CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hugo Chávez's cult of personality - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ec07552a-cb90-40c0-82bc-9fc21ced9bad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hugo_Chávez's_cult_of_personality","wgTitle":"Hugo Chávez's cult of personality","wgCurRevisionId":1256465876,"wgRevisionId":1256465876,"wgArticleId":48788248,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Bolivarian Revolution","Cults of personality","Hugo Chávez","Propaganda in Venezuela"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hugo_Chávez's_cult_of_personality","wgRelevantArticleId":48788248,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false ,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q22001394","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready", "site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/1200px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="639"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/800px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/640px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="341"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hugo_Chávez_s_cult_of_personality rootpage-Hugo_Chávez_s_cult_of_personality skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious image</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_image-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious image subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Our_Chávez"_prayer_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Our_Chávez"_prayer_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Our Chávez" prayer controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Our_Chávez"_prayer_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_a_la_personalidad_de_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Culto a la personalidad de Hugo Chávez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culto a la personalidad de Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culte_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_d%27Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Culte de la personnalité d'Hugo Chávez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culte de la personnalité d'Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culto_della_personalit%C3%A0_di_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Culto della personalità di Hugo Chávez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Culto della personalità di Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22001394#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&oldid=1256465876" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&id=1256465876&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHugo_Ch%25C3%25A1vez%2527s_cult_of_personality"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHugo_Ch%25C3%25A1vez%2527s_cult_of_personality"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22001394" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/250px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/375px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg/500px-Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2197" /></a><figcaption>Mural of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> and his ascension into <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> has been created around the late President <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, where his supporters venerate him.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPoAPVen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chávez largely received his support through his charisma and by spending Venezuela's oil funds on the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICEstrange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since his death, followers known as "Chavistas"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refer to his death as a "transition to immortality", commonly calling Chávez the "eternal commander".<sup id="cite_ref-FUSIONgray_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUSIONgray-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his followers, Chávez has been compared to holy figures, especially by his successor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OAS2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAS2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GODchavez_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GODchavez-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JESUSchavez_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JESUSchavez-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHAVEZrain_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAVEZrain-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FNLgod_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FNLgod-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Personalist governments had existed in Venezuela in the past[.] [...] But no one else had as much money as this government. Chávez's capacity to penetrate mass media has also been without precedent. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Tomas Straka, historian<sup id="cite_ref-ABCcult_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>According to Tomas Straka of <a href="/wiki/Andres_Bello_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Andres Bello University">Andres Bello University</a>, Chávez's cult of personality began following the <a href="/wiki/1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempts" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts">1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts</a> which Chávez led, with Straka explaining that some Venezuelans "saw no solution to their most fundamental problems and they saw in Chávez a savior, or an avenger of those groups that had no hope".