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<span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_c._600_BC_–_c._160_BC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_c._600_BC_–_c._160_BC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From c.<span> 600 BC</span> – c.<span> 160 BC</span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_c._600_BC_–_c._160_BC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Pharisees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_Pharisees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Emergence of the Pharisees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Pharisees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Hasmonean_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hasmonean_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Hasmonean period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hasmonean_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Roman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Roman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Roman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Roman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monotheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Monotheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Wisdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_will_and_predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will_and_predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Free will and predestination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will_and_predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>The afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-A_kingdom_of_priests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_kingdom_of_priests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>A kingdom of priests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_kingdom_of_priests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Oral_Torah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Oral_Torah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>The Oral Torah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Oral_Torah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovators_or_preservers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovators_or_preservers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Innovators or preservers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovators_or_preservers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_of_debate_and_study_of_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_of_debate_and_study_of_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Significance of debate and study of the law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_of_debate_and_study_of_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Pharisees_to_rabbis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Pharisees_to_rabbis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>From Pharisees to rabbis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-From_Pharisees_to_rabbis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle From Pharisees to rabbis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-From_Pharisees_to_rabbis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Temple_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Temple_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Post-Temple developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Temple_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharisees_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharisees_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pharisees and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharisees_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farise%C3%ABrs" title="Fariseërs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fariseërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharis%C3%A4er" title="Pharisäer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pharisäer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فريسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseu" title="Fariseu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fariseu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisiens" title="Farisiens – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Farisiens" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Фарысеі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фарысеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Фарисеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фарисеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseed" title="Fariseed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fariseed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseus" title="Fariseus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fariseus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Фарисейсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фарисейсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizeov%C3%A9" title="Farizeové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Farizeové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris%C3%A6ere" title="Farisæere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Farisæere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharis%C3%A4er" title="Pharisäer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pharisäer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variserid" title="Variserid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Variserid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Φαρισαίοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαρισαίοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseos" title="Fariseos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fariseos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseoj" title="Fariseoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fariseoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseu" title="Fariseu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fariseu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فریسیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریسیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseararnir" title="Fariseararnir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fariseararnir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisiens" title="Pharisiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pharisiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisee%C3%ABrs" title="Fariseeërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fariseeërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairis%C3%ADnigh" title="Fairisínigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fairisínigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseo" title="Fariseo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fariseo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%83%88%ED%8C%8C" title="바리새파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바리새파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փարիսեցիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիսեցիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizeji" title="Farizeji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Farizeji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisi" title="Farisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Farisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisei" title="Farisei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Farisei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פרושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafarisayo" title="Mafarisayo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafarisayo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisaei" title="Pharisaei – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pharisaei" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizeji" title="Farizeji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Farizeji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariziejai" title="Fariziejai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fariziejai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariz%C3%A9" title="Farizé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Farizé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizeusok" title="Farizeusok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Farizeusok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Фарисеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фарисеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseo" title="Fariseo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fariseo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="പരീശന്മാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരീശന്മാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fari%C5%BCej" title="Fariżej – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fariżej" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="الفريسيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريسيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_Farisi" title="Kaum Farisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaum Farisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizee%C3%ABn" title="Farizeeën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Farizeeën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E6%B4%BE" title="ファリサイ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファリサイ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharis%C3%A4er_(Religioon)" title="Pharisäer (Religioon) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pharisäer (Religioon)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseere" title="Fariseere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fariseere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisearar" title="Farisearar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Farisearar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ផារិស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ផារិស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faryzeusze" title="Faryzeusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faryzeusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseus" title="Fariseus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fariseus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseu" title="Fariseu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fariseu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Фарисеи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фарисеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisei" title="Farisei – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Farisei" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pharisees" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizej" title="Farizej – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Farizej" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farizeji" title="Farizeji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Farizeji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Фарисеји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фарисеји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseji" title="Fariseji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fariseji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisealaiset" title="Farisealaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Farisealaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faris%C3%A9er" title="Fariséer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fariséer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Pariseo" title="Mga Pariseo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Pariseo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பரிசேயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரிசேயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="ฟาริสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟาริสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferisiler" title="Ferisiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferisiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Фарисеї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фарисеї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="فریسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharis%C3%AAu" title="Pharisêu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pharisêu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fariseo" title="Fariseo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fariseo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%88%A9%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%BA" title="法利赛人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法利赛人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%88%A9%E8%B3%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="法利賽人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法利賽人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish social movement and school of thought</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the followers of the Vilna Gaon, see <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a>. For the followers of the Zoroastrian faith, see <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Parush" redirects here. For places in Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Parush,_Iran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Parush, Iran (disambiguation)">Parush, Iran</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #FFD916; border-bottom:2px solid #FFD916; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Pharisees</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">פרושים</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Historical leaders</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Shetach" title="Simeon ben Shetach">Simeon ben Shetach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">167 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">73 AD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pharisees</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ær/: 'arr' in 'marry'">ær</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פְּרוּשִׁים</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pərūšīm</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'separated ones') were a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">school of thought</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis for <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. Although the group no longer exists, their traditions are of great importance for the manifold <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a>. </p><p>Conflicts between Pharisees and <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a> took place in the context of much broader and longstanding social and religious conflicts amongst Jews (exacerbated by the Roman conquest).