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class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Indigenous rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Land reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Rural development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Socioeconomic transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_militia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_militia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Civilian militia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_militia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International assistance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_assistance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International assistance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability_of_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability_of_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sustainability of missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability_of_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missions_bolivarianes" title="Missions bolivarianes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Missions bolivarianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarianische_Missionen" title="Bolivarianische Missionen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bolivarianische Missionen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Nacional_de_Misiones" title="Sistema Nacional de Misiones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema Nacional de Misiones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բոլիվարական առաքելություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոլիվարական առաքելություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბოლივარული მისიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოლივარული მისიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misje_boliwaria%C5%84skie" title="Misje boliwariańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Misje boliwariańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%C3%B5es_bolivarianas" title="Missões bolivarianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Missões bolivarianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%99" title="玻利瓦爾任務 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻利瓦爾任務" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q891365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; background: #e0e0FF;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Food, Housing & Medicine</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Barrio Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Habitat" title="Mission Habitat">Hábitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson II</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Indigenous Rights, Land & Environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Identidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Piar" title="Mission Piar">Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Vuelta al Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Vuelvan Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics of Venezuela</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Constitution</li><li>Law</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_constitutions" title="List of Venezuela state constitutions">Constitutions of States</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT rights</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Venezuela" title="Law of Venezuela">Law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Abortion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_labour_law" title="Venezuelan labour law">Labour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Nationality</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Venezuela" title="Capital punishment in Venezuela">Capital punishment</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Delcy_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Delcy Rodríguez">Delcy Rodríguez</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dinorah_Figuera" title="Dinorah Figuera">Dinorah Figuera</a></span></dd> <dd>Disputed with <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Jorge Rodríguez</a> since 5 January 2021</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Federal divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_governors" title="List of Venezuela governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_constitutions" title="List of Venezuela state constitutions">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuela_state_legislatures" title="List of Venezuela state legislatures">Legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Venezuela" title="Municipalities of Venezuela">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Dependencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Political parties</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2018 Venezuelan presidential election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2024 Venezuelan presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2020</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Constituent: <a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1999 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">1999</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Regional: <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan regional elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Venezuelan_regional_elections" title="2021 Venezuelan regional elections">2021</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Municipal: <a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2017 Venezuelan municipal elections">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Venezuelan_municipal_elections" title="2018 Venezuelan municipal elections">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Referendums: <a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_referendum" title="2017 Venezuelan referendum">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Venezuela)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Venezuela)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Plasencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Plasencia (page does not exist)">Felix Plasencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela">list</a>)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Venezuela" title="List of diplomatic missions of Venezuela">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Venezuela" title="List of diplomatic missions in Venezuela">in Venezuela</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_passport" title="Venezuelan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Venezuelan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Venezuelan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Venezuela" title="Visa policy of Venezuela">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Chávez's foreign policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Venezuela_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Venezuela_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0FF;"> <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Venezuela" title="List of cities and towns in Venezuela">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matur%C3%ADn" title="Maturín">Maturín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0FF;"> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Communal Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0FF;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">wars</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Military career of Simón Bolívar">Simon Bolívar's campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Maracaibo" title="Battle of Lake Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Angostura" title="Congress of Angostura">Angostura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e0e0FF;"> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Venezuela" title="Demographics of Venezuela">Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezolanos" title="Template:Venezolanos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezolanos" title="Template talk:Venezolanos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezolanos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezolanos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bolivarian missions</b> are a series of over thirty <a href="/wiki/Social_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Social program">social programs</a> implemented under the administration of former <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> president <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a><sup id="cite_ref-FTWD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued by Chávez's successor, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>. The programs focus on helping the most disadvantaged social sectors and guaranteeing essential rights such as health, education and food.