<sup id="cite_ref-ABCcult_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of Chávez's tenure in 1999, the Venezuelan government manipulated the Venezuelan public with social programs depicting him as a great leader for the people.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCcult_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The struggles that Chávez endured throughout his presidency, such as the <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a>, also drew compassion from his followers which boosted his support.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCcult_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Chávez's death, speculation about potential Chavista reactions to his death were compared to the sorrow felt by those in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> who mourned the death of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ABCcult_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one scholar of Latin America from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Santa_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Santa Barbara">University of California Santa Barbara</a>, Juan Pablo Lupi, stating that the creation of Chávez's cult of personality was "very well-staged, all this process of myth-making and appealing to the feelings and religious sentiment of the people. This is something that is quasi-religious".<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPoAPVen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lupi's explanation of Chávez's cult of personality was similar to those of Juan Carlos Bertorelli, a marketing company creative director in Caracas and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Birns" title="Larry Birns">Larry Birns</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICEstrange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlos Bertorelli stated that the Bolivarian government created a cult of personality surrounding Chávez in order to "maintain a presence that legitimizes them"<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPoAPVen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Birns stated that "For many in the movement, Chavez, or the movement of the Chavistas towards a religious stance, is less a matter of faith than it is a matter of strategy".<sup id="cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICEstrange-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_image">Religious image</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte,_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg/250px-La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg/375px-La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg/500px-La_muerte_no_puede_tocarte%2C_estas_por_encima_del_tiempo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>A mural of Chávez saying "Death can not touch you, you are above time"</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <i>Associated Press</i>, "Chavez's legacy has taken on a religious glow in Venezuela" and that "<a href="/wiki/Rosaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosaries">[r]osaries</a> adorned with Chavez's face, <a href="/wiki/Shrines" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines">shrines</a> and images depicting him with a Christian cross have become commonplace".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, those involved in education and the government's opposition accused Venezuela's new educational curriculum of making Chávez appear "messianic",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDESedu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the "liberator of Venezuela",<sup id="cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDESedu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and like "the new God".<sup id="cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDESedu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While saying the opposition celebrated the drought Venezuela was experiencing in early 2014, President Maduro said that the rainy season came because of "Chavez and God" saying that Chavez blew the clouds with God.<sup id="cite_ref-GODchavez_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GODchavez-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHAVEZrain_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHAVEZrain-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Our_Chávez"_prayer_controversy"><span id=".22Our_Ch.C3.A1vez.22_prayer_controversy"></span>"Our Chávez" prayer controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Our Chávez" prayer controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a Workshop on Socialist System Design Training gathering held by the <a href="/wiki/PSUV" class="mw-redirect" title="PSUV">PSUV</a> on 1 September 2014, participants recited a modified version of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord's Prayer">The Lord's Prayer</a>. </p><p> The modified version, recited by Maria Uribe, a delegate of the Committee on Communication and Propaganda of PSUV-Táchira, read:<sup id="cite_ref-RNV_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNV-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>Our Chavez, who art in heaven, on earth, in the sea and in us the representatives, hallowed be thy name, Thy legacy come, So we can bring it to towns here and there, Give us this day your light so it guides us every day, Lead us not into the tempation of capitalism, but deliver us from the evil of the oligarchy, and the crime of smuggling, Because the mother land is ours, and so is peace and life. Forever and ever amen. Long live Chavez!