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One conflict was cultural, between those who favored <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> (the Sadducees) and those who resisted it (the Pharisees). Another was juridical-religious, between those who emphasized the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">rites and services</a>, and those who emphasized the importance of other <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Laws</a>. A specifically religious point of conflict involved different interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and how to apply it to current Jewish life, with Sadducees recognizing only the <a href="/wiki/Written_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Written Torah">Written Torah</a> and rejecting <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Writings</a>, and doctrines such as the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 37</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 CE</span>), believed by many historians to have been a Pharisee, estimated the total Pharisee population before the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> to be around 6,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that the Pharisees' influence over the common people was so great that anything they said against the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">king</a> or the <a href="/wiki/High_priest_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="High priest of Israel">high priest</a> was believed,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees, who were the upper class. Pharisees claimed <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Mosaic</a> authority for their interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish religious law</a>, while Sadducees represented the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">priestly privileges</a> and prerogatives established since the days of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a>, their ancestor, officiated as high priest. </p><p>Pharisees are notable by the numerous references to them in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. Although the stance of "the Pharisees" towards <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was antagonistic, individual Pharisees who believed in him and/or his merits included <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a>, who said it is known that Jesus is a teacher sent from God,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, who was a disciple,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unknown number of "those of the party of the Pharisees who believed",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> –a student of <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who warned the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> that opposing the disciples of Jesus could prove to be tantamount to opposing God.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Pharisee" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Pharisaios</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φαρισαῖος</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Pərīšā</i></span> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">פְּרִישָׁא</span></span>), plural <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Pərīšayyā</i></span> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">פְּרִישַׁיָּא</span></span>), meaning "set apart, separated", related to <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pārūš</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פָּרוּשׁ</span></span>), plural <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pərūšīm</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פְּרוּשִׁים</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Qal_(linguistics)" title="Qal (linguistics)">Qal</a> <a href="/wiki/Participle#Perfect_passive" title="Participle">passive participle</a> of the verb <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pāraš</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פָּרַשׁ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may refer to their separation from Gentiles, sources of ritual impurity or from irreligious Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaye_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 159">: 159 </span></sup>Alternatively, it may have a particular political meaning as "separatists" due to their division from the Sadducee elite, with <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Isaac_Halevy_Rabinowitz" title="Yitzhak Isaac Halevy Rabinowitz">Yitzhak Isaac Halevi</a> characterizing the Sadducees and Pharisees as political sects, not religious ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Manson" title="Thomas Walter Manson">Thomas Walter Manson</a> and Talmud-expert <a href="/wiki/Louis_Finkelstein" title="Louis Finkelstein">Louis Finkelstein</a> suggest that "Pharisee" derives from the Aramaic words <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">pārsāh</i></span> or <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">parsāh</i></span>, meaning "Persian" or "Persianizer",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the demonym <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">pārsi</i></span>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>' in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and further akin to <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Pārsa</i></span> and <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Fārs</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a> denies this, stating: "Practically all scholars now agree that the name "Pharisee" derives from the Hebrew and Aramaic <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">parush</i></span> or <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">persushi</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-Shaye_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first historical mention of the Pharisees and their beliefs comes in the four <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, in which both their meticulous adherence to their interpretation of the Torah as well as their <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">eschatological</a> views are described. A later historical mention of the Pharisees comes from the Jewish-Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (37–100 CE) in a description of the "four schools of thought", or "four sects", into which he divided the Jews in the 1st century CE. (The other schools were the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, who were generally apolitical and who may have emerged as a sect of dissident priests who rejected either the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a>-appointed or the Hasmonean high priests as illegitimate; the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, the main antagonists of the Pharisees; and the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Other sects may have emerged at this time, such as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Therapeutae" title="Therapeutae">Therapeutae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. However, their status as Jews is unclear. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Books of the Maccabees</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> in the Bible, focus on the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> against the Seleucids under king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> and concludes with the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_(Seleucid_general)" title="Nicanor (Seleucid general)">General Nicanor</a>, in 161 BCE by <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabeus" title="Judas Maccabeus">Judas Maccabeus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> of the work. It included several theological points: <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for the dead</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Last_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">last judgment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">martyrology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a> also alludes to the Pharisees.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a> redacted the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, an authoritative codification of Pharisaic interpretations, around 200 CE. Most of the authorities quoted in the Mishnah lived after the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE; it thus marks the beginning of the transition from Pharisaic to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>. The Mishnah was supremely important because it compiled the oral interpretations and traditions of the Pharisees and, later on, the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>, into a single authoritative text, thus allowing oral tradition within Judaism to survive the destruction of the Second Temple. </p><p>However, none of the Rabbinic sources include identifiable eyewitness accounts of the Pharisees and their teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_c._600_BC_–_c._160_BC"><span id="From_c._600_BC_.E2.80.93_c._160_BC"></span>From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 160 BC</span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: From c. 600 BC – c. 160 BC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deportation and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exile</a> of an unknown number of Jews of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BCE)">first deportation in 597 BCE</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continuing after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE)">fall of Jerusalem</a> and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">the Temple</a> in 587 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in dramatic changes to Jewish culture and religion. During the 70-year exile in Babylon, Jewish houses of assembly (known in Hebrew as a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">beit knesset</i></span> or in Greek as a <i><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a></i>) and houses of prayer (Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Beit Tefilah</i></span>; Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσευχαί</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">proseuchai</i></span>) were the primary meeting places for prayer, and the house of study (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beit midrash</a></i></span>) was the counterpart for the synagogue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 539 BCE the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and in 537 BCE <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> allowed Jews to return to <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and rebuild the Temple. He did not, however, allow the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">the Judean monarchy</a>, which left the <a href="/wiki/Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohanim">Judean priests</a> as the dominant authority. Without the constraining power of the monarchy, the authority of the Temple in civic life was amplified. It was around this time that the Sadducee party emerged as the party of priests and allied elites. However, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>, which was completed in 515 BCE, had been constructed under the auspices of a foreign power, and there were lingering questions about its legitimacy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This provided the condition for the development of various sects or "schools of thought," each of which claimed exclusive authority to represent "Judaism," and which typically shunned social intercourse, especially marriage, with members of other sects. In the same period, the council of sages known as the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> may have codified and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">canonized the latter sections of the Hebrew Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nach_(Bible_acronym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nach (Bible acronym)">Nakh</a>), from which, following the return from Babylon, the <a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah was read publicly</a> on market-days.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Temple was no longer the only institution for Jewish religious life. After the building of the Second Temple in the time of <a href="/wiki/Ezra_the_Scribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra the Scribe">Ezra the Scribe</a>, the houses of study and worship remained important secondary institutions in Jewish life. Outside Judea, the synagogue was often called a house of prayer. While most Jews could not regularly attend the Temple service, they could meet at the synagogue for morning, afternoon and evening prayers. On Mondays, Thursdays and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, a weekly Torah portion was read publicly in the synagogues, following the tradition of public Torah readings instituted by Ezra.