldwide occurred with the assistance of a skilled health personnel in 2018, up from 62% in 2005 and 69% in 2012 whereas that of Sub-Saharan Africa is just 59%in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This increase in the coverage of live births by skilled birth attendants from the year 2000 in Cameroon could be attributed to the increase in the number of training institutions of health owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith-based_organization" title="Faith-based organization">faith-based organization</a> and also by private individuals; and also increase in the number of skilled health personnel employed in health facilities. Moreover, possibly because of the increase in mother and child health campaigns and demand to seek health this services in health facilities though traditional birth attendants are also present.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants,_Cameroon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg/220px-Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg/330px-Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg/440px-Coverage_of_skill_brith_attendants%2C_Cameroon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Coverage of skill birth attendants, Cameroon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Family_planning_needs_met">Family planning needs met</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Family planning needs met"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The proportion women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) in Cameroon who have their <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> needs met with modern contraception methods increased about three folds from 14% in 1990, to 43.1% in 2015. As of 2017, still not up to half of women of reproductive age have their family planning needs as met as the percentage stands at 44.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, progress has been globally even though slowly from 74% in 2000 to 76% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods,_Cameroon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg/220px-Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg/330px-Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg/440px-Met_need_for_family_planning_with_modern_contraception_methods%2C_Cameroon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Met need for family planning with modern contraception methods, Cameroon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under-5_mortality_and_neonatal_mortality">Under-5 mortality and neonatal mortality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Under-5 mortality and neonatal mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globally in the year 2000, the Under-5 mortality rate was 43 per 1,000 and neonatal mortality rate (likelihood of dying in the first 28 days of life) was 31 per 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also globally, in 2017, the Under-5 morality and neonatal rates stood as 39 and 18.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for Cameroon, the Under-5 and Neonatal mortality rates have shown a decline from 135.6 and 39.3 in 1990 to 73.5 and 23.4 in 2017 respectively. Many kids still die before getting celebrating their 5th birthday in Cameroon. </p><p><i><b>Table 2: Under-5 Mortality and Neonatal Mortality rates 1990–2017</b></i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Under-5 Mortality Rate</th> <th>Neonatal Mortality </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>73.5</td> <td>23.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>77.5</td> <td>24.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>81.5</td> <td>24.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>103.0</td> <td>28.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>122.5</td> <td>31.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>134.2</td> <td>32.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>139.1</td> <td>37.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>135.6</td> <td>39.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source:</i> <sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_injury">Road injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Road injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transport injury is among the several types of injury. Pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist locally called "benskin" or "okada", motor vehicles, are among the most used road transport in Cameroon. As of 2014, the number of vehicles was estimated at 675,000. Recording more than 16,000 road accidents per year with more than 1000 deaths. In addition to the human loss which is dramatic, the economic loss is estimated at 100 billion FCFA (approximately US Dollars 168 million) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated number of people killed per 100 million km driven was 73, which is more than 35 times higher than on similar roads in the US and Europe. </p><p><b>Road traffic injury</b> is a major cause of death in Cameroon and among the top ten causes in 2018. The estimates of the deaths per 100,000 in the year 2017 from all transport injuries was 15.88 while road injury alone was 14.79 in Cameroon. Moreover, the deaths per 100,000 were 17.96 low income countries had as opposed to 10.39 in high income countries. In 2017 in Sub Saharan Africa, the number of deaths per from road traffic injuries were estimated at 161,648.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of unintended injury in all regions, among low, middle income and high income countries. However, in developing countries, they have to deal with road accident in addition to some communicable diseases which are not a major issue in the high income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This numbers of deaths from transport injury for Cameroon have increase from 3391 to 4408 in the last two decades with increasing number of death recorded among he males population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death_(Percentage)_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon,_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg/220px-Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg/330px-Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg/440px-Death_%28Percentage%29_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C_2017_-_Distrbution_by_Sex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Percentage distribution by Sex of deaths due to Road Injury in Cameroon, 2017. Data from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/">https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These deaths could be as a result of several factors grouped into: transport operator (driver, cyclist, motorcyclist) factors, the state of the means of transport, the road or pavement, and also other environmental factors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon,2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg/220px-Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg/330px-Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg/440px-Age_Distribution_of_the_Death_due_to_Road_Injury_in_Cameroon%2C2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Death due to Road Injury in Cameroon, 2017 - Distribution by Age. Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/">https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sustainable Development Goal number 3 (Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all ages) has nine major targets. The target number 6 which involves road injuries states: </p> <ul><li>3.6 By 2020 halve the number of global deaths and injury from road accident</li></ul> <p><i><b>Table 3: Number of deaths in Cameroon, Sub-Saharan Africa and the Globe from Traffic Injury (Road traffic Injury) 1990 - 2017</b></i> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Cameroon - Deaths from <p>Transport Injury (Road Traffic Injury) </p> </th> <th>Sub-Saharan Region - Deaths from <p>Transport Injury (Road Traffic Injury) </p> </th> <th>World - Deaths from <p>Transport Injury (Road Traffic Injury) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>4408 (4108)</td> <td>172,283 (161,647) </td> <td>1,335,004 (1,243,068) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>4441 (4119)</td> <td>170,780 (160,446) </td> <td>1,345,442 (1,252,392) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>4317 (4074)</td> <td>169,377 (159,036) </td> <td>1,347,696 (1,252,514) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>4356 (4053)</td> <td>167,183 (156,985) </td> <td>1,394,717 (1,299,939) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>3484 (3484)</td> <td>166,077 (155,417) </td> <td>1,377,836 (1,284,407) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>3391 (3158)</td> <td>162,369 (151,565) </td> <td>1,376,105 (1,282,553) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>2680 (2535)</td> <td>131,216 (124,172) </td> <td>1,228,046 (1,150,717) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Source:</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Reports:</b> Road Safety: Cameroon must redouble its effort and strengthen coordination<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cameroon, ministry of transport in collaboration with other ministries have been enforcing several methods to reduce this deaths in several sensitization campaigns (in schools, sending short messages to subscribers phones, special back to school programs), teams to do unannounced controls, alcohol test for drivers, improving on the high way signs, rehabilitation of road etc. However, she needs to redouble her effort and improve coordination,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cooperation with as well as human behavior in order to greatly reduce not only the number of deaths but also the <a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> DALYs which stands at 226,673 (157,195 for men)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> road injury alone for Cameroon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations:_Sustainable_Development_Goals,_2016–2030"><span id="United_Nations:_Sustainable_Development_Goals.2C_2016.E2.80.932030"></span>United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals, 2016–2030</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals, 2016–2030"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Health_in_Cameroon" title="Talk:Health in Cameroon">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cameroon understands that the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (SDGs) cannot be over emphasized as the program takes into consideration the problems of development in the dimensions of security, economy, social, human and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cameroon adopted all 17 SDGs but also understands that it will be demanding for her in reporting and also in achieving the objectives. Main challenges identified were: </p> <ul><li>Inadequate mobilization of multiple stakeholders</li> <li>Strengthening of the Statistical System for better monitoring</li> <li>Mobilizing financial resources requested to achieve the SDGs <sup id="cite_ref-:10_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The SGDs are implemented in Cameroon against the backdrop of an update of development policies and strategies resulting in the facilitation of their integration. In addition, for the conclusion of an economic and financial program, with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), an interim development strategy has been prepared taking into account the contextualized SDGs. On security fronts, repeated attacks from the Boko Haram terrorist group in the Northern regions since 2014, flow of Central African refugees in the East region, and also the internal crisis in the North-West and South-West regions since 2017. These factors affect the mobilization of domestic funds which has negative impact on the achievement of SDGs.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some strides have been made in the implementation of the Agenda 2030 in the areas of education, economic growth, policies and institutions but the aforementioned factors and host of other factors threaten even the little gains achieved in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key factors identified to the success of the implementation of the SDGs will be their inclusion in the budget; and the enhancement of the statistical mechanism for the follow-up of the progress.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cameroon was part of the national voluntary review on the implementation of SDGs and the high level political forum on sustainable development New York in July 2019. The government has indicated that concrete actions and strategies are needed to: </p> <ul><li>Intensify national ownership of the SDGs (inclusion in schools and university curricular and in extra-curricular activities)</li> <li>Accelerate full integration of SDGs into daily public policies and programs</li> <li>Establish a national multi-stakeholder monitoring body - as a review and accountability platform</li> <li>Strengthen of the national statistical systems</li> <li>Enlarge partnership and mobilize needed financial resources needed for the successful implementation of SDGs.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/">"Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries"</a>. <i>humanrightsmeasurement.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Enah, Comfort; Bond, Christyenne L; Halle-Ekane, Gregory; Wallace, Eric; Turan, Janet M; Szychowski, Jeff M; Long, Dustin M; Carlo, Waldemar A; Tih, Pius M; Tita, Alan T N (7 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093609">"mHealth Phone Intervention to Reduce Maternal Deaths and Morbidity in Cameroon: Protocol for Translational Adaptation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Women's Health</i>. <b>14</b>: 677–686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FIJWH.S353919">10.2147/IJWH.S353919</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1179-1411">1179-1411</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093609">9093609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35572348">35572348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=mHealth+Phone+Intervention+to+Reduce+Maternal+Deaths+and+Morbidity+in+Cameroon%3A+Protocol+for+Translational+Adaptation&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=677-686&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9093609%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1179-1411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35572348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FIJWH.S353919&rft.aulast=Budhwani&rft.aufirst=Henna&rft.au=Enah%2C+Comfort&rft.au=Bond%2C+Christyenne+L&rft.au=Halle-Ekane%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Eric&rft.au=Turan%2C+Janet+M&rft.au=Szychowski%2C+Jeff+M&rft.au=Long%2C+Dustin+M&rft.au=Carlo%2C+Waldemar+A&rft.au=Tih%2C+Pius+M&rft.au=Tita%2C+Alan+T+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9093609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarsonoBondEnahNgong2024" class="citation journal cs1">Harsono, Alfonsus Adrian Hadikusumo; Bond, Christyenne Lily; Enah, Comfort; Ngong, Mary Glory; Kyeng, Rahel Mbah; Wallace, Eric; Turan, Janet M.; Szychowski, Jeffery