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The created missions created include <a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Mission Robinson</a> (literacy), <a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a> (free medical coverage), and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mission Mercal</a> (affordable food).<sup id="cite_ref-Justo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using increasing oil prices of the early 2000s and funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-FTWD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez created the "Bolivarian missions" in 2003, which were initially short-term projects dedicated to alleviating the largest socioeconomic problems facing Venezuela at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After enjoying political success, Chávez made the missions his central priority for his administration, directly overseeing their operations and increasing funding during electoral campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development and promotion of economic resources, originating from the state-owned <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">Petróleos de Venezuela</a> (PDVSA), generated a political floor for the governmental management of that time, but that "as the years went by, many social missions lost their social perspective and focused their axis of action on political activities" characterized by discretionality and information opacity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Mission Robinson</a></b> (launched July 2003) – uses volunteers to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to Venezuelan adults.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Mission Ribas</a></b> (launched November 2003) – provides remedial high school level classes to Venezuelan high school dropouts; named after independence hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_F%C3%A9lix_Ribas" title="José Félix Ribas">José Félix Ribas</a>. In 2004, about 600,000 students were enrolled in this night school programme, and paid a small stipend. They were taught grammar, geography and a second language.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Mission Sucre</a></b> (launched in late 2003) – provides free and ongoing higher education courses to adult Venezuelans.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral">Electoral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Florentino" title="Mission Florentino">Mission Florentino</a></b>  –  was organized by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> to promote the option "No" in the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum_of_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004">Venezuelan recall referendum of 2004</a>. The organizational centers of the Mission were named "Comando Maisanta" and were the ideological central headquarters for those who wished to keep Chávez as the President of Venezuela for the remainder of his presidential period.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_nutrition">Food and nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Food and nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mission Mercal</a></b> – seeks to provide access to high-quality produce, grains, dairy, and meat at discounted prices. Seeks to provide Venezuela's poor increased access to nutritious, safe, and organic locally- and nationally grown foodstuffs. It also seeks to increase Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a>. Its concrete results, however, are highly debatable, as in 2007 the country is heavily more dependent on <a href="/wiki/Import_(international_trade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Import (international trade)">imported</a> foodstuffs than it was in 1997<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Some sources indicate otherwise (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and has been facing chronic <a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">shortages</a> in several basic supplies: milk, edible oils, sugar, cereals, eggs, and others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro" title="Mission Barrio Adentro">Mission Barrio Adentro</a></b> ("Mission Inside the Neighborhood") – a series of initiatives (deployed in three distinct stages) to provide comprehensive and community <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> (at both the primary (<i>Consultorios y Clínicas Populares</i> or popular <a href="/wiki/Clinics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinics">clinics</a>) and secondary (hospital) levels, in addition to preventive medical counsel to Venezuela's medically under-served and impoverished <i><a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Nevado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Nevado (page does not exist)">Mission Nevado</a></b> – Named after the dog of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, this program provides free medical services to pets (such as <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>) and their owners and handlers, most especially animals that have been rescued from torture and suffering from mistreatment from owners.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_H%C3%A1bitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Hábitat">Mission Hábitat</a></b> – has as its goal the construction of new housing units for the poor. The program also seeks to develop agreeable and integrated housing zones that make available a full range of social services – from education to healthcare – which likens its vision to that of <a href="/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">new urbanism</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Mission_Housing_Venezuela" title="Great Mission Housing Venezuela">Great Mission Housing Venezuela</a></b> –  is the latest expansion of the housing missions since 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Mission_New_Neighborhood,_Tricolor_Neighborhood" title="Great Mission New Neighborhood, Tricolor Neighborhood">Great Mission New Neighborhood, Tricolor Neighborhood</a></b> – conducts house rehabilitation projects since 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification">Identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Mission Identidad</a></b> – provides Venezuelan national identity cards to facilitate access to the social services provided by other Missions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_rights">Indigenous rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indigenous rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Mission Guaicaipuro</a></b> (launched October 2003) – carried out by the Venezuelan Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, this program seeks to restore communal land titles and human rights to Venezuela's numerous indigenous communities, in addition to defending their rights against resource and financial speculation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_reform">Land reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Land reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Mission Zamora</a></b> –  an integrated land reform and land redistribution program in Venezuela. Several large landed estates and factories have been, or are in the process of being expropriated to stimulate the agricultural sector, create more economic activity and to redistribute wealth to the poor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_development">Rural development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Mission Vuelta al Campo</a></b> ("Return to the Countryside"; announced mid– 2005) – seeks to encourage impoverished and unemployed urban Venezuelans to willingly return to the countryside.