<sup id="cite_ref-OURCHAVEZ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OURCHAVEZ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg/250px-Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg/375px-Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg/500px-Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas_Chavez_Vive_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1846" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas" title="Centro Financiero Confinanzas">Centro Financiero Confinanzas</a>, the third tallest building in Venezuela and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_America" title="List of tallest buildings in South America">seventh tallest in South America</a>, draped with banners saying "Chávez Lives"</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i> reported that Christians in Venezuela were offended, saying that "the words of a prayer found in the books of <i>Matthew</i> and <i>Luke</i> in the Bible should not be changed for political propaganda or any other purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another domestic reaction came from the Venezuelan newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/La_Verdad_(Maracaibo)" title="La Verdad (Maracaibo)">La Verdad</a></i>, who compared the act to something "from the mind of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> father".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church of Venezuela criticized the modified version in a statement signed by head figures of the organization, saying that The Lord's Prayer is "untouchable", that whoever recited the modified version would be committing the sin of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OURCHAVEZ_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OURCHAVEZ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monsignor Baltazar Porras, bishop of Mérida, said that this type of action "is nothing new" in the years following the Bolivarian Revolution and that the Venezuelan government wanted to "screw in the principles and values which the revolution wants to impose, a kind of secular religion".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maria Uribe, the Committee on Communication and Propaganda of PSUV-Táchira member who recited the "prayer" responded to the criticism saying that the "prayer of the delegates" was to reflect on "what it meant to be like Chávez" who she called "an example of solidarity, love, commitment, humanity and honesty".<sup id="cite_ref-RNV_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RNV-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Maduro rejected the Catholic Church's response saying that they were trying to implement a "new <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, also criticized the Catholic Church saying they should worry about more important matters.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Head of the Department of Latin America for <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uta_Thofern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uta Thofern (page does not exist)">Uta Thofern</a>, responded to the action saying that the "Bolivarian movement seems to stop being a political movement for the sake of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> fanaticism" and saying that since she was a German, she feared that the Bolivarian leaders "consciously used religious symbols and instruments, abusing the spiritual needs of people" in ways that were seen under "German dictatorships".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ennio Cardozo, a political scientist at the Central University of Venezuela, states that acts like "Our Chávez" is the Venezuelan government's "effort to sustain its legitimacy".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg/250px-Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg/375px-Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg/500px-Bolivarian_propaganda_in_Guarenas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>A billboard of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_eyes" title="Chávez eyes">Chávez eyes</a> and signature in <a href="/wiki/Guarenas" title="Guarenas">Guarenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_(state)" title="Miranda (state)">Miranda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Latin American literary scholar at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">UCSB</a>, Juan Lupi, sees parallels between the veneration of Chavez to that of <a href="/wiki/Evita_Per%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Evita Perón">Evita Perón</a> in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPoAPVen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a report about Chavez's <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez">funeral</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></i> wrote, "His last procession is also a TV marathon, presented in the tone of a sermon, during which Chávez, the freedom fighter <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> merge into one person."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2014 report titled <i>Faces and Traces of a Leader. Hugo Chavez: Memory of a People</i> by the Venezuelan government's National Center for History, one work of propaganda, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_eyes" title="Chávez eyes">Chávez eyes</a>, are supposed to represent a "watchful and protective gaze" and present a feeling of transparency or trust related to the phrase "Look into my eyes when I'm talking".<sup id="cite_ref-DDLA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also noted that since Chávez was not physically present in Venezuela anymore, the Chávez eyes to Bolivarian government supporters represented an "<a href="/wiki/Omnipresent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipresent">omnipresent</a>" Chávez, reminding voters of their "ideological commitment".