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although priests controlled the rituals of the Temple, the <a href="/wiki/Scribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribes">scribes</a> and sages, later called <i><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a></i> (Hebrew for "Teacher/master"), dominated the study of the Torah. These men maintained an <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral tradition</a> that they believed had originated at <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> alongside the Torah of Moses; a God-given interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> period of Jewish history began when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered Persia in 332 BCE. The rift between the priests and the sages developed during this time, when Jews faced new political and cultural struggles. This created a sort of schism in the Jewish community. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Judea was ruled by the Egyptian-Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> until 198 BCE, when the Syrian-Hellenic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a>, seized control. Then, in 167 BCE, the Seleucid king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> invaded Judea, entered the Temple, and stripped it of money and ceremonial objects. He imposed a program of forced <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a>, requiring Jews to abandon their own laws and customs, thus precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a>. Jerusalem was liberated in 165 BCE and the Temple was restored. In 141 BCE an assembly of priests and others affirmed <a href="/wiki/Simon_Maccabeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Maccabeus">Simon Maccabeus</a> as high priest and leader, in effect establishing the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_Pharisees">Emergence of the Pharisees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence of the Pharisees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/220px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/330px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg/440px-John_Hyrcanus_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>John Hyrcanus from <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i> (1553)</figcaption></figure> <p>After defeating the Seleucid forces, <a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judas Maccabaeus">Judas Maccabaeus</a>'s nephew <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> established a new monarchy in the form of the priestly Hasmonean dynasty in 152 BCE, thus establishing priests as political as well as religious authorities. Although the Hasmoneans were considered heroes for resisting the Seleucids, their reign lacked the legitimacy conferred by descent from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple">First Temple</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pharisees emerged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> largely out of the group of scribes and sages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some scholars observe significant <a href="/wiki/Idumean" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumean">Idumean</a> influences in the development of Pharisaical Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pharisees, among other Jewish sects, were active from the middle of the second century BCE until the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaye_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> Josephus first mentions them in connection with Jonathan, the successor of Judas Maccabeus.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the factors that distinguished the Pharisees from other groups prior to the destruction of the Temple was their belief that all Jews had to observe the purity laws (which applied to the Temple service) outside the Temple. The major difference, however, was the continued adherence of the Pharisees to the laws and traditions of the Jewish people in the face of assimilation. As Josephus noted, the Pharisees were considered the most expert and accurate expositors of Jewish law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Josephus indicates that the Pharisees received the backing and good-will of the common people,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apparently in contrast to the more elite Sadducees associated with the ruling classes. In general, whereas the Sadducees were aristocratic monarchists, the Pharisees were eclectic, popular, and more democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pharisaic position is exemplified by the assertion that "A learned <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">mamzer</a></i></span> takes precedence over an ignorant High Priest." (A <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mamzer</i></span>, literally, bastard, according to the Pharisaic definition, is an outcast child born of a forbidden relationship, such as adultery or incest, in which marriage of the parents could not lawfully occur. The word is often, but incorrectly, translated as "illegitimate".)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sadducees rejected the Pharisaic tenet of an Oral Torah, creating two Jewish understandings of the Torah. An example of this differing approach is the interpretation of, "<a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">an eye in place of an eye</a>". The Pharisaic understanding was that the value of an eye was to be paid by the perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sadducees' view the words were given a more literal interpretation, in which the offender's eye would be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sages of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> see a direct link between themselves and the Pharisees, and historians generally consider Pharisaic Judaism to be the progenitor of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, that is normative, mainstream Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple. All mainstream forms of Judaism today consider themselves heirs of Rabbinic Judaism and, ultimately, the Pharisees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hasmonean_period">The Hasmonean period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Hasmonean period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmoneans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></div> <p>Although the Pharisees did not support the wars of expansion of the Hasmoneans and the forced conversions of the <a href="/wiki/Idumeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumeans">Idumeans</a>, the political rift between them became wider when a Pharisee named Eleazar insulted the Hasmonean ethnarch <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> at his own table, suggesting that he should abandon his role as High Priest due to a rumour, probably untrue, that he had been conceived while his mother was a prisoner of war. In response, he distanced himself from the Pharisees.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of John Hyrcanus, his younger son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> made himself king and openly sided with the Sadducees by adopting their rites in the Temple. His actions caused a riot in the Temple, and led to a brief civil war that ended with a bloody repression of the Pharisees. However, on his deathbed Jannaeus advised his widow, <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>, to seek reconciliation with the Pharisees. Her brother was <a href="/wiki/Shimon_ben_Shetach" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimon ben Shetach">Shimon ben Shetach</a>, a leading Pharisee. Josephus attests that Salome was favorably inclined toward the Pharisees, and their political influence grew tremendously under her reign, especially in the Sanhedrin or Jewish Council, which they came to dominate. </p><p>After her death her elder son <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> was generally supported by the Pharisees. Her younger son, <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, was in conflict with Hyrcanus, and tried to seize power. The Pharisees seemed to be in a vulnerable position at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between the two sons culminated in a civil war that ended when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman</a> general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> intervened, and captured <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 63 BCE. </p><p>Josephus' account may overstate the role of the Pharisees. He reports elsewhere that the Pharisees did not grow to power until the reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Josephus was himself a Pharisee, his account might represent a historical creation meant to elevate the status of the Pharisees during the height of the Hasmonean Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later texts like the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> record a host of rulings by rabbis, some of whom are believed to be from among the Pharisees, concerning sacrifices and other ritual practices in the Temple, torts, criminal law, and governance. In their day, the influence of the Pharisees over the lives of the common people was strong and their rulings on Jewish law were deemed authoritative by many.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Roman_period">The Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Roman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea (Roman province)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/220px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/330px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg/440px-Pomp%C3%A9e_dans_le_Temple_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Pompey in the Temple of Jerusalem</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Josephus, the Pharisees appeared before <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> asking him to interfere and restore the old priesthood while abolishing the royalty of the Hasmoneans altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharisees also opened Jerusalem's gates to the Romans, and actively supported them against the Sadducean faction.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Romans finally broke the entrance to the Jerusalem's Temple, the Pharisees killed the priests who were officiating the Temple services on Saturday.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regarded <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">Pompey's defilement of the Temple in Jerusalem</a> as a divine punishment of Sadducean misrule. Pompey ended the monarchy in 63 BCE and named <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> high priest and <a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">ethnarch</a> (a lesser title than "king").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later Hyrcanus was deprived of the remainder of political authority and ultimate jurisdiction was given to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Proconsul of Syria</a>, who ruled through Hyrcanus's Idumaean associate <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater</a>, and later Antipater's two sons <a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a> (military governor of Judea) and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> (military governor of Galilee). In 40 BCE Aristobulus's son Antigonus overthrew Hyrcanus and named himself king and high priest, and Herod fled to Rome. </p><p>In Rome, Herod sought the support of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Octavian</a>, and secured recognition by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> as king, confirming the termination of the Hasmonean dynasty. According to Josephus, Sadducean opposition to Herod led him to treat the Pharisees favorably.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod was an unpopular ruler, perceived as a Roman puppet. Despite his <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">restoration and expansion of the Second Temple</a>, Herod's notorious treatment of his own family and of the last Hasmonaeans further eroded his popularity. According to Josephus, the Pharisees ultimately opposed him and thus fell victims (4 BCE) to his bloodthirstiness.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family of <a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethus</a>, whom Herod had raised to the high-priesthood, revived the spirit of the Sadducees, and thenceforth the Pharisees again had them as antagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it stood, the Second Temple remained the center of Jewish ritual life. Jews were required to travel to Jerusalem and offer sacrifices at the Temple <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">three times a year</a>: Pesach (<a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> (the Feast of Weeks), and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> (the Feast of Tabernacles). The Pharisees, like the Sadducees, were politically quiescent, and studied, taught, and worshiped in their own way. At this time serious theological differences emerged between the Sadducees and Pharisees. The notion that the sacred could exist outside the Temple, a view central to the <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, was shared and elevated by the Pharisees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, the values of the Pharisees developed through their sectarian debates with the Sadducees; then they developed through internal, non-sectarian debates over the law as an adaptation to life without the Temple, and life in exile, and eventually, to a more limited degree, life in conflict with Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shifts mark the transformation of Pharisaic to Rabbinic Judaism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No single tractate of the key Rabbinic texts, the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, is devoted to theological issues; these texts are concerned primarily with interpretations of Jewish law, and anecdotes about the sages and their values. Only one chapter of the Mishnah deals with theological issues; it asserts that three kinds of people will have no share in "the <a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">world to come</a>:" those who deny the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>, those who deny the <a href="/wiki/Torah#Divine_significance_of_letters,_Jewish_mysticism" title="Torah">divinity of the Torah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicureans</a> (who deny divine supervision of human affairs). Another passage suggests a different set of core principles: normally, a Jew may violate any law to save a life, but in Sanhedrin 74a, a ruling orders Jews to accept <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> rather than violate the laws against <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Judah_haNasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah haNasi">Judah ha-Nasi</a>, however, said that Jews must "be meticulous in small religious duties as well as large ones, because you do not know what sort of reward is coming for any of the religious duties," suggesting that all laws are of equal importance). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monotheism">Monotheism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monotheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One belief central to the Pharisees which was shared by all Jews of the time is <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>. This is evident in the practice of reciting the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></i></span>, a prayer composed of select verses from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (Deuteronomy 6:4), at the Temple and in synagogues; the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shema</i></span> begins with the verses, "Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God; the Lord is one." According to the <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a>, these passages were recited in the Temple along with the twice-daily <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tamid</i></span> offering; Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, who did not have access to the Temple, recited these passages in their houses of assembly. According to the Mishnah and Talmud, the men of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a> instituted the requirement that Jews both in Judea and in the diaspora pray three times a day (morning, afternoon and evening), and include in their prayers a recitation of these passages in the morning (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shacharit" title="Shacharit">Shacharit</a></i></span>) and evening (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">Ma'ariv</a></i></span>) prayers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wisdom">Wisdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wisdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharisaic wisdom was compiled in one book of the Mishna, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a></i></span>. The Pharisaic attitude is perhaps<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> best exemplified by a story about the sages <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a>, who both lived in the latter half of the 1st century BCE. A Gentile once challenged Shammai to teach him the wisdom of the Torah while he stood on one foot. Shammai drove him away. The same gentile approached Hillel and asked of him the same thing. Hillel chastised him gently by saying, "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation –now go and study."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Free_will_and_predestination">Free will and predestination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Free will and predestination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Josephus, whereas the Sadducees believed that people have total <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> and the Essenes believed that all of a person's life is <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a>, the Pharisees believed that people have free will but that God also has foreknowledge of human <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>. This also accords with the statement in <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pirkei Avot</i></span> 3:19, "Rabbi Akiva said: All is foreseen, but freedom of choice is given". According to Josephus, Pharisees were further distinguished from the Sadducees in that Pharisees believed in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_afterlife">The afterlife</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheol" title="Sheol">Sheol</a></div> <p>Unlike the Sadducees, who are generally held to have rejected any existence after death, the sources vary on the beliefs of the Pharisees on the afterlife. According to the New Testament the Pharisees believed in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of good people would be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrected</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnated</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "pass into other bodies," while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> declared himself to be a Pharisee even after his belief in Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schnelle2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnelle2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practices">Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A_kingdom_of_priests">A kingdom of priests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: A kingdom of priests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentally, the Pharisees continued a form of Judaism that extended beyond the Temple, applying Jewish law to mundane activities in order to sanctify the everyday world. This was monumental as a practice during this era, as it helped the Jews of the time to truly align themselves with the law, applying even to the mundanities of life. This was a more participatory (or "democratic") form of Judaism, in which rituals were not monopolized by an inherited priesthood but rather could be performed by all adult Jews individually or collectively, whose leaders were not determined by birth but by scholarly achievement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many, including some scholars, have characterized the Sadducees as a sect that interpreted the Torah literally, and the Pharisees as interpreting the Torah liberally. R' <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Isaac_Halevy_Rabinowitz" title="Yitzhak Isaac Halevy Rabinowitz">Yitzhak Isaac Halevi</a> suggests that this was not, in fact, a matter of religion. He claims that the complete rejection of Judaism would not have been tolerated under the Hasmonean rule and therefore Hellenists maintained that they were rejecting not Judaism but Rabbinic law. Thus, the Sadducees were in fact a political party not a religious sect.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>, this view is a distortion. He suggests that two things fundamentally distinguished the Pharisaic from the Sadducean approach to the Torah. First, Pharisees believed in a broad and literal interpretation of Exodus (19:3–6), "you shall be my own possession among all peoples; for all the earth is mine, and you shall be to me a kingdom of priests and a holy nation,"<sup id="cite_ref-inv_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> and the words of <a href="/wiki/2_Maccabees" title="2 Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> (2:17): "God gave all the people the heritage, the kingdom, the priesthood, and the holiness." </p><p>The Pharisees believed that the idea that all of the children of Israel were to be like priests was expressed elsewhere in the Torah, for example, when the Law itself was transferred from the sphere of the priesthood to every man in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Torah already provided ways for all Jews to lead a priestly life: the <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">laws of kosher animals</a> were perhaps<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> intended originally for the priests, but were extended to the whole people;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly the prohibition of cutting the flesh in mourning for the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pharisees believed that all Jews in their ordinary life, and not just the Temple priesthood or Jews visiting the Temple, should observe rules and rituals concerning purification.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Oral_Torah">The Oral Torah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Oral Torah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></div> <p>The standard view is that the Pharisees differed from Sadducees in the sense that they accepted the Oral Torah in addition to the Scripture. Anthony J. Saldarini argues that this assumption has neither implicit nor explicit evidence. A critique of the ancient interpretations of the Bible are distant from what modern scholars consider literal. Saldarini states that the Oral Torah did not come about until the third century CE, although there was an unstated idea about it in existence. Every Jewish community in a way possessed their own version of the Oral Torah which governed their religious practices. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> stated that the Sadducees only followed literal interpretations of the Torah. To Saldarini, this only means that the Sadducees followed their own way of Judaism and rejected the Pharisaic version of Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Saldarini2001_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saldarini2001-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Rosemary Ruether, the Pharisaic proclamation of the Oral Torah was their way of freeing Judaism from the clutches of Aaronite priesthood, represented by the Sadducees. The Oral Torah was to remain oral but was later given a written form. It did not refer to the Torah in a status as a commentary, rather had its own separate existence which allowed Pharisaic innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruether1996_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruether1996-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sages of the Talmud believed that the Oral law was simultaneously revealed to Moses at Sinai, and the product of debates among rabbis. Thus, one may conceive of the "Oral Torah" as both based on the fixed text and as an ongoing process of analysis and argument in which God is actively involved; it was this ongoing process that was revealed at Sinai along with the scripture, and by participating in this ongoing process rabbis and their students are actively participating in God's ongoing act of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As Jacob Neusner has explained, the schools of the Pharisees and rabbis were and are holy: </p> <blockquote><p>"...because there men achieve sainthood through study of Torah and imitation of the conduct of the masters. In doing so, they conform to the heavenly paradigm, the Torah believed to have been created by God "in his image," revealed at Sinai, and handed down to their own teachers ... If the masters and disciples obey the divine teaching of Moses, "our rabbi," then their society, the school, replicates on earth the heavenly academy, just as the disciple incarnates the heavenly model of Moses, "our rabbi." The rabbis believe that Moses was (and the Messiah will be) a rabbi, God dons phylacteries, and the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions. These beliefs today may seem as projections of rabbinical values onto heaven, but the rabbis believe that they themselves are projections of heavenly values onto earth. The rabbis thus conceive that on earth they study Torah just as God, the angels, and Moses, "our rabbi," do in heaven. The heavenly schoolmen are even aware of Babylonian scholastic discussions, so they require a rabbi's information about an aspect of purity taboos.<sup id="cite_ref-inv_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The commitment to relate religion to daily life through the law has led some (notably, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>) to infer that the Pharisees were more legalistic than other sects in the Second Temple Era. The authors of the Gospels present Jesus as speaking harshly against some Pharisees (Josephus does claim that the Pharisees were the "strictest" observers of the law).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, as Neusner has observed, Pharisaism was but one of many "Judaisms" in its day,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its legal interpretation are what set it apart from the other sects of Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Innovators_or_preservers">Innovators or preservers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Innovators or preservers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mishna in the beginning of Avot and (in more detail) <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> in his Introduction to <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i></span> records a chain of tradition (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mesorah</i></span>) from Moses at Mount Sinai down to R' Ashi, redactor of the Talmud and last of the <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a>. This chain of tradition includes the interpretation of unclear statements in the Bible (e.g. that the "fruit of a beautiful tree" refers to a <a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citron</a> as opposed to any other fruit), the methods of textual <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> (the disagreements recorded in the Mishna and Talmud generally focus on methods of exegesis), and Laws with Mosaic authority that cannot be derived from the Biblical text (these include measurements (e.g. what amount of a non-kosher food must one eat to be liable), the amount and order of the scrolls to be placed in the phylacteries, etc.). </p><p>The Pharisees were also innovators in that they enacted specific laws as they saw necessary according to the needs of the time. These included prohibitions to prevent an infringement of a biblical prohibition (e.g. one does not take a Lulav on Shabbat "Lest one carry it in the public domain") called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gezeirot</i></span>, among others. The commandment to read the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Megillah</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> and to light the <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">Menorah</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> are Rabbinic innovations. Much of the legal system is based on "what the sages constructed via logical reasoning and from established practice".