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id="toc-Colors_and_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Reproduction and development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Anatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skeletal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Skeletal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Hooves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 Teeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 Digestion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5 Senses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intelligence_and_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_and_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 Intelligence and learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_and_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 Temperament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.3 Sleep patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy and evolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy and evolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wild_species_surviving_into_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_species_surviving_into_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Wild species surviving into modern times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wild_species_surviving_into_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_equids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_equids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Other modern equids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_equids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestication_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Domestication and history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestication_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Domestication and history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Domestication_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feral_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feral_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Feral populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feral_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Breeds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interaction with humans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interaction with humans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Entertainment and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Therapeutic use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Horse</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guda" title="Guda – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Guda" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B" title="Шы – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perd" title="Perd – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perd" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauspferd" title="Hauspferd – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hauspferd" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5" title="ፈረስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="घोड़ा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="घोड़ा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hors" title="Hors – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hors" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="فرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" title="Equus caballus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Equus caballus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A3%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܣܘܣܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܣܘܣܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AB" title="Ձի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ձի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calu" title="Calu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Calu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ঘোঁৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ঘোঁৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaju" title="Kavaju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kavaju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Чу – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Чу" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawallu" title="Kawallu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kawallu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev_at%C4%B1" title="Ev atı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ev atı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA" title="آت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ঘোড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘোড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda" title="Kuda – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuda" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9" title="Bé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaran" title="Jaran – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jaran" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Йорт аты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йорт аты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Конь свойскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Конь свойскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Свойскі конь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Свойскі конь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabayo" title="Kabayo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kabayo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" title="Horse – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Horse" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%9F" title="Roß – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Roß" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BC%8D" title="རྟ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྟ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konj" title="Konj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27h" title="Marc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83" title="Адуу – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Адуу" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cavall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Килти лаша – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Килти лаша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" title="Equus caballus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Equus caballus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AF%C5%88" title="Kůň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kůň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhiza" title="Bhiza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhiza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaddu" title="Cavaddu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cavaddu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceffyl" title="Ceffyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceffyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahu" title="Wahu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Wahu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hest" title="Hest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عاود – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عاود" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heabu%C5%A1" title="Heabuš – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Heabuš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Gaul" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauspferd" title="Hauspferd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hauspferd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C4%AF%CC%81%C4%AF%CC%81%CA%BC" title="Łį́į́ʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łį́į́ʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobune" title="Hobune – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hobune" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF" title="Άλογο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλογο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav%C3%A0l" title="Cavàl – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cavàl" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Лишме – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лишме" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88evalo" title="Ĉevalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉevalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldi" title="Zaldi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaldi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%94" title="Sɔ – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Sɔ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="اسب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorra" title="Ghorra – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ghorra" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross" title="Ross – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ross" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheval" title="Cheval – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cheval" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hynder" title="Hynder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hynder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjaval" title="Cjaval – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjaval" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capall" title="Capall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Capall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbyl" title="Cabbyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cabbyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Each" title="Each – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Each" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabalo" title="Cabalo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabalo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" title="馬 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="馬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="اسب – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اسب" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B" title="ઘોડો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘોડો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2" title="Mâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Мөрн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Мөрн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90_(%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC)" title="말 (동물) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말 (동물)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lio" title="Lio – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lio" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AB" title="Ձի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="घोड़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="घोड़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87i_konj" title="Domaći konj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Domaći konj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadala" title="Wadala – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wadala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalo" title="Kavalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kavalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalio" title="Kabalio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kabalio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda" title="Kuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavallo" title="Cavallo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cavallo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttuqpak" title="Tuttuqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuttuqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D1%85" title="Бæх – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestur" title="Hestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סוס הבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוס הבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaran" title="Jaran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jaran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpa%C5%8Bn%C9%94" title="Kpaŋnɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpaŋnɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಕುದುರೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುದುರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabayu" title="Kabayu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kabayu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შინაური ცხენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შინაური ცხენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="گُر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%B4cy_k%C3%B3%C5%84" title="Domôcy kóń – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Domôcy kóń" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B" title="Жылқы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жылқы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margh" title="Margh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Margh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifarashi" title="Ifarashi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ifarashi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasi" title="Farasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Farasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A7%D0%B2" title="Вӧв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вӧв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okol_(Equus_caballus)" title="Okol (Equus caballus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Okol (Equus caballus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheval" title="Cheval – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cheval" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesp" title="Hesp – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hesp" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Жылкы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылкы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Имни – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Имни" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciaval" title="Ciaval – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciaval" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavayo" title="Kavayo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kavayo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Чу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ມ້າ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81jas_zirgs" title="Mājas zirgs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mājas zirgs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naminis_arklys" title="Naminis arklys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naminis arklys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudo" title="Kudo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Kudo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavallo" title="Cavallo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cavallo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taam_peerd" title="Taam peerd – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taam peerd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%A1sa" title="Farása – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Farása" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalo" title="Cavalo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cavalo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebo" title="Hebo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hebo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xirma" title="xirma – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xirma" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3" title="Ló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="घोड़ा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="घोड़ा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9A" title="Коњ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Коњ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soavaly" title="Soavaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soavaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0" title="കുതിര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുതിര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBiemel" title="Żiemel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Żiemel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="घोडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="घोडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حصان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حصان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="اسپ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسپ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda" title="Kuda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯁꯒꯣꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯒꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudo" title="Kudo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kudo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81" title="Mā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Лишме – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лишме" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83" title="Адуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Адуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ose" title="Ose – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ose" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paard_(dier)" title="Paard (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paard (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerd" title="Peerd – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Peerd" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="घोडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="घोडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2" title="सल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E" title="ウマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingst" title="Hingst – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hingst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoss" title="Hoss – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hoss" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hest" title="Hest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hest" title="Hest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27va" title="J'va – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="J'va" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" title="Equus caballus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Equus caballus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Имне – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Имне" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%98%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BE" title="ଘୋଡ଼ା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଘୋଡ଼ା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot_(hayvon)" title="Ot (hayvon) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ot (hayvon)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਘੋੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘੋੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pferd" title="Pferd – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Pferd" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%91%D8%A7" title="گھوڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گھوڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3" title="آس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aas" title="Aas – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aas" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A7%D0%B2" title="Вӧв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Вӧв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvau" title="Cvau – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cvau" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caval" title="Caval – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Caval" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerd" title="Peerd – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Peerd" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%84_domowy" title="Koń domowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koń domowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalo" title="Cavalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal" title="Cal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray" title="Gray – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Gray" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaval" title="Chaval – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Chaval" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawallu" title="Kawallu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawallu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кінь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кінь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Домашняя лошадь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Домашняя лошадь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82" title="Ат – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solofanua" title="Solofanua – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Solofanua" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%83" title="अश्वः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अश्वः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A2r%C3%A2t%C3%A2" title="Mbârâtâ – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Mbârâtâ" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱫᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%91%D8%A7" title="گھوڑا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="گھوڑا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddu" title="Caddu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Caddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" title="Horse – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Horse" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoangst_(Suugediert)" title="Hoangst (Suugediert) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hoangst (Suugediert)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaddu" title="Cavaddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cavaddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="අශ්වයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අශ්වයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse" title="Horse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%88%DA%99%D9%88" title="گهوڙو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گهوڙو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4%C5%88_dom%C3%A1ci" title="Kôň domáci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kôň domáci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%8Di_konj" title="Domači konj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domači konj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AF%C5%84" title="Kůń – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kůń" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faras" title="Faras – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faras" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="ئەسپ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەسپ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_(pardi)" title="Asi (pardi) – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Asi (pardi)" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9A" title="Домаћи коњ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Домаћи коњ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%87i_konj" title="Domaći konj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Domaći konj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuda" title="Kuda – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kuda" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hevonen" title="Hevonen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hevonen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4st" title="Häst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Häst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabayo" title="Kabayo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabayo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88" title="குதிரை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குதிரை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayis" title="Ayis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ayis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Йорт аты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йорт аты" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rme%27" title="Rme' – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Rme'" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="గుర్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుర్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ม้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ม้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathia%C5%8B" title="Mathiaŋ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Mathiaŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF" title="Асп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%90%E1%8F%88%E1%8E%B5" title="ᏐᏈᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏐᏈᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27%C3%A9hno%27ha" title="Mo'éhno'ha – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mo'éhno'ha" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಕುದುರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುದುರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/At" title="At – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="At" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaai" title="Tsaai – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tsaai" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Чылгы – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чылгы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вал – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вал" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кінь свійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінь свійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%91%D8%A7" title="گھوڑا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گھوڑا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئات – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max" title="Max – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Max" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equus_ferus_caballus" title="Equus ferus caballus – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Equus ferus caballus" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebo" title="Hebo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hebo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%B1a" title="Ngựa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngựa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevod" title="Jevod – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jevod" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peird" title="Peird – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Peird" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabayo" title="Kabayo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabayo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_w" title="Fas w – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Fas w" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%93" title="פערד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פערד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%E1%B9%A3in" title="Ẹṣin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹṣin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until March 20, 2025 at 21:28 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Domesticated equine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Horse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horse (disambiguation)">Horse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Horse </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two Nokota horses standing in open grassland with rolling hills and trees visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg/220px-Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg/330px-Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg/440px-Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="364" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Domesticated </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Equus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">E. ferus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subspecies: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies">E. f. caballus</div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Equus ferus caballus <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-2">[2]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> at least 48 published </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> The horse (Equus ferus caballus)<a href="#cite_note-MSW3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">one-toed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">hoofed mammal</a>. It belongs to the taxonomic family <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> and is one of two <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Equus ferus</a>. The horse has <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">evolved</a> over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature, <a href="/wiki/Eohippus" title="Eohippus">Eohippus</a>, into the large, single-toed animal of today. Humans began domesticating horses around 4000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication</a> is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BCE. Horses in the subspecies caballus are domesticated, although some domesticated populations live in the wild as <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a>. These feral populations are not true <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a>, which are horses that never have been domesticated. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">anatomy</a> to life stages, size, <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">colors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">breeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">locomotion</a>, and behavior. Horses are <a href="/wiki/Cursorial" title="Cursorial">adapted to run</a>, allowing them to quickly escape predators, and possess a good <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_balance" title="Sense of balance">sense of balance</a> and a strong <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down, with younger horses tending to sleep significantly more than adults.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Female horses, called <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mares</a>, carry their young for approximately 11 months and a young horse, called a <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a>, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most domesticated horses begin training under a <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> or in a <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a> between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">ponies</a>, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "<a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">warmbloods</a>", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are more than 300 breeds of horse in the world today, developed for many different uses. Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities such as <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">police work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">agriculture</a>, entertainment, and <a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">therapy</a>. Horses were historically used in warfare, from which a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a> techniques developed, using many different styles of <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">equipment</a> and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horsehide" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsehide">hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horsehair" title="Horsehair">hair</a>, bone, and <a href="/wiki/Premarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Premarin">pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares</a>. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water, and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farriers</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Equine anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Points_of_a_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a horse with some parts labeled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Points_of_a_horse.jpg/330px-Points_of_a_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Points_of_a_horse.jpg/495px-Points_of_a_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Points_of_a_horse.jpg/660px-Points_of_a_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>External anatomy of a horse<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan_and_life_stages">Lifespan and life stages</h3></div> Depending on breed, <a href="/wiki/Horse_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse care">management</a> and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger46-7">[7]</a> Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The oldest verifiable record was "<a href="/wiki/Old_Billy" title="Old Billy">Old Billy</a>", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger46-7">[7]</a> In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Regardless of a horse or pony's actual birth date, for most competition purposes a year is added to its age each January 1 of each year in the Northern Hemisphere<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger46-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and each August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The exception is in <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, where the minimum age to compete is based on the animal's actual calendar age.<a href="#cite_note-Endurance-12">[12]</a> The following terminology is used to describe horses of various ages: <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">Foal</a></dt> <dd>A horse of either sex less than one year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling, and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger418-13">[13]</a> Most domesticated foals are weaned at five to seven months of age, although foals can be weaned at four months with no adverse physical effects.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Yearling_(horse)" title="Yearling (horse)">Yearling</a></dt> <dd>A horse of either sex that is between one and two years old.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Colt_(horse)" title="Colt (horse)">Colt</a></dt> <dd>A male horse under the age of four.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A common terminology error is to call any young horse a "colt", when the term actually only refers to young male horses.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Filly" title="Filly">Filly</a></dt> <dd>A female horse under the age of four.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger418-13">[13]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">Mare</a></dt> <dd>A female horse four years old and older.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Stallion" title="Stallion">Stallion</a></dt> <dd>A non-castrated male horse four years old and older.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The term "horse" is sometimes used colloquially to refer specifically to a stallion.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger420-20">[20]</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">Gelding</a></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">castrated</a> male horse of any age.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger418-13">[13]</a></dd></dl> In <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, these definitions may differ: For example, in the British Isles, <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> horse racing defines colts and fillies as less than five years old.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, Australian Thoroughbred racing defines colts and fillies as less than four years old.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_measurement">Size and measurement</h3></div> The height of horses is measured at the highest point of the <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a>, where the neck meets the <a href="/wiki/Back_(horse)" title="Back (horse)">back</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker77-23">[23]</a> This point is used because it is a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down in relation to the body of the horse. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-and-pony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large brown horse is chasing a small horse in a pasture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horse-and-pony.jpg/310px-Horse-and-pony.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horse-and-pony.jpg/465px-Horse-and-pony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Horse-and-pony.jpg/620px-Horse-and-pony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Size varies greatly among horse breeds, as with this full-sized horse and small pony.</figcaption></figure> In English-speaking countries, the height of horses is often stated in units of <a href="/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> and inches: one hand is equal to 4 inches (101.6 mm). The height is expressed as the number of full hands, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Radix_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Radix point">point</a>, then the number of additional inches, and ending with the abbreviation "h" or "hh" (for "hands high"). Thus, a horse described as "15.2 h" is 15 hands plus 2 inches, for a total of 62 inches (157.5 cm) in height.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger51-24">[24]</a> The size of horses varies by breed, but also is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">nutrition</a>. Light-riding horses usually range in height from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm) and can weigh from 380 to 550 kilograms (840 to 1,210 lb).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Larger-riding horses usually start at about 15.2 hands (62 inches, 157 cm) and often are as tall as 17 hands (68 inches, 173 cm), weighing from 500 to 600 kilograms (1,100 to 1,320 lb).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Heavy or <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> are usually at least 16 hands (64 inches, 163 cm) high and can be as tall as 18 hands (72 inches, 183 cm) high. They can weigh from about 700 to 1,000 kilograms (1,540 to 2,200 lb).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The largest horse in recorded history was probably a <a href="/wiki/Shire_horse" title="Shire horse">Shire horse</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sampson_(horse)" title="Sampson (horse)">Mammoth</a>, who was born in 1848. He stood 21.2 1⁄4 hands (86.25 inches, 219 cm) high and his peak weight was estimated at 1,524 kilograms (3,360 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker60-28">[28]</a> The record holder for the smallest horse ever is <a href="/wiki/Thumbelina_(horse)" title="Thumbelina (horse)">Thumbelina</a>, a fully mature <a href="/wiki/Miniature_horse" title="Miniature horse">miniature horse</a> affected by <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>. She was 43 centimetres; 4.1 hands (17 in) tall and weighed 26 kg (57 lb).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ponies">Ponies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">Pony</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">Ponies</a> are <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> the same animals as horses. The distinction between a horse and pony is commonly drawn on the basis of height, especially for competition purposes. However, height alone is not dispositive; the difference between horses and ponies may also include aspects of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a>, including conformation and temperament. The traditional standard for height of a horse or a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm). An animal 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) or over is usually considered to be a horse and one less than 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) a pony,<a href="#cite_note-EnsmingerHT-31">[31]</a>: 12  but there are many exceptions to the traditional standard. In Australia, ponies are considered to be those under 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> For competition in the <a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western</a> division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Equestrian_Federation" title="United States Equestrian Federation">United States Equestrian Federation</a>, the cutoff is 14.1 hands (57 inches, 145 cm).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a>, the world governing body for horse sport, uses <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> measurements and defines a pony as being any horse measuring less than 148 centimetres (58.27 in) at the withers without shoes, which is just over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>149 centimetres (58.66 in; 14.2+1⁄2 hands), with shoes.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Height is not the sole criterion for distinguishing horses from ponies. <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">Breed registries</a> for horses that typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) consider all animals of that breed to be horses regardless of their height.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm), but are still considered to be ponies.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails, and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They may have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers.<a href="#cite_note-EnsmingerHT-31">[31]</a>: 11–12 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Small size, by itself, is not an exclusive determinant. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a> which averages 10 hands (40 inches, 102 cm), is considered a pony.<a href="#cite_note-EnsmingerHT-31">[31]</a>: 12 Conversely, breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Falabella" title="Falabella">Falabella</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Miniature_horse" title="Miniature horse">miniature horses</a>, which can be no taller than 76 centimetres; 7.2 hands (30 in), are classified by their <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">registries</a> as very small horses, not ponies.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> Horses have 64 <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">horse genome</a> was <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">sequenced</a> in 2007. It contains 2.7 billion DNA <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cornell-39">[39]</a> which is larger than the <a href="/wiki/Dog_genome" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog genome">dog genome</a>, but smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bovine_genome" title="Bovine genome">bovine genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-40">[40]</a> The map is available to researchers.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors_and_markings">Colors and markings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsescd1l-095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two horses in a field. The one on the left is a dark brown with a black mane and tail. The one on the right is a light red all over." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg/310px-Horsescd1l-095.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg/465px-Horsescd1l-095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Horsescd1l-095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">Bay</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(horse_color)" title="Chestnut (horse color)">chestnut</a> (sometimes called "sorrel") are two of the most common coat colors, seen in almost all breeds.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Equine coat color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics" title="Equine coat color genetics">Equine coat color genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">Horse markings</a></div> Horses exhibit a diverse array of <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">coat colors</a> and distinctive <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a>, described by a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by white <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> which, along with various spotting patterns, are inherited separately from coat color.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color_genetics" title="Equine coat color genetics">genes</a> that create horse coat colors and patterns have been identified. Current genetic tests can identify at least 13 different <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> influencing coat color,<a href="#cite_note-UCVGL-45">[45]</a> and research continues to discover new genes linked to specific traits. The basic coat colors of <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(horse_color)" title="Chestnut (horse color)">chestnut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_horse" title="Black horse">black</a> are determined by the <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">Melanocortin 1 receptor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Marklund1996-46">[46]</a> also known as the "extension gene" or "red factor".<a href="#cite_note-UCVGL-45">[45]</a> Its recessive form is "red" (chestnut) and its dominant form is black.<a href="#cite_note-UCDIntro-47">[47]</a> Additional <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> control suppression of black color to <a href="/wiki/Point_coloration" class="mw-redirect" title="Point coloration">point coloration</a> that results in a <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a>, spotting patterns such as <a href="/wiki/Pinto_horse" title="Pinto horse">pinto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leopard_complex" title="Leopard complex">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilution_gene" title="Dilution gene">dilution genes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Palomino" title="Palomino">palomino</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">dun</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gray_horse" title="Gray horse">greying</a>, and all the other factors that create the many possible coat colors found in horses.<a href="#cite_note-UCVGL-45">[45]</a> Horses that have a white coat color are often mislabeled; a horse that looks "white" is usually a middle-aged or older <a href="/wiki/Gray_horse" title="Gray horse">gray</a>. Grays are born a darker shade, get lighter as they age, but usually keep black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of pink skin under white <a href="/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">markings</a>). The only horses properly called <a href="/wiki/White_horse" title="White horse">white</a> are born with a predominantly white hair coat and pink skin, a fairly rare occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-UCDIntro-47">[47]</a> Different and unrelated <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> factors can produce white coat colors in horses, including several different alleles of <a href="/wiki/Dominant_white" title="Dominant white">dominant white</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sabino_horse" title="Sabino horse">sabino-1 gene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haase2009-similar-48">[48]</a> However, there are no "<a href="/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">albino</a>" horses, defined as having both pink skin and red eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Duplicatetest-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_development">Reproduction and development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Horse breeding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mare_foal_poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mare_foal_poland.jpg/220px-Mare_foal_poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mare_foal_poland.jpg/330px-Mare_foal_poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mare_foal_poland.jpg/440px-Mare_foal_poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mare with a foal</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">Gestation</a> lasts approximately 340 days, with an average range 320–370 days,<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger156-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and usually results in one <a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a>; twins are rare.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Foals are usually born in the spring. The <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</a> of a mare occurs roughly every 19–22 days and occurs from early spring into autumn. Most mares enter an anestrus period during the winter and thus do not cycle in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger150-54">[54]</a> Foals are generally <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaned</a> from their mothers between four and six months of age.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Horses, particularly colts, are sometimes physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months, but domesticated horses are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females.<a href="#cite_note-EnsmingerHT-31">[31]</a>: 129  Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; maturation also depends on the horse's size, breed, sex, and quality of care. Larger horses have larger bones; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to form <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone tissue</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_plate" title="Epiphyseal plate">epiphyseal plates</a> are larger and take longer to convert from <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, and are crucial to development.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">trained</a> to be ridden between the ages of two and four.<a href="#cite_note-Train163-57">[57]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">race horses</a> are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> horses specifically bred for sports such as <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a> competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.<a href="#cite_note-Endurance-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Equine anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscular_system_of_the_horse" title="Muscular system of the horse">Muscular system of the horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_the_horse" title="Respiratory system of the horse">Respiratory system of the horse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system_of_the_horse" title="Circulatory system of the horse">Circulatory system of the horse</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Skeletal_system">Skeletal system</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_system_of_the_horse" title="Skeletal system of the horse">Skeletal system of the horse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of a horse skeleton with major parts labeled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Horse_anatomy.svg/310px-Horse_anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Horse_anatomy.svg/465px-Horse_anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Horse_anatomy.svg/620px-Horse_anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>The skeletal system of a modern horse</figcaption></figure> The horse skeleton averages 205 bones.