</li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_%C3%81rbol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Árbol (page does not exist)">Mission Árbol</a></b> (Mission Tree, announced June 2006) – seeks to recover Venezuelan forests and to involve the rural population to stop harm to forests through from slash/burn practices by promoting more sustainable agriculture, such as growing coffee or cocoa. The projects aim to achieve this through self-organization of the local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Ciencia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Ciencia (page does not exist)">Mission Ciencia</a></b> ("Mission Science" launched February 2006) – includes a project to train 400,000 people in open source software,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scholarships for graduate studies and the creation of laboratories in different universities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_transformation">Socioeconomic transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Mission Vuelvan Caras</a></b> ("Mission Turn Faces") – has as its objective the transformation of the present Venezuelan economy to one that is oriented towards social, rather than fiscal and remunerative, goals. It seeks to facilitate increased involvement of ordinary citizens in programs of endogenous and sustainable social development, emphasizing in particular the involvement of traditionally marginalized or excluded Venezuelan social and economic sectors, including those participating in Venezuela's significant "informal" economy. The mission's ultimate goal, according to Hugo Chávez, is to foster an economy that brings "a quality and dignified life for all". In January 2006, Chávez declared that, after fulfilling the first stage of the mission, the goal of the second stage will be to turn every "endogenous nuclei of development" into "military nuclei of resistance against <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of a continuous program to create "citizen militias".<sup id="cite_ref-BBCCitMil_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCCitMil-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_militia">Civilian militia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Civilian militia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Mission Miranda</a></b> – establishes a Venezuelan military reserve composed of civilians who could participate in the defense of the Venezuelan territory, in the legacy of the militias during the Spanish colonial period and the struggle for independence.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Mission Música</b> – helps the development of music by encouraging young people to take up music-related careers as well as to revive traditional Venezuelan folk music.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_assistance">International assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: International assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of these programs involve importing expertise from abroad; Venezuela is providing <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> with 53,000 barrels (8,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of below-market-rate oil a day in exchange for the service of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_trainers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports trainers">sports trainers</a>, and other skilled professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2010 seven Cuban doctors who <a href="/wiki/Defected" class="mw-redirect" title="Defected">defected</a> to the US introduced an indictment against the governments of Cuba and Venezuela and the oil company <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a> for what they considered was a conspiracy to force them to work under conditions of "modern slaves" as payment for the Cuban government' debt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, it was reported by Miami NGO, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solidarity_Without_Borders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solidarity Without Borders (page does not exist)">Solidarity Without Borders</a>, that at least 700 Cuban medical personnel had left Venezuela in the past year and that up to hundreds of Cuban personnel had asked for advice on how to escape from Venezuela weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCnov2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solidarity Without Borders also stated that Cuban personnel cannot refuse to work, cannot express complaints and suffer with <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a> from threats against their family in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCnov2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development and promotion of economic resources, originating from the state-owned <a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">Petróleos de Venezuela</a> (PDVSA), generated a political floor for the governmental management of that time, but that "as the years went by, many social missions lost their social perspective and focused their axis of action on political activities" characterized by discretionality and information opacity.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bolivarian missions have been praised for their effect on poverty, education and health, and are described as "ways to combat extreme forms of exclusion" and "the mainstay of progress in the fight against poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-Justo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the Chávez government overspent on social spending without saving enough for economic distress, which Venezuela experienced shortly before and after Hugo Chávez's death and during the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government">economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poverty, inflation and shortages then began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A multi-university study in 2015 questioned the effectiveness of the Bolivarian missions, showing that only 10% of Venezuelans studied benefited from the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of that 10%, almost half were not affected from poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a></i>, experts stated that the missions actually worsened economic conditions in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-EU2015marzo4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU2015marzo4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mission Barrio Adentro, one of the flagship Bolivarian Missions of the widest social impact, drew praise from the Latin American branch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-who_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barrio Adentro, however, has been criticized for poor working conditions of Cuban workers,<sup id="cite_ref-ABCnov2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCnov2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> funding irregularities,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an estimated 80% of Barrio Adentro establishments abandoned with some structures filled with trash or becoming unintentional shelters for the homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-LPdec2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPdec2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The infant mortality rate went down 5.9% between 1999 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCjan2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCjan2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNMDG_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNMDG-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> fell from 47.8 in 1999 to 44.8 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government earmarked 44.6% of the 2007 budget for social investment, with 1999–2007 averaging 12.8% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Merentez_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merentez-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Chávez's presidency, poverty fell from 49.4% in 1999 to 30.2% in 2006 and extreme poverty went down from 21.7% to 9.9% in the same period according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a> (ECLAC).