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id="toc-The_word_testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_word_testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The word <i>testament</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_word_testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_phrase_New_Testament_as_the_collection_of_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_phrase_New_Testament_as_the_collection_of_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The phrase <i>New Testament</i> as the collection of scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_phrase_New_Testament_as_the_collection_of_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Books subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_the_Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Acts of the Apostles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_letters_to_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_letters_to_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Pauline letters to churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_letters_to_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_letters_to_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_letters_to_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Pauline letters to persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_letters_to_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Hebrews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Catholic epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Book of Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_canons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_canons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>New Testament canons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_canons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Book order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Authors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gospels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannine_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannine_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Johannine works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johannine_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_the_New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dating the New Testament</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dating_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dating the New Testament subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>External evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Internal evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Development of the New Testament canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of the New Testament canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origen_(3rd_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origen_(3rd_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Origen (3rd century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origen_(3rd_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eusebius's_Ecclesiastical_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eusebius's_Ecclesiastical_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eusebius's_Ecclesiastical_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_century_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_century_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>4th century and later</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_century_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Early manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textual_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Textual variation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Textual_variation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Textual variation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Textual_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpolations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpolations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Interpolations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpolations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Biblical criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishing_a_critical_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishing_a_critical_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Establishing a critical text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishing_a_critical_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_earlier_and_contemporaneous_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_earlier_and_contemporaneous_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Relationship to earlier and contemporaneous literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_earlier_and_contemporaneous_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Early versions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early versions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Syriac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Coptic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_ancient_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_ancient_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Other ancient translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_ancient_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Modern translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_interpretation_in_Christian_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_interpretation_in_Christian_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Theological interpretation in Christian churches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_interpretation_in_Christian_churches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological interpretation in Christian churches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_interpretation_in_Christian_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unity_in_diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_in_diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Unity in diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_in_diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholicism,_Eastern_Orthodoxy,_and_Classical_Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholicism,_Eastern_Orthodoxy,_and_Classical_Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Classical Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholicism,_Eastern_Orthodoxy,_and_Classical_Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_evangelical_and_fundamentalist_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_evangelical_and_fundamentalist_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>American evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_evangelical_and_fundamentalist_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_mainline_and_liberal_Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_mainline_and_liberal_Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.2</span> <span>American mainline and liberal Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_mainline_and_liberal_Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Messianic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Messianic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Messianic Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Messianic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Jehovah's Witnesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Pentecostals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Pentecostals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>United Pentecostals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Pentecostals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.8</span> <span>Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Development and authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Testament</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwe_Testament" title="Nuwe Testament – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nuwe Testament" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%B2%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95" title="አዲስ ኪዳን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዲስ ኪዳን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABwu_Gec%C8%B3%C3%BEnes" title="Nīwu Gecȳþnes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nīwu Gecȳþnes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="العهد الجديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العهد الجديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%9D_%DC%9A%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܕܝܬܝܩܝ ܚܕܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevu_Testamentu" title="Nuevu Testamentu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nuevu Testamentu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ЦӀияб КъотӀи – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀияб КъотӀи" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhdi-c%C9%99did" title="Əhdi-cədid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhdi-cədid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عهد جدید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عهد جدید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AE" title="নূতন নিয়ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নূতন নিয়ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-iok_S%C3%A8ng-keng" title="Sin-iok Sèng-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sin-iok Sèng-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Новы Запавет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новы Запавет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Новы Запавет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Новы Запавет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Нов завет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нов завет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neis_Testament" title="Neis Testament – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Neis Testament" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_zavjet" title="Novi zavjet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novi zavjet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamant_Nevez" title="Testamant Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Testamant Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nou_Testament" title="Nou Testament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nou Testament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Çĕнĕ Халал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕнĕ Халал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-ong_Tugon" title="Bag-ong Tugon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bag-ong Tugon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Nový zákon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nový zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamende_Itsva" title="Testamende Itsva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Testamende Itsva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novu_Testamentu" title="Novu Testamentu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Novu Testamentu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Testament_Newydd" title="Y Testament Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Testament Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_Nye_Testamente" title="Det Nye Testamente – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det Nye Testamente" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%91%C4%91a_testameanta" title="Ođđa testameanta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ođđa testameanta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Testament" title="Neues Testament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neues Testament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_testament" title="Nowy testament – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nowy testament" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus_testament" title="Uus testament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus testament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Καινή Διαθήκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καινή Διαθήκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Testamento" title="Nuevo Testamento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nuevo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Testamento" title="Nova Testamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nova Testamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itun_Berria" title="Itun Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itun Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عهد جدید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عهد جدید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDggja_Testamenti" title="Nýggja Testamenti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nýggja Testamenti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_Testament" title="Nouveau Testament – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouveau Testament" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nije_Testamint" title="Nije Testamint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nije Testamint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%BBf_testament" title="Gnûf testament – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gnûf testament" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tiomna_Nua" title="An Tiomna Nua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tiomna Nua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiomnadh_Nuadh" title="Tiomnadh Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tiomnadh Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Testamento" title="Novo Testamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Novo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_korar" title="Novo korar – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Novo korar" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-yok_S%E1%B9%B3n-k%C3%AEn" title="Sîn-yok Sṳn-kîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sîn-yok Sṳn-kîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%BD%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="신약성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신약성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabon_Alkawari" title="Sabon Alkawari – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sabon Alkawari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauoha_Hou" title="Kauoha Hou – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kauoha Hou" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Նոր Կտակարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոր Կտակարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="नया नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नया नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_zako%C5%84" title="Nowy zakoń – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nowy zakoń" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_zavjet" title="Novi zavjet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novi zavjet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Testamento" title="Nova Testamento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nova Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nove_Testamento" title="Nove Testamento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nove Testamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov_Testament" title="Nov Testament – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nov Testament" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A4%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B7%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82" title="Ног Фæдзæхст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ног Фæдзæхст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja_testamenti%C3%B0" title="Nýja testamentið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýja testamentið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuovo_Testamento" title="Nuovo Testamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuovo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%94" title="הברית החדשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הברית החדשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajanjian_Anyar" title="Prajanjian Anyar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prajanjian Anyar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ახალი აღთქმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ახალი აღთქმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isezerano_Rishya" title="Isezerano Rishya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isezerano Rishya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agano_Jipya" title="Agano Jipya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Agano Jipya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvo_Testaman" title="Nouvo Testaman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nouvo Testaman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peymana_N%C3%BB" title="Peymana Nû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peymana Nû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%83%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Жаңы Осуят – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жаңы Осуят" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muevo_Testamento" title="Muevo Testamento – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Muevo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D1%83_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ЦӀу Аманат – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦӀу Аманат" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novum Testamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaun%C4%81_Der%C4%ABba" title="Jaunā Derība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jaunā Derība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujasis_Testamentas" title="Naujasis Testamentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujasis Testamentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amabu%27ulali_Sibohou" title="Amabu'ulali Sibohou – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Amabu'ulali Sibohou" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvo_Testamento" title="Neuvo Testamento – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Neuvo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nui_Testamint" title="Nui Testamint – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nui Testamint" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy%C3%B3kani_bwa_Sika" title="Boyókani bwa Sika – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boyókani bwa Sika" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atesta_Nova" title="Atesta Nova – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atesta Nova" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuzi_sana" title="Uuzi sana – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Uuzi sana" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6v_Testament" title="Növ Testament – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Növ Testament" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajsz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g" title="Újszövetség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újszövetség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Нов завет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нов завет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testamenta_Vaovao" title="Testamenta Vaovao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Testamenta Vaovao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="പുതിയ നിയമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുതിയ നിയമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testment_il-%C4%A0did" title="Testment il-Ġdid – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Testment il-Ġdid" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawenata_Hou" title="Kawenata Hou – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kawenata Hou" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नवा करार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नवा करार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ახალი აპიანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ახალი აპიანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="العهد الجديد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العهد الجديد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Baru" title="Perjanjian Baru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perjanjian Baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-i%C3%B3k_S%C3%A9ng-g%C4%ADng" title="Sĭng-iók Séng-gĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-iók Séng-gĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Шинэ Гэрээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шинэ Гэрээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဓမ္မသစ်ကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓမ္မသစ်ကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Veiyalayalati_Vou" title="Na Veiyalayalati Vou – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Na Veiyalayalati Vou" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Testament" title="Nieuwe Testament – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuwe Testament" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%27je_Testement" title="Ni'je Testement – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ni'je Testement" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नयाँ करार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नयाँ करार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="新約聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="新約聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Testamiento" title="Novo Testamiento – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Novo Testamiento" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_nye_testamentet" title="Det nye testamentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det nye testamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_nye_testamentet" title="Det nye testamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det nye testamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvel_Testament" title="Nouvel Testament – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Nouvel Testament" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2u_Testament" title="Nòu Testament – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòu Testament" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangi_ahd" title="Yangi ahd – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yangi ahd" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عہد نامہ جدید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عہد نامہ جدید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvieu_Testamint" title="Nouvieu Testamint – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nouvieu Testamint" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuv_Testament" title="Neuv Testament – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Neuv Testament" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupela_Testamen" title="Nupela Testamen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Nupela Testamen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieg_Testament" title="Nieg Testament – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nieg Testament" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Testament" title="Nowy Testament – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowy Testament" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Testamento" title="Novo Testamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noul_Testament" title="Noul Testament – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noul Testament" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov_Testament" title="Nov Testament – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nov Testament" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musuq_Rimanakuy" title="Musuq Rimanakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musuq Rimanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Новый Завет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый Завет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0_%D0%AB%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Саҥа Ыйаах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саҥа Ыйаах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBO_le_Feagaiga_Fou" title="ʻO le Feagaiga Fou – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="ʻO le Feagaiga Fou" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngbele_Testament" title="Ngbele Testament – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ngbele Testament" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عہدنامہ جدید – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عہدنامہ جدید" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New Testament" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4i_T%C3%A4stam%C3%A4nt" title="Näi Tästamänt – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Näi Tästamänt" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bes%C3%ABlidhja_e_Re" title="Besëlidhja e Re – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Besëlidhja e Re" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novu_Tistamentu" title="Novu Tistamentu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Novu Tistamentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="නව ගිවිසුම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නව ගිවිසුම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Testament" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="Nový zákon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nový zákon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_zaveza" title="Nova zaveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nova zaveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axdiga_Cusub" title="Axdiga Cusub – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Axdiga Cusub" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E" title="پەیمانی نوێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی نوێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Нови завет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови завет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_zavjet" title="Novi zavjet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novi zavjet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi_testamentti" title="Uusi testamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusi testamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nya_testamentet" title="Nya testamentet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nya testamentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagong_Tipan" title="Bagong Tipan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagong Tipan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="புதிய ஏற்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதிய ஏற்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="พันธสัญญาใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันธสัญญาใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_Ahit" title="Yeni Ahit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni Ahit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%CC%B1p_A%CC%B1nu_Fai" title="La̱p A̱nu Fai – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="La̱p A̱nu Fai" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Новий Заповіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Новий Заповіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="عہد نامہ جدید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عہد نامہ جدید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="New Testament" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2vo_Testamento" title="Nòvo Testamento – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nòvo Testamento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uz%27_Zavet" title="Uz' Zavet – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uz' Zavet" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_%C6%AF%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Tân Ước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tân Ước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%BB_Testamint" title="Noû Testamint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noû Testamint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCtchapalaa_Jeket%C3%BC" title="Pütchapalaa Jeketü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Pütchapalaa Jeketü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84" title="新約 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新約" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-o_nga_Ginsabutan" title="Bag-o nga Ginsabutan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bag-o nga Ginsabutan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="新约圣经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新约圣经" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Second division of the Christian biblical canon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Christian Greek Scriptures of the biblical canon. For the theological concept, see <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/A_New_Testament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="A New Testament (disambiguation)">A New Testament (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The New Testament (disambiguation)">The New Testament (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">New Testament<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #D3D3D3; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">260</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">7,957</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament" title="Category:New Testament">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Books of the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P46.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/120px-P46.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/180px-P46.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/P46.jpg/240px-P46.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="819" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Papyrus 46, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a>, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Lukan Acts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Apocalypse</dt></dl> <ul><li><a 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literature">Johannine literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">epistles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral epistles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/16px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/24px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: 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href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a 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Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Testament</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>NT</b>) is the second division of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a>. It discusses the teachings and person of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>, as well as events relating to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">first-century Christianity</a>. The New Testament's background, the first division of the Christian Bible, is called the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, which is based primarily upon the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>; together they are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Scripture">Sacred Scripture</a> by Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Testament is a collection of Christian texts originally written in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> language, at different times by various authors. While the Old Testament canon varies somewhat between different <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">27-book canon</a> of the New Testament has been almost universally recognized within Christianity<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since at least <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>. Thus, in almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books: </p> <ul><li>4 <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a> credited to the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to Matthew">Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to Luke">Luke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to John">John</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a></li> <li>7 <a href="/wiki/General_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="General epistles">general epistles</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul> <p>The earliest known complete list of the 27 books is found in a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, a 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, dated to 367 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindbergCarter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 27-book New Testament was first formally canonized during the councils of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Hippo">Hippo</a> (393) and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage">Carthage</a> (397) in North Africa. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> ratified the same canon in 405, but it is probable that a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council in Rome</a> in 382 under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a> gave the same list first. These councils also provided the canon of the Old Testament, which included the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical</a> books.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly consensus">scholarly consensus</a> on the date of composition of the latest New Testament texts. <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_Woolwich)#Redating_the_New_Testament_(1976)" title="John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich)">John A. T. Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wallace" title="Daniel B. Wallace">Dan Wallace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Albright" title="William F. Albright">William F. Albright</a> dated all the books of the New Testament before 70 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Stephen L. Harris</a>, date some New Testament texts much later than this;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman19978_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman19978-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201020_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201020-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1980295_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1980295-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pervo" title="Richard Pervo">Richard Pervo</a> dated <a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 115 AD</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-pervo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pervo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">David Trobisch</a> places Acts in the mid-to-late second century, contemporaneous with the publication of the first New Testament canon.<sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the Gospels were composed before or after 70 AD, according to Bas van Os, the lifetime of various eyewitnesses that includes Jesus's own family through the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="First Century">First Century</a> is very likely statistically. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Markus Bockmuehl</a> finds this structure of lifetime memory in various early Christian traditions. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_Annotated_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="New Oxford Annotated Bible">New Oxford Annotated Bible</a></i> claims, "Scholars generally agree that the Gospels were written forty to sixty years after the death of Jesus. They thus do not present eyewitness or contemporary accounts of Jesus's life and teaching."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousland20101744_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland20101744-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousland20181380_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland20181380-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/ESV_Study_Bible" title="ESV Study Bible">ESV Study Bible</a></i> claims the following (as one argument for gospel authenticity): Because <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a>, as a second generation Christian, claims to have retrieved eyewitness testimony (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+1:1">Luke 1:1–4</a>), in addition to having traveled with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Acts+16:10">Acts 16:10–17</a>; arguing for an authorship date of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 62</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which is corroborated by Paul's <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Colossians" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to the Colossians">Letter to the Colossians</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Colossians+4:14">Col. 4:14</a>), <a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Philemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter to Philemon">Letter to Philemon</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Philemon+1:23">Philem. 23–24</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Second_Letter_to_Timothy" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Letter to Timothy">Second Letter to Timothy</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Timothy+4:11">2 Tim. 4:11</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gospel account of Luke "was received as having apostolic endorsement and authority from Paul and as a trustworthy record of the gospel that Paul preached" (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Romans+2:16">Rom. 2:16</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Ecclesiastical History</a></i> 3.4.8).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_word_testament">The word <i>testament</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The word testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/testament" class="extiw" title="wikt:testament">testament</a></i> in the expression "New Testament" refers to a Christian <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Christianity" title="Covenant (biblical)">new covenant</a> that Christians believe completes or fulfils the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a> (the Jewish covenant) that <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> (the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> of Israel) made with the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">people of Israel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai (bible)">Mount Sinai</a> through <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>, described in the books of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the Christian Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Christianity traditionally even claims this <i>Christian new covenant</i> as being prophesied in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Bible">Jewish Bible</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> traditionally disagrees:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle20071074_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle20071074-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993347_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993347-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah; not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; forasmuch as they broke My covenant, although I was a lord over them, saith the LORD. But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, saith the LORD, I will put My law in their inward parts, and in their heart will I write it; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people; and they shall teach no more every man his neighbour, and every man his brother, saying: 'Know the LORD'; for they shall all know Me, from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the LORD; for I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin will I remember no more.</p></blockquote> <p>The word <i>covenant</i> means 'agreement' (from Latin <i>con-venio</i> 'to agree' lit. 