<a href="#cite_note-Evans90-60">[60]</a> A significant difference between the horse skeleton and that of a human is the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">collarbone</a>—the horse's <a href="/wiki/Equine_forelimb_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine forelimb anatomy">forelimbs</a> are attached to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spinal column</a> by a powerful set of muscles, tendons, and ligaments that attach the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">shoulder blade</a> to the torso. The horse's four legs and hooves are also unique structures. Their leg bones are proportioned differently from those of a human. For example, the body part that is called a horse's "knee" is actually made up of the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a> that correspond to the human <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Hock_(anatomy)" title="Hock (anatomy)">hock</a> contains bones equivalent to those in the human <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a>. The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">fetlock</a> (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bones</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">cannon</a> bones (a single equivalent to the human <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">metatarsal bones</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal phalanges</a>, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human. A horse also has no muscles in its legs below the knees and hocks, only skin, hair, bone, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, and the assorted specialized tissues that make up the <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">hoof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger21-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hooves">Hooves</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">Horse hoof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">Horseshoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farrier</a></div> The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, "no foot, no horse".<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger367-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">horse hoof</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalanges">distal phalanges</a>, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof#Internal_structures" title="Horse hoof">laminae</a>. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, the same material as a human <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">fingernail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb),<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoes</a> placed on their feet by a professional <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a>. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe" title="Horseshoe">horseshoes</a> reset, if used) every five to eight weeks,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teeth">Teeth</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horse_teeth" title="Horse teeth">Horse teeth</a></div> Horses are adapted to <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a>. In an adult horse, there are 12 <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> at the front of the mouth, adapted to biting off the grass or other vegetation. There are 24 teeth adapted for chewing, the <a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">premolars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molars</a>, at the back of the mouth. Stallions and geldings have four additional teeth just behind the incisors, a type of <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine teeth</a> called "tushes". Some horses, both male and female, will also develop one to four very small <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> teeth in front of the molars, known as "wolf" teeth, which are generally removed because they can interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">bit</a>. There is an empty interdental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit rests directly on the gums, or "bars" of the horse's mouth when the horse is <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> An estimate of a horse's age can be made from looking at its teeth. The teeth continue to erupt throughout life and are worn down by grazing. Therefore, the incisors show changes as the horse ages; they develop a distinct wear pattern, changes in tooth shape, and changes in the angle at which the chewing surfaces meet. This allows a very rough estimate of a horse's age, although diet and veterinary care can also affect the rate of tooth wear.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger46-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digestion">Digestion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy#Digestive_system" title="Equine anatomy">Equine digestive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Equine nutrition</a></div> Horses are <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a> with a digestive system adapted to a <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> diet of grasses and other plant material, consumed steadily throughout the day. Therefore, compared to humans, they have a relatively small stomach but very long intestines to facilitate a steady flow of nutrients. A 450-kilogram (990 lb) horse will eat 7 to 11 kilograms (15 to 24 lb) of food per day and, under normal use, drink 38 to 45 litres (8.4 to 9.9 imp gal; 10 to 12 US gal) of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Horses are not <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, having only one stomach, like humans. But unlike humans, they can digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, a major component of grass, through the process of <a href="/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation" title="Hindgut fermentation">hindgut fermentation</a>. Cellulose fermentation by symbiotic bacteria and other microbes occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>. Horses cannot <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomit</a>, so digestion problems can quickly cause <a href="/wiki/Horse_colic" title="Horse colic">colic</a>, a leading cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although horses do not have a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, they tolerate high amounts of fat in their diet.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senses">Senses</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdeauge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close up of a horse eye, which is dark brown with lashes on the top eyelid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pferdeauge.jpg/220px-Pferdeauge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pferdeauge.jpg/330px-Pferdeauge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pferdeauge.jpg/440px-Pferdeauge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>A horse's eye</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equine_vision" title="Equine vision">Equine vision</a></div> The horses' senses are based on their status as <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey animals</a>, where they must be aware of their surroundings at all times.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger309-71">[71]</a> The equine eye is one of the largest of any land mammal.<a href="#cite_note-Hartley_2016-72">[72]</a> Horses are lateral-eyed, meaning that their eyes are positioned on the sides of their heads.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This means that horses have a range of vision of more than 350°, with approximately 65° of this being <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> and the remaining 285° <a href="/wiki/Monocular_vision" title="Monocular vision">monocular vision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sellnow-74">[74]</a> Horses have excellent day and <a href="/wiki/Night_vision" title="Night vision">night vision</a>, but they have two-color, or <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromatic vision</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> is somewhat like <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">red-green color blindness</a> in humans, where certain colors, especially red and related colors, appear as a shade of green.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Their <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a>, while much better than that of humans, is not quite as good as that of a dog. It is believed to play a key role in the social interactions of horses as well as detecting other key scents in the environment. Horses have two olfactory centers. The first system is in the nostrils and nasal cavity, which analyze a wide range of odors. The second, located under the nasal cavity, are the <a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_organ" title="Vomeronasal organ">vomeronasal organs</a>, also called Jacobson's organs. These have a separate nerve pathway to the brain and appear to primarily analyze <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs_smell-76">[76]</a> A horse's hearing is good,<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger309-71">[71]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">pinna</a> of each ear can rotate up to 180°, giving the potential for 360° hearing without having to move the head.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Noise affects the behavior of horses and certain kinds of noise may contribute to stress—a 2013 study in the UK indicated that stabled horses were calmest in a quiet setting, or if listening to country or classical music, but displayed signs of nervousness when listening to jazz or rock music. This study also recommended keeping music under a volume of 21 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">decibels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Music-78">[78]</a> An Australian study found that stabled racehorses listening to talk radio had a higher rate of gastric ulcers than horses listening to music, and racehorses stabled where a radio was played had a higher overall rate of ulceration than horses stabled where there was no radio playing.<a href="#cite_note-EquiNews-79">[79]</a> Horses have a great sense of balance, due partly to their ability to feel their footing and partly to highly developed <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>—the unconscious sense of where the body and limbs are at all times.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> A horse's <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">sense of touch</a> is well-developed. The most sensitive areas are around the eyes, ears, and nose.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Horses are able to sense contact as subtle as an insect landing anywhere on the body.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Horses have an advanced sense of taste, which allows them to sort through <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> and choose what they would most like to eat,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Prehensility" title="Prehensility">prehensile</a> lips can easily sort even small grains. Horses generally will not eat poisonous plants, however, there are exceptions; horses will occasionally eat toxic amounts of poisonous plants even when there is adequate healthy food.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Horse gait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trot" title="Trot">Trot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canter" class="mw-redirect" title="Canter">Canter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">Ambling</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Walk 5–8 km/h (3.1–5.0 mph)"><img alt="Walk 5–8 km/h (3.1–5.0 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif/120px-Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif/180px-Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif/240px-Muybridge_horse_walking_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="246" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walk 5–8 km/h (3.1–5.0 mph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Trot_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Trot 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)"><img alt="Trot 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trot_animated.gif/120px-Trot_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trot_animated.gif/180px-Trot_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trot_animated.gif/240px-Trot_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="252" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trot 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pace 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)"><img alt="Pace 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif/120px-Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif/180px-Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif/240px-Muybridge_horse_pacing_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="188" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pace 8–13 km/h (5.0–8.1 mph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canter_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Canter 16–27 km/h (9.9–16.8 mph)"><img alt="Canter 16–27 km/h (9.9–16.8 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canter_animated.gif/120px-Canter_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canter_animated.gif/180px-Canter_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Canter_animated.gif/240px-Canter_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="255" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canter 16–27 km/h (9.9–16.8 mph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallop 40–48 km/h (25–30 mph), record: 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)"><img alt="Gallop 40–48 km/h (25–30 mph), record: 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/120px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/180px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif/240px-Muybridge_race_horse_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gallop 40–48 km/h (25–30 mph), record: 70.76 km/h (43.97 mph)</div> </li> </ul> All horses move naturally with four basic <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">gaits</a>:<a href="#cite_note-HorseGaits32-85">[85]</a> <ul><li>the four-beat <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait#Walk" title="Horse gait">walk</a>, which averages 6.4 kilometres per hour (4.0 mph);</li> <li>the two-beat <a href="/wiki/Trot" title="Trot">trot or jog</a> at 13 to 19 kilometres per hour (8.1 to 11.8 mph) (faster for <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> horses);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Canter_and_gallop" title="Canter and gallop">canter or lope</a>, a three-beat gait that is 19 to 24 kilometres per hour (12 to 15 mph);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Canter_and_gallop" title="Canter and gallop">gallop</a>, which averages 40 to 48 kilometres per hour (25 to 30 mph),<a href="#cite_note-Harris47-86">[86]</a> but the world record for a horse galloping over a short, sprint distance is 70.76 kilometres per hour (43.97 mph).<a href="#cite_note-guinness-87">[87]</a></li></ul> Besides these basic gaits, some horses perform a two-beat <a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">pace</a>, instead of the trot.<a href="#cite_note-HorseGaits50-88">[88]</a> There also are several four-beat '<a href="/wiki/Ambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">ambling</a>' gaits that are approximately the speed of a trot or pace, though smoother to ride. These include the lateral <a href="/wiki/Ambling#Rack" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">rack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambling">running walk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6lt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tölt">tölt</a> as well as the diagonal <a href="/wiki/Ambling_gait" title="Ambling gait">fox trot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman-89">[89]</a> Ambling gaits are often genetic in some breeds, known collectively as <a href="/wiki/Gaited_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaited horse">gaited horses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> These horses replace the trot with one of the ambling gaits.<a href="#cite_note-HorseGaits51-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavior">Behavior</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Horse behavior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stable_vices" title="Stable vices">Stable vices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Wiehern.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wiehern.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Wiehern.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Wiehern.ogg/Wiehern.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Horse neigh</figcaption></figure> Horses are prey animals with a strong <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>. Their first reaction to a threat is to startle and usually flee, although they will stand their ground and defend themselves when flight is impossible or if their young are threatened.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> They also tend to be curious; when startled, they will often hesitate an instant to ascertain the cause of their fright, and may not always flee from something that they perceive as non-threatening. Most light horse riding breeds were developed for speed, agility, alertness and endurance; natural qualities that extend from their wild ancestors. However, through selective breeding, some breeds of horses are quite docile, particularly certain draft horses.<a href="#cite_note-Natural226-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garranos_fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Garranos_fight.jpg/220px-Garranos_fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Garranos_fight.jpg/330px-Garranos_fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Garranos_fight.jpg/440px-Garranos_fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5706" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>Horses fighting as part of herd dominance behaviour</figcaption></figure> Horses are <a href="/wiki/Herd_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Herd animal">herd animals</a>, with a clear hierarchy of rank, led by a dominant individual, usually a mare. They are also social creatures that are able to form companionship attachments to their own species and to other animals, including humans. They communicate in various ways, including vocalizations such as nickering or whinnying, mutual <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">grooming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">body language</a>. Many horses will become difficult to manage if they are isolated, but with training, horses can learn to accept a human as a companion, and thus be comfortable away from other horses.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger305-94">[94]</a> However, when confined with insufficient companionship, exercise, or stimulation, individuals may develop <a href="/wiki/Stable_vices" title="Stable vices">stable vices</a>, an assortment of bad habits, mostly <a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">stereotypies</a> of psychological origin, that include wood chewing, wall kicking, "weaving" (rocking back and forth), and other problems.<a href="#cite_note-Prince214-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intelligence_and_learning">Intelligence and learning</h4></div> Studies have indicated that horses perform a number of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> tasks on a daily basis, meeting mental challenges that include <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">food procurement</a> and identification of individuals within a <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social system</a>. They also have good <a href="/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability" title="Spatial visualization ability">spatial discrimination</a> abilities.<a href="#cite_note-Hanggi-96">[96]</a> They are naturally curious and apt to investigate things they have not seen before.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Studies have assessed equine intelligence in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a>, speed of learning, and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>. Horses excel at simple learning, but also are able to use more advanced cognitive abilities that involve <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concept_learning" title="Concept learning">concept learning</a>. They can learn using <a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">habituation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">desensitization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_conditioning" title="Classical conditioning">classical conditioning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a>, and positive and negative <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforcement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanggi-96">[96]</a> One study has indicated that horses can differentiate between "more or less" if the quantity involved is less than four.<a href="#cite_note-count-98">[98]</a> Domesticated horses may face greater mental challenges than wild horses, because they live in artificial environments that prevent <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinctive</a> behavior whilst also learning tasks that are not natural.<a href="#cite_note-Hanggi-96">[96]</a> Horses are animals of <a href="/wiki/Habit" title="Habit">habit</a> that respond well to regimentation, and respond best when the same routines and techniques are used consistently. One trainer believes that "intelligent" horses are reflections of intelligent trainers who effectively use response conditioning techniques and positive reinforcement to train in the style that best fits with an individual animal's natural inclinations.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperament">Temperament</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_horse" title="Oriental horse">Oriental horse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hot-blooded_horse" title="Hot-blooded horse">Hot-blooded horse</a></div> Horses are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. As such, they are <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Endotherm" title="Endotherm">endothermic</a> creatures, as opposed to cold-blooded, or <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">poikilothermic</a> animals. However, these words have developed a separate meaning in the context of equine terminology, used to describe temperament, not <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">body temperature</a>. For example, the "<a href="/wiki/Hot-blooded_horse" title="Hot-blooded horse">hot-bloods</a>", such as many <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">race horses</a>, exhibit more sensitivity and energy,<a href="#cite_note-Belknap255-100">[100]</a> while the "cold-bloods", such as most <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft breeds</a>, are quieter and calmer.<a href="#cite_note-Belknap112-101">[101]</a> Sometimes "hot-bloods" are classified as "light horses" or "riding horses",<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger71-102">[102]</a> with the "cold-bloods" classified as "draft horses" or "work horses".<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger84-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a sepia-toned engraving from an old book, showing 11 horses of different breeds and sizes in nine different illustrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg/330px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg/495px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg/660px-Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_b35_043-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of assorted breeds; slim, light hotbloods, medium-sized warmbloods and draft and pony-type coldblood breeds</figcaption></figure> "Hot blooded" breeds include "<a href="/wiki/Oriental_horse" title="Oriental horse">oriental horses</a>" such as the <a href="/wiki/Akhal-Teke" title="Akhal-Teke">Akhal-Teke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barb_horse" title="Barb horse">Barb</a>, and now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_horse" title="Turkoman horse">Turkoman horse</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a>, a breed developed in England from the older oriental breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Belknap255-100">[100]</a> Hot bloods tend to be spirited, bold, and learn quickly. They are bred for agility and speed.<a href="#cite_note-Catalog18-104">[104]</a> They tend to be physically refined—thin-skinned, slim, and long-legged.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The original oriental breeds were brought to Europe from the Middle East and North Africa when European breeders wished to infuse these traits into racing and light <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> horses.<a href="#cite_note-Whitaker43-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker194-107">[107]</a> Muscular, heavy <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> are known as "cold bloods." They are bred not only for strength, but also to have the calm, patient temperament needed to pull a plow or a heavy carriage full of people.