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the blessings before meals and the wording of the Amidah. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Takanot" class="mw-redirect" title="Takanot">Takanot</a>. The Pharisees based their authority to innovate on the verses: "....according to the word they tell you... according to all they instruct you. According to the law they instruct you and according to the judgment they say to you, you shall do; you shall not divert from the word they tell you, either right or left" (Deuteronomy 17:10–11) (see <i>Encyclopedia Talmudit</i> entry "Divrei Soferim"). </p><p>In an interesting twist, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> posits that the Sadducees were the more hidebound adherents to an ancient Halacha whereas the Pharisees were more willing to develop Halacha as the times required. See however, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Revel" title="Bernard Revel">Bernard Revel</a>'s "Karaite Halacha" which rejects many of Geiger's proofs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significance_of_debate_and_study_of_the_law">Significance of debate and study of the law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Significance of debate and study of the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as important as (if not more important than) any particular law was the value the rabbis placed on legal study and debate. The sages of the Talmud believed that when they taught the Oral Torah to their students, they were imitating Moses, who taught the law to the children of Israel. Moreover, the rabbis believed that "the heavenly court studies Torah precisely as does the earthly one, even arguing about the same questions."<sup id="cite_ref-inv_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Thus, in debating and disagreeing over the meaning of the Torah or how best to put it into practice, no rabbi felt that he (or his opponent) was rejecting God or threatening Judaism; on the contrary, it was precisely through such arguments that the rabbis imitated and honored God. </p><p>One sign of the Pharisaic emphasis on debate and differences of opinion is that the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> mark different generations of scholars in terms of different pairs of contending schools. In the first century, for example, the two major Pharisaic schools were those of <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a>. After Hillel died in 20 CE, Shammai assumed the office of president of the Sanhedrin until he died in 30 CE. Followers of these two sages dominated scholarly debate over the following decades. Although the Talmud records the arguments and positions of the school of Shammai, the teachings of the school of Hillel were ultimately taken as authoritative.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Pharisees_to_rabbis">From Pharisees to rabbis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: From Pharisees to rabbis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Rabbinic Judaism">Origins of Rabbinic Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>, revolutionaries like the <a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a> had been crushed by the Romans, and had little credibility (the last Zealots died at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> in 73 CE).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pharisees#A._The_only_literary_source_is_Josephus,_and_he_calls_them_->_Sicarii,_making_a_clear_distinction_between_them_and_the_Zealots._B._The_archaeological_evidence_is_not_clear;_scroll_finds_show_presence_of_Qumran_sect_members._So_careful_with_use_of_terms." title="Talk:Pharisees">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Similarly, the Sadducees, whose teachings were closely connected to the Temple, disappeared with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a> too disappeared, perhaps because their teachings so diverged from the concerns of the times, perhaps because they were sacked by the Romans at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of all the major Second Temple sects, <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Rabbinic_Judaism#Emergence_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Rabbinic Judaism">only the Pharisees remained</a>. Their vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives was a position meaningful to the majority of Jews. Such teachings extended beyond ritual practices. According to the classic <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> in <i>Avot D'Rabbi Nathan</i> (4:5): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Temple is destroyed. We never witnessed its glory. But Rabbi Joshua did. And when he looked at the Temple ruins one day, he burst into tears. "Alas for us! The place which atoned for the sins of all the people Israel lies in ruins!" Then Rabbi Yohannan ben Zakkai spoke to him these words of comfort: "Be not grieved, my son. There is another way of gaining ritual atonement, even though the Temple is destroyed. We must now gain ritual atonement through deeds of loving-kindness."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Following the destruction of the Temple, Rome governed Judea through a <a href="/wiki/Roman_administration_of_Judaea_(AD_6%E2%80%93135)" title="Roman administration of Judaea (AD 6–135)">Procurator</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> and a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> and levied the <a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>, a leading Pharisee, was appointed the first Patriarch (the Hebrew word, Nasi, also means <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a>, or <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a>), and he reestablished the Sanhedrin at <a href="/wiki/Yavneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavneh">Yavneh</a> (see the related <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a>) under Pharisee control. Instead of giving <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> to the priests and sacrificing offerings at the (now-destroyed) Temple, the rabbis instructed Jews to give charity. Moreover, they argued that all Jews should study in local <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, because <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is "the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob" (Deuteronomy 33:4).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the destruction of the First Temple, Jews believed that God would forgive them and enable them to rebuild the Temple –  an event that actually occurred within three generations. After the destruction of the Second Temple, Jews wondered whether this would happen again. When the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> threatened to rebuild Jerusalem as a pagan city dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, in 132, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, some of the leading sages of the Sanhedrin supported a rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon Bar Kosiba</a> (later known as Bar Kokhba), who established a short-lived independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135. With this defeat, Jews' hopes that the Temple would be rebuilt were crushed. Nonetheless, belief in a <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a> remains a cornerstone of Jewish belief.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Romans forbade Jews to enter Jerusalem (except for the day of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>), and forbade any plan to rebuild the Temple. Instead, it took over the Province of Judea directly, renaming it <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, and renaming Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>. Romans did eventually reconstitute the Sanhedrin under the leadership of Judah haNasi (who claimed to be a descendant of King David). They conferred the title of "Nasi" as hereditary, and Judah's sons served both as Patriarch and as heads of the Sanhedrin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Temple_developments">Post-Temple developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Post-Temple developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to historian Shaye Cohen, by the time three generations had passed after the destruction of the Second Temple, most Jews concluded that the Temple would not be rebuilt during their lives, nor in the foreseeable future. Jews were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions: </p> <ul><li>How to achieve atonement without the Temple?</li> <li>How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?</li> <li>How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?</li> <li>How to connect present and past traditions?</li></ul> <p>Regardless of the importance they gave to the Temple, and despite their support of Bar Koseba's revolt, the Pharisees' vision of Jewish law as a means by which ordinary people could engage with the sacred in their daily lives provided them with a position from which to respond to all four challenges in a way meaningful to the vast majority of Jews. Their responses would constitute Rabbinic Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaye_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaye-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sectarian divisions ended. The Rabbis avoided the term "Pharisee," perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Birkat_haMinim" title="Birkat haMinim">birkat haMinim</a></i></span>, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and defeats the wicked," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism. The Pharisaic commitment to scholarly debate as a value in and of itself, rather than merely a byproduct of sectarianism, emerged as a defining feature of Rabbinic Judaism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thus, as the Pharisees argued that all Israel should act as priests, the Rabbis argued that all Israel should act as rabbis: "The rabbis furthermore want to transform the entire Jewish community into an academy where the whole Torah is studied and kept .... redemption depends on the "rabbinization" of all Israel, that is, upon the attainment of all Jewry of a full and complete embodiment of revelation or Torah, thus achieving a perfect replica of heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-inv_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> at this time and afterwards contained the idea of the Heavenly Academy, a heavenly <a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">institute</a> where God taught <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rabbinic era itself is divided into two periods. The first period was that of the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a> (from the Aramaic word for "repeat;" the Aramaic root TNY is equivalent to the Hebrew root SNY, which is the basis for "Mishnah." Thus, Tannaim are "Mishnah teachers"), the sages who repeated and thus passed down the Oral Torah. During this period rabbis finalized the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">canonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, and in 200 <a href="/wiki/Judah_haNasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah haNasi">Judah haNasi</a> edited together Tannaitic judgements and traditions into the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, considered by the rabbis to be the definitive expression of the Oral Torah (although some of the sages mentioned in the Mishnah are Pharisees who lived prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, or prior to the Bar Kozeba Revolt, most of the sages mentioned lived after the revolt). </p><p>The second period is that of the <i>Amoraim</i> (from the Aramaic word for "speaker") rabbis and their students who continued to debate legal matters and discuss the meaning of the books of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Bible</a>. In Judea, these discussions occurred at important academies at Tiberias, Caesarea, and Sepphoris. In Babylonia, these discussions largely occurred at important academies that had been established at Nehardea, Pumpeditha and Sura. This tradition of study and debate reached its fullest expression in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudim</a>, elaborations of the Mishnah and records of Rabbinic debates, stories, and judgements, compiled around 400 in Judea and around 500 in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>. </p><p>Rabbinic Judaism eventually emerged as normative Judaism and in fact many today refer to Rabbinic Judaism simply as "Judaism." Jacob Neusner, however, states that the Amoraim had no ultimate power in their communities. They lived at a time when Jews were subjects of either the Roman or Iranian (Parthian and Persian) empires. These empires left the day-to-day governance in the hands of the Jewish authorities: in Roman Palestine, through the hereditary office of Patriarch (simultaneously the head of the Sanhedrin); in Babylonia, through the hereditary office