'to come together'): the use of the word <i>testament</i>, which describes the different idea of written instructions for inheritance after death, to refer to the covenant with Israel in the Old Testament, is foreign to the original Hebrew word <i>brit</i> (בְּרִית) describing it, which only means 'alliance, covenant, pact' and never 'inheritance instructions after death'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use comes from the transcription of Latin <i>testamentum</i> 'will (left after death)',<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a literal translation of Greek <i>diatheke</i> (διαθήκη) 'will (left after death)',<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the word used to translate Hebrew <i>brit</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The choice of this word <i>diatheke</i>, by the Jewish translators of the Septuagint in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the 3rd and 2nd century BCE, has been understood in Christian theology to imply a reinterpreted view of the Old Testament covenant with Israel as <a href="/wiki/Hebrews_9#The_New_Covenant_(9:15-22)" title="Hebrews 9">possessing characteristics</a> of a 'will left after death' (the death of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) and has generated considerable attention from biblical scholars and theologians:<sup id="cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-researcher.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the Jewish usage where <i>brit</i> was the usual Hebrew word used to refer to pacts, alliances and covenants in general, like a common pact between two individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the one between God and Israel in particular,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Greek world <i>diatheke</i> was virtually never used to refer to an alliance or covenant (one exception is noted in a passage from <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and referred instead to a will left after the death of a person. There is scholarly debate<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-researcher.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as to the reason why the translators of the Septuagint chose the term <i>diatheke</i> to translate Hebrew <i>brit</i>, instead of another Greek word generally used to refer to an alliance or covenant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_phrase_New_Testament_as_the_collection_of_scriptures">The phrase <i>New Testament</i> as the collection of scriptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The phrase New Testament as the collection of scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the phrase <i>New Testament</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē</i></span>) to describe a collection of first- and second-century Christian Greek scriptures can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> in his work <i>Against Praxeas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-praxeas_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-praxeas-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus uses the phrase <i>New Testament</i> several times, but does not use it in reference to any written text.<sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Against Marcion</i>, written c. 208 AD, Tertullian writes of:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Divine Word, who is doubly edged with the two testaments of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>And Tertullian continues later in the book, writing:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it is certain that the whole aim at which he [<a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>] has strenuously laboured, even in the drawing up of his Antitheses, centres in this, that he may establish a diversity between the Old and the New Testaments, so that his own <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> may be separate from the <a href="/wiki/Creator_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator God">Creator</a>, as belonging to this rival God, and as alien from the law and the <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">prophets</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>By the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>, the existence—even if not the exact contents—of both an Old and New Testament had been established. <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, a 3rd–4th century Christian author wrote in his early-4th-century Latin <i>Institutiones Divinae</i> (<i>Divine Institutes</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But all scripture is divided into two Testaments. That which preceded the advent and passion of Christ—that is, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neviim" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviim">prophets</a>—is called the Old; but those things which were written after His resurrection are named the New Testament. The Jews make use of the Old, we of the New: but yet they are not discordant, for the New is the fulfilling of the Old, and in both there is the same testator, even Christ, who, having suffered death for us, made us heirs of His everlasting kingdom, the people of the Jews being deprived and disinherited. As the prophet Jeremiah testifies when he speaks such things: "Behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will make a new testament to the house of Israel and the house of Judah, not according to the testament which I made to their fathers, in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; for they continued not in my testament, and I disregarded them, saith the Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ... For that which He said above, that He would make a new testament to the house of Judah, shows that the old testament which was given by Moses was not perfect; but that which was to be given by Christ would be complete.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> describes the collection of Christian writings as "covenanted" (ἐνδιαθήκη) books in <i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 3.3.1–7; 3.25.3; 5.8.1; 6.25.1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_New_Testament" title="Template:Books of the New Testament">Template:Books of the New Testament</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Gospels">The Gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">Canonical gospels</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></div> <p>Each of the four <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">gospels</a> in the New Testament narrates the life, death, and resurrection of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> (the gospel of Mark in the original text ends with the empty tomb and has no account of the post-resurrection appearances, but the emptiness of the tomb implies a resurrection). The word "gospel" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <i>gōd-spell</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (rarely <i>godspel</i>), meaning "good news" or "glad tidings". Its Hebrew equivalent being "besorah" (בְּשׂוֹרָה). The gospel was considered the "good news" of the coming <a href="/wiki/Messiah#Christianity" title="Messiah">Kingdom of Messiah</a>, and the redemption through the life and death of Jesus, the central Christian message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel"_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel"-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the late second century, the four narrative accounts of the life and work of Jesus Christ have been referred to as "The Gospel of ..." or "The Gospel according to ..." followed by the name of the supposed author. The first author to explicitly name the canonical gospels is <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyon">Irenaeus of Lyon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who promoted the four canonical gospels in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i>, written around 180.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, ascribed to the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew the Evangelist">Apostle Matthew</a>. This gospel begins with a <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">genealogy of Jesus</a> and a story of his birth that includes a visit from <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">magi</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a>, and it ends with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">commissioning of the disciples</a> by the resurrected Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>. This gospel begins with the preaching of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> and ends with the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, who was not one of <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Disciples#The_Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Disciples">the Twelve Apostles</a>, but was mentioned as a companion of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Apostle Paul</a> and as a physician.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gospel begins with a philosophical prologue and ends with appearances of the resurrected Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These four gospels that were eventually included in the New Testament were only a few among many other early Christian gospels. The existence of such texts is even mentioned at the beginning of the Gospel of Luke.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">non-canonical gospels</a> were also written, all later than the four canonical gospels, and like them advocating the particular theological views of their various authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern scholarship, the Synoptic Gospels are the primary sources for reconstructing Christ's ministry. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts_of_the_Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acts of the Apostles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></div> <p>The Acts of the Apostles is a narrative of the apostles' ministry and activity after <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ's death">Christ's death</a> and resurrection, from which point it resumes and functions as a sequel to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>. Examining style, phraseology, and other evidence, modern scholarship generally concludes that Acts and the Gospel of Luke share the same author, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a>. Luke–Acts does not name its author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002196_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002196-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church tradition identified him as <a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a>, the companion of Paul, but the majority of scholars reject this due to the many differences between Acts and the authentic Pauline letters, though most scholars still believe the author, whether named Luke or not, met <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most probable date of composition is around 80–90 AD, although some scholars date it significantly later,<sup id="cite_ref-pervo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pervo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009250–53_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009250–53-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_letters_to_churches">Pauline letters to churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pauline letters to churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> <p>The Pauline letters are the thirteen New Testament books that present <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> as their author.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's authorship of six of the letters is disputed. Four are thought by most modern scholars to be <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphic</a>, i.e., not actually written by Paul even if attributed to him within the letters themselves. Opinion is more divided on the other two disputed letters (2 Thessalonians and Colossians).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These letters were written to Christian communities in specific cities or geographical regions, often to address issues faced by that particular community. Prominent themes include the relationship both to broader "<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">pagan</a>" society, to Judaism, and to other Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> <p>[Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk (*).] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_letters_to_persons">Pauline letters to persons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pauline letters to persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last four Pauline letters in the New Testament are addressed to individual persons. They include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a></li></ul> <p>[Disputed letters are marked with an asterisk (*).] </p><p>All of the above except for Philemon are known as the <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">pastoral epistles</a>. They are addressed to individuals charged with pastoral oversight of churches and discuss issues of Christian living, doctrine and leadership. They often address different concerns to those of the preceding epistles. These letters are believed by many to be pseudepigraphic. Some scholars (e.g., Bill Mounce, Ben Witherington, R.C. Sproul) will argue that the letters are genuinely Pauline, or at least written under Paul's supervision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrews">Hebrews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hebrews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> addresses a Jewish audience who had come to believe that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Anointed One</a> (Hebrew: מָשִׁיחַ—transliterated in English as "Moshiach", or "Messiah"; Greek: Χριστός—transliterated in English as "Christos", for "<a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>") who was predicted in the writings of the Hebrew Scriptures. The author discusses the superiority of the new covenant and the ministry of Jesus, to the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic Law Covenant</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and urges the readers in the practical implications of this conviction through the end of the epistle.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book has been widely accepted by the Christian church as inspired by God and thus authoritative, despite the acknowledgment of uncertainties about who its human author was. Regarding authorship, although the Epistle to the Hebrews does not internally claim to have been written by the <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Apostle Paul</a>, some similarities in wordings to some of the Pauline Epistles have been noted and inferred. In antiquity, some began to ascribe it to Paul in an attempt to provide the anonymous work an explicit apostolic pedigree.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Paul's authorship</a>. The Church largely agreed to include Hebrews as the fourteenth letter of Paul, and affirmed this authorship until the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. The letter to the Hebrews had difficulty in being accepted as part of the Christian canon because of its anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> wrote of the letter, "Men of old have handed it down as Paul's, but who wrote the Epistle God only knows."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary scholars often reject Pauline authorship for the epistle to the Hebrews,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a323_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a323-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on its distinctive style and theology, which are considered to set it apart from Paul's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroducingnewte00powepage431_431–32]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroducingnewte00powepage431_431–32]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_epistles">Catholic epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Catholic epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a>, ascribed to the Apostle Peter, though widely considered not to have been written by him.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_of_Revelation">Book of Revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Book of Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a></div> <p>The final book of the New Testament is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, also known as the Apocalypse of John. In the New Testament canon, it is considered <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">prophetical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">apocalyptic literature</a>. Its authorship has been attributed either to John the Apostle (in which case it is often thought that John the Apostle is <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, i.e. author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>) or to another John designated "<a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>" after the island where the text says the revelation was received (1:9). Some ascribe the writership date as <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 81–96</span> AD, and others at around 68 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Mounce_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mounce-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work opens with letters to <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">seven local congregations of Asia Minor</a> and thereafter takes the form of an <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a>, a "revealing" of divine prophecy and mysteries, a literary genre popular in ancient Judaism and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_canons">New Testament canons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Testament canons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon of the New Testament">Canon of the New Testament</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:124px;">Books </th> <th style="width:123px; text-align:center;">Protestant & <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restoration</a> tradition </th> <th style="width:123px;">Roman Catholic tradition </th> <th style="width:123px;">Eastern Orthodox tradition </th> <th style="width:123px;">Armenian Apostolic tradition<br /><sup id="cite_ref-Armenian_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenian-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="width:123px;">Coptic Orthodox tradition </th> <th style="width:123px;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> traditions </th> <th style="width:123px;"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a> traditions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Canonical_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical Gospels">Canonical Gospels</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-infancy_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infancy-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goth_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goth-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Tatian_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatian-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic History</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Acts of Paul and Thecla</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-AoP_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoP-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Epistles">Catholic Epistles</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a><sup id="cite_ref-Addition_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Addition-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-AoP_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AoP-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(early tradition) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></td> <td style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in some eds.<br /><sup id="cite_ref-Laodiceans_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laodiceans-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#fc9; text-align:center;">No − inc. in some mss.</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-ApocPeter_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApocPeter-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Luther_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luther-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#1CAC78; text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-Syriac_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fathers_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fathers-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Church Orders</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Apostloic_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apostloic-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Alexandrinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Hierosolymitanus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Clement">2 Clement</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices Alexandrinus and Hierosolymitanus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(<a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codices Hierosolymitanus and Sinaiticus) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a><sup id="cite_ref-ApFa_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td colspan="7" style="background:#FFA6C9; text-align:center;">No<br />(Codex Hierosolymitanus) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ser`atä Seyon<br />(<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Sinodos</a>)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Te'ezaz<br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gessew<br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abtelis<br />(Sinodos)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Book of the<br />Covenant 1</a><br />(Mäshafä Kidan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Book of the<br />Covenant 2<br />(Mäshafä Kidan)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopic Clement</a><br />(Qälëmentos)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopic_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopic-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Ethiopic_Didascalia" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Ethiopic Didescalia</a><br />(Didesqelya)<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopic_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopic-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#40E0D0; text-align:center;">Yes<br />(broader canon)</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Table notes</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Armenian-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armenian_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The growth and development of the Armenian biblical canon is complex; extra-canonical New Testament books appear in historical canon lists and recensions that are either distinct to this tradition, or where they do exist elsewhere, never achieved the same status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the books are not listed in this table; these include the Prayer of <a href="/wiki/Euthalius" title="Euthalius">Euthalius</a>, the Repose of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Evangelist">St. John the Evangelist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a>, a reading from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Canons" title="Apostolic Canons">the Second Apostolic Canons</a>, the Words of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Justus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius Areopagite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Preaching_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching of Peter">Preaching of Peter</a>, and a Poem by <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Various sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> also mention undefined Armenian canonical additions to the Gospels of Mark and John. These may refer to the general additions—Mark 16:9–20 and John 7:53–8:11—discussed elsewhere in these notes.) A possible exception here to canonical exclusivity is the Second Apostolic Canons, which share a common source—the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a>—with certain parts of the Orthodox Tewahedo New Testament broader canon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>Acts of Thaddeus</i> was included in the biblical canon of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tatev" title="Gregory of Tatev">Gregory of Tatev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENersessian200129_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENersessian200129-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some uncertainty about whether Armenian canon lists include the Doctrine of Addai or the related <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thaddeus" title="Acts of Thaddeus">Acts of Thaddeus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, the correspondence between King <a href="/wiki/Abgar_V" title="Abgar V">Abgar V</a> and Jesus Christ, which is found in various forms—including within both the Doctrine of Addai and the Acts of Thaddeus—sometimes appears separately (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.looys.net/BIBCANON.DOC">list</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). The Prayer of Euthalius and the Repose of St. John the Evangelist appear in the appendix of the 1805 Armenian Zohrab Bible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the aforementioned books, though they are found within canon lists, have nonetheless never been discovered to be part of any Armenian biblical manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENersessian200129_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENersessian200129-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infancy-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infancy_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though widely regarded as non-canonical,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Gospel of James obtained early liturgical acceptance among some Eastern churches and remains a major source for many of Christendom's traditions related to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatian-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatian_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatian" title="Tatian">Tatian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">gospel harmony</a>, became a standard text in some Syriac-speaking churches down to the 5th century, when it gave way to the four separate gospels found in the Peshitta.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Addition-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Addition_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parts of these four books are not found in the most reliable ancient sources; in some cases, are thought to be later additions, and have therefore not appeared historically in every biblical tradition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are as follows: <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16:9–20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">John 7:53–8:11</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comma_Johanneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma Johanneum">Comma Johanneum</a>, and portions of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles#Manuscripts" title="Acts of the Apostles">Western version of Acts</a>. To varying degrees, arguments for the authenticity of these passages—especially for the one from the Gospel of John—have occasionally been made.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goth-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goth_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Skeireins" title="Skeireins">Skeireins</a>, a commentary on the Gospel of John in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a>, was included in the <a href="/wiki/Wulfila_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Wulfila Bible">Wulfila Bible</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It exists today only in fragments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AoP-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AoP_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AoP_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Acts of Paul and Thecla and the Third Epistle to the Corinthians are all portions of the greater <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a> narrative, which is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a>, but has survived only in fragments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the content within these individual sections may have developed separately.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luther-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luther_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These four works were questioned or "<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">spoken against</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, and he changed the order of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">his New Testament</a> to reflect this, but he did not leave them out, nor has any <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> body since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditional German Luther Bibles are still printed with the New Testament in this changed "Lutheran" order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The vast majority of Protestants embrace these four works as fully canonical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syriac-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syriac_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Peshitta excludes 2 John, 3 John, 2 Peter, Jude, and Revelation, but certain Bibles of the modern Syriac traditions include later translations of those books.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still today, the official <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionary</a> followed by the Syriac Orthodox Church and the Assyrian Church of the East presents lessons from only the twenty-two books of Peshitta, the version to which appeal is made for the settlement of doctrinal questions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laodiceans-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laodiceans_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Epistle to the Laodiceans is present in some western non-Roman Catholic translations and traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Especially of note is <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s inclusion of the epistle in his English translation,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>' use of it to the point where they produced a translation and made pleas for its canonicity, see Poole's <i>Annotations</i>, on Col. 4:16. The epistle is nonetheless widely rejected by the vast majority of Protestants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApocPeter-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ApocPeter_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, though not listed in this table, is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> and is part of a stichometric catalogue of New Testament canon found in the Codex Claromontanus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was also held in high regard by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fathers-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fathers_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other known writings of the Apostolic Fathers not listed in this table are as follows: the seven <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Ignatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Ignatius">Epistles of Ignatius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistle of Polycarp">Epistle of Polycarp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a>, the fragment of <a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a>, the fragments of <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, the Reliques of the Elders Preserved in <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apostloic-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apostloic_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though they are not listed in this table, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">Apostolic Constitutions</a> were considered canonical by some including <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Aristenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexius Aristenus">Alexius Aristenus</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Grigor_Tatevatsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigor Tatevatsi">Grigor Tat`evatsi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are even classified as part of the New Testament canon within the body of the Constitutions itself; moreover, they are the source for a great deal of the content in the Orthodox Tewahedo broader canon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ApFa-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ApFa_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">These five writings attributed to the Apostolic Fathers are not currently considered canonical in any biblical tradition, though they are more highly regarded by some more than others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonetheless, their early authorship and inclusion in ancient biblical codices, as well as their acceptance to varying degrees by various early authorities, requires them to be treated as foundational literature for Christianity as a whole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2016)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopic-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopic_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopic_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethiopic Clement and the Ethiopic Didascalia are distinct from and should not be confused with other ecclesiastical documents known in the west by similar names.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_order">Book order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Book order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The order in which the books of the New Testament appear differs between some collections and ecclesiastical traditions. In the Latin West, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> (an early 5th-century Latin version of the Bible), the four Gospels were arranged in the following order: Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> places the major Catholic epistles (James, 1 Peter, and 1 John) immediately after Acts and before the Pauline epistles. </p><p>The order of an early edition of the letters of Paul is based on the size of the letters: longest to shortest, though keeping 1 and 2 Corinthians and 1 and 2 Thessalonians together. The Pastoral epistles were apparently not part of the <i>Corpus Paulinum</i> in which this order originated and were later inserted after 2 Thessalonians and before Philemon. Hebrews was variously incorporated into the <i>Corpus Paulinum</i> either after 2 Thessalonians, after Philemon (i.e. at the very end), or after Romans. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a>, found in the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a>, continues to place Hebrews, James, Jude, and the Apocalypse (Revelation) last. This reflects the thoughts of the Reformer Martin Luther on the canonicity of these books.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors">Authors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship of the Bible</a></div> <p>It is considered the books of the New Testament were all or nearly all written by <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>—that is, Jewish disciples of Christ, who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and under <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell200916_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell200916-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts is frequently thought of as an exception; scholars are divided as to whether he was a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strelan2013_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strelan2013-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few scholars identify the author of the Gospel of Mark as probably a Gentile, and similarly for the Gospel of Matthew, though most assert Jewish-Christian authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (February 2016)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, more recently the above understanding has been challenged by the publication of evidence showing only educated elites after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish War</a> would have been capable of producing the prose found in the Gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2023)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospels">Gospels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gospels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/220px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/330px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg/440px-The_Evangelist_Matthew_Inspired_by_an_Angel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><i>Evangelist Mathäus und der Engel</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1661</figcaption></figure> <p>Authorship of the Gospels remains divided among both evangelical and critical scholars. The names of each Gospel stems from church tradition, and yet the authors of the Gospels do not identify themselves in their respective texts. All four gospels and the Acts of the Apostles are <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_work" title="Anonymous work">anonymous works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985501_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985501-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gospel of John claims to be based on eyewitness testimony from the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>, but never names this character. The author of <a href="/wiki/Luke-Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke-Acts">Luke-Acts</a> claimed to access an eyewitness to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>; this claim remains accepted by most scholars. <sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Objections to this viewpoint mainly take the form of the following two interpretations, but also include the claim that Luke-Acts contains differences in theology and historical narrative which are irreconcilable with the authentic letters of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>, none of the authors of the Gospels were eyewitnesses or even explicitly claimed to be eyewitnesses of Jesus's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003235_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003235-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004b[httpsarchiveorgdetailstruthfictionin00ehrmpage110_110]_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004b[httpsarchiveorgdetailstruthfictionin00ehrmpage110_110]-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailslostgospelofjuda00ehrmpage143_143]_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailslostgospelofjuda00ehrmpage143_143]-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrman has argued for a scholarly consensus that many New Testament books were not written by the individuals whose names are attached to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006143_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006143-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009102–04_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009102–04-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarly opinion is that names were fixed to the gospels by the mid second century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickle2001_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickle2001-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars believe that none of the gospels were written in the region of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a> identifies <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, the supposed author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>. Traditionalists tend to support the idea that the writer of the Gospel of John himself claimed to be an eyewitness in their commentaries of <a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">John 21</a>:24 and therefore the gospel was written by an eyewitness.