<a href="#cite_note-Belknap112-101">[101]</a> They are sometimes nicknamed "gentle giants".<a href="#cite_note-Catalog15-108">[108]</a> Well-known draft breeds include the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Draught" title="Belgian Draught">Belgian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clydesdale_horse" title="Clydesdale horse">Clydesdale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catalog15-108">[108]</a> Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Percheron" title="Percheron">Percheron</a>, are lighter and livelier, developed to pull carriages or to plow large fields in drier climates.<a href="#cite_note-Guide87-109">[109]</a> Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shire_horse" title="Shire horse">Shire</a>, are slower and more powerful, bred to plow fields with heavy, clay-based soils.<a href="#cite_note-Ens124-110">[110]</a> The cold-blooded group also includes some pony breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett7-111">[111]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a>" breeds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trakehner" title="Trakehner">Trakehner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_horse" title="Hanoverian horse">Hanoverian</a>, developed when European carriage and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">war horses</a> were crossed with Arabians or Thoroughbreds, producing a riding horse with more refinement than a draft horse, but greater size and milder temperament than a lighter breed.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> breeds with warmblood characteristics have been developed for smaller riders.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Warmbloods are considered a "light horse" or "riding horse".<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger71-102">[102]</a> Today, the term "Warmblood" refers to a specific subset of <a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">sport horse</a> breeds that are used for competition in <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lyons231-114">[114]</a> Strictly speaking, the term "<a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">warm blood</a>" refers to any <a href="/wiki/Crossbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbreeding">cross</a> between cold-blooded and hot-blooded breeds.<a href="#cite_note-Belknap523-115">[115]</a> Examples include breeds such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Draught" title="Irish Draught">Irish Draught</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bay" title="Cleveland Bay">Cleveland Bay</a>. The term was once used to refer to breeds of light riding horse other than Thoroughbreds or Arabians, such as the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_horse" title="Morgan horse">Morgan horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catalog18-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sleep_patterns">Sleep patterns</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior#Sleep_patterns" title="Horse behavior">Horse sleep patterns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep in non-human animals">Sleep in non-humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two horses in a pasture, one is standing beside the other that is laying down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg/220px-Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg/330px-Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg/440px-Biandintz_eta_zaldiak_-_modified2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>When horses lie down to sleep, others in the herd remain standing, awake, or in a light doze, keeping watch.</figcaption></figure> Horses are able to sleep both standing up and lying down. In an adaptation from life in the wild, horses are able to enter light sleep by using a "<a href="/wiki/Stay_apparatus" title="Stay apparatus">stay apparatus</a>" in their legs, allowing them to doze without collapsing.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Horses sleep better when in groups because some animals will sleep while others stand guard to watch for predators. A horse kept alone will not sleep well because its <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instincts</a> are to keep a constant eye out for danger.<a href="#cite_note-Horse_sleep_pt._2-117">[117]</a> Unlike humans, horses do not sleep in a solid, unbroken period of time, but take many short periods of rest. Horses spend four to fifteen hours a day in standing rest, and from a few minutes to several hours lying down. Total sleep time in a 24-hour period may range from several minutes to a couple of hours,<a href="#cite_note-Horse_sleep_pt._2-117">[117]</a> mostly in short intervals of about 15 minutes each.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger310-118">[118]</a> The average sleep time of a domestic horse is said to be 2.9 hours per day.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Horses must lie down to reach <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM sleep</a>. They only have to lie down for an hour or two every few days to meet their minimum REM sleep requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Horse_sleep_pt._2-117">[117]</a> However, if a horse is never allowed to lie down, after several days it will become sleep-deprived, and in rare cases may suddenly collapse because it slips, involuntarily, into REM sleep while still standing.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This condition differs from <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>, although horses may also suffer from that disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_evolution">Taxonomy and evolution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equine_evolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Equine_evolution.jpg/330px-Equine_evolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Equine_evolution.jpg/495px-Equine_evolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Equine_evolution.jpg/660px-Equine_evolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9623" data-file-height="8223" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of evolution in horses showing size development, biometrical changes in the cranium and reduction of toes (left forefoot)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution of the horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus (genus)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a></div> The horse <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> to survive in areas of wide-open terrain with sparse vegetation, surviving in an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> where other large grazing animals, especially <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, could not.<a href="#cite_note-Budiansky-122">[122]</a> Horses and other equids are <a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">odd-toed ungulates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla</a>, a group of mammals dominant during the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> period. In the past, this order contained 14 <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>, but only three—<a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> (the horse and related species), <a href="/wiki/Tapiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapiridae">Tapiridae</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rhinocerotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinocerotidae">Rhinocerotidae</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>)—have survived to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The earliest known member of the family Equidae was the <a href="/wiki/Hyracotherium" title="Hyracotherium">Hyracotherium</a>, which lived between 45 and 55 million years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> period. It had 4 toes on each front foot, and 3 toes on each back foot.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The extra toe on the front feet soon disappeared with the <a href="/wiki/Mesohippus" title="Mesohippus">Mesohippus</a>, which lived 32 to 37 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Over time, the extra side toes shrank in size until they vanished. All that remains of them in modern horses is a set of small <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestigial</a> bones on the leg below the knee,<a href="#cite_note-Natural-126">[126]</a> known informally as splint bones.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Their legs also lengthened as their toes disappeared until they were a hooved animal capable of running at great speed.<a href="#cite_note-Natural-126">[126]</a> By about 5 million years ago, the modern Equus had evolved.<a href="#cite_note-Florida-128">[128]</a> Equid teeth also evolved from browsing on soft, tropical plants to adapt to browsing of drier plant material, then to grazing of tougher plains grasses. Thus proto-horses changed from leaf-eating forest-dwellers to grass-eating inhabitants of semi-arid regions worldwide, including the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> of Eurasia and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of North America. By about 15,000 years ago, Equus ferus was a widespread <a href="/wiki/Holarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctic">holarctic</a> species. Horse bones from this time period, the late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, are found in Europe, Eurasia, <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>, and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Weinstock-129">[129]</a> Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America.<a href="#cite_note-VilaWidespreadOrigins-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-IberianOrigins-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haile-132">[132]</a> The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival.<a href="#cite_note-Buck-133">[133]</a> Another theory points to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> ecosystem gave way to shrub <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, which was covered with unpalatable plants.<a href="#cite_note-LeQuire-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wild_species_surviving_into_modern_times">Wild species surviving into modern times</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three tan-colored horses with upright manes. Two horses nip and paw at each other, while the third moves towards the camera. They stand in an open, rocky grassland, with forests in the distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg/220px-France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg/330px-France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg/440px-France_Loz%C3%A8re_Causse_M%C3%A9jean_Chevaux_de_Przewalski_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A small herd of Przewalski's Horses</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></div> A truly <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horse</a> is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever successfully domesticated. Therefore, most "wild" horses today are actually <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a>, animals that escaped or were turned loose from domestic herds and the descendants of those animals.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen46-135">[135]</a> Only two wild subspecies, the <a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">tarpan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a>, survived into recorded history and only the latter survives today. The <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a> (Equus ferus przewalskii), named after the Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Przhevalsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Przhevalsky">Nikolai Przhevalsky</a>, is a rare Asian animal. It is also known as the Mongolian wild horse; <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolian</a> people know it as the taki, and the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz people</a> call it a kirtag. The subspecies was presumed extinct in the wild between 1969 and 1992, while a small breeding population survived in zoos around the world. In 1992, it was reestablished in the wild by the conservation efforts of numerous zoos.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Today, a small wild breeding population exists in Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dohner298-138">[138]</a> There are additional animals still maintained at zoos throughout the world. Their status as a truly wild horse was called into question when domestic horses of the 5,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Botai_culture" title="Botai culture">Botai culture</a> of Central Asia were found to be more closely related to Przewalski's horses than to E. f. caballus. The study raised the possibility that modern Przewalski's horses could be the feral descendants of the domestic Botai horses. The study concluded that the Botai animals appear to have been an independent domestication attempt and apparently unsuccessful in terms of genetic markers carrying through to modern domesticated equines. However, the question of whether all Przewalski's horses descend from this population is also unresolved, as only one of seven modern Przewalski’s horses in the study shared this ancestry. It may also be that both the Botai horses and the modern Przewalski's horses descend separately from the same ancient wild Przewalski's horse population.<a href="#cite_note-Pennisi-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orlando-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">tarpan</a> or European wild horse (Equus ferus ferus) was found in Europe and much of Asia. It survived into the historical era, but became <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> in 1909, when the last captive died in a Russian zoo.<a href="#cite_note-Dohner300-142">[142]</a> Thus, the genetic line was lost. Attempts have been made to recreate the tarpan,<a href="#cite_note-Dohner300-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-OSU-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> which resulted in horses with outward physical similarities, but nonetheless descended from domesticated ancestors and not true wild horses. Periodically, populations of horses in isolated areas are speculated to be <a href="/wiki/Relict_(biology)" title="Relict (biology)">relict</a> populations of wild horses, but generally have been proven to be feral or domestic. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Riwoche_horse" title="Riwoche horse">Riwoche horse</a> of Tibet was proposed as such,<a href="#cite_note-Dohner298-138">[138]</a> but testing did not reveal genetic differences from domesticated horses.<a href="#cite_note-Tibet-145">[145]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Sorraia" title="Sorraia">Sorraia</a> of Portugal was proposed as a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Tarpan" title="Tarpan">Tarpan</a> on the basis of shared characteristics,<a href="#cite_note-Royo-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards-147">[147]</a> but genetic studies have shown that the Sorraia is more closely related to other horse breeds, and that the outward similarity is an unreliable measure of relatedness.<a href="#cite_note-Royo-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lira-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modern_equids">Other modern equids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus (genus)</a></div> Besides the horse, there are six other species of <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Equus in the Equidae <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>. These are the ass or <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>, Equus asinus; the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">mountain zebra</a>, Equus zebra; <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a>, Equus quagga; <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra</a>, Equus grevyi; the <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">kiang</a>, Equus kiang; and the <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>, Equus hemionus.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Horses can <a href="/wiki/Crossbreed" title="Crossbreed">crossbreed</a> with other members of their genus. The most common <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>, a cross between a "jack" (male donkey) and a <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">mare</a>. A related hybrid, a <a href="/wiki/Hinny" title="Hinny">hinny</a>, is a cross between a stallion and a "jenny" (female donkey).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Other hybrids include the <a href="/wiki/Zorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorse">zorse</a>, a cross between a zebra and a horse.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> With rare exceptions, most hybrids are <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">sterile</a> and cannot reproduce.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestication_and_history">Domestication and history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_horse_domestication_theories" title="History of horse domestication theories">History of horse domestication theories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/220px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/330px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg/440px-Bhimbetka_rock_paintng1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka</a> rock painting showing a man riding on a horse, India</figcaption></figure> Domestication of the horse most likely took place in central Asia prior to 3500 BCE. Two major sources of information are used to determine where and when the horse was first domesticated and how the domesticated horse spread around the world. The first source is based on <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">palaeological</a> and archaeological discoveries; the second source is a comparison of DNA obtained from modern horses to that from bones and teeth of ancient horse remains. The earliest archaeological evidence for attempted <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a> comes from sites in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, dating to approximately 4000–3500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> However the horses domesticated at the Botai culture in Kazakhstan were Przewalski's horses and not the ancestors of modern horses.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> By 3000 BCE, the horse was completely domesticated and by 2000 BCE there was a sharp increase in the number of horse bones found in human settlements in northwestern Europe, indicating the spread of domesticated horses throughout the continent.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> The most recent, but most irrefutable evidence of domestication comes from sites where horse remains were interred with chariots in graves of the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka</a> cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2100 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Kuznetsov2006-159">[159]</a> A 2021 genetic study suggested that most modern domestic horses descend from the lower <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga-Don region</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">Ancient horse genomes</a> indicate that these populations influenced almost all local populations as they expanded rapidly throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, beginning about 4,200 years ago. It also shows that certain adaptations were strongly selected due to <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">equestrian material culture</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a> spoke-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> spread with the horse itself.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Domestication is also studied by using the genetic material of present-day horses and comparing it with the genetic material present in the bones and teeth of horse remains found in archaeological and palaeological excavations. The variation in the genetic material shows that very few wild stallions contributed to the domestic horse,<a href="#cite_note-Lau-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindgren2004-163">[163]</a> while many mares were part of early domesticated herds.<a href="#cite_note-Lira-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vila2001-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cai-165">[165]</a> This is reflected in the difference in genetic variation between the DNA that is passed on along the paternal, or sire line (<a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosome</a>) versus that passed on along the maternal, or dam line (<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>). There are very low levels of Y-chromosome variability,<a href="#cite_note-Lau-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindgren2004-163">[163]</a> but a great deal of genetic variation in mitochondrial DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Lira-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vila2001-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cai-165">[165]</a> There is also regional variation in mitochondrial DNA due to the inclusion of wild mares in domestic herds.<a href="#cite_note-Lira-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vila2001-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cai-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Another characteristic of domestication is an increase in coat color variation.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In horses, this increased dramatically between 5000 and 3000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-coatColor-168">[168]</a> Before the availability of DNA techniques to resolve the questions related to the domestication of the horse, various hypotheses were proposed. One classification was based on body types and conformation, suggesting the presence of four basic prototypes that had adapted to their environment prior to domestication.<a href="#cite_note-Bennett7-111">[111]</a> Another hypothesis held that the four prototypes originated from a single wild species and that all different body types were entirely a result of <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> after domestication.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> However, the lack of a detectable substructure in the horse has resulted in a rejection of both hypotheses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feral_populations">Feral populations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">Feral</a> horses are born and live in the wild, but are descended from domesticated animals.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen46-135">[135]</a> Many populations of <a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">feral horses</a> exist throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Studies of feral herds have provided useful insights into the behavior of prehistoric horses,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> as well as greater understanding of the instincts and behaviors that drive horses that live in domesticated conditions.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> There are also <a href="/wiki/Semi-feral" title="Semi-feral">semi-feral</a> horses in many parts of the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a> in the UK, where the animals are all privately owned but live for significant amounts of time in "wild" conditions on undeveloped, often public, lands. Owners of such animals often pay a fee for grazing rights.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fear75-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeds">Breeds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breed</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Horse breeding</a></div> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> bloodstock and a controlled, written <a href="/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a> has come to be particularly significant and important in modern times. Sometimes purebred horses are incorrectly or inaccurately called "thoroughbreds". <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">Thoroughbred</a> is a specific breed of horse, while a "purebred" is a horse (or any other animal) with a defined <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">pedigree</a> recognized by a breed registry.<a href="#cite_note-Ensminger424-176">[176]</a> Horse breeds are groups of horses with distinctive characteristics that are transmitted consistently to their offspring, such as <a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformation</a>, color, performance ability, or disposition. These inherited traits result from a combination of natural crosses and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial selection</a> methods. Horses have been <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selectively bred</a> since their <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication</a>. An early example of people who practiced selective <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, who had a reputation for careful practices, keeping extensive pedigrees of their <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horses</a> and placing great value upon pure bloodlines.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> These pedigrees were originally transmitted via an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Breeds developed due to a need for "form to function", the necessity to develop certain characteristics in order to perform a particular type of work.<a href="#cite_note-Sponenberg155-179">[179]</a> Thus, a powerful but refined breed such as the Andalusian developed as riding horses with an aptitude for <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sponenberg155-179">[179]</a> Heavy draft horses were developed out of a need to perform demanding <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farm</a> work and pull heavy wagons.