<sup id="cite_ref-DDLA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDLA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some who experienced the work say that it instills a presence of Chávez, a sense that he is "always watching you" that has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a> figure, <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(Nineteen_Eighty-Four)" title="Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)">Big Brother</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFPeyes_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFPeyes-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PApost_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PApost-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOX_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOX-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cults_of_personality" title="List of cults of personality">List of cults of personality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HuffPoAPVen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPoAPVen_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames2013" class="citation news cs1">James, Ian (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/24/hugo-chavez-personality-cult_n_2545064.html">"Hugo Chavez Personality Cult Flourishes In Venezuela"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez+Personality+Cult+Flourishes+In+Venezuela&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F01%2F24%2Fhugo-chavez-personality-cult_n_2545064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VICEstrange-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VICEstrange_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2014" class="citation news cs1">Strange, Hannah (4 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/article/saintly-hugo-chavez-replaces-god-in-socialist-lords-prayer">"Saintly Hugo Chavez Replaces God in Socialist Lord's Prayer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_News" title="Vice News">Vice News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saintly+Hugo+Chavez+Replaces+God+in+Socialist+Lord%27s+Prayer&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Farticle%2Fsaintly-hugo-chavez-replaces-god-in-socialist-lords-prayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2013" class="citation news cs1">Rueda, Manuel (14 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908000052/http://fusion.net/leadership/story/venezuelas-hugo-chavez-cult-created-18070">"The Cult Following of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fusion_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (TV channel)">Fusion</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.net/leadership/story/venezuelas-hugo-chavez-cult-created-18070">the original</a> on 8 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fusion&rft.atitle=The+Cult+Following+of+Venezuela%27s+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffusion.net%2Fleadership%2Fstory%2Fvenezuelas-hugo-chavez-cult-created-18070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Guy (25 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/mar/25/pro-chavista-paramilitary-active-venezuela-jailed-/">"Pro-Chavista 'paramilitary' active in Venezuela, jailed opposition leader says"</a>. <i>Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Mr. Maduro continues to enjoy widespread support from Chavez followers—known as "Chavistas"—who've countered the recent opposition rallies in Caracas with massive pro-government demonstrations of their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Pro-Chavista+%27paramilitary%27+active+in+Venezuela%2C+jailed+opposition+leader+says&rft.date=2014-03-25&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fmar%2F25%2Fpro-chavista-paramilitary-active-venezuela-jailed-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FUSIONgray-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FUSIONgray_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2015" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Kevin (7 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151230092223/http://fusion.net/story/60368/hugo-chavez-still-rockin-the-cult-of-personality-2-years-after-his-transition-to-immortality/">"Hugo Chávez still rockin' the cult of personality, 2 years after his 'transition to immortality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fusion_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion (TV channel)">Fusion</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.net/story/60368/hugo-chavez-still-rockin-the-cult-of-personality-2-years-after-his-transition-to-immortality/">the original</a> on 30 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+still+rockin%27+the+cult+of+personality%2C+2+years+after+his+%27transition+to+immortality%27&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffusion.net%2Fstory%2F60368%2Fhugo-chavez-still-rockin-the-cult-of-personality-2-years-after-his-transition-to-immortality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OAS2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OAS2013_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/docs/reports/2014_04_22_%20IA_2013_ENG%20_FINALweb.pdf">"Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report</i>. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report&rft.atitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Inter-American+Commission+on+Human+Rights+2013&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fen%2Fiachr%2Fexpression%2Fdocs%2Freports%2F2014_04_22_%2520IA_2013_ENG%2520_FINALweb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GODchavez-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GODchavez_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GODchavez_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512233746/http://espacio360.pe/noticia/actualidad/chavez-y-dios-soplaron-para-eliminar-la-sequia-en-venezuela-afirma-maduro-c703#.U283b61dUQ5">"Chávez y Dios soplaron para eliminar la sequía en Venezuela, afirma Maduro"</a>. <i>Espacio 360</i>. 