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henry_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is rejected by the majority of modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19889_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19889-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchubert201616_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubert201616-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> scholars hold to the <a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a>, which posits that the <a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Gospel of Mark was the first gospel to be written</a>. On this view, the authors of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> used as sources the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> and a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Q_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Q document">Q document</a> to write their individual gospel accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three gospels are called the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, because they include many of the same stories, often in the same sequence, and sometimes in exactly the same wording. Scholars agree that the Gospel of John was written last, by using a different tradition and body of testimony. In addition, most scholars agree that the author of Luke also wrote the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. Scholars hold that these books constituted two-halves of a single work, <a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Scholars not named. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acts">Acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a></div> <p>The same author appears to have written the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, and most refer to them as the Lucan texts.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most direct evidence comes from the prefaces of each book; both were addressed to <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(Biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilus (Biblical)">Theophilus</a>, and the preface to the Acts of the Apostles references "my former book" about the ministry of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there are linguistic and theological similarities between the two works, suggesting that they have a common author.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle1998259_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle1998259-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce19522_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce19522-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/220px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/330px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/440px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i> by <a href="/wiki/Valentin_de_Boulogne" title="Valentin de Boulogne">Valentin de Boulogne</a> (c. 1618–1620). Most scholars think <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> actually dictated his letters to a secretary.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a>. Seven letters are generally classified as "undisputed", expressing contemporary scholarly near consensus that they are the work of Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians and Philemon. Six additional letters bearing Paul's name do not currently enjoy the same academic consensus: Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy and Titus.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews is, despite unlikely Pauline authorship, often functionally grouped with these thirteen to form a corpus of fourteen "Pauline" epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many scholars uphold the traditional view, some question whether the first three, called the "Deutero-Pauline Epistles", are authentic letters of Paul. As for the latter three, the "Pastoral epistles", some scholars uphold the traditional view of these as the genuine writings of the Apostle Paul;<sup id="cite_ref-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most regard them as <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigrapha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a385_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a385-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One might refer to the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">Third Epistle to the Corinthians</a> as examples of works identified as pseudonymous. Since the early centuries of the church, there has been debate concerning the authorship of the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews, and contemporary scholars generally reject Pauline authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epistles all share common themes, emphasis, vocabulary and style; they exhibit a uniformity of doctrine concerning the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>, Jesus, faith, and various other issues. All of these letters easily fit into the chronology of Paul's journeys depicted in Acts of the Apostles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_epistles">Other epistles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> identifies himself in the opening verse as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ". From the middle of the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">patristic</a> authors cited the <i>Epistle</i> as written by <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient and modern scholars have always been divided on the issue of authorship. Many consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> identifies himself in the opening verse as "Peter, an <a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">apostle</a> of Jesus Christ", and the view that the epistle was written by St. Peter is attested to by a number of <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (140–203), <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (150–222), <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (155–215) and <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a> (185–253). Unlike <a href="/wiki/The_Second_Epistle_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second Epistle of Peter">The Second Epistle of Peter</a>, the authorship of which was debated in antiquity, there was little debate about Peter's authorship of this first epistle until the 18th century. Although 2 Peter internally purports to be a work of the apostle, many biblical scholars have concluded that Peter is not the author.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For an early date and (usually) for a defense of the Apostle Peter's authorship see Kruger,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zahn,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spitta,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bigg,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Green.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Epistle of Jude title is written as follows: "Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and brother of James".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate has continued over the author's identity as the apostle, the brother of Jesus, both, or neither.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johannine_works">Johannine works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Johannine works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a></div> <p>The Gospel of John, the three <a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine epistles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, exhibit marked similarities, although more so between the gospel and the epistles (especially the gospel and 1 John) than between those and Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt20081_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt20081-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars therefore treat the five as a single corpus of <a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a>, albeit not from the same author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006479_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006479-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gospel went through two or three "editions" before reaching its current form around AD 90–110.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It speaks of an unnamed "disciple whom Jesus loved" as the source of its traditions, but does not say specifically that he is its author;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian tradition identifies this disciple as the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">apostle John</a>, but while this idea still has supporters, for a variety of reasons the majority of modern scholars have abandoned it or hold it only tenuously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is significantly different from the synoptic gospels, with major variations in material, theological emphasis, chronology, and literary style, sometimes amounting to contradictions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236–37_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236–37-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> identifies himself several times as "John".<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states that he was on <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a> when he received his first vision.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the author is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>. The author has traditionally been identified with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> to whom the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of John">epistles of John</a> were attributed. It was believed that he was exiled to the island of Patmos during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, and there wrote Revelation. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (c. 100–165 AD) who was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, who had been mentored by John, makes a possible allusion to this book, and credits John as the source.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (c. 115–202) assumes it as a conceded point. According to the <i>Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible</i>, modern scholars are divided between the apostolic view and several alternative hypotheses put forth in the last hundred years or so.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Witherington" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Witherington">Ben Witherington</a> points out that linguistic evidence makes it unlikely that the books were written by the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_the_New_Testament">Dating the New Testament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dating the New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible#Table_IV:_New_Testament" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible § Table IV: New Testament</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_evidence">External evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a> of New Testament books date from the late second to early third centuries (although see <a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">Papyrus 52</a> for a possible exception).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a479–480_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a479–480-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_evidence">Internal evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internal evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary analysis of the New Testament texts themselves can be used to date many of the books of the New Testament to the mid-to-late first century. The earliest works of the New Testament are the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Apostle Paul</a>. It can be determined that <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a> is likely the earliest of these letters, written around 52 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997456–466_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997456–466-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_of_the_New_Testament" title="Language of the New Testament">Language of the New Testament</a></div> <p>The major languages spoken by both Jews and Greeks in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">time of Jesus</a> were <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, and also a colloquial dialect of <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic Hebrew</a>. It is generally agreed by most scholars that the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a> primarily spoke <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic of Jesus">Aramaic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps also some <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>. The majority view is that all of the books that would eventually form the New Testament were written in the Koine Greek language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">As Christianity spread</a>, these books were later translated into other languages, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Egyptian Coptic</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imply or claim that Matthew was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Hebrew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Matthew">Aramaic</a>, and then soon after was written in Koine Greek. Nevertheless, some scholars believe the Gospel of Matthew known today was composed in Greek and is neither directly dependent upon nor a translation of a text in a <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style">Style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> in which the New Testament is written differs from the general Koine Greek used by Greek writers of the same era, a difference that some scholars have explained by the fact that the authors of the New Testament, nearly all Jews and deeply familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, wrote in a Jewish-Greek dialect strongly influenced by Aramaic and Hebrew<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachen19985_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen19985-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a>, related to the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint#Language" title="Septuagint">Greek of the Septuagint</a>). But other scholars say that this view is arrived at by comparing the linguistic style of the New Testament to the preserved writings of the literary men of the era, who imitated the style of the great Attic texts and as a result did not reflect the everyday spoken language, so that this difference in style could be explained by the New Testament being written, unlike other preserved literary material of the era, in the Koine Greek spoken in everyday life, in order to appeal to the common people, a style which has also been found in contemporary non-Jewish texts such as private letters, receipts and petitions discovered in Egypt (where the dry air has preserved these documents which, as everyday material not deemed of literary importance, had not been copied by subsequent generations).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachen19984_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen19984-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon">Development of the New Testament canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Development of the New Testament canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a></div> <p>The process of canonization of the New Testament was complex and lengthy. In the initial centuries of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, there were many books widely considered by the church to be inspired, but there was no single formally recognized New Testament canon.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was characterized by a compilation of books that <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">apostolic tradition</a> considered authoritative in worship and teaching, relevant to the historical situations in which they lived, and consonant with the Old Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writings attributed to the apostles circulated among the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">earliest Christian communities</a> and the Pauline epistles were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the earliest attempts at solidifying a canon was made by <a href="/wiki/Marcion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 140</span> AD, who accepted only a modified version of Luke (the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a>) and ten of Paul's letters, while rejecting the Old Testament entirely. His canon was largely rejected by other groups of Christians, notably the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox Christians</a>, as was his theology, <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Knox,<sup id="cite_ref-knox_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knox-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">David Trobisch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trobisch-2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other scholars, have argued that the church formulated its New Testament canon partially in response to the challenge posed by Marcion. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">epistles of Paul</a> to be divinely inspired "scripture". Other books were held in high esteem but were gradually relegated to the status of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>. Justin Martyr, in the mid <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd century</a>, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on Sunday alongside the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">"writings of the prophets"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a>, dated at between 170 and as late as the end of the 4th century (according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible Dictionary">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a></i>), may be the earliest known New Testament canon attributed to mainstream Christianity. It is similar, but not identical, to the modern New Testament canon. </p><p>The oldest clear endorsement of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John being the only legitimate gospels was written <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180</span> AD. A four gospel canon (the <i>Tetramorph</i>) was asserted by Irenaeus, who refers to it directly<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002301ff_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002301ff-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHIII8_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIII8-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><em>It is not possible that the gospels can be either more or fewer in number than they are.</em> For, since there are four zones of the world in which we live, and four principal winds, while the church is scattered throughout all the world, and the "pillar and ground" of the church is the gospel and the spirit of life; it is fitting that she should have four pillars, breathing out immortality on every side, and vivifying men afresh.<sup id="cite_ref-AHIII8_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIII8-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyon</a> (emphasis added)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The books considered to be authoritative by Irenaeus included the four gospels and many of the letters of Paul, although, based on the arguments Irenaeus made in support of only four authentic gospels, some interpreters deduce that the fourfold Gospel must have still been a novelty in Irenaeus's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002277_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002277-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origen_(3rd_century)"><span id="Origen_.283rd_century.29"></span>Origen (3rd century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Origen (3rd century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 200s, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> may have been using the same twenty-seven books as in the Catholic New Testament canon, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of the Letter to the Hebrews, Epistle of James, II Peter, II John and III John and the Book of Revelation,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as the <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>. Likewise, the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a> is evidence that, perhaps as early as 200, there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to the twenty-seven book NT canon, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while there was a good measure of debate in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> over the New Testament canon, the major writings are claimed to have been accepted by almost all Christians by the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_3rd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 3rd century">3rd century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970308_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970308-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information regarding the texts that became the New Testament. The information used to create the late-4th-century <a href="/wiki/Easter_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Letter">Easter Letter</a>, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> (HE) of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. Eusebius got his information about what texts were then accepted and what were then <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">third-century churches throughout the known world</a>, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, Origen would have possibly included in his list of "inspired writings" other texts kept out by the likes of Eusebius—including the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1_Clement" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Clement">1 Clement</a>. Notwithstanding these facts, "Origen is not the originator of the idea of biblical canon, but he certainly gives the philosophical and literary-interpretative underpinnings for the whole notion."<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eusebius's_Ecclesiastical_History"><span id="Eusebius.27s_Ecclesiastical_History"></span>Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>, gave a detailed list of New Testament writings in his <i>Ecclesiastical History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-08.htm#P1497_696002">Book 3</a>, Chapter XXV: </p> <dl><dd>"1... First then must be put the holy quaternion of the gospels; following them the Acts of the Apostles... the epistles of Paul... the epistle of John... the epistle of Peter... After them is to be placed, if it really seem proper, the Book of Revelation, concerning which we shall give the different opinions at the proper time. These then belong among the accepted writings."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"3 Among the disputed writings, which are nevertheless recognized by many, are extant the so-called epistle of James and that of Jude, also the second epistle of Peter, and those that are called the second and third of John, whether they belong to the evangelist or to another person of the same name. Among the rejected [Kirsopp Lake translation: "not genuine"] writings must be reckoned also the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a>, and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>, and in addition to these the extant <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">epistle of Barnabas</a>, and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Teachings of the Apostles</a>; and besides, as I said, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Apocalypse of John</a>, if it seem proper, which some, as I said, reject, but which others class with the accepted books. And among these some have placed also the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel according to the Hebrews</a>... And all these may be reckoned among the disputed books."</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"6... such books as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospels of Peter</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias" title="Gospel of Matthias">Matthias</a>, or of any others besides them, and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew" title="Acts of Andrew">Acts of Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">John</a> and the other apostles... they clearly show themselves to be the fictions of heretics. Wherefore they are not to be placed even among the rejected writings, but are all of them to be cast aside as absurd and impious."</dd></dl> <p>The Book of Revelation is counted as both accepted (Kirsopp Lake translation: "recognized") and disputed, which has caused some confusion over what exactly Eusebius meant by doing so. From other writings of the church fathers, it was disputed with several canon lists rejecting its canonicity. EH 3.3.5 adds further detail on Paul: "Paul's fourteen epistles are well known and undisputed. It is not indeed right to overlook the fact that some have rejected the Epistle to the Hebrews, saying that it is disputed by the church of Rome, on the ground that it was not written by Paul." EH 4.29.6 mentions the <a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a>: "But their original founder, Tatian, formed a certain combination and collection of the gospels, I know not how, to which he gave the title Diatessaron, and which is still in the hands of some. But they say that he ventured to paraphrase certain words of the apostle Paul, in order to improve their style." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_century_and_later">4th century and later</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 4th century and later"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his Easter letter of 367, <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a>, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of the books that would become the twenty-seven-book NT canon,<sup id="cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindbergCarter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he used the word "canonized" (<i>kanonizomena</i>) in regards to them.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first council that accepted the present canon of the New Testament may have been the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo Regius</a> in North Africa (393 AD). The acts of this council are lost. A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (397)">Council of Carthage (397)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_note_19_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_note_19-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These councils were under the authority of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, who regarded the canon as already closed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988280_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988280-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> in 382, if the <i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gelasianum" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretum Gelasianum">Decretum Gelasianum</a></i> is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above,<sup id="cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LindbergCarter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, if not, the list is at least a 6th-century compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988234_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988234-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> edition of the Bible, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 383</span>, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 405</span>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Pope Innocent I</a> sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, <a href="/wiki/Exuperius" title="Exuperius">Exsuperius of Toulouse</a>. Christian scholars assert that, when these <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> and councils spoke on the matter, they were not defining something new but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1987237–238_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1987237–238-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198897_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198897-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Testament canon as it is now was first listed by <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">St. Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria</a>, in 367, in a letter written to his churches in Egypt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-04/Npnf2-04-93.htm">Festal Letter 39</a>. Also cited is the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a>, but not without controversy. That canon gained wider and wider recognition until it was accepted at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Council of Carthage">Third Council of Carthage</a> in 397 and 419. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> was not added till the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(419)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (419)">Council of Carthage (419)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, some claim that, from the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century#Defining_scripture" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a>, there existed unanimity in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">West</a> concerning the New Testament canon (as it is today),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that, by the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th century</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Church">Eastern Church</a>, with a few exceptions, had come to accept the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> and thus had come into harmony on the matter of the canon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970305_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970305-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, full dogmatic articulations of the canon were not made until the <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Trent" title="Canon of Trent">Canon of Trent</a> of 1546 for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> of 1563 for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> of 1647 for <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Synod of Jerusalem</a> of 1672 for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>. </p><p>On the question of NT Canon formation generally, New Testament scholar Lee Martin McDonald has written that:<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Although a number of Christians have thought that <a href="/wiki/Church_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Church council">church councils</a> determined what books were to be included in the biblical canons, a more accurate reflection of the matter is that the councils recognized or acknowledged those books that had already obtained prominence from usage among the various early Christian communities.</p></blockquote> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> article on the Canon of the New Testament: "The idea of a complete and clear-cut canon of the New Testament existing from the beginning, that is from Apostolic times, has no foundation in history. The Canon of the New Testament, like that of the Old, is the result of a development, of a process at once stimulated by disputes with doubters, both within and without the Church, and retarded by certain obscurities and natural hesitations, and which did not reach its final term until the dogmatic definition of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Tridentine Council</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 331, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I and Christianity">Constantine I</a> commissioned Eusebius to deliver <a href="/wiki/Fifty_Bibles_of_Constantine" title="Fifty Bibles of Constantine">fifty Bibles</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Constantinople">Church of Constantinople</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> (<i>Apol. Const. 4</i>) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans</a>. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_1209" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209">Codex Vaticanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> may be examples of these Bibles. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">Codex Alexandrinus</a>, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002414–415_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002414–415-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_manuscripts">Early manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Early manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/220px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/330px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg/440px-Papyrus_Bodmer_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Papyrus Bodmer VIII, at the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, showing 1 and 2 Peter.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Regius_(019).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG/220px-Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG/330px-Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG/440px-Codex_Regius_%28019%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Regius_(New_Testament)" title="Codex Regius (New Testament)">Codex Regius (L or <b>019</b>)</a>, an 8th-century Greek manuscript of the New Testament with strong affinities to <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscripts</a></div> <p>Like other literature from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, the text of the New Testament was (prior to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>) preserved and transmitted in <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscripts">manuscripts</a>. Manuscripts containing at least a part of the New Testament number in the thousands. The earliest of these (like manuscripts containing other literature) are often very fragmentarily preserved. Some of these fragments have even been thought to date as early as the 2nd century (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">Papyrus 90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_98" title="Papyrus 98">Papyrus 98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">Papyrus 104</a>, and famously <a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">Rylands Library Papyrus P52</a>, though the early date of the latter has recently been called into question).<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_variation">Textual variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Textual variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_New_Testament" title="Textual variants in the New Testament">Textual variants in the New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism_of_the_New_Testament" title="Textual criticism of the New Testament">Textual criticism of the New Testament</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a> deals with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">texts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscripts">manuscripts</a>. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> made errors or alterations (such as including non-authentic <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">additions</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman200546_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman200546-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Testament has been preserved in more than 5,800 <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> manuscripts, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscripts and 9,300 manuscripts in various other ancient languages including <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. Even if the original Greek versions were lost, the entire New Testament could still be assembled from the translations.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are so many quotes from the New Testament in early church documents and commentaries that the entire New Testament could also be assembled from these alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> writings of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> come from the 2nd century AD, and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198114_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198114-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, but it also gives scholars a better idea of how close modern Bibles are to the original versions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198114_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198114-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On noting the large number of surviving ancient manuscripts, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a> sums up the view on the issue by saying "The more often you have copies that agree with each other, especially if they emerge from different geographical areas, the more you can cross-check them to figure out what the original document was like. The only way they'd agree would be where they went back genealogically in a family tree that represents the descent of the manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpolations">Interpolations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Interpolations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In attempting to determine the original text of the New Testament books, some modern textual critics have identified sections as additions of material, centuries after the gospel was written. These are called <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolations</a>. In modern translations of the Bible, the results of textual criticism have led to certain verses, words and phrases being left out or marked as not original. According to <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, "These scribal additions are often found in late medieval manuscripts of the New Testament, but not in the manuscripts of the earlier centuries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmisquotingjesuss00ehrmpage265_265]_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmisquotingjesuss00ehrmpage265_265]-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate passages that have disputed source documents. Bible commentaries also discuss these, sometimes in great detail. While many variations have been discovered between early copies of biblical texts, almost all have no importance, as they are variations in spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Also, many of these variants are so particular to the Greek language that they would not appear in translations into other languages. For example, order of words (i.e. "man bites dog" versus "dog bites man") often does not matter in Greek, so textual variants that flip the order of words often have no consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of these unimportant variants, there are a couple variants of some importance. The two most commonly cited examples are the <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">last verses of the Gospel of Mark</a><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the story of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a> in the Gospel of John.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Pericope_adulterae"_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Pericope_adulterae"-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars and critics also believe that the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Johannine Comma</a> reference supporting the <a href="/wiki/Trinity#Theology" title="Trinity">Trinity doctrine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> to have been a later addition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman200580-83_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman200580-83-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Geisler" title="Norman Geisler">Norman Geisler</a> and William Nix, "The New Testament, then, has not only survived in more manuscripts than any other book from antiquity, but it has survived in a purer form than any other great book—a form that is 99.5% pure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994367_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994367-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg/220px-RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg/330px-RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg/440px-RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rossano_Gospels" title="Rossano Gospels">Rossano Gospels</a>, sixth century, a representative of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> text</figcaption></figure> <p>The often referred to <i>Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</i>, a book written to prove the validity of the New Testament, says: "A study of 150 Greek [manuscripts] of the Gospel of Luke has revealed more than 30,000 different readings... It is safe to say that there is not one sentence in the New Testament in which the [manuscript] is wholly uniform."<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_criticism">Biblical criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Biblical criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> is the scholarly "study and investigation of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">biblical writings</a> that seeks to make discerning judgments about these writings."