<sup id="cite_ref-Justo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Justo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the ECLAC showed a nearly 7% jump in poverty in 2013, from 25.4% in 2012 increasing to 32.1% in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-LPjan2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LPjan2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a multi-university study by the <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello_Catholic_University" title="Andrés Bello Catholic University">Andrés Bello Catholic University</a> (UCAB), the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> (UCV) and the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)">Simon Bolivar University</a> (USB), a comparison to the Venezuelan government's National Statistics Institute (INE) showed that overall poverty trends eventually reversed and increased between 1999 and 2015, rising from approximately 45% in 1999 to 48.4% in 2015 according to the study performed by universities.<sup id="cite_ref-EU2015marzo4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU2015marzo4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months later, the same universities found that 73% of Venezuelan households lived in poverty, with poverty increasing over 24% in about one year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability_of_missions">Sustainability of missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sustainability of missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the beginning of the Bolivarian missions and past <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Chávez's death</a>, the sustainability of the missions was questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FTWD_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolivarian government's over dependence on oil funds for large populist policies led to overspending on social programs and strict government policies created difficulties for Venezuela's import reliant businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FTWD_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i> described Chávez's Venezuela as "one of the worst cases of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> in the world" due to the Bolivarian government's large dependence on oil sales and its lavish spending to please <a href="/wiki/Voter" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter">voters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FPmarch2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Focus on the missions was increased during political campaigns in Venezuela, with Chávez often overspending to fund their popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following elections, government interest in the missions would then decline and their effectiveness would be negatively affected.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of institutional organization–many missions had existing government services that only increased costs–and the "revolutionary" approach which often caused inefficient improvisation would eventually jeopardize the sustainability of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Chávez's policies, the durability of Bolivarian missions was put to the test shortly before and after Chávez's death, when poverty increased, inflation rose and widespread <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a> occurred, with such effects growing especially into the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Maduro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Maduro">Nicolas Maduro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FPmarch2013_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Venezuela entered an <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of poverty by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean">United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</a> (ECLAC) and Luis Pedro España, a sociologist at the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Católica Andrés Bello">Universidad Católica Andrés Bello</a>, show an increase in poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-CSM25march_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ECLAC showed a 2013 poverty rate of 32% while Pedro España calculated a 2015 rate of 48% with a poverty rate of 70% possible by the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-CSM25march_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Venezuelan NGO PROVEA, by the end of 2015, there would be the same number of Venezuelans living in poverty as there was in 2000, reversing the advancements against poverty by Hugo Chávez.<sup id="cite_ref-CSM25march_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTWD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTWD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTWD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTWD_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTWD_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeritage2002" class="citation book cs1">Heritage, Andrew (December 2002). <i>Financial Times World Desk Reference</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. pp. 618–621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789488053" title="Special:BookSources/9780789488053"><bdi>9780789488053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+Times+World+Desk+Reference&rft.pages=618-621&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=9780789488053&rft.aulast=Heritage&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Maya2016" class="citation book cs1">López Maya, Margarita (2016). <i>El ocaso del 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cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transparenciave.org/project/bases-de-misiones-sociales-una-estrategia-electoral/">"Bases de Misiones Sociales: Una estrategia electoral"</a> [Social Missions Bases: An Electoral Strategy]. <i>Transparencia Venezuela</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osdir.com/Article8864.phtml">the original</a> on 13 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela+Training+400%2C000+in+Open+Source+%3A%3A+OSDir.com+%3A%3A+Open+Source%2C+Linux+News+%26+Software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosdir.com%2FArticle8864.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 18 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mci.gob.ve/noticiaingles.asp?num=599">Mission Science Grants 5,000 Scholarships.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061009064304/http://www.mci.gob.ve/noticiaingles.asp?num=599">Archived</a> 9 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 18 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/01/18/eco_art_18202C.shtml">Chávez anunció núcleos endógenos militares para la resistencia.</a> <i>El Universal</i> (18 January 2006) <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCCitMil-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCCitMil_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceaser, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=16+November+2014&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=Vinogradoff&rft.aufirst=Ludmila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Finternacional%2F20141112%2Fabci-medicos-cubanos-desertores-en-masa-venezuela-201411111936.