M.; Carlo, Waldemar A.; Ambe, Lionel Neba; Halle-Ekane, Gregory; Muffih, Pius Tih; Tita, Alan Thevenet N.; Budhwani, Henna (19 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264682">"Structural barriers to maternity care in Cameroon: a qualitative study"</a>. <i>Reproductive Health</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12978-024-01834-w">10.1186/s12978-024-01834-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-4755">1742-4755</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11264682">11264682</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39030544">39030544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Health&rft.atitle=Structural+barriers+to+maternity+care+in+Cameroon%3A+a+qualitative+study&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2024-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11264682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1742-4755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39030544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12978-024-01834-w&rft.aulast=Harsono&rft.aufirst=Alfonsus+Adrian+Hadikusumo&rft.au=Bond%2C+Christyenne+Lily&rft.au=Enah%2C+Comfort&rft.au=Ngong%2C+Mary+Glory&rft.au=Kyeng%2C+Rahel+Mbah&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Eric&rft.au=Turan%2C+Janet+M.&rft.au=Szychowski%2C+Jeffery+M.&rft.au=Carlo%2C+Waldemar+A.&rft.au=Ambe%2C+Lionel+Neba&rft.au=Halle-Ekane%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Muffih%2C+Pius+Tih&rft.au=Tita%2C+Alan+Thevenet+N.&rft.au=Budhwani%2C+Henna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11264682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/reports/levels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2018">"Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report 2018"</a>. 13 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levels+and+Trends+in+Child+Mortality+Report+2018&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Freports%2Flevels-and-trends-child-mortality-report-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/EPSR_Cameroun.pdf">"UNECE Cameroon Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.unece.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unece.org&rft.atitle=UNECE+Cameroon+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2FEPSR_Cameroun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik2016" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Richard (2016). <i>Global Health 101. Third Edition</i>. Michel Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Health+101.+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Michel+Brown&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">RAPPORT DE LA SITUATION DE REFERENCE DES INDICATEURS DES OBJECTIFS DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE AU CAMEROUN _version 26 novembre 2017.pdf</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/cameroon">"Cameroon .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"</a>. <i>sustainabledevelopment.un.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sustainabledevelopment.un.org&rft.atitle=Cameroon+.%3A.+Sustainable+Development+Knowledge+Platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabledevelopment.un.org%2Fmemberstates%2Fcameroon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.E._Alamine_OUSMANE_MEY2019" class="citation web cs1">H.E. Alamine OUSMANE MEY (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24501CAMEROON_VNR_PPTENG_FINAL_VERSION.pdf">"Voluntary National Review on the Implementation of SDGs in Cameroon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voluntary+National+Review+on+the+Implementation+of+SDGs+in+Cameroon&rft.date=2019&rft.au=H.E.+Alamine+OUSMANE+MEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainabledevelopment.un.org%2Fcontent%2Fdocuments%2F24501CAMEROON_VNR_PPTENG_FINAL_VERSION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealth+in+Cameroon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Cameroon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/sowmy21/en/sowmy-2021-profile-cm.pdf">The State of the World's Midwifery - Cameroon Country Profile</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Africa">Health in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Angola" title="Health in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Benin" title="Health in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Botswana" title="Health in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Health in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burundi" title="Health in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cape_Verde" title="Health in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Health in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Chad" title="Health in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Comoros" title="Health in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Djibouti" title="Health in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Health in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eritrea" title="Health in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Eswatini" title="Health in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Gabon" title="Health in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Gambia" title="Health in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ghana" title="Health in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guinea" title="Health in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Health in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Health in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Lesotho" title="Health in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Liberia" title="Health in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Libya" title="Health in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Malawi" title="Health in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mauritania" title="Health in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mauritius" title="Health in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Morocco" title="Health in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mozambique" title="Health in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Namibia" title="Health in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Niger" title="Health in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Rwanda" title="Health in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Health in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Senegal" title="Health in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Seychelles" title="Health in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Health in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somalia" title="Health in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Africa" title="Health in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Sudan" title="Health in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sudan" title="Health in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tanzania" title="Health in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tunisia" title="Health in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Uganda" title="Health in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Zambia" title="Health in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Zimbabwe" title="Health in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Health_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Health in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Health in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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