<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishing_a_critical_text">Establishing a critical text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Establishing a critical text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscripts</a></div> <p>The <a href="#Textual_variation">textual variation</a> among manuscript copies of books in the New Testament prompted attempts to discern the earliest form of text already in antiquity (e.g., by the 3rd-century Christian author <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>). The efforts began in earnest again during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, which saw a revival of the study of ancient Greek texts. During this period, modern <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> was born. In this context, <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> promoted a return to the original Greek of the New Testament. This was the beginning of modern <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_textual_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament textual criticism">New Testament textual criticism</a>, which over subsequent centuries would increasingly incorporate more and more manuscripts, in more languages (i.e., versions of the New Testament), as well as citations of the New Testament by ancient authors and the New Testament text in <a href="/wiki/Lectionary" title="Lectionary">lectionaries</a> in order to reconstruct the earliest recoverable form of the New Testament text and the history of changes to it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_earlier_and_contemporaneous_literature">Relationship to earlier and contemporaneous literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Relationship to earlier and contemporaneous literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible</a></div> <p>Books that later formed the New Testament, like other Christian literature of the period, originated in a literary context that reveals relationships not only to other Christian writings, but also to <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Graeco-Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism#Antiquity" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> works. Of singular importance is the extensive use of and interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Jewish Bible</a> and what would become the Christian Old Testament. Both implicit and explicit citations, as well as countless allusions, appear throughout the books of the New Testament, from the Gospels and Acts, to the Epistles, to the Apocalypse.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_versions">Early versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Early versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first translations (usually called "versions") of the New Testament were made beginning already at the end of 2nd century. The earliest versions of the New Testament are the translations into the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus19541–128,_211–240_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus19541–128,_211–240-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac">Syriac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Syriac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Bible" title="Syriac versions of the Bible">Syriac versions of the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg/220px-RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg/330px-RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg/440px-RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rabbula_Gospels" title="Rabbula Gospels">Rabbula Gospels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebian_Canons" title="Eusebian Canons">Eusebian Canons</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philoxenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Philoxenian">Philoxenian</a> probably was produced in 508 for <a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Mabbug" title="Philoxenus of Mabbug">Bishop Philoxenus of Mabbug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger19773–98_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger19773–98-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic">Coptic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Coptic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Coptic" title="Bible translations into Coptic">Bible translations into Coptic</a></div> <p>There are several dialects of the Coptic language: <a href="/wiki/Bohairic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohairic">Bohairic</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fayyumic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayyumic">Fayyumic</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sahidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahidic">Sahidic</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Akhmimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmimic">Akhmimic</a> (what is now <a href="/wiki/Sohag_Governorate" title="Sohag Governorate">Sohag Governorate</a> in Upper Egypt), and others. The first translation was made by at least the third century into the Sahidic dialect (cop<sup>sa</sup>). This translation represents a mixed text, mostly <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_text-type" title="Alexandrian text-type">Alexandrian</a>, though also with <a href="/wiki/Western_text-type" title="Western text-type">Western</a> readings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954216–229_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954216–229-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Bohairic translation was made later, but existed already in the 4th century. Though the translation makes less use of Greek words than the Sahidic, it does employ some Greek grammar (e.g., in word-order and the use of particles such as the syntactic construction μεν—δε). For this reason, the Bohairic translation can be helpful in the reconstruction of the early Greek text of the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954229–237Metzger197799–152_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954229–237Metzger197799–152-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_ancient_translations">Other ancient translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other ancient translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_translations_of_the_New_Testament" title="Early translations of the New Testament">Early translations of the New Testament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/220px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/330px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg/440px-Matthew%27s_Gospel_-_British_Library_Add._MS_59874_Ethiopian_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>BL Add. MS 59874 with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The continued spread of Christianity, and the foundation of national churches, led to the translation of the Bible—often beginning with books from the New Testament—into a variety of other languages at a relatively early date: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Georgian" title="Bible translations into Georgian">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopic">Ethiopic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Persian" title="Bible translations into Persian">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Sogdian" title="Bible translations into Sogdian">Sogdian</a>, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Church_Slavonic" title="Bible translations into Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Arabic" title="Bible translations into Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Nubian" title="Bible translations into Nubian">Nubian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_translations">Modern translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Modern translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg/220px-Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg/330px-Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg/440px-Albert_Gebhard_-_Gustav_Vasa_and_Mikael_Agricola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> hands over the Finnish-language translation, <i><a href="/wiki/Se_Wsi_Testamenti" title="Se Wsi Testamenti">Se Wsi Testamenti</a></i>, to King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav Wasa of Sweden</a> in 1548.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 16th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and an explosion of translations of the New (and Old) Testament into the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>. Notable are those of <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Martin Luther</a> (1522), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27%C3%89taples" title="Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples">Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples</a> (1523), the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Bible">Froschau Bible</a> (1525–1529, revised in 1574), <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">William Tyndale</a> (1526, revised in 1534, 1535 and 1536), the <a href="/wiki/Brest_Bible" title="Brest Bible">Brest Bible</a> (1563), and the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized Version</a> (also called the "King James Version") (1611). </p><p>Translations of the New Testament made since the appearance of critical editions of the Greek text (notably those of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Tischendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Testament_in_the_Original_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Testament in the Original Greek">Westcott and Hort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Von_Soden_catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Soden catalogue">von Soden</a>) have largely used them as their <a href="/wiki/Source_text" title="Source text">base text</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a>, they have a pronounced Alexandrian character. Standard critical editions are those of <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Nestle-Åland</a> (the text, though not the full critical apparatus of which is reproduced in the <a href="/wiki/United_Bible_Societies" title="United Bible Societies">United Bible Societies</a>' "Greek New Testament"), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Souter" title="Alexander Souter">Souter</a>, Vogels, Bover and Merk. </p><p>Notable translations of the New Testament based on these most recent critical editions include the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">Revised Standard Version</a> (1946, revised in 1971), <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bible_de_J%C3%A9rusalem" class="extiw" title="fr:La Bible de Jérusalem">La Bible de Jérusalem</a> (1961, revised in 1973 and 2000), the <a href="/wiki/Einheits%C3%BCbersetzung" title="Einheitsübersetzung">Einheitsübersetzung</a> (1970, final edition 1979), the <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a> (1970, revised in 1986 and 2011), the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a> (1973, revised in 1984 and 2011), the <a href="/wiki/Traduction_Oecum%C3%A9nique_de_la_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Traduction Oecuménique de la Bible">Traduction Oecuménique de la Bible</a> (1988, revised in 2004), the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> (1989) and the <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">English Standard Version</a> (2001, revised in 2007, 2011 and 2016). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_interpretation_in_Christian_churches">Theological interpretation in Christian churches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Theological interpretation in Christian churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_theology" title="New Testament theology">New Testament theology</a></div> <p>According to Gary T. Meadors: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The self-witness of the Bible to its inspiration demands a commitment to its unity. The ultimate basis for unity is contained in the claim of divine inspiration in 2 Timothy 3:16<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that "all Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness" (KJV). The term "inspiration" renders the Greek word <i>theopneustos</i>. This term only occurs here in the New Testament and literally means "God-breathed" (the chosen translation of the NIV).<sup id="cite_ref-Elwell_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwell-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_in_diversity">Unity in diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Unity in diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Unity_in_diversity" title="Unity in diversity">unity in diversity</a> of Scripture claims that the Bible presents a noncontradictory and consistent message concerning God and redemptive history. The fact of diversity is observed in comparing the diversity of time, culture, authors' perspectives, literary genre, and the theological themes.<sup id="cite_ref-Elwell_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwell-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies from many theologians considering the "unity in diversity" to be found in the New Testament (and the Bible as a whole) have been collected and summarized by New Testament theologian <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(theologian)" title="Frank Stagg (theologian)">Frank Stagg</a>. He describes them as some basic presuppositions, tenets, and concerns common among the New Testament writers, giving to the New Testament its "unity in diversity": </p> <ol><li>The reality of God is never argued but is always assumed and affirmed</li> <li>Jesus Christ is absolutely central: he is Lord and Savior, the foretold Prophet, the Messianic King, the Chosen, the way, the truth, and the light, the One through whom God the Father not only acted but through whom He came</li> <li>The Holy Spirit came anew with Jesus Christ.</li> <li>The Christian faith and life are a calling, rooted in divine election.</li> <li>The plight of everyone as sinner means that each person is completely dependent upon the mercy and grace of God</li> <li>Salvation is both God's gift and his demand through Jesus Christ, to be received by faith</li> <li>The death and resurrection of Jesus are at the heart of the total event of which he was the center</li> <li>God creates a people of his own, designated and described by varied terminology and analogies</li> <li>History must be understood eschatologically, being brought along toward its ultimate goal when the kingdom of God, already present in Christ, is brought to its complete triumph</li> <li>In Christ, all of God's work of creation, revelation, and redemption is brought to fulfillment<sup id="cite_ref-Stagg_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagg-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholicism,_Eastern_Orthodoxy,_and_Classical_Anglicanism"><span id="Roman_Catholicism.2C_Eastern_Orthodoxy.2C_and_Classical_Anglicanism"></span>Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Classical Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Classical Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, there are two modes of Revelation: Scripture and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>. Both of them are interpreted by the teachings of the Church. The Roman Catholic view is expressed clearly in the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> (1997): </p> <blockquote> <p>§ 82: As a result the Church, to whom the transmission and interpretation of Revelation is entrusted, does not derive her certainty about all revealed truths from the holy Scriptures alone. Both Scripture and Tradition must be accepted and honoured with equal sentiments of devotion and reverence. <br /> § 107: The inspired books teach the truth. Since therefore all that the inspired authors or sacred writers affirm should be regarded as affirmed by the Holy Spirit, we must acknowledge that the books of Scripture firmly, faithfully, and without error teach that truth which God, for the sake of our salvation, wished to see confided to the Sacred Scriptures. </p> </blockquote><p>In Catholic terminology the teaching office is called the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a>. The Catholic view should not be confused with the two-source theory. As the Catechism states in §§ 80 and 81, Revelation has "one common source ... two distinct modes of transmission."<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> writers distinguish between Scripture and Tradition, Bishop Kallistos Ware says that for the Orthodox there is only one source of the Christian faith, Holy Tradition, within which Scripture exists.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglicans</a> believe that "Holy Scripture containeth all things necessary to salvation", (Article VI), but also that the Catholic Creeds "ought thoroughly to be received and believed" (Article VIII), and that the Church "hath authority in Controversies of Faith" and is "a witness and keeper of Holy Writ" (Article XX).<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the famous words of Thomas Ken, Bishop of Bath and Wells: "As for my religion, I dye in the holy catholic and apostolic faith professed by the whole Church before the disunion of East and West, more particularly in the communion of the Church of England, as it stands distinguished from all Papal and Puritan innovations, and as it adheres to the doctrine of the Cross."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (September 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i>, Protestants believe that their traditions of faith, practice and interpretations carry forward what the scriptures teach, and so tradition is not a source of authority in itself. Their traditions derive authority from the Bible, and are therefore always open to reevaluation. This openness to doctrinal revision has extended in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Protestant">Liberal Protestant</a> traditions even to the reevaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Scripture">doctrine of Scripture</a> upon which the Reformation was founded, and members of these traditions may even question whether the Bible is infallible in doctrine, inerrant in historical and other factual statements, and whether it has uniquely divine authority. The adjustments made by modern Protestants to their doctrine of scripture vary widely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_evangelical_and_fundamentalist_Protestantism">American evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: American evangelical and fundamentalist Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the US, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a> (1978) articulates evangelical views on this issue. Paragraph four of its summary states: "Being wholly and verbally God-given, Scripture is without error or fault in all its teaching, no less in what it states about God's acts in creation, about the events of world history, and about its own literary origins under God, than in its witness to God's saving grace in individual lives."<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_mainline_and_liberal_Protestantism">American mainline and liberal Protestantism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: American mainline and liberal Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_Testament" title="Special:EditPage/New Testament">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Officials of the Presbyterian Church USA report: "We acknowledge the role of scriptural authority in the Presbyterian Church, but Presbyterians generally do not believe in biblical inerrancy. Presbyterians do not insist that every detail of chronology or sequence or prescientific description in scripture be true in literal form. Our confessions do teach biblical infallibility. Infallibility affirms the entire truthfulness of scripture without depending on every exact detail."<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Messianic_Judaism">Messianic Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Messianic Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> generally holds the same view of New Testament authority as evangelical Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-Beit_Simcha_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beit_Simcha-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the view of some Messianic Jewish congregations, Jesus did not annul the Torah, but that its interpretation is revised and ultimately explained through the Apostolic Scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-KehilatTNuvahSOF1_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KehilatTNuvahSOF1-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"><span id="Jehovah.27s_Witnesses"></span>Jehovah's Witnesses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> accept the New Testament as divinely inspired Scripture, and as infallible in every detail, with equal authority as the Hebrew Scriptures. They view it as the written revelation and good news of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">ransom sacrifice of Jesus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>, explaining and expounding the Hebrew Bible, not replacing but vitally supplementing it. They also view the New Testament as the primary instruction guide for Christian living, and <a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">church discipline</a>. They generally call the New Testament the "Christian Greek Scriptures", and see only the "covenants" as "old" or "new", but not any part of the actual Scriptures themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Pentecostals">United Pentecostals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United Pentecostals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a> subscribes to the common Protestant doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i>. They view the Bible as the inspired Word of God, and as absolutely <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">inerrant</a> in its contents (though not necessarily in every translation).<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regard the New Testament as perfect and inerrant in every way, revealing the Lord Jesus Christ in the Flesh, and his Atonement, and which also explains and illuminates the Old Testament perfectly, and is part of the Bible canon, not because church councils or decrees claimed it so, but by witness of the Holy Spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> holds the New Testament as the inspired Word of God, with God influencing the "thoughts" of the Apostles in the writing, not necessarily every word though. The first fundamental belief of the Seventh-Day Adventist church stated that "The Holy Scriptures are the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible</a> revelation of [God's] will." <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventist theologians</a> generally reject the "verbal inspiration" position on Scripture held by many conservative <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a>. They believe instead that God inspired the thoughts of the biblical authors and apostles, and that the writers then expressed these thoughts in their own words.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is popularly known as "thought inspiration", and most Adventist members hold to that view. According to Ed Christian, former <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Adventist_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Adventist Theological Society">JATS</a></i> editor, "few if any <a href="/wiki/Adventist_Theological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Theological Society">ATS</a> members believe in verbal inerrancy".<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a> should be applied came up at Adventist conferences in the past, and Adventist theologians such as <a href="/wiki/A._T._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="A. T. Jones">A. T. Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._J._Waggoner" class="mw-redirect" title="E. J. Waggoner">E. J. Waggoner</a> looked at the problem addressed by Paul in <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> as not the ceremonial law, but rather the wrong use of the law (<a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalism</a>). They were opposed by <a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Ide_Butler" title="George Ide Butler">George Butler</a> at the 1888 Conference. Smith in particular thought the Galatians issue had been settled by Ellen White already, yet in 1890 she claimed that justification by faith is "the <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">third angel's message</a> in verity."<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White interpreted Colossians 2:14<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as saying that the ceremonial law was nailed to the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latter-day_Saints">Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) believe that the New Testament, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Christian biblical canon</a>, is accurate "as far as it is translated correctly".<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe the Bible as originally revealed is the word of God, but that the processes of transcription and translation have introduced errors into the texts as currently available, and therefore they cannot be regarded as completely inerrant.<sup id="cite_ref-Givens2015_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Givens2015-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LDSInerrancy_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDSInerrancy-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Old and New Testaments, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon:_Another_Testament_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ">Book of Mormon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a> are considered part of their scriptural canon.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaulsenMusser2007_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaulsenMusser2007-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Harcleianus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Codex_Harcleianus.PNG/220px-Codex_Harcleianus.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Codex_Harcleianus.PNG/330px-Codex_Harcleianus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Codex_Harcleianus.PNG/440px-Codex_Harcleianus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine lectionary, <i><a href="/wiki/Lectionary_150" title="Lectionary 150">Codex Harleianus</a></i> (<i>l</i><sup>150</sup>), 995 AD, text of John 1:18.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_arts">In the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: In the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion play</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/220px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/330px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg/440px-GaudenzioFerrari_StorieCristo_Varallo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaudenzio_Ferrari" title="Gaudenzio Ferrari">Gaudenzio Ferrari</a>'s <i>Stories of the Life and Passion of Christ</i>, fresco, 1513, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Varallo Sesia, Italy. Depicting the life of Jesus</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:G.F.H%C3%A4ndel-Halleluja_hoerprobe.ogg" title="File:G.F.Händel-Halleluja hoerprobe.ogg">"Hallelujah" chorus</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="174" data-mwtitle="G.F.Händel-Halleluja_hoerprobe.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/G.F.H%C3%A4ndel-Halleluja_hoerprobe.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/af/G.F.H%C3%A4ndel-Halleluja_hoerprobe.ogg/G.F.H%C3%A4ndel-Halleluja_hoerprobe.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The text of the famous "Hallelujah" chorus in G. F. Händel's <i>Messiah</i> is drawn from three passages in the Book of Revelation: 19:6, 11:5, and 19:16 (audio clip from the German translation of the <i>Messiah</i>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p> Most of the influence of the New Testament upon <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> has come from the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Literary expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> found in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke began already in the 2nd century, and the portrayal of the Nativity has continued in various art forms to this day. The <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian art">earliest Christian art</a> would often depict scenes from the New Testament such as the <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">raising of Lazarus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptism of Jesus</a> or the motif of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_paraphrase" title="Biblical paraphrase">Biblical paraphrases</a> and poetic renditions of stories from the life of Christ (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a>) became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, as did the portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">arrest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of Jesus">trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">execution</a> of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Passion_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion play">Passion plays</a>. Indeed, the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> became a central theme in Christian <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_arts" title="Crucifixion in the arts">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">music</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Category:Portrayals_of_Jesus_in_film" title="Category:Portrayals of Jesus in film">ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)#Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a> of Jesus, as portrayed in one or more of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_based_on_the_Gospels" title="Category:Films based on the Gospels">New Testament Gospels</a>, has also been a theme in film, almost since the inception of the medium (e.g., <i>La Passion</i>, France, 1903). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews">Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlier_Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians">Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians</a> Non-canonical books referenced in the New Testament</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List of Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη</span>, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transl.</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hē Kainḕ Diathḗkē</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Novum Testamentum</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הברית החדשה</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aside from Philemon, the authenticity of these letters has been challenged within biblical scholarship since the 19th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the pact between Jacob with Laban in Genesis (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/genesis/31-44.htm">Genesis 31:44</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the covenant at Mount Sinai (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/exodus/19-5.htm">Exodus 19:5</a>) or the "new covenant" verse from Jeremiah 31:31 above (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/interlinear/jeremiah/31-31.htm">Jeremiah 31:31</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian124.html"><i>Against Marcion, Book IV</i></a>, chapters I, II, XIV. His meaning in chapter XX is less clear, and in chapters IX and XL he uses the term to mean 'new covenant'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> in his <i>Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i> writes: "At this point<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries.... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <i>pelikois grammasin</i>), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Gospels are in this order in many Old Latin manuscripts, as well as in the Greek manuscripts <a href="/wiki/Codex_Bezae" title="Codex Bezae">Codex Bezae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Washingtonianus" title="Codex Washingtonianus">Codex Washingtonianus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the article on the <a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lock,_Meinertz_p.622_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a> lists the following scholars as supporting authenticity: Wohlenberg, Lock, Meinertz, Thörnell, Schlatter, Spicq, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jeremias" title="Joachim Jeremias">Jeremias</a>, Simpson, Kelly, and Fee<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1990621–622_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1990621–622-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although Hebrews was almost certainly not written by Paul, it has been a part of the Pauline corpus "from the beginning of extant MS production".<sup id="cite_ref-hebot01_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebot01-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_primary_sources-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_primary_sources_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders (2010)</a>: "John, however, is so different that it cannot be reconciled with the Synoptics except in very general ways [...] Scholars have unanimously chosen the Synoptic Gospels’ version of Jesus’ teaching [...] The Synoptic Gospels, then, are the primary sources for knowledge of the historical Jesus. They are not, however, the equivalent of an academic biography of a recent historical figure. Instead, the Synoptic Gospels are theological documents that provide information the authors regarded as necessary for the religious development of the Christian communities in which they worked."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/texts/bible.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: The Bible"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+The+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Ftexts%2Fbible.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilDominguez2022" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Jesus; Dominguez, Joseangel (2022). <i>Bible Portico</i>. Translated by Scott, Helena. Saxum International Foundation. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7"><bdi>979-12-80113-17-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Portico&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Saxum+International+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-12-80113-17-7&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Joseangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LindbergCarter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LindbergCarter_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2006" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Carter (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistorychri00lind"><i>A Brief History of Christianity</i></a></span>. Blackwell Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistorychri00lind/page/n26">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1078-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-1078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1078-5&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistorychri00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_K%C3%BCmmel" title="Werner Kümmel">Kümmel, Werner Georg</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00kum_u2q"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Clark_Kee" title="Howard Clark Kee">Kee, Howard Clark</a> (English translation of revised 17th ed.). Nashville: Abdingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-687-19575-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-687-19575-6"><bdi>0-687-19575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Nashville&rft.edition=English+translation+of+revised+17th&rft.pub=Abdingdon+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-687-19575-6&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Werner+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00kum_u2q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, John Arthur Thomas (2000) [1976]. <i>Redating the New Testament</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-527-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-527-3"><bdi>978-1-57910-527-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redating+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-527-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+Arthur+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman19978-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman19978_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1997">Ehrman 1997</a>, p. 8: "The New Testament contains twenty-seven books, written in Greek, by fifteen or sixteen different authors, who were addressing other Christian individuals or communities between the years 50 and 120 C.E. (see box 1.4). As we will see, it is difficult to know whether any of these books was written by Jesus' own disciples."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201020-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201020_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2010">Harris 2010</a>, p. 20: Dates Jude and 2 Peter to 130–150 AD.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1980295-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1980295_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1980">Harris 1980</a>, p. 295: Virtually no authorities defend the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, which is believed to have been written by an anonymous churchman in Rome about 150 C.E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pervo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pervo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pervo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPervo2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pervo" title="Richard Pervo">Pervo, Richard</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302165929/http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf">"Acts in Ephesus (and Environs) c. 115"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum</i>. <b>3</b> (Fall 2015): 125–151. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westarinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Forum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum&rft.atitle=Acts+in+Ephesus+%28and+Environs%29+c.+115&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=Fall+2015&rft.pages=125-151&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pervo&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westarinstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2FForum-42-Challenging-Common-Conceptions-of-Early-Christianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trobisch-2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2007_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrobisch" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">Trobisch, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421231238/http://trobisch.com/david/wb/media/articles/20071226%20FreeInquiry%20Who%20Published%20Christian%20Bible%20BW.pdf">"Who Published the New Testament?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Free Inquiry</i>. <b>28</b> (Dec. 2007/Jan. 2008): 30–33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobisch.com/david/wb/media/articles/20071226%20FreeInquiry%20Who%20Published%20Christian%20Bible%20BW.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 April 2021. <q>...Acts provides information that makes it possible to identify Luke, the author of the Gospel, as the doctor who travels with Paul and to identify Mark as someone close to Peter <i>and</i> Paul. This 'canon consciousness' suggests that the book of Acts was composed at a later date than is typically thought; this theory is supported by the first attestation of the book around 180 CE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Who+Published+the+New+Testament%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=Dec.+2007%2FJan.