10 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espacio360.pe/noticia/actualidad/chavez-y-dios-soplaron-para-eliminar-la-sequia-en-venezuela-afirma-maduro-c703#.U283b61dUQ5">the original</a> on 12 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espacio+360&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+y+Dios+soplaron+para+eliminar+la+sequ%C3%ADa+en+Venezuela%2C+afirma+Maduro&rft.date=2014-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespacio360.pe%2Fnoticia%2Factualidad%2Fchavez-y-dios-soplaron-para-eliminar-la-sequia-en-venezuela-afirma-maduro-c703%23.U283b61dUQ5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JESUSchavez-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JESUSchavez_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430050107/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/08/05/maduro-compares-chavez-to-christ-on-5-month-anniversary-his-death/">"Maduro compares Chavez to Christ on 5-month anniversary of his death"</a>. <i>Fox News Latino</i>. 5 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2013/08/05/maduro-compares-chavez-to-christ-on-5-month-anniversary-his-death/">the original</a> on 30 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Latino&rft.atitle=Maduro+compares+Chavez+to+Christ+on+5-month+anniversary+of+his+death&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fpolitics%2F2013%2F08%2F05%2Fmaduro-compares-chavez-to-christ-on-5-month-anniversary-his-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHAVEZrain-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHAVEZrain_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHAVEZrain_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/05/10/maduro-diosito-y-chavez-soparon-las-nubes-y-llego-la-lluvia-video/">"Maduro: Diosito y Chávez soplaron las nubes y llegó la lluvia (Video)"</a>. <i>La Patilla</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Patilla&rft.atitle=Maduro%3A+Diosito+y+Ch%C3%A1vez+soplaron+las+nubes+y+lleg%C3%B3+la+lluvia+%28Video%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F05%2F10%2Fmaduro-diosito-y-chavez-soparon-las-nubes-y-llego-la-lluvia-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FNLgod-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FNLgod_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2014/03/05/year-after-his-death-proof-hugo-chavez-is-god-according-to-maduro/">"A Year After His Death, Proof Hugo Chavez Is A God (According To Maduro)"</a>. <i>Fox News Latino</i>. 5 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Latino&rft.atitle=A+Year+After+His+Death%2C+Proof+Hugo+Chavez+Is+A+God+%28According+To+Maduro%29&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatino.foxnews.com%2Flatino%2Fnews%2F2014%2F03%2F05%2Fyear-after-his-death-proof-hugo-chavez-is-god-according-to-maduro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABCcult-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABCcult_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCcult_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCcult_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCcult_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCcult_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2013" class="citation news cs1">Rueda, Manuela (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/ABC_Univision/News/venezuelas-hugo-chavez-cult-created/story?id=18186070">"The Cult Following of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Cult+Following+of+Venezuela%27s+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FABC_Univision%2FNews%2Fvenezuelas-hugo-chavez-cult-created%2Fstory%3Fid%3D18186070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907082233/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/controversy-venezuela-over-chavez-prayer">"Controversy in Venezuela Over Chavez Prayer"</a>. Associated Press. 5 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/controversy-venezuela-over-chavez-prayer">the original</a> on 7 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Controversy+in+Venezuela+Over+Chavez+Prayer&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fcontroversy-venezuela-over-chavez-prayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez2014" class="citation news cs1">Mendez, Gustavo (14 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com/nacional-y-politica/140414/las-escuelas-bolivarianas-y-la-resolucion-058-fracasaron">"Las escuelas bolivarianas y la resolución 058 fracasaron"</a>. <i>El Universal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Las+escuelas+bolivarianas+y+la+resoluci%C3%B3n+058+fracasaron&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Gustavo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com%2Fnacional-y-politica%2F140414%2Flas-escuelas-bolivarianas-y-la-resolucion-058-fracasaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANDESedu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANDESedu_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValderrama2014" class="citation news cs1">Valderrama, Judith (28 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033116/http://diariodelosandes.com/content/view/250578/106231/">"Se vende la imagen de Chávez como mesiánica y de Libertador"</a>. <i>El Diario de Los Andes</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariodelosandes.com/content/view/250578/106231/">the original</a> on 2 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Diario+de+Los+Andes&rft.atitle=Se+vende+la+imagen+de+Ch%C3%A1vez+como+mesi%C3%A1nica+y+de+Libertador&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.aulast=Valderrama&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariodelosandes.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F250578%2F106231%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNV-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RNV_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RNV_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140910023222/http://www.rnv.gob.ve/index.php/la-nueva-inquisicion-arremete-contra-el-chavez-nuestro-audio">"La nueva inquisición arremete contra el "Chávez Nuestro" (+Audio)"</a>. Radio Nacional de Venezuela. 