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPRdec2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPRdec2014_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2014" class="citation news cs1">Siegel, Robert (25 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2014/12/25/373128433/for-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic">"For Venezuela, Drop in Global Oil Prices Could Be Catastrophic"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=For+Venezuela%2C+Drop+in+Global+Oil+Prices+Could+Be+Catastrophic&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2014%2F12%2F25%2F373128433%2Ffor-venezuela-drop-in-global-oil-prices-could-be-catastrophic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELPAISfeb2015_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfenberg2015" class="citation news cs1">Scharfenberg, Ewald (1 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html">"Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dos+a%C3%B1os+de+crisis+elevaron+la+pobreza+a+niveles+de+1998&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Mar%C3%ADa+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2Feconomia%2Fpobreza-en-venezuela%2F150304%2Fdos-anos-de-crisis-elevaron-la-pobreza-a-niveles-de-1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-who_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ops-oms.org.ve/site/venezuela/docs/Cumpliendo_las_Metas_del_Milenio_2004.pdf">República Bolivariana de Venezuela: Cumpliendo las Metas del Milenio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218062158/http://www.ops-oms.org.ve/site/venezuela/docs/Cumpliendo_las_Metas_del_Milenio_2004.pdf">Archived</a> 18 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – A report on Venezuela's objectives and progress regarding the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/files/IPlusQuarterlyeNewsletterJanMarch2005.pdf">Venezuela’s Barrio Adentro: A Model of Universal Primary Health Care</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304215629/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/files/IPlusQuarterlyeNewsletterJanMarch2005.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso2014" class="citation news cs1">Alonso, Juan (19 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140419/contraloria-detecto-vicios-en-obras-de-barrio-adentro-iii">"Contraloría detectó vicios en obras de Barrio Adentro III"</a>. <i>El Universal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+House+That+Chavez+Built&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fthe-house-that-chavez-built%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsCawthorne2014" class="citation news cs1">Pons, Corina; Cawthorne, Andrew (30 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222108/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-venezuela-economy-idUKKBN0K81LP20141231">"Recession-hit Venezuela vows New Year reforms, foes scoff"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-venezuela-economy-idUKKBN0K81LP20141231">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Recession-hit+Venezuela+vows+New+Year+reforms%2C+foes+scoff&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft.aulast=Pons&rft.aufirst=Corina&rft.au=Cawthorne%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-venezuela-economy-idUKKBN0K81LP20141231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSM25march-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSM25march_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSM25march_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSM25march_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2015" class="citation news cs1">Gallagher, J. J. (25 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government">"Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venezuela%3A+Does+an+increase+in+poverty+signal+threat+to+government%3F&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAmericas%2F2015%2F0325%2FVenezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemeyer2004" class="citation cs2">Niemeyer, Ralph T. (2004), <i>Under Attack: Morning Dawn in Venezuela</i>, iUniverse, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-66208-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-66208-0"><bdi>0-595-66208-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Attack%3A+Morning+Dawn+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-595-66208-0&rft.aulast=Niemeyer&rft.aufirst=Ralph+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivarian+missions" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivarian_missions&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518025319/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/home/misiones.dot">Gobierno en Línea: Misiones</a> – Official government website detailing the Bolivarian Missions.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gov.ve/">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/">Archived</a> 12 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gov.ve%2F">English auto-translate</a>) – Venezuela's National Institute of Statistics; has web several portals for accessing demographic and economic data related to the impact of Bolivarian Missions.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Template talk:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ch%C3%A1vez_presidency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chávez presidency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidency_of_Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Tenure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Decree 1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Danilo_Anderson" title="Assassination of Danilo Anderson">Assassination of Danilo Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Maria_Lourdes_Afiuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni">Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVAL_affair" title="PDVAL affair">PDVAL affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Brito" title="Franklin Brito">Death of Franklin Brito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yare_prison_riot" title="Yare prison riot">Yare prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Uribana_prison_riot" title="2013 Uribana prison riot">2013 Uribana prison riot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Granda_affair" title="Rodrigo Granda affair">Rodrigo Granda affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" title="2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations">2006 Chávez speech at the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Energy_Summit" title="South American Energy Summit">South American Energy Summit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Andean_diplomatic_crisis" title="2008 Andean diplomatic crisis">2008 Andean diplomatic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Emmanuel" title="Operation Emmanuel">Operation Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Maniceros_massacre" title="Los Maniceros massacre">Los Maniceros massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colombia%E2%80%93Venezuela_diplomatic_crisis" title="2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis">2010 Colombia–Venezuela diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_trade_union_leadership_referendum" title="2000 Venezuelan trade union leadership referendum">2000 trade union referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">2004 recall referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasc%C3%B3n_List" title="Tascón List">Tascón List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2007 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">2009 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivarian missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Florentino" title="Mission Florentino">Florentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Guaicaipuro" title="Mission Guaicaipuro">Guaicaipuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Habitat" title="Mission Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Identidad" title="Mission Identidad">Identidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Miranda" title="Mission Miranda">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Piar" title="Mission Piar">Piar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Ribas" title="Mission Ribas">Ribas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Robinson" title="Mission Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Sucre" title="Mission