+2008&rft.pages=30-33&rft.aulast=Trobisch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrobisch.com%2Fdavid%2Fwb%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2F20071226%2520FreeInquiry%2520Who%2520Published%2520Christian%2520Bible%2520BW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Os2011" class="citation book cs1">van Os, Bas (2011). <i>Psychological Analyses and the Historical Jesus: New Ways to Explore Christian Origins</i>. T&T Clark. p. 57, 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567269515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567269515"><bdi>978-0567269515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Analyses+and+the+Historical+Jesus%3A+New+Ways+to+Explore+Christian+Origins&rft.pages=57%2C+83&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0567269515&rft.aulast=van+Os&rft.aufirst=Bas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmuehl2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markus_Bockmuehl" title="Markus Bockmuehl">Bockmuehl, Markus</a> (2006). <i>Seeing the Word: Refocusing New Testament Study</i>. Baker Academic. p. 178-184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801027611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801027611"><bdi>978-0801027611</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+the+Word%3A+Refocusing+New+Testament+Study&rft.pages=178-184&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0801027611&rft.aulast=Bockmuehl&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland20101744-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousland20101744_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousland2010">Cousland 2010</a>, p. 1744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousland20181380-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousland20181380_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousland2018">Cousland 2018</a>, p. 1380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ"><i>ESV Study Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. p. 2073. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5"><bdi>978-1-4335-0241-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210751/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Study+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=2073&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-0241-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-4MmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ"><i>ESV Study Bible</i></a>. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2008. p. 1935. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4335-0241-5"><bdi>978-1-4335-0241-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321210751/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4MmQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESV+Study+Bible&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=1935&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4335-0241-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-4MmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/new-testament">"New Testament"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2021</span> – via Catholic.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Testament&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fnew-testament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1131.htm#30">Jeremiah 31–34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiddle20071074-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiddle20071074_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiddle2007">Biddle 2007</a>, p. 1074.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993347-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993347_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1993">Davidson 1993</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition of ברית in Brown-Driver-Briggs's lexicon: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1285.htm">https://biblehub.com/hebrew/1285.htm</a> Hebrew uses an unrelated word for testament: <i>tsavaa</i> (צַוָּאָה).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/hbd/i/inheritance.html">"Inheritance – Holman Bible Dictionary – Bible Dictionary"</a>. <i>StudyLight.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyLight.org&rft.atitle=Inheritance+%E2%80%93+Holman+Bible+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Bible+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fdictionaries%2Fhbd%2Fi%2Finheritance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=testamentum&la=la">"testamentum: Latin Word Study Tool"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=testamentum%3A+Latin+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3Dtestamentum%26la%3Dla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%B7&la=greek#lexicon">"διαθήκη: Greek Word Study Tool"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7%3A+Greek+Word+Study+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Fmorph%3Fl%3D%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B7%26la%3Dgreek%23lexicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/gen/1/1/s_1001">"G1242 – diathēkē – Strong's Greek Lexicon (KJV)"</a>. <i>Blue Letter Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=G1242+%E2%80%93+diath%C4%93k%C4%93+%E2%80%93+Strong%27s+Greek+Lexicon+%28KJV%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fkjv%2Fgen%2F1%2F1%2Fs_1001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bible-researcher.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible-researcher.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/covenant.html">"The meaning of "Covenant" (διαθηκη) in the Bible"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+%22Covenant%22+%28%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BA%CE%B7%29+in+the+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fcovenant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jackson_(professor)" title="Bernard Jackson (professor)">Jackson, Bernard S.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/784513/23609902/1380577434807/3.pdf?token=8ZveuYFof7uMu8UwoCMRepxQitY%3D">"Why the Name New Testament?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Melilah: Manchester Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 50–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fmjj-2013-090104">10.31826/mjj-2013-090104</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Melilah%3A+Manchester+Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+the+Name+New+Testament%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-100&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fmjj-2013-090104&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.1.sqspcdn.com%2Fstatic%2Ff%2F784513%2F23609902%2F1380577434807%2F3.pdf%3Ftoken%3D8ZveuYFof7uMu8UwoCMRepxQitY%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trobisch-2000-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2000_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrobisch2000" class="citation book cs1">Trobisch, David (2000). <i>The First Edition of the New Testament</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511240-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511240-5"><bdi>978-0-19-511240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Edition+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511240-5&rft.aulast=Trobisch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trobisch-2012-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trobisch-2012_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrobisch2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Trobisch" title="David Trobisch">Trobisch, David</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trobisch.com/david/wb/media/articles/2012%20NT%20BookPublishing.pdf">"The New Testament in Light of Book Publishing in Antiquity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Kloppenberg, John S.; Newman, Judith H. (eds.). <i>Editing the Bible: Assessing the Task Past and Present</i>. Resources for Biblical Study. Vol. 69. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 161–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-648-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-648-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+Testament+in+Light+of+Book+Publishing+in+Antiquity&rft.btitle=Editing+the+Bible%3A+Assessing+the+Task+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.series=Resources+for+Biblical+Study&rft.pages=161-170&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-648-8&rft.aulast=Trobisch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrobisch.com%2Fdavid%2Fwb%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2F2012%2520NT%2520BookPublishing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-praxeas-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-praxeas_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If I fail in resolving this article (of our faith) by passages which may admit of dispute out of the Old Testament, I will take out of the New Testament a confirmation of our view, that you may not straightway attribute to the Father every possible (relation and condition) which I ascribe to the Son." – <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0317.htm">Against Praxeas</a></i> 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian. "Chapter XIV". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian123.html"><i>Against Marcion, Book III</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian. "Chapter VI". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian124.html"><i>Against Marcion, Book IV</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lactantius. "Chapter XX". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf07.iii.ii.iv.xx.html">"The Divine Institutes, Book IV"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2031:31–32&version=nrsv">Jer 31:31–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gospel">"Gospel"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGospel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel"-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Gospel"_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Gospel".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103311.htm">Against Heresies</a></i> III.11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Due to its reference to <a href="/wiki/Eleutherus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleutherus">Eleutherus</a> as the current <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a>, the work is usually dated <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 180</span>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a> (2001) [<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1885</span>] "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.i.html">Introductory Note to Irenæus Against Heresies</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a></i>, Volume I, <i>Against Heresies</i>, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilDominguez2022" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Jesus; Dominguez, Joseangel (2022). <i>Bible Portico</i>. Translated by Scott, Helena. Saxum International Foundation. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7"><bdi>979-12-80113-17-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Portico&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Saxum+International+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-12-80113-17-7&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Joseangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilDominguez2022" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Jesus; Dominguez, Joseangel (2022). <i>Bible Portico</i>. Translated by Scott, Helena. Saxum International Foundation. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7"><bdi>979-12-80113-17-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Portico&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Saxum+International+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-12-80113-17-7&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Joseangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph A.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelaccordingt0028unse_x9n6"><i>The Gospel according to Luke (I–IX)</i></a></span>. Anchor Bible. Vol. 28 (2nd ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp. 35–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00515-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00515-6"><bdi>0-385-00515-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+Luke+%28I%E2%80%93IX%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Anchor+Bible&rft.pages=35-53&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-385-00515-6&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelaccordingt0028unse_x9n6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilDominguez2022" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Jesus; Dominguez, Joseangel (2022). <i>Bible Portico</i>. Translated by Scott, Helena. Saxum International Foundation. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7" title="Special:BookSources/979-12-80113-17-7"><bdi>979-12-80113-17-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+Portico&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Saxum+International+Foundation&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-12-80113-17-7&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Joseangel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%201:1–4&version=nrsv">Luke 1:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersen201051_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetersen2010">Petersen 2010</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199966_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1999">Culpepper 1999</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders2010-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanders2010_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanders2010">Sanders 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002196-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002196_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeener2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Keener" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Keener">Keener, Craig</a> (2015). <i>Acts: An Exegetical Commentary (Volume 1)</i>. Baker Academic. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801039898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801039898"><bdi>978-0801039898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts%3A+An+Exegetical+Commentary+%28Volume+1%29&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0801039898&rft.aulast=Keener&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James</a> (2016). <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802874023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802874023"><bdi>978-0802874023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0802874023&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmyer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Fitzmyer, Joseph</a> (1998). <i>The Acts of the Apostles (The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries)</i>. Yale University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300139822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300139822"><bdi>978-0300139822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles+%28The+Anchor+Yale+Bible+Commentaries%29&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0300139822&rft.aulast=Fitzmyer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, David (2009). <i>The Acts of the Apostles</i>. Eerdmans. p. 1-4, 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802837318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802837318"><bdi>978-0802837318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.pages=1-4%2C+17&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0802837318&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009250–53-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins2009250–53_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerkins2009">Perkins 2009</a>, pp. 250–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Gal 6:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Thess. 3:17</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thess. 3:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot1866" class="citation book cs1">Lightfoot, Joseph Barber (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8ECAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA217"><i>St Paul's Epistle to the Galatians</i></a> (2nd ed.). MacMillan & Co. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Paul%27s+Epistle+to+the+Galatians&rft.pages=217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8ECAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jouette_Bassler" title="Jouette Bassler">Bassler, Jouette M.</a> (2010). "Paul and his Letters". In Aune, David E. <i>The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 388. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1894-4">978-1-4443-1894-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roetzel, Calvin J. (2009). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/lettersofpaulcon00roet_0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lettersofpaulcon00roet 0">The Letters of Paul: Conversations in Context</a></i> (5th ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox. p. ix–x <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23392-1">978-0-664-23392-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%201:1–10:18&version=nrsv">Heb. 1:1–10:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2010:19–13:25&version=nrsv">Heb. 10:19–13:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Attridge" title="Harold W. Attridge">Attridge, Harold W.</a> (1989). <i>Hebrews</i>. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress. pp. 1–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Lane" title="William L. Lane">Lane, William L.</a> (1991). <i>Hebrews 1–8</i>. Word Biblical Commentary series, Vol. 47A. Dallas, Texas: Word Books. p. cliv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250106.htm">"Chapter 25"</a>. <i>Church History, Book VI</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+25&rft.btitle=Church+History%2C+Book+VI&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250106.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a323-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a323_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004a">Ehrman 2004a</a>, p. 323: "Scholars in the ancient world went about detecting forgeries in much the same way that modern scholars do. They looked to see whether the ideas and writing style of a piece conformed with those used by the author in other writings, and they examined the text for any blatant anachronisms, that is, statements about things that could not have existed at the time the alleged author was writing (like the letter reputedly from an early seventeenth-century American colonist that mentions "the United States")- Arguments of this kind were used by some Christian scholars of the third century to show that Hebrews was not written by Paul or the Book of Revelation by John the son of Zebedee. Modern scholars, as we will see, concur with these judgments. To be sure, neither of these books can be considered a forgery. Hebrews does not claim to be written by Paul (it is anonymous), and the John who wrote Revelation does not claim to be the son of Zebedee (it is therefore homonymous). Are there other books in the New Testament, though, that can be considered forgeries?"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroducingnewte00powepage431_431–32]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell2009[httpsarchiveorgdetailsintroducingnewte00powepage431_431–32]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell2009">Powell 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe/page/431">431–32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornberg1977" class="citation book cs1">Fornberg, Tord (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychurchinplu0000forn"><i>An Early Church in a Pluralistic Society: A Study of 2 Peter</i></a></span> (Thesis). Coniectanea Biblica, New Testament Series 9. Translated by Gray, Jean. Lund: Gleerup. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789140044372" title="Special:BookSources/9789140044372"><bdi>9789140044372</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244729487">1244729487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Early+Church+in+a+Pluralistic+Society%3A+A+Study+of+2+Peter&rft.place=Lund&rft.series=Coniectanea+Biblica%2C+New+Testament+Series+9&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Gleerup&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244729487&rft.isbn=9789140044372&rft.aulast=Fornberg&rft.aufirst=Tord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychurchinplu0000forn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mounce-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mounce_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mounce">Mounce, Robert</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06VR1JzzLNsC&pg=PA15"><i>The Book of Revelation</i></a> (revised ed.). The New International Commentary on the New Testament Series. Cambridge, UK: Eerdmans. pp. 15–16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2537-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2537-0">0-8028-2537-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed study of the Apocalypse of John, see Aune, David E. (1998). <i>Revelation</i>, 3 volumes. Word Biblical Commentary series. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENersessian200129-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENersessian200129_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENersessian200129_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNersessian2001">Nersessian 2001</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrisVan_Rompay2002" class="citation journal cs1">Burris, Catherine; Van Rompay, Lucas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-050112">"Thecla in Syriac Christianity: Premliminary Observations"</a>. <i>Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2). Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute: 225–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fhug-2010-050112">10.31826/hug-2010-050112</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hugoye%3A+Journal+of+Syriac+Studies&rft.atitle=Thecla+in+Syriac+Christianity%3A+Premliminary+Observations&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fhug-2010-050112&rft.aulast=Burris&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Van+Rompay%2C+Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fhug-2010-050112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2000" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Nancy A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128114841/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm">"The Acts of Thecla: A Pauline Tradition Linked to Women"</a>. Conflict and Community in the Corinthian Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/corinthians/theclabackground.stm">the original</a> on 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+Thecla%3A+A+Pauline+Tradition+Linked+to+Women&rft.pub=Conflict+and+Community+in+the+Corinthian+Church&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Nancy+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgbgm-umc.org%2Fumw%2Fcorinthians%2Ftheclabackground.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1852" class="citation web cs1">Poole, Matthew (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN0XAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA729">"Annotations Upon the Holy Bible, Vol. III"</a>. Robert Carter and Brothers. p. 729.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annotations+Upon+the+Holy+Bible%2C+Vol.+III&rft.pages=729&rft.pub=Robert+Carter+and+Brothers&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN0XAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/links10.html">"Web Directory: German Bible Versions"</a>. Bible Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+Directory%3A+German+Bible+Versions&rft.pub=Bible+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Flinks10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html">"Luther's Antilegomena"</a>. <i>www.bible-researcher.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible-researcher.com&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Antilegomena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fantilegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowell200916-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowell200916_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowell2009">Powell 2009</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strelan2013-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strelan2013_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strelan, Rick (2013). <i>Luke the Priest: The Authority of the Author of the Third Gospel</i>. Farnham, ENG: Routledege-<a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate</a>. pp. 102–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of Mark, see Schröter, Jens (2010). "Gospel of Mark". In Aune, David. <i>The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament</i>. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 281ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of Mark, see Hare, Douglas R. A. (1996). <i>Mark</i>. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of Matthew, see Repschinski, Boris (1998). "Forschungbericht: Matthew and Judaism". <i>The Controversy Stories in the Gospel of Matthew</i>. Göttingen, GER: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 13–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2021" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Robin Faith (2021). <i>The Origins of Early Christian Literature – Contextualizing the New Testament within Greco-Roman Literary Culture</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108883573" title="Special:BookSources/9781108883573"><bdi>9781108883573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Early+Christian+Literature+%E2%80%93+Contextualizing+the+New+Testament+within+Greco-Roman+Literary+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108883573&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Robin+Faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1985501-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris1985501_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris1985">Harris 1985</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A glance at recent extended treatments of the "we" passages and commentaries demonstrates that, within biblical scholarship, solutions in the historical eyewitness traditions continue to be the most influential explanations for the first-person plural style in Acts. Of the two latest full-length studies on the "we" passages, for example, one argues that the first-person accounts came from Silas, a companion of Paul but not the author, and the other proposes that first-person narration was Luke's (Paul's companion and the author of Acts) method of communicating his participation in the events narrated.17 17. Jurgen Wehnert, Die Wir-Passegen der Apostelgeschitchte: Ein lukanisches Stilmittel aus judischer Tradition (GTA 40; Göttingen: Vanderhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989); Claus-Jurgen Thornton, Der Zeuge des Zeugen: Lukas als Historiker der Paulus reisen (WUNT 56; Tugingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1991). See also, Barrett, Acts of the Apostles, and Fitzmyer, Acts of the Apostles.", Campbell, "The "we" passages in the Acts of the Apostles: the narrator as narrative", p. 8 (2007). Society of Biblical Literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The principle essay in this regard is P. Vielhauer, 'On the "Paulinism" of Acts', in L.E. Keck and J. L. Martyn (eds.), Studies in Luke-Acts (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975), 33-50, who suggests that Luke's presentation of Paul was, on several fronts, a contradiction of Paul's own letters (e.g. attitudes on natural theology, Jewish law, christology, eschatology). This has become the standard position in German scholarship, e.g., Conzelmann, Acts; J. Roloff, Die Apostelgeschichte (NTD; Berlin: Evangelische, 1981) 2-5; Schille, Apostelgeschichte des Lukas, 48-52. This position has been challenged most recently by Porter, "The Paul of Acts and the Paul of the Letters: Some Common Misconceptions', in his Paul of Acts, 187-206. See also I.H. Marshall, The Acts of the Apostles (TNTC; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Leister: InterVarsity Press, 1980) 42-44; E.E. Ellis, The Gospel of Luke (NCB; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; London: Marshall, Morgan and Scott, 2nd edn, 1974) 45-47.", Pearson, "Corresponding sense: Paul, dialectic, and Gadamer", Biblical Interpretation Series, p. 101 (2001). Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003235-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2003235_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2003">Ehrman 2003</a>, p. 235: "The four Gospels that eventually made it into the New Testament, for example, are all anonymous, written in the third person <i>about</i> Jesus and his companions. None of them contains a first-person narrative ('One day, when Jesus and I went into Capernaum...'), or claims to be written by an eyewitness or companion of an eyewitness. ... Some scholars abandon these traditional identifications, and recognize that the books were written by otherwise unknown but relatively well-educated Greek-speaking (and writing) Christians during the second half of the first century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004b[httpsarchiveorgdetailstruthfictionin00ehrmpage110_110]-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004b[httpsarchiveorgdetailstruthfictionin00ehrmpage110_110]_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004b">Ehrman 2004b</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthfictionin00ehrm/page/110">110</a>: "In fact, contrary to what you might think, these Gospels don't even claim to be written by eyewitnesses."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailslostgospelofjuda00ehrmpage143_143]-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailslostgospelofjuda00ehrmpage143_143]_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelofjuda00ehrm/page/143">143</a>: "The Gospels of the New Testament are therefore our earliest accounts. These do not claim to be written by eyewitnesses to the life of Jesus, and historians have long recognized that they were produced by second- or third-generation Christians living in different countries than Jesus (and Judas) did, speaking a different language (Greek instead of Aramaic), experiencing different situations, and addressing different audiences."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006143-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2006143_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2006">Ehrman 2006</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009102–04-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2009102–04_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2009">Ehrman 2009</a>, pp. 102–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickle2001-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nickle2001_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickle,_Keith_Fullerton2001" class="citation book cs1">Nickle, Keith Fullerton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SSytjasmAgC&pg=PA43"><i>The Synoptic Gospels: An Introduction</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22349-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22349-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22349-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synoptic+Gospels%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22349-6&rft.au=Nickle%2C+Keith+Fullerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SSytjasmAgC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theissen, Gerd (2004). <i>The Gospels in Context</i>. London, ENG: Bloomsbury-Continuum. p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1962" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Albert (1962) [1832]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvXCoSQ1y0EC&pg=PA360"><i>Barnes' Notes on the New Testament</i></a>. Kregel Publications. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0825493713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0825493713"><bdi>978-0825493713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barnes%27+Notes+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0825493713&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvXCoSQ1y0EC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1706" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Matthew (1706). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/mhm/john-21.html"><i>Matthew Henry Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible</i></a>. StudyLight.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew+Henry+Complete+Commentary+on+the+Whole+Bible&rft.pub=StudyLight.org&rft.date=1706&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcommentaries%2Fmhm%2Fjohn-21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19889-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19889_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1988">Brown 1988</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchubert201616-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchubert201616_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchubert2016">Schubert 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/mark.html">"Gospel of Mark"</a>. Early Christian Writings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Mark&rft.pub=Early+Christian+Writings&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fmark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtemeier1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Achtemeier, Paul J. (1992). "The Gospel of Mark". <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i>. Vol. 4. New York: Doubleday. p. 545. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-19362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-19362-7"><bdi>978-0-385-19362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-385-19362-7&rft.aulast=Achtemeier&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Easton, M. G. (1996) [ca. 1897] "Luke, Gospel According To". <i>Easton's Bible Dictionary</i>. Oak Harbor, Washington: Logos Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Meier" title="John P. Meier">Meier, John P.</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mentormessagemir00john"><i>A Marginal Jew</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. New York: Doubleday. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mentormessagemir00john/page/955">955–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-46993-7"><bdi>978-0-385-46993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marginal+Jew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=955-56&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46993-7&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmentormessagemir00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms1997" class="citation book cs1">Helms, Randel (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowrotegospels00helm"><i>Who Wrote the Gospels?</i></a></span>. Altadena, California: Millennium Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowrotegospels00helm/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9655047-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9655047-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9655047-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+the+Gospels%3F&rft.place=Altadena%2C+California&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Millennium+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9655047-2-0&rft.aulast=Helms&rft.aufirst=Randel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhowrotegospels00helm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horrell, D. G. (2006). <i>An Introduction to the Study of Paul</i>. 2nd ed. London, Bloomsbury-T&T Clark. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFKnox1948">Knox 1948</a>, pp. 2–15 for detailed arguments.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/acts/1-1.htm">"Acts 1:1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acts+1%3A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Facts%2F1-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean A. Adams, "The Relationships of Paul and Luke: Luke, Paul's Letters, and the 'We' Passages of Acts." In <i>Paul and His Social Relations</i>, edited by Stanley E. Porter and Christopher D. Land (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 132–34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004242111" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004242111">978-9004242111</a> Scholarly agreement of the single-author/editor theory of the Lucan texts is not without question, e.g. Patricia Walters, <i>The Assumed Authorial Unity of Luke and Acts: A Reassessment of the Evidence</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521509749" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521509749">978-0521509749</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Kenny, Anthony</a> (1986). <i>A Stylometric Study of the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826178-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826178-0"><bdi>978-0-19-826178-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Stylometric+Study+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826178-0&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnelle1998259-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchnelle1998259_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchnelle1998">Schnelle 1998</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce19522-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce19522_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1952">Bruce 1952</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1990621–622-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuthrie1990621–622_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuthrie1990">Guthrie 1990</a>, p. 621–622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hebot01-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hebot01_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2004" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Daniel B. (28 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.org/seriespage/19-hebrews-introduction-argument-and-outline">"Hebrews: Introduction, Argument, and Outline"</a>. Bible.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hebrews%3A+Introduction%2C+Argument%2C+and+Outline&rft.pub=Bible.org&rft.date=2004-06-28&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.org%2Fseriespage%2F19-hebrews-introduction-argument-and-outline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a385-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a385_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004a">Ehrman 2004a</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004a">Ehrman 2004a</a>, p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/j/james,epistle_of_st.html">"Epistle of St. James"</a>. <i>1914 Catholic Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlychristianwritings.com/james.html">"Epistle of James"</a>. Early Christian Writings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epistle+of+James&rft.pub=Early+Christian+Writings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlychristianwritings.com%2Fjames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Harner, Philip B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xenz0ZMWDNsC&pg=PA49"><i>What Are They Saying About the Catholic Epistles?</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4188-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-4188-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Are+They+Saying+About+the+Catholic+Epistles%3F&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4188-3&rft.aulast=Harner&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxenz0ZMWDNsC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruger, M.J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/42/42-4/42-4-pp645-671_JETS.pdf">"The Authenticity of 2 Peter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Evangelical_Theological_Society" title="Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society">Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4): 645–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahn1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Zahn, S. T.</a> (1909). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductionton00thaygoog"><i>Introduction to the New Testament</i></a></span>. Vol. II. Translated by Trout, John Moore; Mather, William Arnot; Hodous, Louis; Worcester, Edward Strong; Worrell, William Hoyt; Dodge, Rowland Backus (English translation of 3rd German ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 250.