5 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnv.gob.ve/index.php/la-nueva-inquisicion-arremete-contra-el-chavez-nuestro-audio">the original</a> on 10 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+nueva+inquisici%C3%B3n+arremete+contra+el+%22Ch%C3%A1vez+Nuestro%22+%28%2BAudio%29&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnv.gob.ve%2Findex.php%2Fla-nueva-inquisicion-arremete-contra-el-chavez-nuestro-audio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OURCHAVEZ-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OURCHAVEZ_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OURCHAVEZ_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/09/03/obispos-condenan-version-chavista-del-padre-nuestro-comunicado/">"Obispos condenan versión chavista del Padre Nuestro (Comunicado)"</a>. La Patilla. 3 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obispos+condenan+versi%C3%B3n+chavista+del+Padre+Nuestro+%28Comunicado%29&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F09%2F03%2Fobispos-condenan-version-chavista-del-padre-nuestro-comunicado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomo2014" class="citation news cs1">Romo, Rafael (3 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229052528/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/03/in-venezuela-a-sacrilegious-take-on-the-lords-prayer/">"In Venezuela, a 'sacrilegious' Lord's Prayer"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2014/09/03/in-venezuela-a-sacrilegious-take-on-the-lords-prayer/">the original</a> on 29 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Venezuela%2C+a+%27sacrilegious%27+Lord%27s+Prayer&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft.aulast=Romo&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2014%2F09%2F03%2Fin-venezuela-a-sacrilegious-take-on-the-lords-prayer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalobos2014" class="citation news cs1">Villalobos, Cristina (4 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908010921/http://www.laverdad.com/zulia/59573-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-blasfemia.html">"El Chávez nuestro es una blasfemia"</a>. La Verdad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laverdad.com/zulia/59573-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-blasfemia.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+Ch%C3%A1vez+nuestro+es+una+blasfemia&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.aulast=Villalobos&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.com%2Fzulia%2F59573-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-blasfemia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalobos2014" class="citation news cs1">Villalobos, Cristina (6 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907095602/http://www.laverdad.com/zulia/59716-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-burla.html">"El Chávez nuestro es una burla"</a>. La Verdad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laverdad.com/zulia/59716-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-burla.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+Ch%C3%A1vez+nuestro+es+una+burla&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft.aulast=Villalobos&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laverdad.com%2Fzulia%2F59716-el-chavez-nuestro-es-una-burla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/09/04/maduro-defiende-el-chavez-nuestro-y-llama-nueva-inquisicion-a-quienes-criticaron/">"Maduro defiende el "Chávez Nuestro" y llama "nueva inquisición" a quienes criticaron"</a>. La Patilla. 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maduro+defiende+el+%22Ch%C3%A1vez+Nuestro%22+y+llama+%22nueva+inquisici%C3%B3n%22+a+quienes+criticaron&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F09%2F04%2Fmaduro-defiende-el-chavez-nuestro-y-llama-nueva-inquisicion-a-quienes-criticaron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2014/09/05/cabello-rechaza-posicion-de-la-iglesia-ante-la-version-chavista-del-padre-nuestro/">"Diosdado arremete contra Urosa Savino por repudiar el "Chávez Nuestro"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. La Patilla. 5 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diosdado+arremete+contra+Urosa+Savino+por+repudiar+el+%22Ch%C3%A1vez+Nuestro%22&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapatilla.com%2Fsite%2F2014%2F09%2F05%2Fcabello-rechaza-posicion-de-la-iglesia-ante-la-version-chavista-del-padre-nuestro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThofern2014" class="citation news cs1">Thofern, Uta (6 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/comentario-el-ch%C3%A1vez-nuestro-m%C3%A1s-que-una-met%C3%A1fora-desafortunada/a-17905691">"Comment: "Our Chávez" rather than an unfortunate metaphor"</a>. Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+%22Our+Ch%C3%A1vez%22+rather+than+an+unfortunate+metaphor&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft.aulast=Thofern&rft.aufirst=Uta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fcomentario-el-ch%25C3%25A1vez-nuestro-m%25C3%25A1s-que-una-met%25C3%25A1fora-desafortunada%2Fa-17905691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRueda2014" class="citation news cs1">Rueda, Manuel (2 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908065006/http://fusion.net/leadership/story/chvez-art-heaven-venezuelan-leader-now-prayer-1007960">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Our Chávez, who art in heaven": Venezuelan leader now has his own prayer"</a>. Fusion TV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.net/leadership/story/chvez-art-heaven-venezuelan-leader-now-prayer-1007960">the original</a> on 8 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Our+Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+who+art+in+heaven%22%3A+Venezuelan+leader+now+has+his+own+prayer&rft.date=2014-09-02&rft.aulast=Rueda&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffusion.net%2Fleadership%2Fstory%2Fchvez-art-heaven-venezuelan-leader-now-prayer-1007960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluesingvon_Rohr2013" class="citation news