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Other horse breeds had been developed specifically for light agricultural work, carriage and road work, various sport disciplines, or simply as pets.<a href="#cite_note-Spon162-181">[181]</a> Some breeds developed through centuries of crossing other breeds, while others descended from a single <a href="/wiki/Foundation_stock" title="Foundation stock">foundation sire</a>, or other limited or restricted foundation bloodstock. One of the earliest formal registries was <a href="/wiki/General_Stud_Book" title="General Stud Book">General Stud Book</a> for Thoroughbreds, which began in 1791 and traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_bloodstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation bloodstock">foundation bloodstock</a> for the breed.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> There are more than 300 horse breeds in the world today.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png/220px-Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png/330px-Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png/440px-Murron-Ryhti_pulling.png 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnhorse" title="Finnhorse">Finnhorse</a> pulling a heavy wagon.</figcaption></figure> Worldwide, horses play a role within human cultures and have done so for millennia. Horses are used for leisure activities, sports, and working purposes. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) estimates that in 2008, there were almost 59,000,000 horses in the world, with around 33,500,000 in the Americas, 13,800,000 in Asia and 6,300,000 in Europe and smaller portions in Africa and Oceania. There are estimated to be 9,500,000 horses in the United States alone.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Horse_Council" title="American Horse Council">American Horse Council</a> estimates that horse-related activities have a direct impact on the economy of the United States of over $39 billion, and when indirect spending is considered, the impact is over $102 billion.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In a 2004 "poll" conducted by <a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet" title="Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a>, more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries voted for the horse as the world's 4th favorite animal.<a href="#cite_note-IOL-186">[186]</a> Communication between human and horse is paramount in any equestrian activity;<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-187">[187]</a> to aid this process horses are usually ridden with a <a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">saddle</a> on their backs to assist the rider with balance and positioning, and a <a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">bridle</a> or related headgear to assist the rider in maintaining control.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Sometimes horses are ridden without a saddle,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and occasionally, horses are trained to perform without a bridle or other headgear.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Many horses are also <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driven</a>, which requires a <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harness</a>, bridle, and some type of <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">vehicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chestnut (reddish-brown) horse being ridden by a rider in a black coat and top hat. They are stopped in a riding arena with the rider tipping his hat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG/260px-Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG/390px-Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG/520px-Beijing2008_HOKETSU_Hiroshi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>A horse and rider in <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a> competition at the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></div> Historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle. Many sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, have origins in <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">military training</a>, which were focused on control and balance of both horse and rider. Other sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>, developed from practical skills such as those needed on working <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)" title="Station (Australian agriculture)">stations</a>. Sport hunting from horseback evolved from earlier practical hunting techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. All forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the systematic development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of equestrian sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat.<a href="#cite_note-Olsen-187">[187]</a> Horses are trained to be ridden or driven in a variety of sporting competitions. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">show jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">dressage</a>, three-day <a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">eventing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">competitive driving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana_(equestrian)" title="Gymkhana (equestrian)">gymkhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse shows</a>, which have their origins in medieval European fairs, are held around the world. They host a huge range of classes, covering all of the mounted and harness disciplines, as well as <a href="/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)" title="Halter (horse show)">"In-hand"</a> classes where the horses are led, rather than ridden, to be evaluated on their conformation. The method of judging varies with the discipline, but winning usually depends on style and ability of both horse and rider.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Sports such as <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> do not judge the horse itself, but rather use the horse as a partner for human competitors as a necessary part of the game. Although the horse requires specialized training to participate, the details of its performance are not judged, only the result of the rider's actions—be it getting a ball through a goal or some other task.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards360-194">[194]</a> Examples of these sports of partnership between human and horse include <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>, in which the main goal is for one rider to unseat the other,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>, a team game played throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the aim being to capture a goat carcass while on horseback.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards360-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> is an equestrian sport and major international industry, watched in almost every nation of the world. There are three types: "flat" racing; <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasing</a>, i.e. racing over jumps; and <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a>, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a small, light cart known as a <a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">sulky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> A major part of horse racing's economic importance lies in the <a href="/wiki/Gambling#Parimutuel_betting" title="Gambling">gambling</a> associated with it.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work">Work</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanga_(carriage)_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tired-looking bay horse hitched to a rustic cart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg/251px-Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg/377px-Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg/502px-Tanga_%28carriage%29_at_Darbhanga_Bihar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Horse pulling a cart</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mounted man in a blue uniform on a dark brown horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/133px-Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/200px-Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg/266px-Policja_konna_Pozna%C5%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="783" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A mounted police officer in Poland</div></div></div></div></div> There are certain jobs that horses do very well, and no technology has yet developed to fully replace them. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">mounted police</a> horses are still effective for certain types of patrol duties and crowd control.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Cattle <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> still require riders on horseback to round up cattle that are scattered across remote, rugged terrain.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a> organizations in some countries depend upon <a href="/wiki/Mounted_search_and_rescue" title="Mounted search and rescue">mounted</a> teams to locate people, particularly hikers and children, and to provide disaster relief assistance.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Horses can also be used in areas where it is necessary to avoid vehicular disruption to delicate soil, such as nature reserves. They may also be the only form of transport allowed in <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilderness area">wilderness areas</a>. Horses are quieter than motorized vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_officer" title="Law enforcement officer">Law enforcement officers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">park rangers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Game_warden" class="mw-redirect" title="Game warden">game wardens</a> may use horses for patrols, and horses or mules may also be used for clearing trails or other work in areas of rough terrain where vehicles are less effective.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Although machinery has replaced horses in many parts of the world, an estimated 100 million horses, donkeys and mules are still used for agriculture and transportation in less developed areas. This number includes around 27 million <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">working animals</a> in Africa alone.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Some land management practices such as cultivating and logging can be efficiently performed with horses. In agriculture, less fossil fuel is used and increased environmental conservation occurs over time with the use of <a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">draft animals</a> such as horses.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Logging with horses can result in reduced damage to soil structure and less damage to trees due to more selective logging.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warfare">Warfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17,_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photo of mounted soldiers with middle eastern headwraps, carrying rifles, walking down a road away from the camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-073-17%2C_T%C3%BCrkische_Kavallerie_s%C3%BCdlich_von_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> cavalry, 1917</figcaption></figure> Horses have been used in warfare for most of recorded history. The first archaeological evidence of horses used in warfare dates to between 4000 and 3000 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-Science_Show-206">[206]</a> and the use of horses in warfare was widespread by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hartwick-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker30-208">[208]</a> Although mechanization has largely replaced the horse as a weapon of war, horses are still seen today in limited military uses, mostly for ceremonial purposes, or for reconnaissance and transport activities in areas of rough terrain where motorized vehicles are ineffective. Horses have been used in the 21st century by the <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militias in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_culture">Entertainment and culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayagreeva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hayagreeva.jpg/170px-Hayagreeva.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hayagreeva.jpg/255px-Hayagreeva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Hayagreeva.jpg/340px-Hayagreeva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The horse-headed deity in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Horse symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Horses in art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></div> Modern horses are often used to reenact many of their historical work purposes. Horses are used, complete with equipment that is authentic or a meticulously recreated replica, in various live action <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactments</a> of specific periods of history, especially recreations of famous battles.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Horses are also used to preserve cultural traditions and for ceremonial purposes. Countries such as the United Kingdom still use horse-drawn carriages to convey royalty and other VIPs to and from certain culturally significant events.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Public exhibitions are another example, such as the <a href="/wiki/Budweiser_Clydesdales" title="Budweiser Clydesdales">Budweiser Clydesdales</a>, seen in parades and other public settings, a team of <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a> that pull a beer wagon similar to that used before the invention of the modern motorized truck.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Horses are frequently used in television, films and literature. They are sometimes featured as a major character in films about particular animals, but also used as visual elements that assure the accuracy of historical stories.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Both live horses and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">iconic</a> images of horses are used in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> to promote a variety of products.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The horse frequently appears in coats of arms in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, in a variety of poses and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythologies</a> of many cultures, including <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman mythology">Greco-Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mythology" title="Islamic mythology">Islamic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Germanic</a>, include references to both normal horses and those with wings or additional limbs, and multiple myths also call upon the horse to draw the chariots of the Moon and Sun.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The horse also appears in the 12-year cycle of animals in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese zodiac</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Horses serve as the inspiration for many modern automobile names and logos, including the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Pinto" title="Ford Pinto">Ford Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Bronco" title="Ford Bronco">Ford Bronco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Equus" title="Hyundai Equus">Hyundai Equus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Pony" title="Hyundai Pony">Hyundai Pony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Starion" title="Mitsubishi Starion">Mitsubishi Starion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subaru_BRAT" title="Subaru BRAT">Subaru Brumby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Colt" title="Mitsubishi Colt">Mitsubishi Colt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dodge_Colt" title="Dodge Colt">Dodge Colt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steyr-Puch_Pinzgauer" title="Steyr-Puch Pinzgauer">Pinzgauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steyr-Puch_Haflinger" title="Steyr-Puch Haflinger">Steyr-Puch Haflinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegaso" title="Pegaso">Pegaso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Camargue" title="Rolls-Royce Camargue">Rolls-Royce Camargue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlsson_(car_company)" title="Carlsson (car company)">Carlsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaz" title="Kamaz">Kamaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corre_La_Licorne" title="Corre La Licorne">Corre La Licorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Khodro" title="Iran Khodro">Iran Khodro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eicher_Motors" title="Eicher Motors">Eicher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baojun" title="Baojun">Baojun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/TVS_Motor_Company" title="TVS Motor Company">TVS Motor Company</a> also uses a horse on their motorcycles & scooters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_use">Therapeutic use</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Equine-assisted therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic horseback riding">Therapeutic horseback riding</a></div> People of all ages with physical and mental disabilities obtain beneficial results from an association with horses. Therapeutic riding is used to mentally and physically stimulate disabled persons and help them improve their lives through improved balance and coordination, increased self-confidence, and a greater feeling of freedom and independence.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The benefits of equestrian activity for people with disabilities has also been recognized with the addition of equestrian events to the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a> and recognition of <a href="/wiki/Para-equestrian" title="Para-equestrian">para-equestrian</a> events by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">International Federation for Equestrian Sports</a> (FEI).<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding are names for different physical, occupational, and speech therapy treatment strategies that use equine movement. In hippotherapy, a therapist uses the horse's movement to improve their patient's cognitive, coordination, balance, and fine motor skills, whereas therapeutic horseback riding uses specific riding skills.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Horses also provide psychological benefits to people whether they actually ride or not. "Equine-assisted" or "equine-facilitated" therapy is a form of experiential <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a> that uses horses as companion animals to assist people with mental illness, including anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, behavioral difficulties, and those who are going through major life changes.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> There are also experimental programs using horses in <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> settings. Exposure to horses appears to improve the behavior of inmates and help reduce <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a> when they leave.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Products">Products</h3></div> Horses are raw material for many products made by humans throughout history, including byproducts from the <a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">slaughter</a> of horses as well as materials collected from living horses. Products collected from living horses include mare's milk, used by people with large horse herds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, who let it ferment to produce <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-226">[226]</a> Horse blood was once used as food by the Mongols and other <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes, who found it a convenient source of nutrition when traveling. Drinking their own horses' blood allowed the Mongols to ride for extended periods of time without stopping to eat.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorker-226">[226]</a> The drug <a href="/wiki/Premarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Premarin">Premarin</a> is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> extracted from the urine of pregnant mares (pregnant mares' urine), and was previously a widely used drug for <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> The tail hair of horses can be used for making <a href="/wiki/Bow_(music)" title="Bow (music)">bows</a> for <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse meat</a> has been used as food for humans and <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous animals</a> throughout the ages. Approximately 5 million horses are slaughtered each year for meat worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> It is eaten in many parts of the world, though consumption is <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> in some cultures,<a href="#cite_note-USDA-230">[230]</a> and a subject of political controversy in others.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Horsehide leather has been used for boots, gloves, <a href="/wiki/A-2_jacket" title="A-2 jacket">jackets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-by-product-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baseball_(ball)" title="Baseball (ball)">baseballs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and baseball gloves. Horse hooves can also be used to produce <a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">animal glue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> Horse bones can be used to make implements.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Specifically, in Italian cuisine, the horse <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> is sharpened into a probe called a spinto, which is used to test the readiness of a (pig) ham as it cures.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In Asia, the saba is a horsehide vessel used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Care">Care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horse_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse care">Horse care</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Equine nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_grooming" title="Horse grooming">Horse grooming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">Farrier</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man in US military clothing examines the teeth of a bay (dark brown) horse, while another person in military work clothing, partially obscured, holds the horse. Several other people are partially visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg/220px-Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg/330px-Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg/440px-Army.mil-2008-04-18-100048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3522" data-file-height="2286" /></a><figcaption>Checking teeth and other physical examinations are an important part of horse care.</figcaption></figure> Horses are <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> animals, and their major source of nutrients is good-quality <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> They can consume approximately 2% to 2.5% of their body weight in dry feed each day. Therefore, a 450-kilogram (990 lb) adult horse could eat up to 11 kilograms (24 lb) of food.<a href="#cite_note-Penn-239">[239]</a> Sometimes, concentrated feed such as <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain</a> is fed in addition to pasture or hay, especially when the animal is very active.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> When grain is fed, equine nutritionists recommend that 50% or more of the animal's diet by weight should still be forage.<a href="#cite_note-Feeding_factors-241">[241]</a> Horses require a plentiful supply of clean water, a minimum of 38 to 45 litres (10 to 12 US gal) per day.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Although horses are adapted to live outside, they require shelter from the wind and <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>, which can range from a simple shed or shelter to an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Stable" title="Stable">stable</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Horses require routine <a href="/wiki/Horse_hoof" title="Horse hoof">hoof</a> care from a <a href="/wiki/Farrier" title="Farrier">farrier</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccinations</a> to protect against various diseases, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_teeth" title="Horse teeth">dental</a> examinations from a <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a> or a specialized equine dentist.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> If horses are kept inside in a barn, they require regular daily exercise for their physical health and mental well-being.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> When turned outside, they require well-maintained, sturdy <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_fencing" title="Agricultural fencing">fences</a> to be safely contained.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Regular <a href="/wiki/Horse_grooming" title="Horse grooming">grooming</a> is also helpful to help the horse maintain good health of the hair coat and underlying skin.