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=250&rft.edition=English+translation+of+3rd+German&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Zahn&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductionton00thaygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitta1885" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Spitta" title="Friedrich Spitta">Spitta, Friedrich</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUROAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP5"><i>Der zweite Brief des Petrus und der Brief des Judas: Eine geschichtliche Untersuchung</i></a> [<i>The Second Epistle of Peter and the Epistle of Jude: A Historical Investigation</i>] (in German). Halle an der Saale: Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+zweite+Brief+des+Petrus+und+der+Brief+des+Judas%3A+Eine+geschichtliche+Untersuchung&rft.place=Halle+an+der+Saale&rft.pub=Buchhandlung+des+Waisenhauses&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Spitta&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUROAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigg1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bigg" title="Charles Bigg">Bigg, Charles</a> (1902) [1901]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acriticalandexe02bigggoog"><i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistles of St. Peter and St. Jude</i></a>. The International Critical Commentary (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567050366" title="Special:BookSources/9780567050366"><bdi>9780567050366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+Epistles+of+St.+Peter+and+St.+Jude&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+International+Critical+Commentary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=9780567050366&rft.aulast=Bigg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Facriticalandexe02bigggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1960" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(theologian)" title="Michael Green (theologian)">Green, E. M. B.</a> (8 July 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813223354/https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/2peter_green.pdf"><i>2 Peter Reconsidered</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Speech). Meeting of the Tyndale Fellowship for Biblical Research. Cambridge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/tp/2peter_green.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+Peter+Reconsidered&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1960-07-08&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=E.+M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Ftp%2F2peter_green.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jude%201%3A1&version=NRSV">Jude 1:1</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">NRSV</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauckham, R. J. (1986). <i>Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 50</i>. Word (UK) Ltd. pp. 14ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt20081-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Watt20081_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Watt2008">Van der Watt 2008</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006479-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006479_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris 2006</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2015ix_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2015">Edwards 2015</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln200518-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln200518_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLincoln2005">Lincoln 2005</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkett2002214_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkett2002">Burkett 2002</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindarsEdwardsCourt200041_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000">Lindars, Edwards & Court 2000</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236–37-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurge2014236–37_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurge2014">Burge 2014</a>, pp. 236–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rev.+1:1,+4,+9;+22:8&version=NRSV">Rev. 1:1, 4, 9; 22:8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%201:9–2&version=nrsv">Rev. 1:9; 4:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Martyr. <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_with_Trypho" title="Dialogue with Trypho">Dialogue with Trypho</a></i>. Chapter LXXXI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenney, Merrill C., gen. ed. (2009). "Revelation, Book of the". <i>Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, Vol. 5 (Q–Z)</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witherington, Ben (2003). <i>Revelation</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a479–480-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2004a479–480_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2004a">Ehrman 2004a</a>, pp. 479–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1997456–466-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1997456–466_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1997">Brown 1997</a>, pp. 456–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Allen_C.1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Myers, Allen C., ed. (1987). "Aramaic". <i>The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2402-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2402-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that Aramaic was the common language of Israel in the 1st century AD. Jesus and his disciples spoke the Galilean dialect, which was distinguished from that of Jerusalem (Matt. 26:73).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aramaic&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Bible+Dictionary&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2402-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzgerEhrman2005_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzgerEhrman2005">Metzger & Ehrman 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aland, K.; Aland, B. (1995). <i>The Text of the New Testament</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4098-1">978-0-8028-4098-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koester, Helmut (1982). <i>Introduction to the New Testament, Volume 2</i>. Philadelphia. p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, W. D.; Allison, Dale C. (1988). <i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Gospel according to Saint Matthew, Vol. 1</i>. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 33–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen19985-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachen19985_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachen1998">Machen 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachen19984-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachen19984_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachen1998">Machen 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius. "Chapter 25". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm"><i>Church History, Book III</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Y._Gamble" title="Harry Y. Gamble">Gamble, Harry Y.</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentcano0000gamb"><i>The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800604707" title="Special:BookSources/9780800604707"><bdi>9780800604707</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1194914119">1194914119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Canon%3A+Its+Making+and+Meaning&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1194914119&rft.isbn=9780800604707&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Harry+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentcano0000gamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three forms are postulated, from <i>The Canon Debate</i>, chapter 18, p. 300, note 21, attributed to Harry Y. Gamble: "(1) Marcion's collection that begins with Galatians and ends with Philemon; (2) Papyrus 46, dated about 200, that follows the order that became established except for reversing Ephesians and Galatians; and (3) the letters to seven churches, treating those to the same church as one letter and basing the order on length, so that Corinthians is first and Colossians (perhaps including Philemon) is last."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack" class="citation book cs1">Harnack, Adolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/origin_nt.v.vi.html">"Appendix VI"</a>. <i>Origin of the New Testament</i>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+VI&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fharnack%2Forigin_nt.v.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knox-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knox_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1942" class="citation book cs1">Knox, John (1942). <i>Marcion and the New Testament: An Essay in the Early History of the Canon</i>. Chicago: Chicago University Press. pp. 158ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0404161835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0404161835"><bdi>978-0404161835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcion+and+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Essay+in+the+Early+History+of+the+Canon&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=158ff&rft.pub=Chicago+University+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-0404161835&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0136.htm">Chapter 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)">Against Heresies</a></i>, inter alia, 3.12.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adversus Marcionem</i>, inter alia, V.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Martyr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0126.htm"><i>First Apology</i></a>. Chapter 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002301ff-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002301ff_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2002">Ferguson 2002</a>, p. 301ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHIII8-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHIII8_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHIII8_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.xii.html">"Chapter XI"</a>. <i>Against Heresies, Book III</i>. Section 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002277-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002277_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders 2002</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noll, Mark A. (1997). <i>Turning Points</i>. Baker Academic. pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Jonge, H. J. (2003). "The New Testament Canon". In de Jonge, H. J.; Auwers, J. M (eds.). <i>The Biblical Canons</i>. Leuven University Press. p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970308-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970308_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroydEvans1970">Ackroyd & Evans 1970</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bateman, C. G. (3 August 2010). "Origen's Role in the Formation of the New Testament Canon". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1653073">1653073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Origen%27s+Role+in+the+Formation+of+the+New+Testament+Canon&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1653073%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuckin, John A. (2003). "Origen as Literary Critic in the Alexandrian Tradition". In Perrone, L. (ed.). <i>Origeniana Octava: Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition, Vol. 1</i>. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 164. Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 121–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakke1994" class="citation journal cs1">Brakke, David (October 1994). "Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth-Century Egypt: Athanasius of Alexandria's Thirty-Ninth <i>Festal Letter</i>". <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>87</b> (4): 395–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000030200">10.1017/S0017816000030200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1509966">1509966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161779697">161779697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Canon+Formation+and+Social+Conflict+in+Fourth-Century+Egypt%3A+Athanasius+of+Alexandria%27s+Thirty-Ninth+Festal+Letter&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-419&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161779697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1509966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000030200&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_note_19-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002Appendix_D-2,_note_19_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders 2002</a>, Appendix D-2, note 19: "Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson2002320_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerguson2002">Ferguson 2002</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988280-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988280_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine. <i>De Civitate Dei</i>. 22.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988234-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988234_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988225_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1987237–238-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1987237–238_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1987">Metzger 1987</a>, pp. 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198897-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198897_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders 2002</a>, Appendix D-2, note 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce1988215_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1988">Bruce 1988</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970305-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroydEvans1970305_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroydEvans1970">Ackroyd & Evans 1970</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Lee M. (1995). <i>The Formation of the Christian Biblical Canon</i>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson. p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1908" class="citation book cs1">Reid, George (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03274a.htm">"Canon of the New Testament"</a>. <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03274a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002414–415-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldSanders2002414–415_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002">McDonald & Sanders 2002</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the initial dating of P52, see <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1935">Roberts 1935</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBellSkeat1935">Bell & Skeat 1935</a>. Though see now <a href="#CITEREFNongbri2005">Nongbri 2005</a> and <a href="#CITEREFMartinez2009">Martinez 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman200546-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman200546_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strobel,_Lee_1998-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strobel,_Lee_1998_201-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strobel, Lee (1998). <i>The Case for Christ</i>. Chapter Three, when quoting biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Metzger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Metzger">Bruce Metzger</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198114-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198114_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruce198114_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruce1981">Bruce 1981</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmisquotingjesuss00ehrmpage265_265]-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmisquotingjesuss00ehrmpage265_265]_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingjesuss00ehrm/page/265">265</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave2002" class="citation book cs1">Nave, Guy D. (2002). <i>The Role and Function of Repentance in Luke-Acts</i>. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+and+Function+of+Repentance+in+Luke-Acts&rft.pages=194&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Nave&rft.aufirst=Guy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spong, John Shelby (26 September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604055133/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1256">"The Continuing Christian Need for Judaism"</a>. <i>Christian Century</i>. p. 918. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1256">the original</a> on 4 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levine, Amy-Jill; Blickenstaff, Marianne (2001). <i>A Feminist Companion to John, Vol. II</i>. Feminist Companion to the New Testament and Early Christian Writings, Vol. 5. A&C Black. p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://net.bible.org/#!bible/John+7">"NETBible: John 7"</a>. Bible.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NETBible%3A+John+7&rft.pub=Bible.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnet.bible.org%2F%23%21bible%2FJohn%2B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span> See note 139 on that page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Keith, Chris (2008). "Recent and Previous Research on the <i>Pericope Adulterae</i> (John 7.53–8.11)". <i><a href="/wiki/Currents_in_Biblical_Research" title="Currents in Biblical Research">Currents in Biblical Research</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): 377–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X07084793">10.1177/1476993X07084793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145385075">145385075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=Recent+and+Previous+Research+on+the+Pericope+Adulterae+%28John+7.53%E2%80%938.11%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-404&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X07084793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145385075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Pericope_adulterae"-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone2005"Pericope_adulterae"_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005">Cross & Livingstone 2005</a>, "Pericope adulterae".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman200580-83-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman200580-83_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>, p. 80-83: "on one condition: that his opponents produce a Greeks manuscript in which the verse could be found (finding it in Latin manuscripts was not enough). And so a Greek manuscript was produced. In fact, it was produced for the occasion. It appears that someone copied out the Greek text of the Epistles, and when he came to the passage in question, he translated the Latin text into Greek, giving the Johannine Comma in its familiar, theologically useful form. The manuscript provided to Erasmus, in other words, was a sixteenthcentury production, made to order."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1994">Metzger 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994367-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger1994367_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1994">Metzger 1994</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvis1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Parvis, M. M. (1962). "Text, [New Testament]". In Buttrick, George A.; Kepler, Thomas S.; Knox, John; May, Herbert Gordon; Terrien, Samuel; Bucke, Emory Stevens (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interpretersdict04geor"><i>The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible: An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. Vol. 4 (R–Z). Nashville: Abingdon Press. p. 595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-19273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-19273-1"><bdi>978-0-687-19273-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Text%2C+%5BNew+Testament%5D&rft.btitle=The+Interpreter%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Bible%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-687-19273-1&rft.aulast=Parvis&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterpretersdict04geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchtemeier1985" class="citation book cs1">Achtemeier, Paul (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harpersbibledict00tion/page/129/mode/2up"><i>Harper's Bible dictionary</i></a>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060698632" title="Special:BookSources/0060698632"><bdi>0060698632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Bible+dictionary&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0060698632&rft.aulast=Achtemeier&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharpersbibledict00tion%2Fpage%2F129%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1954">Stendahl 1954</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMarcus1993">Marcus 1993</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSmith1972">Smith 1972</a>; <a href="#CITEREFJuel1988">Juel 1988</a>; and <a href="#CITEREFBarr1966">Barr 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus19541–128,_211–240-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus19541–128,_211–240_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVõõbus1954">Võõbus 1954</a>, pp. 1–128, 211–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetzger19773–98-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetzger19773–98_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetzger1977">Metzger 1977</a>, pp. 3–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954216–229-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954216–229_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVõõbus1954">Võõbus 1954</a>, pp. 216–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954229–237Metzger197799–152-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVõõbus1954229–237Metzger197799–152_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVõõbus1954">Võõbus 1954</a>, pp. 229–237; <a href="#CITEREFMetzger1977">Metzger 1977</a>, pp. 99–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Armenian, Georgian, Ethiopic, Arabic, and Gothic, see <a href="#CITEREFVõõbus1954">Võõbus 1954</a>, pp. 133–210, 243–309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%203:16&version=nrsv">2 Timothy 3:16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elwell-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elwell_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elwell_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meadors, Gary T. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/scripture-unity-and-diversity-of.html">"Scripture, Unity and Diversity of"</a>. In Elwell, Walter A. (ed.). <i>Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology.</i> Grand Rapids: Baker Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stagg-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stagg_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stagg, Frank (1962). <i>New Testament Theology</i>. Broadman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-1613-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-1613-7">0-8054-1613-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p1s1c2a2.htm">"The Transmission of Divine Revelation"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. 2nd ed. 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ware, Kallistos (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2Z8bVDVMLEC&pg=PT243">"Holy Tradition: The Source of the Orthodox Faith"</a>.<i>The Orthodox Church</i>. Penguin UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">"Articles of Religion"</a>. Anglicans Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Religion&rft.pub=Anglicans+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicansonline.org%2Fbasics%2Fthirty-nine_articles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/documents/index.html?mainframe=http://www.reformed.org/documents/icbi.html">"The Chicago Statement of Biblical Inerrancy"</a>. Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Statement+of+Biblical+Inerrancy&rft.pub=Center+for+Reformed+Theology+and+Apologetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Findex.html%3Fmainframe%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Ficbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChismar2001" class="citation news cs1">Chismar, Janet (20 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524162339/https://www.christianheadlines.com/articles/homosexual-ordination-vote-widens-gap-between-presbyterian-factions-526076.html">"Homosexual Ordination Vote Widens Gap Between Presbyterian Factions"</a>. <i>Religion Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianheadlines.com/articles/homosexual-ordination-vote-widens-gap-between-presbyterian-factions-526076.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2021 – via www.christianheadlines.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Today&rft.atitle=Homosexual+Ordination+Vote+Widens+Gap+Between+Presbyterian+Factions&rft.date=2001-06-20&rft.aulast=Chismar&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianheadlines.com%2Farticles%2Fhomosexual-ordination-vote-widens-gap-between-presbyterian-factions-526076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beit_Simcha-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beit_Simcha_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beitsimcha.org/our-beliefs/">"Our Beliefs"</a>. Beit Simcha<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>To study the whole and authoritative Word of God, including the Tenach (Hebrew Scriptures) and the B'rit Chadasha (New Covenant) under the leading of the Holy Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Beliefs&rft.pub=Beit+Simcha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beitsimcha.org%2Four-beliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KehilatTNuvahSOF1-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KehilatTNuvahSOF1_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151127195443/http://www.graftedin.com/essential-statement-of-faith/">"Essential Statement of Faith"</a>. The Harvest: A Messianic Charismatic Congregation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graftedin.com/essential-statement-of-faith/">the original</a> on 27 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>We believe that the Torah (five books of Moses) is a comprehensive summary of God's foundational laws and ways, as found in both the Tanakh and Apostolic Scriptures. Additionally, the Bible teaches that without holiness no man can see God. We believe in the Doctrine of Sanctification as a definite, yet progressive work of grace, commencing at the time of regeneration and continuing until the consummation of salvation. Therefore we encourage all believers, both Jews and Gentiles, to affirm, embrace, and practice these foundational laws and ways as clarified through the teachings of Messiah Yeshua.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essential+Statement+of+Faith&rft.pub=The+Harvest%3A+A+Messianic+Charismatic+Congregation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graftedin.com%2Fessential-statement-of-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/WatchtowerLibrary/1946_eqd_E.pdf"><i>Equipped for Every Good Work</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brooklyn, New York: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society & International Bible Students Association. 1946. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equipped+for+Every+Good+Work&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Watchtower+Bible+and+Tract+Society+%26+International+Bible+Students+Association&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FWatchtowerLibrary%2F1946_eqd_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaddatz2000" class="citation web cs1">Raddatz, Tom (26 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050320000616/http://www.1lord1faith.org/wm/Oneness/1TrinDebate.htm">"A Response to the Oneness-Trinity Debate"</a>. 1Lord1Faith.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1lord1faith.org/wm/Oneness/1TrinDebate.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Response+to+the+Oneness-Trinity+Debate&rft.pub=1Lord1Faith.org&rft.date=2000-10-26&rft.aulast=Raddatz&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1lord1faith.org%2Fwm%2FOneness%2F1TrinDebate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dulle, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onenesspentecostal.com/howgetbible.htm">"How We Get Our Bible"</a>. Institute for Biblical Studies. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dulle, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onenesspentecostal.com/inerrancycanon.htm">"Defending the Inerrancy and Canon of Scripture"</a>. Institute for Biblical Studies. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dulle, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onenesspentecostal.com/inspiration.htm">"The Nature of Inspiration"</a>. Institute for Biblical Studies. Retrieved 15 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterial_Association,_General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists2005" class="citation book cs1">Ministerial Association, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (2005). <i>Seventh-day Adventists Believe</i> (2nd ed.). Pacific Press Publishing Association. pp. 14–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe&rft.pages=14-16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pacific+Press+Publishing+Association&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ministerial+Association%2C+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLarty2001" class="citation web cs1">McLarty, John (15 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225063148/http://www.atoday.com/magazine/2001/11/adventist-theological-society-0">"The Adventist Theological Society"</a>. <i>Adventist Today</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atoday.com/magazine/2001/11/adventist-theological-society-0">the original</a> on 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventist+Today&rft.atitle=The+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft.aulast=McLarty&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atoday.com%2Fmagazine%2F2001%2F11%2Fadventist-theological-society-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1890" class="citation journal cs1">White, E. G. (1 April 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.adventistarchives.org/Periodicals/RH/RH18900401-V67-13.pdf">"Repentance the Gift of God"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Advent Review and Sabbath Herald</i>. <b>67</b> (13): 193–94<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>Several have written to me, inquiring if the message of justification by faith is the third angel's message, and I have answered, "it is the third angel's message in verity." ... Brightness, glory, and power are to be connected with the third angel's message, and conviction will follow wherever it is preached in demonstration of the Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advent+Review+and+Sabbath+Herald&rft.atitle=Repentance+the+Gift+of+God&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=193-94&rft.date=1890-04-01&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.adventistarchives.org%2FPeriodicals%2FRH%2FRH18900401-V67-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Colossians%202:14">Colossians 2:14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Ellen (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yKqXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT409"><i>Patriarchs and Prophets</i></a>. Start Publishing LLC. p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531162806/http://mormon.org/articles-of-faith">"Articles of Faith"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mormon.org/articles-of-faith">the original</a> on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+of+Faith&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-Day+Saints&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmormon.org%2Farticles-of-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Givens2015-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Givens2015_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivens2015" class="citation book cs1">Givens, Terry L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0fCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Mormonism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-977836-2"><bdi>978-0-19-977836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Mormonism&rft.pages=124-25&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-977836-2&rft.aulast=Givens&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7c0fCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDSInerrancy-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LDSInerrancy_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics/bible-inerrancy-of?lang=eng">"Bible, Inerrancy of"</a>. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bible%2C+Inerrancy+of&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fgospel-topics%2Fbible-inerrancy-of%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H.</a>, ed. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo01ludl"><i>Encyclopedia of Mormonism</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879600-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879600-4"><bdi>0-02-879600-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106-107&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-02-879600-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo01ludl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaulsenMusser2007-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaulsenMusser2007_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenMusser2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Paulsen" title="David L. Paulsen">Paulsen, David Lamont</a>; Musser, Donald W. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonismindialo00paul"><i>Mormonism in Dialogue with Contemporary Christian Theologies</i></a></span>. Mercer University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mormonismindialo00paul/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-083-4"><bdi>978-0-88146-083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormonism+in+Dialogue+with+Contemporary+Christian+Theologies&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-083-4&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=David+Lamont&rft.au=Musser%2C+Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmormonismindialo00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckroydEvans1970" class="citation book cs1">Ackroyd, P. R.; Evans, C. F., eds. (1970). <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible, Vol. 1</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Barr_(biblical_scholar)" title="James Barr (biblical scholar)">Barr, James</a> (1966). <i>Old and New in Interpretation: A Study of the Two Testaments</i>. London: SCM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+and+New+in+Interpretation%3A+A+Study+of+the+Two+Testaments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellSkeat1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Idris_Bell" title="Idris Bell">Bell, H. Idris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Cressy_Skeat" title="Theodore Cressy Skeat">Skeat, T. C.</a> (1935). <i>Fragments of an Unknown Gospel and Other Early Christian Papyri</i>. London: Trustees of the British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fragments+of+an+Unknown+Gospel+and+Other+Early+Christian+Papyri&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+British+Museum&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=H.+Idris&rft.au=Skeat%2C+T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2007" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Mark E. (2007). "Jeremiah". In Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Mark Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&q=Jeremiah+Book+Of+"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743919"><bdi>9780199743919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jeremiah&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible+with+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199743919&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2KGVuym5OUC%26q%3DJeremiah%2BBook%2BOf%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontone00brow_0"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible">Anchor Bible</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385247672" title="Special:BookSources/9780385247672"><bdi>9780385247672</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035750767">1035750767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Anchor+Bible&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035750767&rft.isbn=9780385247672&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontone00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&pg=PA9"><i>The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-1283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+and+Epistles+of+John%3A+A+Concise+Commentary&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIM0Q0bjgYkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> (1952) [1951]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofapostles0000bruc"><i>The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). London: Tyndale Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1244214359">1244214359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+The+Greek+Text+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tyndale+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1244214359&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofapostles0000bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> (1981). <i>The New Testament Documents: Are They Reliable?</i>. InterVarsity Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament+Documents%3A+Are+They+Reliable%3F&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, F. F.</a> (1988). <i>The Canon of Scripture</i>. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830812585" title="Special:BookSources/9780830812585"><bdi>9780830812585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+Scripture&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+IL&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780830812585&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurge2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_M._Burge" title="Gary M. Burge">Burge, Gary M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236">"Gospel of John"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-72224-3"><bdi>978-1-317-72224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+John&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+the+Historical+Jesus&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-72224-3&rft.aulast=Burge&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DStasAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burkett, Delbert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcsQknxV-xQC"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament and the Origins of Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-00720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament+and+the+Origins+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00720-7&rft.aulast=Burkett&rft.aufirst=Delbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcsQknxV-xQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousland2010" class="citation book cs1">Cousland, J.R.C. (2010). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). <i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 1744. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-528955-8"><bdi>978-0-19-528955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pages=1744&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-528955-8&rft.aulast=Cousland&rft.aufirst=J.R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousland2018" class="citation book cs1">Cousland, J.R.C. (1 March 2018). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol Ann; Perkins, Pheme (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T05WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1380"><i>The New Oxford Annotated Bible: New Revised Standard Version</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027605-8"><bdi>978-0-19-027605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Oxford+Annotated+Bible%3A+New+Revised+Standard+Version&rft.pages=1380&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027605-8&rft.aulast=Cousland&rft.aufirst=J.R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT05WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd rev. ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper1999" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rn6wk-ipDVQC">"The Christology of the Johannine Writings"</a>. In Kingsbury, Jack Dean; Powell, Mark Allan Powell; Bauer, David R. (eds.). <i>Who Do You Say that I Am?: Essays on Christology</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664257521" title="Special:BookSources/9780664257521"><bdi>9780664257521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christology+of+the+Johannine+Writings&rft.btitle=Who+Do+You+Say+that+I+Am%3F%3A+Essays+on+Christology&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780664257521&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRn6wk-ipDVQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1993" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Robert (1993). "Jeremiah, Book of". In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743919" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743919"><bdi>9780199743919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jeremiah%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780199743919&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195046458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Edwards" title="James R. Edwards">Edwards, James R.</a> (2015). <i>The Gospel According to Luke</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3735-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-3735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Luke&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3735-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpoNAQAAMAAJ"><i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508481-8"><bdi>978-0-19-508481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508481-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpoNAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (1999). <i>Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%3A+Apocalyptic+Prophet+of+the+New+Millennium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2000). <i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to Early Christian Writings</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+Early+Christian+Writings.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA235"><i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004a) [1997]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1"><i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2"><bdi>0-19-515462-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical+Introduction+to+the+Early+Christian+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-515462-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamenthist0000ehrm_g7n1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2004b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2004b). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/truthfictionin00ehrm"><i>Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534616-9"><bdi>978-0-19-534616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Fiction+in+The+Da+Vinci+Code%3A+A+Historian+Reveals+What+We+Really+Know+about+Jesus%2C+Mary+Magdalene%2C+and+Constantine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534616-9&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftruthfictionin00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingjesuss00ehrm/page/265"><i>Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-073817-4"><bdi>978-0-06-073817-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+The+Story+Behind+Who+Changed+the+Bible+and+Why&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-073817-4&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingjesuss00ehrm%2Fpage%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostgospelofjuda00ehrm"><i>The Lost Gospel of Judas Iscariot: A New Look at Betrayer and Betrayed</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971104-8"><bdi>978-0-19-971104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Gospel+of+Judas+Iscariot%3A+A+New+Look+at+Betrayer+and+Betrayed&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971104-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostgospelofjuda00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusinterrupted00ehrm_0"><i>Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (and Why We Don't Know About Them)</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117393-6"><bdi>978-0-06-117393-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+Interrupted%3A+Revealing+the+Hidden+Contradictions+in+the+Bible+%28and+Why+We+Don%27t+Know+About+Them%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117393-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusinterrupted00ehrm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxW-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT345">"Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon"</a>. In McDonald, L. M.; Sanders, J. A. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canondebate0000unse"><i>The Canon Debate</i></a></span>. Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4163-4"><bdi>978-1-4412-4163-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Factors+leading+to+the+Selection+and+Closure+of+the+New+Testament+Canon&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4163-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxW-AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Guthrie, Donald</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newtestamentintr0000guth_k1x5"><i>New Testament Introduction</i></a></span> (4th (revised) ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85111-761-9"><bdi>0-85111-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Introduction&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=4th+%28revised%29&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85111-761-9&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewtestamentintr0000guth_k1x5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGJKeHOmGhwC"><i>Understanding the Bible: A Reader's Guide and Reference</i></a>. Mayfield Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87484-472-6"><bdi>978-0-87484-472-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide+and+Reference&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87484-472-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTGJKeHOmGhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (1985). <i>Understanding the Bible</i>. Palo Alto, California: Mayfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+California&rft.pub=Mayfield&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nAsoAAAACAAJ"><i>Understanding the Bible</i></a> (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-296548-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-296548-3"><bdi>978-0-07-296548-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Bible&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-296548-3&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnAsoAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yAQQAACAAJ"><i>Understanding The Bible</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+The+Bible&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340744-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yAQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuel1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Juel" title="Donald Juel">Juel, Donald</a> (1988). <i>Messianic Exegesis: Christological Interpretation of the Old Testament in Early Christianity</i>. Philadelphia: Fortress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messianic+Exegesis%3A+Christological+Interpretation+of+the+Old+Testament+in+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Juel&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Knox" title="Wilfred Knox">Knox, Wilfred L.</a> (1948). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actsofapostles0000knox"><i>The Acts of the Apostles</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factsofapostles0000knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_T._Lincoln" title="Andrew T. Lincoln">Lincoln, Andrew</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eYmxAwAAQBAJ"><i>Gospel According to St John: Black's New Testament Commentaries</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8822-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-8822-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gospel+According+to+St+John%3A+Black%27s+New+Testament+Commentaries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8822-9&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeYmxAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindarsEdwardsCourt2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Lindars" title="Barnabas Lindars">Lindars, Barnabas</a>; Edwards, Ruth B.; Court, John M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVOD0PhayhsC&pg=PA41"><i>The Johannine Literature</i></a>. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841270814" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841270814"><bdi>978-1841270814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Literature&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1841270814&rft.aulast=Lindars&rft.aufirst=Barnabas&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Ruth+B.&rft.au=Court%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVOD0PhayhsC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. 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Studies of the New Testament and its World. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567096371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567096371"><bdi>978-0567096371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+Lord%3A+Christological+Exegesis+of+the+Old+Testament+in+the+Gospel+of+Mark&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=Studies+of+the+New+Testament+and+its+World&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0567096371&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2009" class="citation book cs1">Martinez, David G. (2009). "The Papyri and Early Christianity". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 590–623.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papyri+and+Early+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Papyrology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=590-623&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldSanders2002" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Lee M; <a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">Sanders, James A.</a>, eds. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canondebate0000unse"><i>The Canon Debate</i></a></span>. Peadbody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-517-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-517-5"><bdi>1-56563-517-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+Debate&rft.place=Peadbody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56563-517-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanondebate0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1977). <i>The Early Versions of the New Testament</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Versions+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canonofnewtestam0000metz"><i>The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Development, and Significance</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826180-2"><bdi>0-19-826180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-826180-2&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanonofnewtestam0000metz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a> (1994). <i>A Textual Commentary on the New Testament</i> (2nd ed.). German Bible Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textual+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=German+Bible+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Metzger, Bruce M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005) [1964]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textofnewtestame0000metz_k4t1"><i>The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration</i></a></span> (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245822346">1245822346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Text+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Its+Transmission%2C+Corruption%2C+and+Restoration&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245822346&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Ehrman%2C+Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextofnewtestame0000metz_k4t1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNersessian2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vrej_Nersessian" title="Vrej Nersessian">Nersessian, Vrej</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tSkalMzNvkC&pg=PA29">"The Armenian Canon of the New Testament"</a>. <i>The Bible in the Armenian Tradition</i>. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-640-8"><bdi>978-0-89236-640-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Canon+of+the+New+Testament&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+the+Armenian+Tradition&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-640-8&rft.aulast=Nersessian&rft.aufirst=Vrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7tSkalMzNvkC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNongbri2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nongbri, Brent (2005). "The Use and Abuse of P52: Papyrological Pitfalls in the Dating of the Fourth Gospel". <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>98</b>: 23–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816005000842">10.1017/S0017816005000842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163128006">163128006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Use+and+Abuse+of+P52%3A+Papyrological+Pitfalls+in+the+Dating+of+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=23-52&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816005000842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163128006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Nongbri&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pheme_Perkins" title="Pheme Perkins">Perkins, Pheme</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMUZhdgmOR8C"><i>Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels</i></a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6553-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6553-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Synoptic+Gospels&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6553-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Pheme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMUZhdgmOR8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2010" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, William L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eYRBwAAQBAJ">"The Diatessaron and the Fourfold Gospel"</a>. In Horton, Charles (ed.). <i>The Earliest Gospels</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567000972" title="Special:BookSources/9780567000972"><bdi>9780567000972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diatessaron+and+the+Fourfold+Gospel&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Gospels&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780567000972&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eYRBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Allan_Powell" title="Mark Allan Powell">Powell, Mark A.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introducingnewte00powe/page/431"><i>Introducing the New Testament: A Historical, Literary, and Theological Survey</i></a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-2868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament%3A+A+Historical%2C+Literary%2C+and+Theological+Survey&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2868-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroducingnewte00powe%2Fpage%2F431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Henderson_Roberts" title="Colin Henderson Roberts">Roberts, C. H.</a>, ed. (1935). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpublishedfragm0000robe/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>An Unpublished Fragment of the Fourth Gospel in the John Rylands Library</i></a></span>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245905274">1245905274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unpublished+Fragment+of+the+Fourth+Gospel+in+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245905274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpublishedfragm0000robe%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">"Jesus Christ"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ">the original</a> on 3 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F303091%2FJesus-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnelle1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Udo_Schnelle" title="Udo Schnelle">Schnelle, Udo</a> (1998). <i>The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings</i>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Theology+of+the+New+Testament+Writings&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schnelle&rft.aufirst=Udo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchubert2016" class="citation book cs1">Schubert, Judith (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ov8cDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>The Gospel of John: Question by Question</i></a>. Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0727-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0727-1"><bdi>978-1-5326-0727-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+John%3A+Question+by+Question&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-0727-1&rft.aulast=Schubert&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dov8cDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1972" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D. Moody (1972). "The Use of the Old Testament in the New". <i>The Use of the Old Testament in the New and Other Essays: Studies in Honor of William Franklin</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. pp. 3–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+the+Old+Testament+in+the+New&rft.btitle=The+Use+of+the+Old+Testament+in+the+New+and+Other+Essays%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+William+Franklin&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=3-65&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.+Moody&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (1954). <i>The School of St. Matthew and Its Use of the Old Testament</i>. Acta Seminarii Neotestamentici Upsaliensis. Vol. XX. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksells.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+School+of+St.+Matthew+and+Its+Use+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.series=Acta+Seminarii+Neotestamentici+Upsaliensis&rft.pub=Almqvist+and+Wiksells&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Watt2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_der_Watt" title="Jan van der Watt">Van der Watt, Jan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nRJDwAAQBAJ"><i>An Introduction to the Johannine Gospel and Letters</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-52174-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-52174-3"><bdi>978-0-567-52174-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Johannine+Gospel+and+Letters&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-567-52174-3&rft.aulast=Van+der+Watt&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nRJDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVõõbus1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_V%C3%B5%C3%B5bus" title="Arthur Võõbus">Võõbus, Arthur</a> (1954). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyversionsofn0000vbus"><i>Early Versions of the New Testament</i></a></span>. Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile. Vol. 6. Stockholm.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Versions+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.series=Papers+of+the+Estonian+Theological+Society+in+Exile&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=V%C3%B5%C3%B5bus&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyversionsofn0000vbus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann, Rudolf</a> (1951–1955). <i>Theology of the New Testament</i>, English translation, 2 volumes. New York: Scribner.</li> <li>von Campenhausen, Hans (1972). <i>The Formation of the Christian Bible</i>, English translation. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</li> <li>Clark, Gordon (1990). "Logical Criticisms of Textual Criticism", The Trinity Foundation: Jefferson, Maryland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Conzelmann" title="Hans Conzelmann">Conzelmann, Hans</a>; Lindemann, Andreas (1999). <i>Interpreting the New Testament: An Introduction to the Principles and Methods of New Testament Exegesis</i>, English translation. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson.</li> <li>Dormeyer, Detlev (1998). <i>The New Testament among the Writings of Antiquity</i>, English translation. Sheffield.</li> <li>Duling, Dennis C.; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Perrin" title="Norman Perrin">Perrin, Norman</a> (1993). <i>The New Testament: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History</i>, 3rd edition. New York: Harcourt Brace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2011). <i>The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings</i>, 5th edition. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_J._Goodspeed" title="Edgar J. Goodspeed">Goodspeed, Edgar J.</a> (1937). <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy-Jill_Levine" title="Amy-Jill Levine">Levine, Amy-Jill</a>; <a href="/wiki/Marc_Zvi_Brettler" title="Marc Zvi Brettler">Brettler, Marc Z.</a> (2011). <i>The Jewish Annotated New Testament</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Koester, Helmut</a> (1995 and 2000). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>, 2nd edition, 2 volumes. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</li> <li>Kümmel, Werner Georg (1996). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>, revised and enlarged English translation. Nashville: Abingdon Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_L._Mack" title="Burton L. Mack">Mack, Burton L.</a> (1995). <i>Who Wrote the New Testament?</i>. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyles2019" class="citation book cs1">Myles, Robert J. (2019). <i>Class Struggle in the New Testament</i>. Lanham: Fortress Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9787-0209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9787-0209-7"><bdi>978-1-9787-0209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+Struggle+in+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Fortress+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-9787-0209-7&rft.aulast=Myles&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Neill" title="Stephen Neill">Neill, Stephen</a>; Wright, Tom (1988). <i>The Interpretation of the New Testament, 1861–1986</i>, new edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beesondivinity.com/directory/Thielman-Frank">Thielman, Frank</a>. <i>Theology of the New Testament: a Canonical and Synthetic Approach</i>, <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a>, "A Wild and Indecent Book" (review of <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a>, <i>The New Testament: A Translation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 577 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXV, no. 2 (8 February 2018), pp. 34–35. Discusses some pitfalls in interpreting and translating the New Testament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Zahn" title="Theodor Zahn">Zahn, Theodor</a> (1910). <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i>, English translation, 3 volumes. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Testament" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Testament">New Testament</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity#Scriptures" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:Christianity">"Scriptures" in Christianity portal</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="s:el:Καινή Διαθήκη">New Testament</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/New_Testament" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/New Testament">New Testament</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntgateway.com/">New Testament Gateway</a> Annotated guide to academic New Testament Web resources including not only other Web sites, but articles and course materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://JewishStudies.eteacherbiblical.com/">Jewish Studies for Christians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209024142/http://jewishstudies.eteacherbiblical.com/">Archived</a> 9 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An Online Study Group exploring the Jewish setting of the early Jesus movement. (An Israeli blog led by Dr. Eliyahu Lizorkin-Eyzenberg).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100815203224/http://oyc.yale.edu/religious-studies/introduction-to-new-testament">"Introduction to New Testament History and Literature" course materials</a> "Open Yale course" taught at Yale University by Dale B. Martin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/newt">New Testament Reading Room</a>: Extensive on-line New Testament resources (including reference works, commentaries, translations, atlases, language tools, and works on New Testament theology), Tyndale Seminary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/nt.php">Biblicalstudies.org.uk New Testament pages</a> Bibliographies on the New Testament and its individual books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/greek/">New Testament Greek Lexicon</a> Bible Study Tools offers two Bible versions, King James and New American Standard, for studying within the New Testament lexicons.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114133638/http://www.wlsessays.net/subject/N/New+Testament">Pastoral articles on the New Testament for ministerial training</a> Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary (WELS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/that-most-jewish-of-books-1.427292">Jewish reading of the New Testament</a> Haaretz essay on reclaiming the New Testament as an integral part of Jewish literature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.NEWTESTCLUB">Guide to the University of Chicago New Testament Club Records 1894–1958</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_authorship">Development and authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Development and authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_ntb1.htm">The Gospels</a> in the official canon, and some that were not included in the Bible</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210001441/http://www.errantskeptics.org/DatingNT.htm">Dating the New Testament</a> A compilation of the dates ascribed by various scholars to the composition of the New Testament documents, accompanied by an odd statistical average of the dates</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/new-testament/default.asp">New Testament Koine Greek Original</a> Side by side with the English (King James) and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Synodal_Bible" title="Russian Synodal Bible">Russian (Synodal) translation</a> Commentary by the Greek Fathers – Icons from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406173350/http://users.otenet.gr/~gmcr">New Testament, Greek Polytonic Text according to Ecumenical Patriarchate</a> <i>(Greek)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greekbible.com/">Greek New Testament text (searchable only; no downloads) with lexical aids</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23668">Collection: "Christian New Testament"</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/new-testament/">New Testament art</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bible" title="Template:The Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bible" title="Template talk:The Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">The Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_Bible" title="Chronology of the Bible">Chronology of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/75px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/113px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg/150px-Gutenberg_Bible_scan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">The Bible and ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">The Bible and humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad and the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Biblical hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hebrew Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_punishment_in_the_Torah" title="Crime and punishment in the Torah">Crime and punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capital_crimes_in_the_Torah" title="List of capital crimes in the Torah">Capital crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hebrew_Bible_events" title="List of Hebrew Bible events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Prayer in the Hebrew Bible">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Bible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canons">Canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books_of_the_Bible" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Template talk:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books_of_the_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books of the Bible"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books_of_the_Bible" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Books</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Protocanonical_books" title="Protocanonical books">(protocanon)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">1–2 Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1–2 Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">1–2 Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Additions_to_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Additions to Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Book_of_Daniel)" title="Susanna (Book of Daniel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children">Song of the Three Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_and_the_Dragon" title="Bel and the Dragon">Bel and the Dragon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Eastern Orthodox & others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">1 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_151" title="Psalm 151">Psalm 151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Odes_(Bible)" title="Book of Odes (Bible)">Odes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_of_the_Words_of_Baruch" title="Rest of the Words of Baruch">Paralipomena of Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon#Broader_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Broader canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_152%E2%80%93155" title="Psalms 152–155">Psalms 152–155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Three_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Three Patriarchs">Testaments of the Three Patriarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">Canon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">1 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">2 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">3 John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Third Epistle to the Corinthians">3 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah#Pentateuch" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_books" title="Historical books">Historical books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature#Sapiential_Books" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poetic_Books" title="Poetic Books">Poetic Books</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_books" title="Prophetic books">Prophetic books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_prophet" title="Major prophet">Major prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets" title="Twelve Minor Prophets">Minor prophets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_epistles" title="Pastoral epistles">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Jewish canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertestamental_period" title="Intertestamental period">Intertestamental period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Christian canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating the Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">Manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muratorian_fragment" title="Muratorian fragment">Muratorian fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">New Testament manuscript categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri" title="List of New Testament papyri">New Testament papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_uncials" title="List of New Testament uncials">New Testament uncials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_version_debate" title="Bible version debate">Bible version debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_Bible_translations" title="List of English Bible translations">English Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-canonical_books_referenced_in_the_Bible" title="Non-canonical books referenced in the Bible">Other books referenced in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">Additional Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical and Quranic narratives">Biblical and Quranic narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Hippo" title="Synod of Hippo">Synod of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Bible" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Bible">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jesus_footer" title="Template talk:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jesus footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jesus" title="Outline of Jesus">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jesus-related_topics" title="List of Jesus-related topics">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a><br />of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Jesus's life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virgin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_the_birth_of_Jesus" title="Date of the birth of Jesus">Date of birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy</a> (apocryphal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_years_of_Jesus" title="Unknown years of Jesus">Unknown years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Selecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Jesus" title="Prayers of Jesus">Prayers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_of_Jesus" title="Homelessness of Jesus">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Entry into Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Agony in the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_Judas" title="Kiss of Judas">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Jesus" title="Arrest of Jesus">Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_trial_of_Jesus" title="Sanhedrin trial of Jesus">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings on the cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_harmony" title="Gospel harmony">Gospel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_gospel_traditions" title="Oral gospel traditions">Oral gospel traditions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" title="Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament">Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Historicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest for the historical Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Jesus" title="Tacitus on Jesus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_bar_Serapion_on_Jesus" title="Mara bar Serapion on Jesus">Mara bar Serapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Jesus" title="List of books about Jesus">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Child" title="Christ Child">Christ Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_Museum" title="Life of Christ Museum">Life of Christ Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Jesus" title="List of statues of Jesus">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Transfiguration of Jesus in Christian art">Transfiguration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology#Person_of_Christ" title="Christology">Person of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">Pre-existence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Christ" title="Cosmic Christ">Cosmic Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">In other faiths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_comparative_mythology" title="Jesus in comparative mythology">In comparative mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud" title="Jesus in the Talmud">In the Talmud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Ahmadiyya_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus#Baháʼí_Faith" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Manichaeism" title="Jesus in Manichaeism">Jesus the Splendour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (legal father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Abdes_Pantera" title="Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera">Panthera</a> (alleged father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (traditional maternal grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (traditional maternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heli_(biblical_figure)" title="Heli (biblical figure)">Heli</a> (paternal grandfather per Luke)</li> <li>Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> (traditional uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Jesus" title="Language of Jesus">Language of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus%27s_interactions_with_women" title="Jesus's interactions with women">Interactions with women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_Jesus" title="Rejection of Jesus">Rejection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_of_Jesus" title="Mental health of Jesus">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_appearance_of_Jesus" title="Race and appearance of Jesus">Race and appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_marital_status_of_Jesus" title="Sexuality and marital status of Jesus">Sexuality and marital status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jesus" title="Category:Jesus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Mark" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Template talk:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Mark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Mark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Mark" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_1" title="Mark 1">Mark 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_2" title="Mark 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_4" title="Mark 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_5" title="Mark 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_7" title="Mark 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_8" title="Mark 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_9" title="Mark 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_10" title="Mark 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_11" title="Mark 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_12" title="Mark 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_14" title="Mark 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Growing_Seed" title="Parable of the Growing Seed">Parable of the Growing Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_cleansing_a_leper" title="Jesus cleansing a leper">Cleansing a leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Entombment/Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayings_of_Jesus_on_the_cross" title="Sayings of Jesus on the cross">Sayings of Jesus on the cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_(biblical_figure)" title="Rufus (biblical figure)">Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmanutha" title="Dalmanutha">Dalmanutha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcan_priority" title="Marcan priority">Marcan priority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-source_hypothesis" title="Two-source hypothesis">two-source hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-source_hypothesis" title="Three-source hypothesis">three-source hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertextual_production_of_the_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Intertextual production of the Gospel of Mark">Intertextual production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Secret" title="Messianic Secret">Messianic Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Gospel of Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(attributed_to_Keiser)" title="St Mark Passion (attributed to Keiser)"><i>St Mark Passion</i> (attributed to Keiser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion,_BWV_247" title="St Mark Passion, BWV 247"><i>St Mark Passion</i>, BWV 247 (J. S. Bach)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Pasi%C3%B3n_seg%C3%BAn_San_Marcos_(Golijov)" title="La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)"><i>La Pasión según San Marcos</i> (Golijov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark_Passion_(N._Matthes)" title="St Mark Passion (N. Matthes)"><i>St Mark Passion </i>(N. Matthes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">Papyrus 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_88" title="Papyrus 88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_137" title="Papyrus 137">137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayyum_Fragment" title="Fayyum Fragment">Fayyum Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuscule_2427" title="Minuscule 2427">Minuscule 2427 <i>(forgery)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5 <i>(disputed)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Μάρκον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Marcus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Marcus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Mark">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Mark">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Mark">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Mark" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Mark">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Luke" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Template talk:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Luke" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Luke"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Luke" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Luke_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Luke chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_1" title="Luke 1">Luke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_2" title="Luke 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_3" title="Luke 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_4" title="Luke 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_5" title="Luke 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_6" title="Luke 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_7" title="Luke 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_9" title="Luke 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_10" title="Luke 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_11" title="Luke 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_12" title="Luke 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_13" title="Luke 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_14" title="Luke 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_15" title="Luke 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_16" title="Luke 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_17" title="Luke 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_18" title="Luke 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_19" title="Luke 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_20" title="Luke 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_21" title="Luke 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_23" title="Luke 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_24" title="Luke 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22:43%E2%80%9344" title="Luke 22:43–44">Luke 22:43–44</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Elizabeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">and the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of Saint John the Baptist">John the Baptist's Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Quirinius" title="Census of Quirinius">Census of Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_the_cost" title="Counting the cost">Counting the cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">Prodigal son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate%27s_court" title="Pilate's court">Pilate's court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_(Song_of_Zechariah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)">Benedictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wine_into_Old_Wineskins" title="New Wine into Old Wineskins">New Wine into Old Wineskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis (Song of Simeon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Unjust_Steward" title="Parable of the Unjust Steward">Parable of the Unjust Steward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Rich man and Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_four_woes_of_Jesus" title="The four woes of Jesus">The four woes of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abijah" title="Abijah">Abijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus" title="Rich man and Lazarus">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_of_Bethany" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha of Bethany">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naaman" title="Naaman">Naaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip (apostle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip (tetrarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Caesar">Tiberius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abilene (biblical)">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_(biblical_village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany (biblical village)">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmaus" title="Emmaus">Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nein" title="Nein">Nain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship of Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_source" title="L source">L source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_school_hypothesis" title="Jerusalem school hypothesis">Jerusalem school hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Luke">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiizas:_di_Buk_We_Luuk_Rait_bout_Im" title="Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im">Jiizas: di Buk We Luuk Rait bout Im</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion,_BWV_246" title="St Luke Passion, BWV 246"><i>St Luke Passion</i>, BWV 246</a> (1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Luke_Passion_(Penderecki)" title="St Luke Passion (Penderecki)"><i>St Luke Passion</i></a> (Penderecki, 1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_(1979_film)" title="Jesus (1979 film)">Jesus</a></i> (1979 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witness:_Five_Plays_from_the_Gospel_of_Luke" title="Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke">Witness: Five Plays from the Gospel of Luke</a></i> (2007, radio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Savior_(2014_film)" title="The Savior (2014 film)">The Savior</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_3" title="Papyrus 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_7" title="Papyrus 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_42" title="Papyrus 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_69" title="Papyrus 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_82" title="Papyrus 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_97" title="Papyrus 97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_111" title="Papyrus 111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Nitriensis" title="Codex Nitriensis">Codex Nitriensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Λουκάν">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Lucas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Lucas">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Luke">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Luke">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Luke">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Luke" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Luke">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_John" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_John" title="Template talk:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_John" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of John chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1" title="John 1">John 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Signs" title="Book of Signs">Book of Signs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_4" title="John 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_5" title="John 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_6" title="John 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_8" title="John 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_9" title="John 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_12" title="John 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Glory">Book of Glory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_13" title="John 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_15" title="John 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_16" title="John 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_17" title="John 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_19" title="John 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_20" title="John 20">20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">Epilogue: 21</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_John_verses" title="Category:Gospel of John verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:20" title="John 1:20">20</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:23" title="John 1:23">23</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:25" title="John 1:25">25</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:33" title="John 1:33">33</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_1:35" title="John 1:35">35</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_1:42" title="John 1:42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">14:6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_18:38" title="John 18:38">18:38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_20" title="Category:John 20">20:1–31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />(chronological)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the 5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_man_blind_from_birth" title="Healing the man blind from birth">Healing a blind man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_paralytic_at_Bethesda" title="Healing the paralytic at Bethesda">Healing a paralytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_royal_official%27s_son" title="Healing the royal official's son">Healing a sick son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Jesus and the woman taken in adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration of Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_the_beginning_(phrase)" title="In the beginning (phrase)">In the beginning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo" title="Ecce homo">Ecce homo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Feast of Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Commandment" title="New Commandment">"Love one another"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_me_tangere" title="Noli me tangere">Noli me tangere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quod_scripsi,_scripsi" title="Quod scripsi, scripsi">Quod scripsi, scripsi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_they_all_may_be_one" title="That they all may be one">That they all may be one</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_truth_will_set_you_free" title="The truth will set you free">The truth will set you free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Herod Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Groups</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cana" title="Cana">Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well" title="Jacob's Well">Jacob's Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Sychar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Ego_eimi" title="Ego eimi">I AM</a>" sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_am_(biblical_term)" title="I am (biblical term)">I am (biblical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Discourse" title="Bread of Life Discourse">Bread of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_10" title="John 10">Gate for the Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_11" title="John 11">Resurrectio et Vita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_et_veritas_et_vita" title="Via et veritas et vita">Via et veritas et vita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Vine" title="True Vine">True Vine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_John" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of John">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">Second Apocalypse of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_John_(Pillar_New_Testament_Commentary)" title="The Gospel According to John (Pillar New Testament Commentary)">Pillar New Testament Commentary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion" title="St John Passion">St John Passion</a></i> (J. S. Bach, 1724) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_structure" title="St John Passion structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_Passion_discography" title="St John Passion discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passio_(P%C3%A4rt)" title="Passio (Pärt)">Passio</a></i> (Pärt, 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2003_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2003 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2003 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_John_(2014_film)" title="The Gospel of John (2014 film)">The Gospel of John</a></i> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_2" title="Papyrus 2">Papyrus 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Papyrus 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_6" title="Papyrus 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_22" title="Papyrus 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_28" title="Papyrus 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_36" title="Papyrus 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_39" title="Papyrus 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_55" title="Papyrus 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_59" title="Papyrus 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_60" title="Papyrus 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_63" title="Papyrus 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_66" title="Papyrus 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_75" title="Papyrus 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_76" title="Papyrus 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_80" title="Papyrus 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_84" title="Papyrus 84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_90" title="Papyrus 90">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_93" title="Papyrus 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_95" title="Papyrus 95">95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_106" title="Papyrus 106">106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_107" title="Papyrus 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_108" title="Papyrus 108">108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_109" title="Papyrus 109">109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_119" title="Papyrus 119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_120" title="Papyrus 120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_121" title="Papyrus 121">121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_122" title="Papyrus 122">122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_128" title="Papyrus 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Glagolitic_fragments" title="Ohrid Glagolitic fragments">Ohrid Glagolitic fragments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ιωάννην">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Ioannes">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/John">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/John">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/John">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Template talk:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acts of the Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acts_of_the_Apostles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_2" title="Acts 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_3" title="Acts 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_4" title="Acts 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_6" title="Acts 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_7" title="Acts 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_8" title="Acts 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_9" title="Acts 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_10" title="Acts 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_11" title="Acts 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_13" title="Acts 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_14" title="Acts 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_16" title="Acts 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_17" title="Acts 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_18" title="Acts 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_19" title="Acts 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_20" title="Acts 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_22" title="Acts 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_23" title="Acts 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_24" title="Acts 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_25" title="Acts 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_26" title="Acts 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_27" title="Acts 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_28" title="Acts 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">Conversion of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Peter's vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Peter's liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus_sermon" title="Areopagus sermon">Areopagus sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning_at_Ephesus" title="Book burning at Ephesus">Book burning at Ephesus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias (High Priest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Bar-jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary mother of John Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Matthias" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Sorcerer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullus" title="Tertullus">Tertullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_the_Libertines" title="Synagogue of the Libertines">Synagogue of the Libertines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts of the Apostles (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Luke–Acts">Luke–Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_Luke%E2%80%93Acts" title="Authorship of Luke–Acts">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke the Evangelist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Historical reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles">Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel%27s_principle" title="Gamaliel's principle">Gamaliel's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_8" title="Papyrus 8">Papyrus 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_29" title="Papyrus 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_33" title="Papyrus 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_38" title="Papyrus 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_48" title="Papyrus 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_50" title="Papyrus 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_56" title="Papyrus 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_57" title="Papyrus 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_74" title="Papyrus 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_91" title="Papyrus 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_112" title="Papyrus 112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_127" title="Papyrus 127">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Laudianus" title="Codex Laudianus">Codex Laudianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mutinensis" title="Codex Mutinensis">Codex Mutinensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_095" title="Uncial 095">Uncial 095</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_096" title="Uncial 096">096</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_097" title="Uncial 097">097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0120" title="Uncial 0120">0120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0140" title="Uncial 0140">0140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0165" title="Uncial 0165">0165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0175" title="Uncial 0175">0175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0189" title="Uncial 0189">0189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0236" title="Uncial 0236">0236</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0244" title="Uncial 0244">0244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0294" title="Uncial 0294">0294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_0304" title="Uncial 0304">0304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%A1kovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Gršković's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Gršković's fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihanovi%C4%87%27s_fragment_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Mihanović's fragment of the Acts of the Apostles">Mihanović's fragment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.D._(miniseries)" title="A.D. (miniseries)">A.D.</a></i> (1985 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Acts" title="The Visual Bible: Acts">The Visual Bible: Acts</a></i> (1994 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Revelation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Revelation" title="Template talk:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Revelation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Revelation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Revelation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">chapters</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_1" title="Revelation 1">Revelation 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_2" title="Revelation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_3" title="Revelation 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_4" title="Revelation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_5" title="Revelation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_6" title="Revelation 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_7" title="Revelation 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_8" title="Revelation 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_9" title="Revelation 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_10" title="Revelation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_11" title="Revelation 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_12" title="Revelation 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_13" title="Revelation 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_14" title="Revelation 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_15" title="Revelation 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_16" title="Revelation 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_17" title="Revelation 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_18" title="Revelation 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_19" title="Revelation 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_21" title="Revelation 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_22" title="Revelation 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus" title="Laodicea on the Lycus">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyatira" title="Thyatira">Thyatira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asher" title="Asher">Asher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balak" title="Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam" title="Balaam">Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin" title="Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Gad (son of Jacob)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issachar" title="Issachar">Issachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah (biblical person)">Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi" title="Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(tribal_patriarch)" title="Manasseh (tribal patriarch)">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphtali" title="Naphtali">Naphtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_(biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben (biblical person)">Reuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Hebrew_Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simeon (Hebrew Bible)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a>/<br />Terms/ Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Abaddon/Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_Omega" title="Alpha and Omega">Alpha and Omega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Life" title="Book of Life">Book of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Four Living Creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">Seven churches of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_trumpets" title="Seven trumpets">Seven trumpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">Son of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormwood_(Bible)" title="Wormwood (Bible)">Wormwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Historicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foxe%27s_apocalyptic_thought" title="John Foxe's apocalyptic thought">by John Foxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Textual variants in the Book of Revelation">Textual variants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_24" title="Papyrus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_43" title="Papyrus 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_47" title="Papyrus 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_85" title="Papyrus 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_98" title="Papyrus 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_115" title="Papyrus 115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Aramaic_New_Testament_manuscript" title="Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript">Crawford Aramaic New Testament manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Αποκάλυψις Ιωάννου">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Apocalypsis">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Apocalips" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Apocalips">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Revelation">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Revelation" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Revelation">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_texts_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_books" title="Template:Religious books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_books" title="Template talk:Religious books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_texts_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious texts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts" title="List of religious texts">List</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a> (Christianity)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> (Roman polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a> (Gnosticism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Judaism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> (Greek polytheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enneads">Enneads</a> (Neoplatonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eastern Christianity)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> (Hinduism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puya_(Meitei_texts)" title="Puya (Meitei texts)">Puya</a> (Sanamahism)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a> (Shinto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_hymns" title="Ambrosian hymns">Ambrosian Hymnal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> (Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Luther's Large Catechism</a> (Lutheranism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (Protestantism)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> (Anglicanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> (Mormonism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofudesaki" title="Ofudesaki">Ofudesaki</a> (Tenrikyo)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i> (Baha'i)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya" title="Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya">Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya</a> (Ahmadiyya)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_AL_vel_Legis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber AL vel Legis">Liber AL vel Legis</a></i> (Thelemite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a> (Wiccan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics</a></i> (Scientologist)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Bible" title="The Satanic Bible">The Satanic Bible</a></i> (Satanist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a> (Raelian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a> (Roman Catholicism)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Template talk:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latter Day Saint movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">Mormonism and Nicene Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Teachings of Joseph Smith">Teachings of Joseph Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Extermination_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon Extermination Order">Extermination Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints)">Succession crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">History of the LDS Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">Mormon handcart pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Reformation" title="Mormon Reformation">Mormon Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Community_of_Christ" title="History of the Community of Christ">Community of Christ history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amboy_Conference" title="Amboy Conference">Amboy Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="History of the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigdonite" title="Rigdonite">Rigdonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sacred texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Abraham" title="Book of Abraham">Book of Abraham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Abraham" title="Criticism of the Book of Abraham">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Outline of the Book of Mormon">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Book of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Translation_of_the_Bible" title="Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible">Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Mormonism)" title="Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)">Pearl of Great Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Law_of_the_Lord" title="Book of the Law of the Lord">Book of the Law of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangites only</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_of_the_Lord" title="The Word of the Lord">The Word of the Lord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Fettingite)" title="Church of Christ (Fettingite)">Fettingites and offshoots</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Joseph_Smith" title="Outline of Joseph Smith">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cowdery" title="Oliver Cowdery">Oliver Cowdery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rigdon" title="Sidney Rigdon">Sidney Rigdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Strang" title="James Strang">James Strang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bickerton" title="William Bickerton">William Bickerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Hedrick" title="Granville Hedrick">Granville Hedrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Cutler" title="Alpheus Cutler">Alpheus Cutler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement">LDS denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Outline of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_branches" title="Restoration branches">Restoration branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_(Bickertonite)" title="The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite)">Bickertonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints_(Strangite)" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)">Strangite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Temple_Lot)" title="Church of Christ (Temple Lot)">Hedrickite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fellowships_of_%22the_Remnants%22_movement" title="Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement">Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_Reorganization_movement" title="List of churches in the Latter Day Saint Reorganization movement">List of Reorganized Restorationist churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrines and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%E2%80%93God_doctrine" title="Adam–God doctrine">Adam–God doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_in_Mormonism" title="Agency in Mormonism">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Faith_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)">Articles of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cosmology" title="Mormon cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_glory" title="Degrees of glory">Degrees of glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_19th-century_Mormonism" title="Death in 19th-century Mormonism">Early views on death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaltation_(Mormonism)" title="Exaltation (Mormonism)">Exaltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifts_of_the_Spirit_in_Mormonism" title="Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism">Gifts of the Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Views on God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Parents" title="Heavenly Parents">Heavenly Parents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Mother_(Mormonism)" title="Heavenly Mother (Mormonism)">Heavenly Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Judaism and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_consecration" title="Law of consecration">Law of consecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_blessing" title="Patriarchal blessing">Patriarchal blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_in_Mormonism" title="Plan of salvation in Mormonism">Plan of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premortal_life_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Premortal life (Latter Day Saints)">Premortal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_in_Mormonism" title="Revelation in Mormonism">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_anointing" title="Second anointing">Second anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_spectrums_of_orthodoxy_and_practice" title="Mormon spectrums of orthodoxy and practice">Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition_(Mormonism)" title="Son of perdition (Mormonism)">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Temple (Latter Day Saints)">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing_in_Mormonism" title="Tithing in Mormonism">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Women and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Word of Wisdom">Word of Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_teachings_on_skin_color" title="Mormon teachings on skin color">Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_Mormonism" title="Black people and Mormonism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people_and_early_Mormonism" title="Black people and early Mormonism">Black people and early Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_and_Mormonism" title="Civil rights and Mormonism">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%27s_views_on_Black_people" title="Joseph Smith's views on Black people">Joseph Smith's views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_people_and_Mormonism" title="Native American people and Mormonism">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint movement">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_Mormon_history" title="Timeline of LGBT Mormon history">LGBT people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Historicity of the Book of Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_and_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Archaeology and the Book of Mormon">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Origin of the Book of Mormon">origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Book_of_Mormon_geographical_setting" title="Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting">Geographical setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prophecies_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prophecies of Joseph Smith">List of prophecies of Joseph Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Mormon" title="Ex-Mormon">Ex-Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mormon" title="Jack Mormon">Jack Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_art" title="Mormon art">Mormon art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Mormon blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_cinema" title="Mormon cinema">Mormon cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folklore" title="Mormon folklore">Mormon folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_foodways" title="Mormon foodways">Mormon foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_literature" title="Mormon literature">Mormon literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_poetry" title="Mormon poetry">Mormon poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fiction" title="Mormon fiction">Mormon fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Mormon_Letters" title="Association for Mormon Letters">Association for Mormon Letters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_music" title="Mormon music">Mormon music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_folk_music" title="Mormon folk music">Mormon folk music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Mormon Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_studies" title="Mormon studies">Mormon studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_in_popular_culture" title="Latter Day Saints in popular culture">Latter Day Saints in popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_Mormons_in_comics" title="Portrayal of Mormons in comics">Portrayal of Mormons in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_pornography" title="Mormon pornography">Mormon pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumorah" title="Cumorah">Cumorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland,_Ohio" title="Kirtland, Ohio">Kirtland, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_corridor" title="Mormon corridor">Mormon corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Grove_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Sacred Grove (Latter Day Saints)">Sacred Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Family_Farm" title="Smith Family Farm">Smith Family Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Moroni" title="Angel Moroni">Angel Moroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Bibliography of the Latter Day Saint movement">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_plates" title="Golden plates">Golden plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Joseph Smith Papyri">Joseph Smith Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyewitness_accounts_associated_with_the_Joseph_Smith_Papyri" title="Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri">Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Egyptian_papers" title="Kirtland Egyptian papers">Kirtland Egyptian papers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolob" title="Kolob">Kolob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_history" title="Mormonism and history">Mormonism and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Egyptian" title="Reformed Egyptian">Reformed Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_architecture_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple architecture (LDS Church)">Temple architecture (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voree_plates" title="Voree plates">Voree plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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