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class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/sciences-math-4132465" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Science, Tech, Math</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences-4133522" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Social Sciences</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">An Introduction to the Flynn Effect</h1> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="An Introduction to the Flynn Effect" document="StructuredContentDocumentEx{parent=BaseDocumentEx{templateType=STRUCTUREDCONTENT, documentId=4159830, bestTitle='An Introduction to the Flynn Effect'}}" data-description="Researchers studying the Flynn effect have found that scores on IQ tests have actually increased over time." data-tracking-container="true"> <li class="share-item share-item-facebook"> <span 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psychology writer and researcher specializing in the study of relationships and positive emotions." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elizabeth-hopper-4157811" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Elizabeth Hopper</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/elizabeth-hopper-4157811" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Elizabeth Hopper</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">Psychology Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">Ph.D., Psychology, University of California - Santa Barbara</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Psychology and Peace & Conflict Studies, University of California - Berkeley</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Elizabeth Hopper, Ph.D., is a psychology writer and researcher specializing in the study of relationships and positive emotions. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on March 16, 2018</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> You’ve probably heard someone lament the state of “kids today”: that current generations aren’t as smart as the ones that came before them. However, psychologists who study intelligence have found that there isn’t much support for this idea; instead, the opposite may actually be true. Researchers studying the Flynn effect have found that scores on IQ tests have actually improved over time. Below, we’ll review what the Flynn effect is, some possible explanations for it, and what it tells us about human intelligence. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-is-the-flynn-effect"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Is the Flynn effect? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/17/none-of-the-above" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Flynn effect</a>, first described in the 1980s by researcher James Flynn, refers to the finding that scores on IQ tests have increased in the past <a href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.aspx" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">century</a>. Researchers studying this effect have found wide support for this phenomenon. One <a href="https://misuse.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/error/abuse.shtml" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">research paper, published by psychologist Lisa Trahan</a> and her colleagues, combined the results of other published studies (which included a total of over 14,000 participants) and found that IQ scores have indeed increased since the 1950s. Although researchers have documented some <a href="https://www.wired.com/2011/08/are-smart-people-getting-smarter/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="4">exceptions</a>, IQ scores have generally increased over time. Trahan and her colleagues observed, “The existence of the Flynn effect is rarely disputed.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-why-does-the-flynn-effect-happen"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Why Does the Flynn Effect Happen? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Researchers have put forward several theories to explain the Flynn effect. One explanation has to do with improvements in health and nutrition. For example, the past century has seen a decrease in smoking and alcohol use in pregnancy, discontinuation of the use of harmful lead paint, improvements in the prevention and treatment of <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201008/the-flynn-effect-and-iq-disparities-among-races-ethnicities-and-nations" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">infectious diseases</a>, and improvements in <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201008/the-flynn-effect-and-iq-disparities-among-races-ethnicities-and-nations" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">nutrition</a>. As Scott Barry Kaufman writes for <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201008/the-flynn-effect-and-iq-disparities-among-races-ethnicities-and-nations" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">Psychology Today</a>, “The Flynn effect serves as a reminder that when we give people more opportunities to prosper, more people <em>do</em> prosper.” </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> In other words, the Flynn effect could be partially due to the fact that, over the twentieth century, we’ve started addressing many of the public health issues that prevented people in earlier generations from reaching their full potential. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Another explanation for the Flynn effect has to do with societal changes that have occurred in the past century as a result of the <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/are-you-smarter-than-your-grandfather-probably-not-150402883/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Industrial Revolution</a>. In a <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">TED talk</a>, Flynn explains that the world today is “a world where we've had to develop new mental habits, new habits of mind.” Flynn has found that IQ scores have increased the most rapidly on questions that ask us to find <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/17/none-of-the-above" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">similarities</a> between different things, and more abstract types of problem solving — both of which are things that we need to do more of in the modern world. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Several ideas have been put forward to explain why modern society might lead to higher scores on IQ tests. For example, today, many more of us have demanding, intellectually rigorous <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">jobs</a>. <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">Schools</a> have also changed: whereas a test at school in the early 1900s might have been more focused on memorization, a recent test might be more likely to focus on explaining the reasons for something. Additionally, more people today are likely to finish high school and go on to <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">college</a>. Family sizes tend to be <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/are-you-smarter-than-your-grandfather-probably-not-150402883/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="4">smaller</a>, and it has been suggested that this may allow children to pick up on new vocabulary words while interacting with their parents. It’s even been suggested that the entertainment we consume is more complex today. Trying to understand and anticipate plot points in a favorite book or TV drama may actually be making us smarter. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-what-can-we-learn-from-studying-the-flynn-effect"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> What Can We Learn From Studying the Flynn Effect? </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The Flynn effect tells us that the human mind is much more adaptable and malleable than we might have thought. It seems that some of our thinking patterns aren’t necessarily innate, but rather things that we learn from our <a href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.aspx" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">environment</a>. When exposed to modern industrial society, we think about the world in different ways than our ancestors did. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_18-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> When discussing the Flynn effect in The New Yorker, <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/17/none-of-the-above" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">Malcolm Gladwell</a> writes, “If whatever the thing is that I.Q. tests measure can jump so much in a generation, it can’t be all that immutable and it doesn’t look all that innate.” In other words, the Flynn effect tells us that IQ may not actually be what we think it is: instead of being a measure of natural, unlearned intelligence, it’s something that can be shaped by the education we receive and the society we live in. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_19-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_20-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <cite><strong>References</strong>:</cite> </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_21-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <ul id="mntl-sc-block_22-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> <li><cite>Flynn, J. (2013, March). Why our IQ levels are higher than our grandparents’. <em>TED.</em> <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="1">https://www.ted.com/talks/james_flynn_why_our_iq_levels_are_higher_than_our_grandparents</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Gambino, M. (2012, December 3). Are you smarter than your grandfather? Probably not. <em>Smithsonian</em>. <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/are-you-smarter-than-your-grandfather-probably-not-150402883/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="2">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/are-you-smarter-than-your-grandfather-probably-not-150402883/</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Gladwell, M. (2007, December 17). None of the above. <em>The New Yorker</em>. <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/17/none-of-the-above" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="3">https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/12/17/none-of-the-above</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Kaufman, S.B. (2010, August 23). The Flynn effect and IQ disparities among races, ethnicities, and nations: Are there common links? <em>Psychology Today</em>. <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201008/the-flynn-effect-and-iq-disparities-among-races-ethnicities-and-nations" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="4">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/beautiful-minds/201008/the-flynn-effect-and-iq-disparities-among-races-ethnicities-and-nations</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Lehrer, J. (2011, August 2). Are smart people getting smarter? <em>Wired.</em> <a href="https://www.wired.com/2011/08/are-smart-people-getting-smarter/" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="5">https://www.wired.com/2011/08/are-smart-people-getting-smarter/</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Trahan, L. H., Stuebing, K. K., Fletcher, J. M., & Hiscock, M. (2014). The Flynn effect: A meta-analysis. <em>Psychological Bulletin, 140</em>(5), 1332-1360. doi:10.1037/a0037173. <a href="https://misuse.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/error/abuse.shtml" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="6">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4152423/</a></cite></li> <li><cite>Winerman, L. (2013, March). Smarter than ever? <em>Monitor on Psychology, 44</em>(3), 30. <a href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.aspx" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="externalLink" data-ordinal="7">http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/03/smarter.aspx</a></cite></li> </ul></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Hopper, Elizabeth. "An Introduction to the Flynn Effect." ThoughtCo, Jun. 25, 2024, thoughtco.com/an-introduction-to-the-flynn-effect-4159830.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Hopper, Elizabeth. (2024, June 25). An Introduction to the Flynn Effect. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/an-introduction-to-the-flynn-effect-4159830</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Hopper, Elizabeth. "An Introduction to the Flynn Effect." 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