of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reish_Galuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Reish Galuta">Reish Galuta</a></i>, the "Head of the Exile" or "Exilarch" (who ratified the appointment of the heads of Rabbinical academies.) According to Professor Neusner: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The "Judaism" of the rabbis at this time is in no degree either normal or normative, and speaking descriptively, the schools cannot be called "elite." Whatever their aspirations for the future and pretensions in the present, the rabbis, though powerful and influential, constitute a minority group seeking to exercise authority without much governmental support, to dominate without substantial means of coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-inv_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Neusner's view, the rabbinic project, as acted out in the Talmud, reflected not the world as it was but the world as rabbis dreamed it should be. </p><p>According to S. Baron however, there existed "a general willingness of the people to follow its self imposed Rabbinic rulership". Although the Rabbis lacked authority to impose capital punishment "Flagellation and heavy fines, combined with an extensive system of excommunication were more than enough to uphold the authority of the courts." In fact, the Rabbis took over more and more power from the Reish Galuta until eventually <a href="/wiki/Rav_Ashi" title="Rav Ashi">R' Ashi</a> assumed the title Rabbana, heretofore assumed by the exilarch, and appeared together with two other Rabbis as an official delegation "at the gate of King <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegard</a>'s court." The Amorah (and Tanna) Rav was a personal friend of the last Parthian king Artabenus and Shmuel was close to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a>, King of Persia. Thus, the Rabbis had significant means of "coercion" and the people seem to have followed the Rabbinic rulership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharisees_and_Christianity">Pharisees and Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pharisees and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JesusPharisees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg/220px-JesusPharisees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg/330px-JesusPharisees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/JesusPharisees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>: Disputation between Jesus and the Pharisees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg/220px-Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg/330px-Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg/440px-Christus_im_Hause_des_Pharis%C3%A4ers_Jacopo_Tintoretto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><i>Jesus at the house of the Pharisean</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, Escorial</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian#Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian § Split of early Christianity and Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></div> <p>The Pharisees appear in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, engaging in conflicts between themselves and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and because <a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus the Pharisee</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_3" title="John 3">John 3</a>:1) with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> entombed Jesus' body at great personal risk. <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a>, the highly respected rabbi and, according to Christianity, defender of the apostles, was also a Pharisee, and according to some Christian traditions <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel#Veneration" title="Gamaliel">secretly converted to Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several references in the New Testament to <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> being a Pharisee before converting to Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other members of the Pharisee sect are known from <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>:5 to have become Christian believers. It was some members of his group who argued that <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> converts must be <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcised</a> and obliged to follow the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Mosaic law</a>, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">dispute</a> within the early Church addressed at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Apostolic Council in Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 50 CE. </p><p>The New Testament, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, presents especially the leadership of the Pharisees as obsessed with man-made rules (especially concerning purity) whereas Jesus is more concerned with God's love; the Pharisees scorn <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinners</a> whereas Jesus seeks them out. (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, which is the only gospel where Nicodemus is mentioned, particularly portrays the sect as divided and willing to debate.) Because of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s frequent depictions of Pharisees as self-righteous rule-followers (see also <a href="/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" title="Woes of the Pharisees">Woes of the Pharisees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">Legalism (theology)</a>), the word "pharisee" (and its derivatives: "pharisaical", etc.) has come into semi-common usage in English to describe a hypocritical and arrogant person who places the <a href="/wiki/Letter_and_spirit_of_the_law" title="Letter and spirit of the law">letter of the law above its spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews today typically find this insulting and some consider the use of the word to be <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> speculated that Jesus was himself a Pharisee and that his arguments with Pharisees is a sign of inclusion rather than fundamental conflict (disputation being the dominant narrative mode employed in the Talmud as a search for truth, and not necessarily a sign of opposition).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Maccoby's views have been widely rejected by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of passages include the <a href="/wiki/Mark_2#Jesus_heals_a_paralyzed_man" title="Mark 2">story of Jesus declaring the sins of a paralytic man forgiven</a> and the Pharisees calling the action <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>. In the story, Jesus counters the accusation that he does not have the power to forgive sins by pronouncing forgiveness of sins and then healing the man. The account of the Paralytic Man<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jesus's performance of miracles on the Sabbath<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are often interpreted as oppositional and at times antagonistic to that of the Pharisees' teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, according to <a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">E. P. Sanders</a>, Jesus' actions are actually similar to and consistent with Jewish beliefs and practices of the time, as recorded by the Rabbis, that commonly associate illness with sin and healing with forgiveness. Jews (according to E.P. Sanders) reject the New Testament suggestion that the healing would have been critical of, or criticized by, the Pharisees as no surviving Rabbinic source questions or criticizes this practice,<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the notion that Pharisees believed that "God alone" could forgive sins is more of a rhetorical device than historical fact.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another argument from Sanders is that, according to the New Testament, Pharisees wanted to punish Jesus for <a href="/wiki/Mark_3#Healing_on_the_Sabbath" title="Mark 3">healing a man's withered hand</a> on <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a>. Despite the Mishna and Gemara being replete with restrictions on healing on the Sabbath (for example, Mishna Shabbat, 22:6), E.P. Sanders stated that no Rabbinic rule has been found according to which Jesus would have violated Sabbath.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Chris Keith, there have been many scholars on both sides who were either highly critical of the historicity of the controversy narratives between Jesus and the scribes and Pharisees or found the stories to be historically credible. Some of the former went as far as to claim that these narratives tried to hide the truth that Jesus in actuality was a Pharisee himself. Keith himself agrees with the latter and agrees that conflicts between Jesus and the literate interpreters of the text happened as the Gospels say and can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical Jesus</a>, disputing <a href="/wiki/E.P._Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="E.P. Sanders">E.P. Sanders</a> in particular. While he acknowledges that the Gospels' stories are a "product of the time(s) in which they were formed" and were affected by later struggles between Christians and Jews, he argues that such symbolism that drapes the Gospel narratives does not mean they are not historical and that there are convincing arguments Jesus did have such debates.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paula Frederiksen and Michael J. Cook believe that those passages of the New Testament that are seemingly most hostile to the Pharisees were written sometime after the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple#Herod's_Temple" title="Second Temple">Herod's Temple</a> in 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only Christianity and Pharisaism survived the destruction of the Temple, and the two competed for a short time until the Pharisees emerged as the dominant form of Judaism <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. When many Jews did not convert, Christians sought new converts from among the Gentiles.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and rabbinic movements from the mid to late second century to the fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_after_Smooth_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seekers after Smooth Things">The Seekers after Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woes_of_the_Pharisees" title="Woes of the Pharisees">Woes of the Pharisees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoth1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Roth, Cecil</a> (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjews00roth"><i>A History of the Jews</i></a></span>. Schocken Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjews00roth/page/84">84</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjews00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussmanPeled" class="citation web cs1">Sussman, Ayala; Peled, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-and-overview-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls#Essenes">"The Dead Sea Scrolls: History & Overview"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls%3A+History+%26+Overview&rft.aulast=Sussman&rft.aufirst=Ayala&rft.au=Peled%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fhistory-and-overview-of-the-dead-sea-scrolls%23Essenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, 17.42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <i>The Antiquities of the Jews, 13.288</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews%2C+13.288&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ber. 48b; Shab. 14b; Yoma 80a; Yeb. 16a; Nazir 53a; Ḥul. 137b; et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:2&version=nrsv">John 3:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:38&version=nrsv">John 19:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:5&version=nrsv">Acts 15:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/acts/22-3.htm">"Acts 22:3 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Acts+22%3A3+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Facts%2F22-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%205:39&version=nrsv">Acts 5:39</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/text/acts/23-6.htm">"Acts 23:6 Greek Text Analysis"</a>. <i>biblehub.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Acts+23%3A6+Greek+Text+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Ftext%2Facts%2F23-6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:5&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G5330">Greek word #5330</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1987" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Ernest (1987). <i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English</i>. University of Haifa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-220-093-X" title="Special:BookSources/965-220-093-X"><bdi>965-220-093-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Hebrew+Language+for+Readers+of+English&rft.pub=University+of+Haifa&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=965-220-093-X&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=H6567">Hebrew word #6567</a></span> in <a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaye-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaye_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaye_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaye_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaye_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommaccabeestom0000cohe"><i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i></a></span>. The Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664219116" title="Special:BookSources/9780664219116"><bdi>9780664219116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.pub=The+Westminster+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780664219116&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrommaccabeestom0000cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorot_Ha'Rishonim_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dorot Ha'Rishonim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManson1938" class="citation journal cs1">Manson, Thomas Walter (1938). "Sadducee and Pharisee". <i>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>2</b>: 144–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.22.1.6">10.7227/BJRL.22.1.