cs1">Gluesing, Jens; von Rohr, Mathieu (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-complicated-legacy-of-venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-a-888049.html">"The Eternal Comandante: Hugo Chávez's Complicated Legacy"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=The+Eternal+Comandante%3A+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+Complicated+Legacy&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Gluesing&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=von+Rohr%2C+Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fthe-complicated-legacy-of-venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-a-888049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDLA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDLA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDLA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2015" class="citation news cs1">González, Alexander (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diariodelosandes.com/index.php?r=site/noticiaprincipal&id=2038">"¿Chávez vive?"</a>. Diario de Los Andes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C2%BFCh%C3%A1vez+vive%3F&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariodelosandes.com%2Findex.php%3Fr%3Dsite%2Fnoticiaprincipal%26id%3D2038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPeyes-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFPeyes_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.afp.com/correspondent/?post/In-Venezuela%2C-the-eyes-have-it">"In Venezuela, the eyes have it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Venezuela%2C+the+eyes+have+it&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.afp.com%2Fcorrespondent%2F%3Fpost%2FIn-Venezuela%252C-the-eyes-have-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2013" class="citation news cs1">Metz, Marie (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/04/on-venezuelas-campaign-trail-chavez-is-watching-you/274757/">"On Venezuela's Campaign Trail, Chavez Is Watching You"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Venezuela%27s+Campaign+Trail%2C+Chavez+Is+Watching+You&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F04%2Fon-venezuelas-campaign-trail-chavez-is-watching-you%2F274757%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PApost-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PApost_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2014" class="citation news cs1">Hodgson, Fergus (23 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229200839/http://blog.panampost.com/fergus-hodgson/2014/12/23/10-reasons-why-i-am-a-chavista/">"10 Reasons Why I Am a Chavista"</a>. PanAm Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.panampost.com/fergus-hodgson/2014/12/23/10-reasons-why-i-am-a-chavista/">the original</a> on 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=10+Reasons+Why+I+Am+a+Chavista&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.panampost.com%2Ffergus-hodgson%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2F10-reasons-why-i-am-a-chavista%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOX-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOX_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/hugo-chavez-a-potent-symbol-in-venezuela-as-cult-of-personality-flourishes-during-long-absence/">"Hugo Chavez a potent symbol in Venezuela as cult of personality flourishes during long absence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>. 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez+a+potent+symbol+in+Venezuela+as+cult+of+personality+flourishes+during+long+absence&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fhugo-chavez-a-potent-symbol-in-venezuela-as-cult-of-personality-flourishes-during-long-absence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+cult+of+personality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Chávez%27s_cult_of_personality&oldid=1256465876">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Chávez%27s_cult_of_personality&oldid=1256465876</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Category:Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cults_of_personality" title="Category:Cults of personality">Cults of personality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Propaganda_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Propaganda in Venezuela">Propaganda in Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 November 2024, at 01:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-5kvpc","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.468","walltime":"0.529","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1708,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":71934,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":570,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":117782,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 445.489 1 -total"," 58.61% 261.100 1 Template:Reflist"," 49.05% 218.495 28 Template:Cite_news"," 26.68% 118.876 1 Template:Hugo_Chávez"," 26.15% 116.473 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.53% 42.445 1 Template:Quote_box"," 2.38% 10.592 1 Template:Icon"," 1.46% 6.525 1 Template:Cite_web"," 0.63% 2.799 3 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.289","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4113341,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-55fb8d7f4f-66f2f","timestamp":"20241110014506","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hugo Ch\u00e1vez's cult of personality","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22001394","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22001394","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-12-11T04:03:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T01:45:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bc\/Mural_de_Chavez_y_su_Asunci%C3%B3n_al_cielo.jpg","headline":"the cult of personality around Hugo Ch\u00e1vez"}</script> </body> </html>