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock#Equines" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock § Equines</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock&action=edit#Equines">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png/220px-Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png/330px-Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png/440px-Kang_2023_heat_transfer_horses.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of heat regulation in horses.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Kang2023-248">[248]</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2019, there are around 17 million horses in the world. Healthy body temperature for adult horses is in the range between 37.5 and 38.5 °C (99.5 and 101.3 °F), which they can maintain while ambient temperatures are between 5 and 25 °C (41 and 77 °F). However, strenuous exercise increases core body temperature by 1 °C (1.8 °F)/minute, as 80% of the energy used by equine muscles is released as heat. Along with <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, equines are the only animal group which use <a href="/wiki/Sweating" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating">sweating</a> as their primary method of thermoregulation: in fact, it can account for up to 70% of their heat loss, and horses sweat three times more than humans while undergoing comparably strenuous physical activity. Unlike humans, this sweat is created not by <a href="/wiki/Eccrine_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eccrine gland">eccrine glands</a> but by <a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">apocrine glands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_McCutcheon_Geor-249">[249]</a> In hot conditions, horses during three hours of moderate-intersity exercise can lose 30 to 35 L of water and 100g of sodium, 198 g of choloride and 45 g of potassium.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_McCutcheon_Geor-249">[249]</a> In another difference from humans, their sweat is <a href="/wiki/Hypertonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertonic">hypertonic</a>, and contains a protein called <a href="/wiki/BPIFA4P" title="BPIFA4P">latherin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_McDonald_Fleming_Beeley_Bovell-250">[250]</a> which enables it to spread across their body easier, and to <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a>, rather than to drip off. These adaptations are partly to compensate for their lower body surface-to-mass ratio, which makes it more difficult for horses to passively radiate heat. Yet, prolonged exposure to very hot and/or humid conditions will lead to consequences such as <a href="/wiki/Anhidrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhidrosis">anhidrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>, or brain damage, potentially culminating in death if not addressed with measures like cold water applications. Additionally, around 10% of incidents associated with horse transport have been attributed to heat stress. These issues are expected to worsen in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock_Kang2023-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_horse_sickness" title="African horse sickness">African horse sickness</a> (AHS) is a viral illness with a mortality close to 90% in horses, and 50% in <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>. A midge, <a href="/wiki/Culicoides_imicola" title="Culicoides imicola">Culicoides imicola</a>, is the primary vector of AHS, and its spread is expected to benefit from climate change.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> The spillover of <a href="/wiki/Hendra_virus" title="Hendra virus">Hendra virus</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Flying_fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying fox">flying fox</a> hosts to horses is also likely to increase, as future warming would expand the hosts' geographic range. It has been estimated that under the "moderate" and high <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_scenario" title="Climate change scenario">climate change scenarios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">RCP4.5</a> and RCP8.5, the number of threatened horses would increase by 110,000 and 165,000, respectively, or by 175 and 260%.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_horses" title="List of historical horses">List of historical horses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Linn1758-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carolus</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726976">Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</a>. Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 73. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012203414/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726976">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2018. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 630–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+Perissodactyla&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=630-631&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Grubb&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14100016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature2003" class="citation journal cs1">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821235959/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMar2003opinions.htm">"Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)"</a>. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 60 (1): 81–84. 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J A Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85131-769-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85131-769-3"><bdi>0-85131-769-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Anatomy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J+A+Allen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-85131-769-3&rft.aulast=Goody&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavordPavord2007" class="citation book cs1">Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. 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Australian Jockey Club. 2007. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424221902/http://www.studbook.org.au/DisplayPDF.aspx?ty=RULES">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved July 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+of+the+Australian+Stud+Book&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Australian+Jockey+Club&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studbook.org.au%2FDisplayPDF.aspx%3Fty%3DRULES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endurance-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endurance_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endurance_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811110201/http://aerc.org/HorseAge.aspx">"Equine Age Requirements for AERC Rides"</a>. 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HCI. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whydohorsessleep0000unse/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7573-0608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7573-0608-2"><bdi>978-0-7573-0608-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Do+Horses+Sleep+Standing+Up%3F%3A+101+of+the+Most+Perplexing+Questions+Answered+About+Equine+Enigmas%2C+Medical+Mysteries%2C+and+Befuddling+Behaviors&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=HCI&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7573-0608-2&rft.au=Becker%2C+Marty&rft.au=Pavia%2C+Audrey&rft.au=Spadafori%2C+Gina&rft.au=Becker%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhydohorsessleep0000unse%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, p. 422 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, p. 427 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger420-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger420_20-0">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, p. 420 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equibase.com/newfan/glossary-full.cfm">"Glossary of Horse Racing Terms"</a>. 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Retrieved March 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=World%27s+smallest+horse+has+tall+order&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F03%2F19%2FAR2007031901754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/9/meet-the-smallest-horse-in-the-world-thats-shorter-than-a-greyhound-588674">"Meet the smallest horse in the world that's shorter than a greyhound"</a>. Guinness World Records. September 5, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804002359/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/9/meet-the-smallest-horse-in-the-world-thats-shorter-than-a-greyhound-588674">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Meet+the+smallest+horse+in+the+world+that%27s+shorter+than+a+greyhound&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F9%2Fmeet-the-smallest-horse-in-the-world-thats-shorter-than-a-greyhound-588674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnsmingerHT-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnsmingerHT_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnsmingerHT_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnsmingerHT_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnsmingerHT_31-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsminger1991" class="citation book cs1">Ensminger, M. Eugene (1991). Horses and Tack (Revised ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395544130" title="Special:BookSources/0395544130"><bdi>0395544130</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21561287">21561287</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1877441M">1877441M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses+and+Tack&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21561287&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1877441M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0395544130&rft.aulast=Ensminger&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowlett,_LornaPhilip_Mathews1979" class="citation book cs1">Howlett, Lorna; Philip Mathews (1979). Ponies in Australia. Milson's Point, NSW: Philip Mathews Publishers. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908001-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-908001-13-4"><bdi>0-908001-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ponies+in+Australia&rft.place=Milson%27s+Point%2C+NSW&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Philip+Mathews+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-908001-13-4&rft.au=Howlett%2C+Lorna&rft.au=Philip+Mathews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415003731/http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx">"2012 United States Equestrian Federation, Inc. Rule Book"</a>. United States Equestrian Federation. p. Rule WS 101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usef.org/_IFrames/RuleBook/rulebooks.aspx">the original</a> on April 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+United+States+Equestrian+Federation%2C+Inc.+Rule+Book&rft.pages=Rule+WS+101&rft.pub=United+States+Equestrian+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usef.org%2F_IFrames%2FRuleBook%2Frulebooks.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911122158/http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf">"Annex XVII: Extracts from Rules for Pony Riders and Children, 9th edition"</a> (PDF). Fédération Equestre Internationale. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fei.org/sites/default/files/Annex%20XVII%20-%20Extracts%20Ponies.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 11, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+XVII%3A+Extracts+from+Rules+for+Pony+Riders+and+Children%2C+9th+edition&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+Equestre+Internationale&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fei.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAnnex%2520XVII%2520-%2520Extracts%2520Ponies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Fox_Trotter" title="Missouri Fox Trotter">Missouri Fox Trotter</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>. See <a href="#McBane">McBane</a>, pp. 192, 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Pony">Welsh Pony</a>. See <a href="#McBane">McBane</a>, pp. 52–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#McBane">McBane</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210119/http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html">"Chromosome Numbers in Different Species"</a>. Vivo.colostate.edu. January 30, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/medgen/chromo/species.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chromosome+Numbers+in+Different+Species&rft.pub=Vivo.colostate.edu&rft.date=1998-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivo.colostate.edu%2Fhbooks%2Fgenetics%2Fmedgen%2Fchromo%2Fspecies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm">"Sequenced horse genome expands understanding of equine, human diseases"</a>. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. August 21, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.vet.cornell.edu/news/articles/09antczakscience.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sequenced+horse+genome+expands+understanding+of+equine%2C+human+diseases&rft.pub=Cornell+University+College+of+Veterinary+Medicine&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vet.cornell.edu%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F09antczakscience.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScienceDaily-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ScienceDaily_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadeGiulottoSigurdssonZoli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wade, C. M; Giulotto, E; Sigurdsson, S; Zoli, M; Gnerre, S; Imsland, F; Lear, T. L; Adelson, D. L; Bailey, E; Bellone, R. R; Blocker, H; Distl, O; Edgar, R. C; Garber, M; Leeb, T; Mauceli, E; MacLeod, J. N; Penedo, M. C. T; Raison, J. M; Sharpe, T; Vogel, J; Andersson, L; Antczak, D. F; Biagi, T; Binns, M. M; Chowdhary, B. P; Coleman, S. J; Della Valle, G; Fryc, S; et al. (November 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm">"Domestic Horse Genome Sequenced"</a>. Science. 326 (5954): 865–867. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326..865W">2009Sci...326..865W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1178158">10.1126/science.1178158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3785132">3785132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19892987">19892987</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118204110/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/091105143708.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Domestic+Horse+Genome+Sequenced&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5954&rft.pages=865-867&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3785132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326..865W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19892987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1178158&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=C.+M&rft.au=Giulotto%2C+E&rft.au=Sigurdsson%2C+S&rft.au=Zoli%2C+M&rft.au=Gnerre%2C+S&rft.au=Imsland%2C+F&rft.au=Lear%2C+T.+L&rft.au=Adelson%2C+D.+L&rft.au=Bailey%2C+E&rft.au=Bellone%2C+R.+R&rft.au=Blocker%2C+H&rft.au=Distl%2C+O&rft.au=Edgar%2C+R.+C&rft.au=Garber%2C+M&rft.au=Leeb%2C+T&rft.au=Mauceli%2C+E&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+J.+N&rft.au=Penedo%2C+M.+C.+T&rft.au=Raison%2C+J.+M&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+T&rft.au=Vogel%2C+J&rft.au=Andersson%2C+L&rft.au=Antczak%2C+D.+F&rft.au=Biagi%2C+T&rft.au=Binns%2C+M.+M&rft.au=Chowdhary%2C+B.+P&rft.au=Coleman%2C+S.+J&rft.au=Della+Valle%2C+G&rft.au=Fryc%2C+S&rft.au=Guerin%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F11%2F091105143708.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index">"Ensembl genome browser 71: Equus caballus – Description"</a>. Uswest.ensembl.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uswest.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index">the original</a> on October 10, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensembl+genome+browser+71%3A+Equus+caballus+%E2%80%93+Description&rft.pub=Uswest.ensembl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuswest.ensembl.org%2FEquus_caballus%2FInfo%2FIndex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel,_Colin_B.V.M.1995" class="citation book cs1">Vogel, Colin B.V.M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14">The Complete Horse Care Manual</a>. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-0170-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-0170-3"><bdi>0-7894-0170-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32168476">32168476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Horse+Care+Manual&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32168476&rft.isbn=0-7894-0170-3&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Colin+B.V.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompletehorsecar0000voge%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_BruceBarbara_Carne1988" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Bruce; Barbara Carne (1988). A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management. New York: Howell Book House. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87605-871-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87605-871-3"><bdi>0-87605-871-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17507227">17507227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Basic+Guide+to+Horse+Care+and+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Howell+Book+House&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17507227&rft.isbn=0-87605-871-3&rft.au=Mills%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Barbara+Carne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum,_Stephanie_J.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Corum, Stephanie J. (May 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=4354">"A Horse of a Different Color"</a>. The Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918013937/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/13855/a-horse-of-a-different-color">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=A+Horse+of+a+Different+Color&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.au=Corum%2C+Stephanie+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D4354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCVGL-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCVGL_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCVGL_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCVGL_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/coatcolorhorse.php">"Horse Coat Color Tests"</a>. Veterinary Genetics Laboratory. 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Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59228-696-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59228-696-8"><bdi>1-59228-696-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59163221">59163221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Horse%27s+Teeth&rft.btitle=Horses%27+Teeth+and+Their+Problems%3A+Prevention%2C+Recognition%2C+and+Treatment&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59163221&rft.isbn=1-59228-696-8&rft.aulast=Kreling&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3q1LINmOkOIC%26pg%3DPA117-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#Giffin">Giffin</a>, p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentineVan_SaunThompsonHintz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Valentine, Beth A.; Van Saun, Robert J.; Thompson, Kent N.; Hintz, Harold F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.2001.219.1537">"Role of dietary carbohydrate and fat in horses with equine polysaccharide storage myopathy"</a>. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 219 (11): 1537–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.2001.219.1537">10.2460/javma.2001.219.1537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11759989">11759989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Veterinary+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Role+of+dietary+carbohydrate+and+fat+in+horses+with+equine+polysaccharide+storage+myopathy&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1537-1544&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2460%2Fjavma.2001.219.1537&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11759989&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Beth+A.&rft.au=Van+Saun%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Kent+N.&rft.au=Hintz%2C+Harold+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2460%252Fjavma.2001.219.1537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Harold (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263931910000542">"The gall bladder and bile ducts"</a>. Surgery (Oxford). 28 (5): 218–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mpsur.2010.02.007">10.1016/j.mpsur.2010.02.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150222/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263931910000542">Archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgery+%28Oxford%29&rft.atitle=The+gall+bladder+and+bile+ducts&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=218-221&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mpsur.2010.02.007&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0263931910000542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger309-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger309_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger309_71-1">b</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, pp. 309–310 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartley_2016-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartley_2016_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartleyGrundon2016" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, C; Grundon, RA (2016). "Chapter 5: Diseases and surgery of the globe and orbit". In Gilger, BC (ed.). Equine Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119047742" title="Special:BookSources/9781119047742"><bdi>9781119047742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Diseases+and+surgery+of+the+globe+and+orbit&rft.btitle=Equine+Ophthalmology&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781119047742&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Grundon%2C+RA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15938">"Eye Position and Animal Agility Study Published"</a>. The Horse. March 7, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723214909/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/25141/eye-position-and-animal-agility-study-published">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Eye+Position+and+Animal+Agility+Study+Published&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D15938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> Press Release, citing February 2010 Journal of Anatomy, Dr. Nathan Jeffery, co-author, University of Liverpool. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sellnow-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Sellnow_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellnow,_Les2004" class="citation book cs1">Sellnow, Les (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/happytrailsyourc00sell/page/46">Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding</a>. Eclipse Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/happytrailsyourc00sell/page/46">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58150-114-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58150-114-5"><bdi>1-58150-114-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56493380">56493380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+Trails%3A+Your+Complete+Guide+to+Fun+and+Safe+Trail+Riding&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Eclipse+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56493380&rft.isbn=1-58150-114-5&rft.au=Sellnow%2C+Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhappytrailsyourc00sell%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell,_Sue2007" class="citation journal cs1">McDonnell, Sue (June 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670">"In Living Color"</a>. The Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223341/http://www.thehorse.com/viewarticle.aspx?ID=9670">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=In+Living+Color&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2Fviewarticle.aspx%3FID%3D9670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs_smell-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_smell_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2013" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, Karen (December 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10055/equine-sense-of-smell">"Equine Sense of Smell"</a>. The Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201013608/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/10055/equine-sense-of-smell">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equine+Sense+of+Smell&rft.pub=The+Horse&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2Farticles%2F10055%2Fequine-sense-of-smell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Jane2005" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Jane (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gAgchKMXdkC">Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety</a>. Collingwood, UK: CSIRO Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-643-09245-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-643-09245-5"><bdi>0-643-09245-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65466652">65466652</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223812/https://books.google.com/books?id=-gAgchKMXdkC">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Safe%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Equine+Safety&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+UK&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65466652&rft.isbn=0-643-09245-5&rft.au=Myers%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gAgchKMXdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Music-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Music_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesté-Lasserre2013" class="citation web cs1">Lesté-Lasserre, Christa (January 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31229/music-genres-effect-on-horse-behavior-evaluated">"Music Genre's Effect on Horse Behavior Evaluated"</a>. The Horse. Blood Horse Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31229/music-genres-effect-on-horse-behavior-evaluated">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Music+Genre%27s+Effect+on+Horse+Behavior+Evaluated&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft.aulast=Lest%C3%A9-Lasserre&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2Farticles%2F31229%2Fmusic-genres-effect-on-horse-behavior-evaluated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EquiNews-79"><a href="#cite_ref-EquiNews_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentucky_Equine_Research_Staff2010" class="citation web cs1">Kentucky Equine Research Staff (February 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equinews.com/article/radios-causing-gastric-ulcers">"Radios Causing Gastric Ulcers"</a>. EquiNews. Kentucky Equine Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010200000/http://www.equinews.com/article/radios-causing-gastric-ulcers">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EquiNews&rft.atitle=Radios+Causing+Gastric+Ulcers&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.au=Kentucky+Equine+Research+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equinews.com%2Farticle%2Fradios-causing-gastric-ulcers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Heather_Smith" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Heather Smith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102020057/http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/october/17/true-horse-sense.aspx">"True Horse Sense"</a>. Thoroughbred Times. Thoroughbred Times Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoroughbredtimes.com/horse-health/1998/October/17/True-horse-sense.aspx">the original</a> on November 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thoroughbred+Times&rft.atitle=True+Horse+Sense&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Heather+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoroughbredtimes.com%2Fhorse-health%2F1998%2FOctober%2F17%2FTrue-horse-sense.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirelli,_Al_Jr.Brenda_Cloud" class="citation web cs1">Cirelli, Al Jr.; Brenda Cloud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf">"Horse Handling and Riding Guidelines Part 1: Equine Senses"</a> (PDF). Cooperative Extension. University of Nevada. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150908031752/http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/files/ag/other/fs9829.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooperative+Extension&rft.atitle=Horse+Handling+and+Riding+Guidelines+Part+1%3A+Equine+Senses&rft.pages=4&rft.au=Cirelli%2C+Al+Jr.&rft.au=Brenda+Cloud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unce.unr.edu%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2Fag%2Fother%2Ffs9829.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHairston,_RachelMadelyn_Larsen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hairston, Rachel; Madelyn Larsen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofhors00rach/page/77">The Essentials of Horsekeeping</a>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofhors00rach/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8069-8817-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8069-8817-7"><bdi>0-8069-8817-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53186526">53186526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Horsekeeping&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53186526&rft.isbn=0-8069-8817-7&rft.au=Hairston%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Madelyn+Larsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialsofhors00rach%2Fpage%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#Miller">Miller</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavson,_Carrie" class="citation web cs1">Gustavson, Carrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809051147/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16">"Horse Pasture is No Place for Poisonous Plants"</a>. Pet Column July 24, 2000. University of Illinois. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=16">the original</a> on August 9, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pet+Column+July+24%2C+2000&rft.atitle=Horse+Pasture+is+No+Place+for+Poisonous+Plants&rft.au=Gustavson%2C+Carrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvm.uiuc.edu%2Fpetcolumns%2Fshowarticle.cfm%3Fid%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorseGaits32-85"><a href="#cite_ref-HorseGaits32_85-0">^</a> <a href="#Harris">Harris</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris47-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris47_86-0">^</a> <a href="#Harris">Harris</a>, pp. 47–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-guinness-87"><a href="#cite_ref-guinness_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-race-horse/">"Fastest speed for a race horse"</a>. Guinness World Records. May 14, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828102736/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-speed-for-a-race-horse">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Fastest+speed+for+a+race+horse&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Ffastest-speed-for-a-race-horse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorseGaits50-88"><a href="#cite_ref-HorseGaits50_88-0">^</a> <a href="#Harris">Harris</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman,_Bobbie2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lieberman, Bobbie (2007). "Easy Gaited Horses". Equus (359): 47–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equus&rft.atitle=Easy+Gaited+Horses&rft.issue=359&rft.pages=47-51&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+Bobbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquus_Staff2007" class="citation journal cs1">Equus Staff (2007). "Breeds that Gait". Equus (359): 52–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equus&rft.atitle=Breeds+that+Gait&rft.issue=359&rft.pages=52-54&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Equus+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorseGaits51-91"><a href="#cite_ref-HorseGaits51_91-0">^</a> <a href="#Harris">Harris</a>, pp. 50–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515125847/http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct">"Horse Fight vs Flight Instinct"</a>. eXtension. September 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extension.org/pages/23342/horse-fight-vs-flight-instinct">the original</a> on May 15, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horse+Fight+vs+Flight+Instinct&rft.pub=eXtension&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.org%2Fpages%2F23342%2Fhorse-fight-vs-flight-instinct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural226-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Natural226_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McBane" class="citation book cs1">McBane, Susan (1992). A Natural Approach to Horse Management. London: Methuen. pp. 226–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-62370-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-62370-X"><bdi>0-413-62370-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26359746">26359746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+Approach+to+Horse+Management&rft.place=London&rft.pages=226-228&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26359746&rft.isbn=0-413-62370-X&rft.au=McBane%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger305-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger305_94-0">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, pp. 305–309 </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince214-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Prince214_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince,_Eleanor_F.Gaydell_M._Collier1974" class="citation book cs1">Prince, Eleanor F.; Gaydell M. Collier (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin/page/214">Basic Horsemanship: English and Western</a>. New York: Doubleday. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin/page/214">214–223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-06587-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-06587-6"><bdi>0-385-06587-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873660">873660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Horsemanship%3A+English+and+Western&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=214-223&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873660&rft.isbn=0-385-06587-6&rft.au=Prince%2C+Eleanor+F.&rft.au=Gaydell+M.+Collier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasichorsemanshi00prin%2Fpage%2F214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanggi-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanggi_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanggi_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanggi_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkson,_Neil2007" class="citation web cs1">Clarkson, Neil (April 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/features/horseintelligence-119.shtml">"Understanding horse intelligence"</a>. Horsetalk 2007. Horsetalk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124164951/http://horsetalk.co.nz/2012/10/11/understanding-horse-intelligence/">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horsetalk+2007&rft.atitle=Understanding+horse+intelligence&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft.au=Clarkson%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsetalk.co.nz%2Ffeatures%2Fhorseintelligence-119.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrance1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorrance, Bill (1999). True horsemanship through feel. Guilford, CT: The Lion Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-321-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-321-6"><bdi>1-58574-321-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=True+horsemanship+through+feel&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=The+Lion+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-58574-321-6&rft.aulast=Dorrance&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-count-98"><a href="#cite_ref-count_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesté-Lasserre,_Christa" class="citation web cs1">Lesté-Lasserre, Christa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=15396">"Horses Demonstrate Ability to Count in New Study"</a>. The Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101025607/http://www.thehorse.com/articles/24628/horses-demonstrate-ability-to-count-in-new-study">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=Horses+Demonstrate+Ability+to+Count+in+New+Study&rft.au=Lest%C3%A9-Lasserre%2C+Christa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D15396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoarse,_Jim2008" class="citation web cs1">Coarse, Jim (June 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/nicanor/archive/2008/06/17/equine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx">"What Big Brown Couldn't Tell You and Mr. Ed Kept to Himself (part 1)"</a>. The Blood Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521084441/http://cs.bloodhorse.com/blogs/nicanor/archive/2008/06/17/equine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved September 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Blood+Horse&rft.atitle=What+Big+Brown+Couldn%27t+Tell+You+and+Mr.+Ed+Kept+to+Himself+%28part+1%29&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft.au=Coarse%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.bloodhorse.com%2Fblogs%2Fnicanor%2Farchive%2F2008%2F06%2F17%2Fequine-iq-what-big-brown-couldn-t-tell-you-and-mr-ed-kept-to-himself.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belknap255-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belknap255_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belknap255_100-1">b</a> <a href="#Belknap">Belknap</a>, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-Belknap112-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belknap112_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belknap112_101-1">b</a> <a href="#Belknap">Belknap</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger71-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger71_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger71_102-1">b</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, pp. 71–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensminger84-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Ensminger84_103-0">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalog18-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catalog18_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalog18_104-1">b</a> <a href="#Price">Price</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFilippis,_Chris2006" class="citation book cs1">DeFilippis, Chris (2006). The Everything Horse Care Book. Avon, MA: Adams Media. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-530-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-530-0"><bdi>978-1-59337-530-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223814651">223814651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Horse+Care+Book&rft.place=Avon%2C+MA&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223814651&rft.isbn=978-1-59337-530-0&rft.au=DeFilippis%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker43-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker43_106-0">^</a> <a href="#Whitaker">Whitaker</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker194-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker194_107-0">^</a> <a href="#Whitaker">Whitaker</a>, pp. 194–197 </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalog15-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catalog15_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalog15_108-1">b</a> <a href="#Price">Price</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide87-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Guide87_109-0">^</a> <a href="#Bongianni">Bongianni</a>, entry 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ens124-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Ens124_110-0">^</a> <a href="#Ensminger">Ensminger</a>, pp. 124–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett7-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett7_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett7_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett,_Deb1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (First ed.). Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications, Inc. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658533-0-6"><bdi>0-9658533-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39709067">39709067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+The+Roots+of+New+World+Horsemanship&rft.place=Solvang%2C+CA&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Amigo+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39709067&rft.isbn=0-9658533-0-6&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Deb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, pp. 122–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Riding_Pony" title="Australian Riding Pony">Australian Riding Pony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Connemara_pony" title="Connemara pony">Connemara</a>, see <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, pp. 178–179, 208–209 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyons231-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyons231_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice,_Steven_D.Shiers,_Jessie2007" class="citation book cs1">Price, Steven D.; Shiers, Jessie (2007). The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary (Revised ed.). Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-036-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-036-0"><bdi>978-1-59921-036-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lyons+Press+Horseman%27s+Dictionary&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=231&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-036-0&rft.au=Price%2C+Steven+D.&rft.au=Shiers%2C+Jessie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belknap523-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Belknap523_115-0">^</a> <a href="#Belknap">Belknap</a>, p. 523 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe,_Elaine" class="citation web cs1">Pascoe, Elaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193341/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/">"How Horses Sleep"</a>. Equisearch.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqzzz629/">the original</a> on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Equisearch.com&rft.atitle=How+Horses+Sleep&rft.au=Pascoe%2C+Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fequisearch.com%2Fhorses_care%2Fhealth%2Fbehavior%2Feqzzz629%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horse_sleep_pt._2-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horse_sleep_pt._2_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horse_sleep_pt._2_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horse_sleep_pt._2_117-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe,_Elaine2002" class="citation web cs1">Pascoe, Elaine (March 12, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193158/http://equisearch.com/horses_care/health/behavior/eqpowernap1771/">"How Horses Sleep, Pt. 2 – Power Naps"</a>. Equisearch.com. 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Kessinger Publishing. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-0087-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-0087-4"><bdi>1-4191-0087-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riding+Simplified&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4191-0087-4&rft.au=Self%2C+Margaret+Cabell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUTm7aD1Mf8C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorson,_Juli_S.2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thorson, Juli S. (2006). "Rugged Lark". In Martindale, Cathy and Kathy Swan (ed.). Legends 7: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares. Colorado Springs, CO: Western Horseman. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911647-79-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911647-79-2"><bdi>978-0-911647-79-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rugged+Lark&rft.btitle=Legends+7%3A+Outstanding+Quarter+Horse+Stallions+and+Mares&rft.place=Colorado+Springs%2C+CO&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Western+Horseman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-911647-79-2&rft.au=Thorson%2C+Juli+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMettler,_John_J_Jr.1989" class="citation book cs1">Mettler, John J Jr. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsesensecomple00mett">Horse Sense: A Complete Guide to Horse Selection and Care</a>. Pownal, VT: Storey Communications, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsesensecomple00mett/page/47">47–54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88266-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88266-549-9"><bdi>0-88266-549-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19324181">19324181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Sense%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Horse+Selection+and+Care&rft.place=Pownal%2C+VT&rft.pages=47-54&rft.pub=Storey+Communications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19324181&rft.isbn=0-88266-549-9&rft.au=Mettler%2C+John+J+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorsesensecomple00mett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, pp. 346–356, 366–371 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, pp. 376–377 </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards360-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards360_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edwards360_194-1">b</a> <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_TonyMartin,_JohnVamplew,_Wray2005" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Tony; Martin, John; Vamplew, Wray (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA174">Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35224-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35224-X"><bdi>0-415-35224-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57005595">57005595</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223813/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Traditional+British+Rural+Sports&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57005595&rft.isbn=0-415-35224-X&rft.au=Collins%2C+Tony&rft.au=Martin%2C+John&rft.au=Vamplew%2C+Wray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWu6sLJn7-kC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#Edwards">Edwards</a>, pp. 332–337 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_B.N.2001" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, B.N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-p7ZF9KW8-MC">National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report (1999)</a>. Darby, PA: DIANE Publishing. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7567-0701-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7567-0701-3"><bdi>0-7567-0701-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320223813/https://books.google.com/books?id=-p7ZF9KW8-MC">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. 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The Horse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222073228/http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=7001">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=At+Work+in+Morocco&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.au=Brown%2C+Kimberly+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2FViewArticle.aspx%3FID%3D7001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford,_Angela2000" class="citation book cs1">Gifford, Angela (2000) [1998]. "Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs". The Working Horse Manual. Tonbridge, UK: Farming Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85236-401-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85236-401-6"><bdi>0-85236-401-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40464050">40464050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Working+Draught+Horses+as+Singles+and+Pairs&rft.btitle=The+Working+Horse+Manual&rft.place=Tonbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Farming+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40464050&rft.isbn=0-85236-401-6&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Lynn_R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Lynn R. 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Tonbridge, UK: Farming Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85236-401-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85236-401-6"><bdi>0-85236-401-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40464050">40464050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Working+Horses+in+Forestry&rft.btitle=The+Working+Horse+Manual&rft.place=Tonbridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Farming+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40464050&rft.isbn=0-85236-401-6&rft.au=Gifford%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_Show-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_Show_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby,_JonicaDiamond,_JaredAnthony,_David1999" class="citation web cs1">Newby, Jonica; Diamond, Jared; Anthony, David (November 13, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/the-horse-in-history/3556066">"The Horse in History"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igha.org/USDA.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I.G.H.A.%2FHorseAid%27s+U.S.D.A.+Report&rft.atitle=U.S.D.A.+Promotes+Horse+%26+Goat+Meat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igha.org%2FUSDA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoile,_Zachary2006" class="citation news cs1">Coile, Zachary (September 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F09%2F08%2FMNGI9L1RMK1.DTL">"House votes to outlaw slaughter of horses for human consumption"</a>. SF Gate. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123023618/http://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/House-votes-to-outlaw-slaughter-of-horses-for-2469915.php">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SF+Gate&rft.atitle=House+votes+to+outlaw+slaughter+of+horses+for+human+consumption&rft.date=2006-09-08&rft.au=Coile%2C+Zachary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%252Fc%252Fa%252F2006%252F09%252F08%252FMNGI9L1RMK1.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-by-product-232"><a href="#cite_ref-by-product_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOckermanHansen,_Conly_L.2000" class="citation book cs1">Ockerman, Herbert W.; Hansen, Conly L. (2000). Animal By-product Processing & Utilization. Lancaster, PA: CRC Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56676-777-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56676-777-6"><bdi>1-56676-777-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43685745">43685745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+By-product+Processing+%26+Utilization&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+PA&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43685745&rft.isbn=1-56676-777-6&rft.aulast=Ockerman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+W.