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=Sadducee+and+Pharisee&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=144-159&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.22.1.6&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1929" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Louis (1929). "The Pharisees: Their Origin and Their Philosophy". <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>2</b>: 223–231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Pharisees%3A+Their+Origin+and+Their+Philosophy&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=223-231&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Persia">"Persia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPersia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ant. 18.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Richard1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Cassels" title="Walter Richard Cassels">Walter Richard</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQtKAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Gospel According to Peter: A Study</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longmans, Green</a>. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+Peter%3A+A+Study&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Walter+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQtKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2016" class="citation web cs1">Neusner, Jacob (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://louisjacobs.org/reviews-written-by-louis-jacobs/jacob-neusner-rabbinic-traditions-pharisees-70/">"Jacob Neusner, 'The Rabbinic traditions about the Pharisees before 70'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacob+Neusner%2C+%27The+Rabbinic+traditions+about+the+Pharisees+before+70%27&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisjacobs.org%2Freviews-written-by-louis-jacobs%2Fjacob-neusner-rabbinic-traditions-pharisees-70%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1999" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1999). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#28">Jeremiah 52:28–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35b08.htm#1">Nehemiah 8:1–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherwood2011" class="citation book cs1">Catherwood, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=krKeBAAAQBAJ"><i>A Brief History of the Middle East</i></a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849018074" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849018074"><bdi>978-1849018074</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849018074&rft.aulast=Catherwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkrKeBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Yigal (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487">"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>11</b> (10): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487">10.3390/rel11100487</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+Idumea+and+Its+Relationship+to+Early+Judaism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11100487&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11100487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 13:5 § 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 13:10 § 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Cecil <i>A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War</i> 1970 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0009-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0009-6">0-8052-0009-6</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaron1956" class="citation book cs1">Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1956). Schwartz, Leo Walden (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatagesideasof00schw"><i>Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People</i></a></span>. Random House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Ages+and+Ideas+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Salo+Wittmayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatagesideasof00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud tractate Bava Kamma Ch. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia Judaica</i> s.v. "Sadducees"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ant. 13.288–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nickelsburg, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2013" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Junghwa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRUdnEVqersC"><i>Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E.</i></a> Brill. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004245143" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004245143"><bdi>978-9004245143</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Leadership+in+Roman+Palestine+from+70+C.E.+to+135+C.E.&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004245143&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Junghwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRUdnEVqersC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Jewish War</i> 1:110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sievers, 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 14:3 § 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of the Second Temple Period</i>, Paolo Sacchi, ch. 8 p. 269: "At this point, the majority of the city's inhabitants, pro-Pharisee and pro-Hyrcanus, decided to open the city's gates to the Romans. Only a small minority of Sadducees took refuge in the Temple and decided to hold out until the very end. This was Autumn 63 BCE. On this occasion Pompey broke into the Temple."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Wars of the Jews</i>, Flavius Josephus, Translated by William Whiston, A.M. Auburn and Buffalo John E. Beardsley, 1895, sections 142–150: "And now did many of the priests, even when they saw their enemies assailing them with swords in their hands, without any disturbance, go on with their Divine worship, and were slain while they were offering their drink-offerings, ... The greatest part of them were slain by their own countrymen, of the adverse faction, and an innumerable multitude threw themselves down precipices"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, H.H. Ben-Sasson, p. 223: "Thus the independence of Hasmonean Judea came to an end;"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 14:9 § 4; 15:1 § 1; 10 § 4; 11 §§ 5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 17:2 § 4; 6 §§ 2–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>Antiquities</i>, 18:1, § 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_S._Alexander1999" class="citation book cs1">Philip S. Alexander (7 April 1999). Dunn, James D. G. (ed.). <i>Jews and Christians : the parting of the ways, A.D. 70 to 135 : the second Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism (Durham, September 1989)</i>. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802844987" title="Special:BookSources/0802844987"><bdi>0802844987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+%3A+the+parting+of+the+ways%2C+A.D.+70+to+135+%3A+the+second+Durham-T%C3%BCbingen+Research+Symposium+on+Earliest+Christianity+and+Judaism+%28Durham%2C+September+1989%29&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1999-04-07&rft.isbn=0802844987&rft.au=Philip+S.+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Shabbat.31a.6?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Shabbat 31a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2023:8&version=nrsv">Acts 23.8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hick (<i>Death & Eternal Life</i>, 1994, p. 395) interprets Josephus to be most likely talking about resurrection, while Jason von Ehrenkrook ("The Afterlife in Philo and Josephus", in <i>Heaven, Hell, and the Afterlife: Eternity in Judaism</i>, ed. J. Harold Ellens; vol. 1, pp. 97–118) understands the passage to refer to reincarnation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus <i>Jewish War</i> 2.8.14; cf. <i>Antiquities</i> 8.14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acta 23.6, 26.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnelle2013-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schnelle2013_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdo_Schnelle2013" class="citation book cs1">Udo Schnelle (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-6wBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT51"><i>Apostle Paul: His Life and Theology</i></a>. Baker Publishing Group. pp. 51–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-4200-6"><bdi>978-1-4412-4200-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostle+Paul%3A+His+Life+and+Theology&rft.pages=51-&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-4200-6&rft.au=Udo+Schnelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-6wBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inv-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inv_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inv_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inv_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inv_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inv_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neusner, Jacob <i>Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book</i> (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:29–24&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:29–24</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%206:7&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 6:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2011:19&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 11:19</a>; compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2031:9&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 31:9</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%202:8&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 2:8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Jeremiah%2018:18&version=nrsv">Jeremiah 18:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2011&version=nrsv">Leviticus 11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2014:3–21&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 14:3–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2014:1–2&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 14:1–2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:28&version=nrsv">Leviticus 19:28</a>; compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2021:5&version=nrsv">Leviticus 21:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saldarini2001-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saldarini2001_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_J._Saldarini2001" class="citation book cs1">Anthony J. Saldarini (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bre6P-OPfEEC&pg=PA303"><i>Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society: A Sociological Approach</i></a>. W.B. Eerdmans. pp. 303–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4358-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4358-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-4358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharisees%2C+Scribes+and+Sadducees+in+Palestinian+Society%3A+A+Sociological+Approach&rft.pages=303-&rft.pub=W.B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4358-6&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Saldarini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBre6P-OPfEEC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruether1996-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruether1996_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemary_Ruether1996" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary Ruether (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNJJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Faith and Fratricide: The Theological Roots of Anti-Semitism</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 53–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9653517-5-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9653517-5-1"><bdi>978-0-9653517-5-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Fratricide%3A+The+Theological+Roots+of+Anti-Semitism&rft.pages=53-&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9653517-5-1&rft.au=Rosemary+Ruether&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNJJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosepheus" class="citation book cs1">Josepheus. <i>The Antiquities of the Jews</i>. pp. 13.5.9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=13.5.9&rft.au=Josepheus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1993" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaiclawfro_neus_1993_000_3727046"><i>Judaic law from Jesus to the Mishnah : a systematic reply to Professor E.P. Sanders</i></a></span>. Scholars Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judaiclawfro_neus_1993_000_3727046/page/n219">206</a>–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555408737" title="Special:BookSources/1555408737"><bdi>1555408737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaic+law+from+Jesus+to+the+Mishnah+%3A+a+systematic+reply+to+Professor+E.P.