Sucre">Sucre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelta_al_Campo" title="Mission Vuelta al Campo">Vuelta al Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Vuelvan_Caras" title="Mission Vuelvan Caras">Vuelvan Caras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Zamora" title="Mission Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Foreign_Commerce" title="National Center for Foreign Commerce">National Center for Foreign Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snitch_Law" title="Snitch Law">Snitch Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decree_1011" title="Decree 1011">Con mis hijos no te metas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="2002 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Altamira_military" title="Plaza Altamira military">Plaza Altamira military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–2003 general strike</a></li> <li>Protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llaguno_Overpass_events" title="Llaguno Overpass events">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_protests" title="2004 Venezuelan protests">2004</a></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venezuela_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venezuela_topics" title="Template talk:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venezuela topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venezuela_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Venezuela-related_articles" title="Index of Venezuela-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela" title="History of Venezuela">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">reunification</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_Reforms" title="Revolution of the Reforms">Revolution of the Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revindicating_Revolution" title="Revindicating Revolution">Revindicating Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1895" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1895">1895 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">1902–03 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Trienio_Adeco" title="El Trienio Adeco">El Trienio Adeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Venezuelan coup d'état">1958 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Carupanazo" title="El Carupanazo">El Carupanazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 coup d'état attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_tragedy" title="Vargas tragedy">Vargas tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">2002–03 general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_constitutional_crisis" title="2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis">2017 constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">2019 presidential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_civil_wars" title="Venezuelan civil wars">Civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Venezuelan coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Venezuela" title="Geography of Venezuela">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Venezuela" title="Borders of Venezuela">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Venezuela" title="List of cities and towns in Venezuela">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Venezuela" title="List of metropolitan areas in Venezuela">metropolitan areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Venezuela" title="Climate of Venezuela">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Venezuela" title="List of earthquakes in Venezuela">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Venezuela" title="Environmental issues in Venezuela">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Venezuela" title="Fauna of Venezuela">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Venezuela" title="Flora of Venezuela">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Venezuela" title="List of national parks of Venezuela">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Venezuela" title="Natural regions of Venezuela">Natural Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Venezuela" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Venezuela">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Venezuela" title="Politics of Venezuela">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_in_Venezuela" title="Torture in Venezuela">Torture in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Venezuela">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">Crisis in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Venezuela" title="Administrative divisions of Venezuela">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Venezuela" title="Regions of Venezuela">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Venezuela" title="States of Venezuela">States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela" title="Foreign relations of Venezuela">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Venezuela" title="Law enforcement in Venezuela">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Venezuela" title="President of the National Assembly of Venezuela">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Venezuela" title="Cabinet of Venezuela">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_of_Venezuela_in_exile" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile">In exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_territorial_dispute" title="Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute">Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parties" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Venezuela" title="List of political parties in Venezuela">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_We_Are_Venezuela" title="Movement We Are Venezuela">Movement We Are Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Social_Democracy" title="For Social Democracy">For Social Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupamaro_(Venezuela)" title="Tupamaro (Venezuela)">Tupamaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Electoral_Movement_(Venezuela)" title="People's Electoral Movement (Venezuela)">People's Electoral Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unity_Roundtable" title="Democratic Unity Roundtable">Democratic Unity Roundtable</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_First" title="Justice First">Justice First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Will" title="Popular Will">Popular Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="A New Era">A New Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Venezuela">Come Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Agreement_for_Change" title="Agreement for Change">Agreement for Change</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Advance" title="Progressive Advance">Progressive Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">COPEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Movement_of_Venezuela" title="Ecological Movement of Venezuela">Ecological Movement of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Venezuela" title="Agriculture in Venezuela">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Venezuela" title="List of companies of 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style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Venezuela" title="Culture of Venezuela">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Venezuela" title="Cinema of Venezuela">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_literature" title="Venezuelan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Venezuela" title="Mass media in Venezuela">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Venezuela" title="Miss Venezuela">Miss Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Venezuela" title="Sport in Venezuela">Sport</a></li> <li><a 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title="Portal:Venezuela">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welfare_in_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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