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Conly+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseball-fever.com/showthread.php?p=309566">"Inside a Modern Baseball"</a>. Baseball Fever. Baseball Almanac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812083051/http://www.baseball-fever.com/showthread.php?3886-Inside-A-Modern-Baseball">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseball+Fever&rft.atitle=Inside+a+Modern+Baseball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-fever.com%2Fshowthread.php%3Fp%3D309566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett,_Virginia_K.1994" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Virginia K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Keeping_House/oZIlEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA35&printsec=frontcover">Keeping House: Women's Lives in Western Pennsylvania, 1790–1850</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5538-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5538-5"><bdi>0-8229-5538-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30978921">30978921</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1098280M">1098280M</a>. 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London: Centro Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eatingupitalyvoy0000fort/page/171">171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-721481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-721481-2"><bdi>0-00-721481-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60419304">60419304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+Up+Italy%3A+Voyages+on+a+Vespa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Centro+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60419304&rft.isbn=0-00-721481-2&rft.au=Fort%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Featingupitalyvoy0000fort%2Fpage%2F171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diseasesstomach00dujagoog">Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines</a>. Translated by Hurd, Edward Payson. New York: W. Wood & Company. 1886. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diseasesstomach00dujagoog/page/n52">29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diseases+of+the+Stomach+and+Intestines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=W.+Wood+%26+Company&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiseasesstomach00dujagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellon,_Eleanor2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kellon, Eleanor (2008). "Focus on Feed Costs". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/uc099.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 24, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooperative+Extension+Service&rft.atitle=Pasture+and+Hay+for+Horses+%E2%80%93+Agronomy+Facts+32&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Hall%2C+Marvin+H.&rft.au=Patricia+M.+Comerford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.cas.psu.edu%2FFreePubs%2Fpdfs%2Fuc099.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#Giffin">Giffin</a>, pp. 476–477 </li> <li id="cite_note-Feeding_factors-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Feeding_factors_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708015738/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b762/b762_12.html">"Feeding Factors"</a>. Horse Nutrition. Ohio State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohioline.osu.edu/b762/b762_12.html">the original</a> on July 8, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horse+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Feeding+Factors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohioline.osu.edu%2Fb762%2Fb762_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#Giffin">Giffin</a>, p. 455 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#Giffin">Giffin</a>, p. 482 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="#Giffin">Giffin</a>, pp. 62, 168, 310 </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Susan_E.1994" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Susan E. (1994). The United States Pony Club Manual of Horsemanship: Basics for Beginners – D Level. New York: Howell Book House. pp. 160–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87605-952-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87605-952-3"><bdi>0-87605-952-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Pony+Club+Manual+of+Horsemanship%3A+Basics+for+Beginners+%E2%80%93+D+Level&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160-161&rft.pub=Howell+Book+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87605-952-3&rft.au=Harris%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2006" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Eileen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3dGxSY6E54C&pg=PA215">"Fence Planning"</a>. Horse Stable And Riding Arena Design. Armes, IA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2859-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2859-6"><bdi>978-0-8138-2859-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/224324847">224324847</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320224329/https://books.google.com/books?id=c3dGxSY6E54C&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. 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PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PLoSO...4.5726M">2009PLoSO...4.5726M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005726">10.1371/journal.pone.0005726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2684629">2684629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19478940">19478940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Latherin%3A+A+Surfactant+Protein+of+Horse+Sweat+and+Saliva&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e5726&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2684629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PLoSO...4.5726M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19478940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005726&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Rhona+E.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Rachel+I.&rft.au=Beeley%2C+John+G.&rft.au=Bovell%2C+Douglas+L.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Jian+R.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Xiubo&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Malcolm+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2684629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaoWangMaGao2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Hongyan; Wang, Long; Ma, Jun; Gao, Xiang; Xiao, Jianhua; Wang, Hongbing (October 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8559603">"Modeling the current distribution suitability and future dynamics of Culicoides imicola under climate change scenarios"</a>. PeerJ Life & Environment. 9: e12308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.12308">10.7717/peerj.12308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8559603">8559603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34760364">34760364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ+Life+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+current+distribution+suitability+and+future+dynamics+of+Culicoides+imicola+under+climate+change+scenarios&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=e12308&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8559603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34760364&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.12308&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Hongyan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Long&rft.au=Ma%2C+Jun&rft.au=Gao%2C+Xiang&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Jianhua&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hongbing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8559603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinYanez-ArenasChenPlowright2018" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Gerardo; Yanez-Arenas, Carlos; Chen, Carla; Plowright, Raina K.; Webb, Rebecca J.; Skerratt, Lee F. (March 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245089">"Climate Change Could Increase the Geographic Extent of Hendra Virus Spillover Risk"</a>. EcoHealth. 15 (3): 509–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10393-018-1322-9">10.1007/s10393-018-1322-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245089">6245089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29556762">29556762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EcoHealth&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Could+Increase+the+Geographic+Extent+of+Hendra+Virus+Spillover+Risk&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=509-525&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6245089%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29556762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10393-018-1322-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Yanez-Arenas%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Chen%2C+Carla&rft.au=Plowright%2C+Raina+K.&rft.au=Webb%2C+Rebecca+J.&rft.au=Skerratt%2C+Lee+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6245089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Belknap" class="citation book cs1">Belknap, Maria (2004). 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Danville, IN: Interstate Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8134-2883-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8134-2883-1"><bdi>0-8134-2883-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21977751">21977751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horses+and+Horsemanship%3A+Animal+Agricultural+Series&rft.place=Danville%2C+IN&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Interstate+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21977751&rft.isbn=0-8134-2883-1&rft.au=Ensminger%2C+M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Giffin" class="citation book cs1">Giffin, James M.; Tom Gore (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff">Horse Owner's Veterinary Handbook</a> (Second ed.). 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(1993). Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement. New York: Howell Book House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87605-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87605-955-8"><bdi>0-87605-955-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25873158">25873158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse+Gaits%2C+Balance+and+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Howell+Book+House&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25873158&rft.isbn=0-87605-955-8&rft.au=Harris%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="McBane" class="citation book cs1">McBane, Susan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds</a>. Edison, NJ: Wellfleet Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-0604-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-0604-0"><bdi>0-7858-0604-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/244110821">244110821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Horse+Breeds&rft.place=Edison%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Wellfleet+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F244110821&rft.isbn=0-7858-0604-0&rft.aulast=McBane&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc00susa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Miller" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28">Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind</a>. Neenah, WI: Russell Meerdink Company Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-929346-65-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-929346-65-3"><bdi>0-929346-65-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42389612">42389612</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320224329/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Ancient+Secrets+of+the+Horse%27s+Mind&rft.place=Neenah%2C+WI&rft.pub=Russell+Meerdink+Company+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42389612&rft.isbn=0-929346-65-3&rft.au=Miller%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Qat2gs43owC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Price" class="citation book cs1">Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L.; Rentsch, Gail; Burn, Barbara B., eds. (1998). The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated (Revised ed.). New York: Fireside. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83995-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83995-4"><bdi>0-684-83995-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whole+Horse+Catalog%3A+Revised+and+Updated&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Fireside&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-83995-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sponenberg" class="citation book cs1">Sponenberg, D. Phillip (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse">"The Proliferation of Horse Breeds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse">Horses Through Time</a> (First ed.). Boulder, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57098-060-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57098-060-8"><bdi>1-57098-060-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36179575">36179575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Proliferation+of+Horse+Breeds&rft.btitle=Horses+Through+Time&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinehart+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36179575&rft.isbn=1-57098-060-8&rft.au=Sponenberg%2C+D.+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorsesthroughtim00olse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Whitaker" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Julie; Whitelaw, Ian (2007). The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37108-1"><bdi>978-0-312-37108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Equine+Knowledge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37108-1&rft.au=Whitaker%2C+Julie&rft.au=Whitelaw%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin,_J._Edward2006" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, J. Edward (2006). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. New York: Bluebridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9742405-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9742405-9-6"><bdi>978-0-9742405-9-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61704732">61704732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse%3A+How+the+Horse+Has+Shaped+Civilizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bluebridge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61704732&rft.isbn=978-0-9742405-9-6&rft.au=Chamberlin%2C+J.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Equus caballus">Equus caballus</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23060993">"Ancient horse bone yields oldest DNA sequence"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Horse">"Horse" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horse&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Horse">"Horse" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horse&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ensembl.org/Equus_caballus/Info/Index">Genome of Equus caballus</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=equCab3&lastVirtModeType=default&lastVirtModeExtraState=&virtModeType=default&virtMode=0&nonVirtPosition=&position=chr11%3A53042266%2D53660035&hgsid=1430148309_s0mIqHUNKBbB06Tlt0mlYt0ZUJqr">Genome of Equus caballus (version EquCab3.0/equCab3)</a>, via <a href="/wiki/UCSC_Genome_Browser" title="UCSC Genome Browser">UCSC Genome Browser</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/145">Data of the genome of Equus caballus</a>, via <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/GCF_002863925.1/">Data of the genome assembly of Equus caballus (versión EquCab3.0/equCab3)</a>, via <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perissodactyla" title="Template:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perissodactyla" title="Template talk:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perissodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perissodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Perissodactyla_(Odd-toed_ungulates)_species_by_suborder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyla" title="Perissodactyla">Perissodactyla (Odd-toed ungulates)</a> species by suborder</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Hippomorpha"><a href="/wiki/Hippomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippomorpha">Hippomorpha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a> (Horse family)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Equus(including_Zebras)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">Zebras</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Equus_(subgenus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equus (subgenus)">Equus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse (E. ferus)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Domestic horse (E. caballus)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Asinus" title="Asinus">Asinus</a>: <a href="/wiki/African_wild_ass" title="African wild ass">African wild ass (E. africanus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey (E. asinus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Onager (E. hemionus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">Kiang (E. kiang)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">Hippotigris</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">Plains zebra (E. quagga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_zebra" title="Mountain zebra">Mountain zebra (E. zebra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9vy%27s_zebra" title="Grévy's zebra">Grévy's zebra (E. grevyi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Ceratomorpha"><a href="/wiki/Ceratomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomorpha">Ceratomorpha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">Rhinocerotidae</a> (Rhinoceroses)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(genus)" title="Rhinoceros (genus)">Rhinoceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros (R. sondaicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dicerorhinus" title="Dicerorhinus">Dicerorhinus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhinoceros (D. sumatrensis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Ceratotherium" title="Ceratotherium">Ceratotherium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">White rhinoceros (C. simum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Diceros" title="Diceros">Diceros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_rhinoceros" title="Black rhinoceros">Black rhinoceros (D. bicornis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">Tapiridae</a> (Tapirs)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tapirus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Tapirus" title="Tapirus">Tapirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baird%27s_tapir" title="Baird's tapir">Baird's tapir (T. bairdii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_tapir" title="Mountain tapir">Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_tapir" title="South American tapir">South American tapir (T. terrestris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_tapir" title="Malayan tapir">Malayan tapir (T. indicus)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Perissodactyla" title="Category:Perissodactyla">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horses" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horse_topics" title="Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horse_topics" title="Template talk:Horse topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horses" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horses</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_management" title="Horse management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_horse" title="Geriatric horse">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_slaughter" title="Horse slaughter">Slaughter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a> and sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_events_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian events at the Summer Olympics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine-assisted_therapy" title="Equine-assisted therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_ancient_and_Imperial_China" title="Horses in ancient and Imperial China">Ancient and Imperial China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of the horse in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of horses of the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a> and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">Horse breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds" title="List of gaited horse breeds">Gaited horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture" title="Horse culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_art" title="Horses in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_horses" title="List of fictional horses">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomancy" title="Hippomancy">Hippomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horses_in_mythology_and_folklore" title="List of horses in mythology and folklore">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Chinese_mythology" title="Horses in Chinese mythology">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_horses_in_mythology" title="White horses in mythology">White horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winged_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winged horses">Winged horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_symbolism" title="Horse symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_horse-related_topics" title="Lists of horse-related topics">Lists of horse-related topics</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horses" title="Category:Horses">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Working_animals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Working_animals" title="Template:Working animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Working_animals" title="Template talk:Working animals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Working_animals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Working animals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Working_animals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">Assistance dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draught_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught dog">Draught dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_dog" title="Guard dog">Guard dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">Guide dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herding_dog" title="Herding dog">Herding dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_dog" title="Mercy dog">Mercy dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_working_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Military working dog">Military working dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">Police dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_dog" title="Search and rescue dog">Search and rescue dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">Service dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog" title="Sled dog">Sled dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy_dog" title="Therapy dog">Therapy dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packhorse" title="Packhorse">Pack horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">Pit pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_horse" title="Riding horse">Riding horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">Ox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Toledo_man_oxen_3c08654v_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/21px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/32px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/42px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="363" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Horse at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Horses" class="extiw" title="c:Horses">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horses" class="extiw" title="q:Horses">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" class="extiw" title="species:Equus caballus">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Equus ferus caballus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q726">Q726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Equus_caballus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Equus caballus">Equus caballus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=520756">520756</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=6615">6615</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4045503-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062160">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931175w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931175w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573987">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114977&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565295205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013945">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637564">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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