+Sanders&rft.pages=206-207&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1555408737&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudaiclawfro_neus_1993_000_3727046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1979" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (1979). <i>From Politics to Piety: the emergence of Pharisaic Judaism</i>. KTAV. pp. 82–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Politics+to+Piety%3A+the+emergence+of+Pharisaic+Judaism&rft.pages=82-90&rft.pub=KTAV&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Chajes" title="Zvi Hirsch Chajes">Zvi Hirsch Chajes</a> <i>The Students Guide through the Talmud</i> Ch. 15 (English edition by Jacob Schacter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderKamFlint2002" class="citation book cs1">VanderKam, James; Flint, Peter (26 November 2002). <i>The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls : their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity</i> (1st ed.). HarperSanFrancisco. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/006068464X" title="Special:BookSources/006068464X"><bdi>006068464X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls+%3A+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity&rft.pages=292&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2002-11-26&rft.isbn=006068464X&rft.aulast=VanderKam&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Flint%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseAbeggCook1996" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Michael; Abegg, Martin Jr.; Cook, Edward, eds. (11 October 1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001/page/20"><i>The Dead Sea scrolls : a new translation</i></a></span> (First ed.). HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060692001/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060692006" title="Special:BookSources/0060692006"><bdi>0060692006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+scrolls+%3A+a+new+translation&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996-10-11&rft.isbn=0060692006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780060692001%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Zaleski" title="Carol Zaleski">Zaleski, Carol</a> (2023-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/heaven">"heaven"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=heaven&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-03-04&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fheaven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 3:1–7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#7:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 7:28–30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Acts_5" title="Acts 5">Acts 5</a> merely reads: "33 When they heard this, they were furious and plotted to kill them. 34 Then one in the council stood up, a Pharisee named Gamaliel, a teacher of the law held in respect by all the people, and commanded them to put the apostles outside for a little while. 35 And he said to them: "Men of Israel, take heed to yourselves what you intend to do regarding these men. 36 For some time ago Theudas rose up, claiming to be somebody. A number of men, about four hundred, joined him. He was slain, and all who obeyed him were scattered and came to nothing. 37 After this man, Judas of Galilee rose up in the days of the census, and drew away many people after him. He also perished, and all who obeyed him were dispersed. 38 And now I say to you, keep away from these men and let them alone; for if this plan or this work is of men, it will come to nothing; 39 but if it is of God, you cannot overthrow it—lest you even be found to fight against God."" (<a href="/wiki/New_King_James_Version" title="New King James Version">New King James Version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apostle Paul as a Pharisee <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#26:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 26:5</a> See also <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Acts#23:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Acts">Acts 23:6</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philippians#3:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Philippians">Philippians 3:5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acts 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pharisee"><i>"pharisee"</i></a> The Free Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Cook 2008 <i>Modern Jews Engage the New Testament</i> 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Maccoby, 1986 <i>The Mythmaker. Paul and the Invention of Christianity</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregerman2012" class="citation web cs1">Gregerman, Adam (2012-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427064939/http://forward.com/culture/151028/its-kosher-to-accept-real-jesus/">"It's 'Kosher' To Accept Real Jesus?"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/151028/its-kosher-to-accept-real-jesus/">the original</a> on 2016-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=It%27s+%27Kosher%27+To+Accept+Real+Jesus%3F&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.aulast=Gregerman&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F151028%2Fits-kosher-to-accept-real-jesus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#2:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 2:1–1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 3:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker1999" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, Morna D. (1999). <i>The Gospel according to St. Mark</i> (3rd ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. pp. 83–88, 105–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565630106" title="Special:BookSources/1565630106"><bdi>1565630106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+according+to+St.+Mark&rft.pages=83-88%2C+105-108&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1565630106&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Morna+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.P. Sanders 1993 <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i> 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1985" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, E. P. (1985). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusjudaism00sand"><i>Jesus and Judaism</i></a></span> (1st Fortress Press ed.). Fortress Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusjudaism00sand/page/n287">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0800620615" title="Special:BookSources/0800620615"><bdi>0800620615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+Judaism&rft.pages=273&rft.edition=1st+Fortress+Press&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0800620615&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusjudaism00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.P. Sanders 1993 <i>The Historical Figure of Jesus</i> 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2020" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Chris (2020). <i>Jesus against the Scribal Elite: The Origins of the Conflict</i>. T&T Clark. p. 27-28, 187, 190, 191, 197-202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567687098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567687098"><bdi>978-0567687098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+against+the+Scribal+Elite%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Conflict&rft.pages=27-28%2C+187%2C+190%2C+191%2C+197-202&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0567687098&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Frederiksen, 1988 <i>From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of the New Testament Images of Jesus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Cook, 2008 <i>Modern Jews Engage the New Testament</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2011:25&version=nrsv">Romans 11:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance: Lily C. Vuong, <i>Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James</i>, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.358 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2013), 210–213; Jonathan Bourgel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34049435/Bourgel_The_Holders_of_the_Word_of_Truth_The_Pharisees_in_Pseudo-Clementine_Recognitions_1.27_71_JECS_25.2_2017_.pdf?auto=bookmark&campaign=weekly_digest">"The Holders of the "Word of Truth": The Pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27–71,"</a> <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i> 25.2 (2017) 171–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Bobichon, "Autorités religieuses juives et 'sectes' juives dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr", <i>Revue des Études Augustiniennes</i> 48/1 (2002), pp. 3–22 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29309756/Autorit%C3%A9s_religieuses_juives_et_sectes_juives_dans_loeuvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_48_1_2002_p_3_22">online</a>; Philippe Bobichon, <i>Dialogue avec Tryphon (Dialogue with Trypho), édition critique</i>, Editions universitaires de Fribourg, 2003, Introduction, pp. 73–108 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7280008/JUSTIN_MARTYR_Dialogue_avec_Tryphon_Dialogue_with_Trypho_%C3%A9dition_critique_VOLUME_I_Introduction_Texte_grec_Traduction_Coll_Paradosis_%C3%A9ditions_universitaires_de_Fribourg_Suisse_no_47_1_2003_563_pages">online</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baron, Salo W. <i>A Social and Religious History of the Jews</i> Vol 2.</li> <li>Boccaccini, Gabriele 2002 <i>Roots of Rabbinic Judaism</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4361-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4361-1">0-8028-4361-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.F._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="F.F. Bruce">Bruce, F.F.</a>, The Book of Acts, Revised Edition (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1988)</li> <li>Cohen, Shaye J.D. 1988 <i>From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-25017-3">0-664-25017-3</a></li> <li>Fredriksen, Paula 1988 <i>From Jesus to Christ</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5">0-300-04864-5</a></li> <li>Gowler, David B. 1991/2008 <i>Host, Guest, Enemy, and Friend: Portraits of the Pharisees in Luke and Acts</i> (Peter Lang, 1991; ppk, Wipf & Stock, 2008)</li> <li>Halevi, Yitzchak Isaac <i>Dorot Ha'Rishonim</i> (Heb.)</li> <li>Neusner, Jacob <i>Torah From our Sages: Pirke Avot</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940646-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-940646-05-6">0-940646-05-6</a></li> <li>Neusner, Jacob <i>Invitation to the Talmud: a Teaching Book</i> (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59244-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59244-155-6">1-59244-155-6</a></li> <li>Roth, Cecil <i>A History of the Jews: From Earliest Times Through the Six Day War</i> 1970 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-0009-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-0009-6">0-8052-0009-6</a></li> <li>Schwartz, Leo, ed. <i>Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-60413-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-60413-X">0-394-60413-X</a></li> <li>Segal, Alan F. <i>Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-75076-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-75076-4">0-674-75076-4</a></li> <li>Sacchi, Paolo 2004 <i>The History of the Second Temple Period</i>, London [u.a.] : T & T Clark International, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567044501" title="Special:BookSources/9780567044501">9780567044501</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pharisees" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pharisees">Pharisees</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507180244/http://www.dinur.org/resources/resourceCategoryDisplay.aspx?categoryid=429&rsid=478">Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Jewish Sects</a> The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=252&letter=P&search=Pharisees">Jewish Encyclopedia: Pharisees</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Driscoll, James F. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pharisees"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pharisees">"Pharisees" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharisees&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Pharisees"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Pharisees">"Pharisees" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharisees&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Letchford, Roderick R., <i>Pharisees, Jesus and the Kingdom</i> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725052808/http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030917.151913/">Australian National University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharisees&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-jews-aren-t-to-blame-for-jesus-death-a-bible-scholar-asserts-1.7913272">"The Jews Aren't to Blame for Jesus' Death, a Bible Scholar Asserts"</a>. Ofer Aderet for <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Jews+Aren%27t+to+Blame+for+Jesus%27+Death%2C+a+Bible+Scholar+Asserts&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-the-jews-aren-t-to-blame-for-jesus-death-a-bible-scholar-asserts-1.7913272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APharisees" class="Z3988"></span> Discussion of the book by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Knohl" title="Israel Knohl">Israel Knohl</a>, <i>The Messiah Controversy (מחלוקת המשיח): Who Are the Jews Waiting For?</i> (Tel Aviv: Dvir Press, 2019, in Hebrew), supporting the thesis that the priests who sentenced Jesus to death were Sadducees, in a time where the majority of the Jews followed the beliefs of the Pharisees, who were close to the ideas preached by Jesus and would not have wanted his death.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against 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title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26403#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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