CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fertilizer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6c40fc60-349e-41f9-8810-b77ed54c3125","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fertilizer","wgTitle":"Fertilizer","wgCurRevisionId":1258891774,"wgRevisionId":1258891774,"wgArticleId":37401,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2018","Webarchive template wayback links", "CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Use American English from August 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with excerpts","Free-content attribution","Free content from FAO","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Fertilizers","Horticulture","Climate change and agriculture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fertilizer","wgRelevantArticleId":37401,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q83323","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles" :"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/1200px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="971"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/800px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="647"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/640px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fertilizer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fertilizer rootpage-Fertilizer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fertilizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fertilizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fertilizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fertilizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mechanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbiological_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiological_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Microbiological considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiological_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_nutrient_("straight")_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_nutrient_("straight")_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_nutrient_("straight")_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multinutrient_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multinutrient_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Multinutrient fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multinutrient_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micronutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micronutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Micronutrients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micronutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrogen_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrogen_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nitrogen fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrogen_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphate_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphate_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Phosphate fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphate_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potassium_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Potassium fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NPK_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NPK_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 NPK fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NPK_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Organic fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-fertilizer_comsumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#fertilizer_comsumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 fertilizer comsumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-fertilizer_comsumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Application </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Application subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liquid_vs_solid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_vs_solid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Liquid vs solid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_vs_solid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Urea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slow-_and_controlled-release_fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slow-_and_controlled-release_fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slow-_and_controlled-release_fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foliar_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foliar_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Foliar application </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foliar_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemicals_that_affect_nitrogen_uptake" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals_that_affect_nitrogen_uptake"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Chemicals that affect nitrogen uptake </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals_that_affect_nitrogen_uptake-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overfertilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overfertilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Overfertilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overfertilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Environmental effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nitrate_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrate_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Nitrate pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrate_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Soil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accumulation_of_toxic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accumulation_of_toxic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Accumulation of toxic elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accumulation_of_toxic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cadmium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cadmium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.1 Cadmium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cadmium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluoride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluoride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.2 Fluoride </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluoride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactive_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactive_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.3 Radioactive elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactive_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.4 Other metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trace_mineral_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trace_mineral_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Trace mineral depletion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trace_mineral_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_soil_biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_soil_biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.4 Changes in soil biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_soil_biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_consumption_and_sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_consumption_and_sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Hydrogen consumption and sustainability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_consumption_and_sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contribution_to_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contribution_to_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Contribution to climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contribution_to_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fertilizer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" > 99 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunsmis" title="Kunsmis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kunsmis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سماد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سماد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizante" title="Fertilizante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fertilizante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCbr%C9%99" title="Gübrə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gübrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabuk" title="Rabuk – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rabuk" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BBi-li%C4%81u" title="Pûi-liāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pûi-liāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ашлама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ашлама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Угнаенні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Угнаенні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тор (биология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тор (биология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnojivo" title="Gnojivo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gnojivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adob" title="Adob – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adob" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%C4%83%D1%88" title="Пулăхлатăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пулăхлатăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnojivo" title="Hnojivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnojivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8dning" title="Gødning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gødning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnger" title="Dünger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dünger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4etis" title="Väetis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väetis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λίπασμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίπασμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizante" title="Fertilizante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fertilizante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterko" title="Sterko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sterko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongarri" title="Ongarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ongarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="کود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrais" title="Engrais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Engrais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leas%C3%BA_(talmha%C3%ADocht)" title="Leasú (talmhaíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leasú (talmhaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizante" title="Fertilizante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fertilizante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%A3%8C" title="비료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պարարտանյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարարտանյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="उर्वरक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उर्वरक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnojivo" title="Gnojivo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gnojivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungo" title="Dungo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dungo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_na-eme_ka_mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_osisi_na-eme_nri" title="Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupuk" title="Pupuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pupuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81bur%C3%B0ur" title="Áburður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Áburður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizzante" title="Fertilizzante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fertilizzante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="דשן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דשן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabuk" title="Rabuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rabuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="სასუქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სასუქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тыңайтқыштар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тыңайтқыштар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifumbire" title="Ifumbire – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ifumbire" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbolea_za_chumvichumvi" title="Mbolea za chumvichumvi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbolea za chumvichumvi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angr%C3%A8" title="Angrè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Angrè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жер семирткичтер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жер семирткичтер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetamen" title="Laetamen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laetamen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93slojums" title="Mēslojums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mēslojums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnger" title="Dünger – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dünger" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%85%C5%A1os" title="Trąšos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trąšos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1gya" title="Trágya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trágya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гноиво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гноиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zezika" title="Zezika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zezika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82" title="വളം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വളം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A4" title="खत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سماد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سماد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бордоо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бордоо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A9%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC" title="မြေဩဇာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေဩဇာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meststof" title="Meststof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meststof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="उर्वरक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उर्वरक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肥料" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ged" title="Ged – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ged" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8dsel" title="Gjødsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gjødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8dning" title="Gjødning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjødning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engrais" title="Engrais – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Engrais" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBg%CA%BBit" title="Oʻgʻit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻgʻit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਖਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کھاد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawozy" title="Nawozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nawozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizante" title="Fertilizante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fertilizante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Engr%C4%83%C8%99%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Îngrășământ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Îngrășământ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanuchana" title="Wanuchana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wanuchana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Удобрения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удобрения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D2%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83" title="Уоҕурдуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уоҕурдуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱠᱷᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱷᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plehu" title="Plehu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plehu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB" title="පොහොර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොහොර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fertilizer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnojivo" title="Hnojivo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnojivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ubrivo" title="Đubrivo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Đubrivo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ubrivo" title="Đubrivo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Đubrivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupuk" title="Pupuk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pupuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannoite" title="Lannoite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lannoite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6dsel" title="Gödsel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gödsel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataba" title="Pataba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pataba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашламалар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ашламалар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="ఎరువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎరువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A2" title="ปุ๋ย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปุ๋ย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Нурӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нурӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCbre" title="Gübre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gübre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Добрива – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Добрива" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="کھاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کھاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferti%C5%82izante" title="Fertiłizante – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fertiłizante" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_b%C3%B3n" title="Phân bón – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân bón" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecr%C3%A5xhe_tchimike" title="Ecråxhe tchimike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ecråxhe tchimike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abono" title="Abono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肥料" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%94%B0%E6%96%99" title="肥田料 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肥田料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="肥料" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegemuk" title="Gegemuk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gegemuk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83323#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fertilizer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fertilizer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fertilizer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&oldid=1258891774" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fertilizer&id=1258891774&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFertilizer">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFertilizer">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fertilizer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fertilizers" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83323" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance added to soil to enhance plant growth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plant food" redirects here. For the drug term, see <a href="/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)" title="Bath salts (drug)">Bath salts (drug)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_food_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plant food (disambiguation)">Plant food (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/300px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/450px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg/600px-Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmer</a> spreading <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a></figcaption></figure> A fertilizer (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or fertiliser (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrients</a>. Fertilizers may be distinct from <a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">liming materials</a> or other non-nutrient <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendments" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendments">soil amendments</a>. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">industrially</a> produced.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann1-1">[1]</a> For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients: <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (P), and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (K) with occasional addition of supplements like <a href="/wiki/Rock_flour" title="Rock flour">rock flour</a> for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment, or hand-tool methods. Historically, fertilization came from natural or organic sources: <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">animal manure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human manure</a>, harvested minerals, <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotations</a>, and byproducts of human-nature industries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish processing waste</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Blood_meal" title="Blood meal">bloodmeal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">animal slaughter</a>). However, starting in the 19th century, after innovations in <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrition</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">agricultural industry</a> developed around synthetically created <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agrochemical fertilizers</a>. This transition was important in transforming the <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">global food system</a>, allowing for larger-scale <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">industrial agriculture</a> with large crop yields. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen-fixing</a> chemical processes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> invented at the beginning of the 20th century, and amplified by production capacity created during World War II, led to a boom in using nitrogen fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial component of the increased productivity of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional food systems">conventional food systems</a> (more than 30% per capita) as part of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019-3">[3]</a> The use of artificial and industrially-applied fertilizers has caused environmental consequences such as <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> due to nutritional runoff; <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon</a> and other emissions from fertilizer production and mining; and <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">contamination and pollution of soil</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> practices can be implemented to reduce the adverse environmental effects of fertilizer and <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> use and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">environmental damage</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">industrial agriculture</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_fertilizer" title="History of fertilizer">History of fertilizer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Total_fertilizer_production_by_nutrient%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total fertilizer production by type.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/350px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/525px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg/700px-World_population_supported_by_synthetic_nitrogen_fertilizers%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>World population supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG/220px-Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG/330px-Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG/440px-Instalaciones_MIRAT_S.A._Salamanca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3511" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1812, <a href="/wiki/Mirat" title="Mirat">Mirat</a>, producer of <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manures</a> and fertilizers, is claimed to be the oldest industrial business in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> (Spain).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg/220px-Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg/330px-Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg/440px-Cropland_Nitrogen_Budget_By_Component_And_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Cropland nitrogen budget by component and region, a large proportion comes from fertilizers.</figcaption></figure> Management of <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> has preoccupied farmers since the beginning of agriculture. Middle Eastern, Chinese, Mesoamerican, and Cultures of the Central Andes were all early adopters of agriculture. This is thought to have led to their cultures growing faster in population which allowed an exportation of culture to neighboring hunter-gatherer groups. Fertilizer use along with agriculture allowed some of these early societies a critical advantage over their neighbors, leading them to become dominant cultures in their respective regions (P Bellwood - 2023<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. Egyptians, Romans, Babylonians, and early Germans are all recorded as using minerals or manure to enhance the productivity of their farms.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann1-1">[1]</a> The scientific research of plant nutrition started well before the work of German chemist <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> although his name is most mentioned as the "father of the fertilizer industry".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure" title="Nicolas Théodore de Saussure">Nicolas Théodore de Saussure</a> and scientific colleagues at the time were quick to disprove the simplifications of von Liebig. Prominent scientists whom von Liebig drew were <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Sprenger" title="Carl Ludwig Sprenger">Carl Ludwig Sprenger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hellriegel" title="Hermann Hellriegel">Hermann Hellriegel</a>. In this field, a 'knowledge erosion'<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> took place, partly driven by an intermingling of economics and research.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Bennet_Lawes" title="John Bennet Lawes">John Bennet Lawes</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, began experimenting on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots in 1837, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in 1842 he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulfuric acid, and thus was the first to create the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year, he enlisted the services of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert" title="Joseph Henry Gilbert">Joseph Henry Gilbert</a>; together they performed crop experiments at the <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Institute of Arable Crops Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birkeland%E2%80%93Eyde_process" title="Birkeland–Eyde process">Birkeland–Eyde process</a> was one of the competing industrial processes at the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This process was used to fix atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N2) into <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO3), one of several chemical processes called <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (NO3−). A factory based on the process was built in <a href="/wiki/Rjukan" title="Rjukan">Rjukan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Notodden" title="Notodden">Notodden</a> in Norway and large <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> facilities were built.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The 1910s and 1920s witnessed the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a>. The Haber process produces ammonia (NH3) from <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH4) (<a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>) gas and molecular nitrogen (N2) from the air. The ammonia from the Haber process is then partially converted into <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO3) in the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It is estimated that a third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process and that this supports nearly half the world's population.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After World War II, nitrogen production plants that had ramped up for wartime bomb manufacturing were pivoted towards agricultural uses.<a href="#cite_note-Philpott-17">[17]</a> The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has increased steadily over the last 50 years, rising almost 20-fold to the current rate of 100 million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> of nitrogen per year.<a href="#cite_note-glass-18">[18]</a> The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has significantly supported global population growth. It has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed due to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The use of phosphate fertilizers has also increased from 9 million tonnes per year in 1960 to 40 million tonnes per year in 2000. Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which 56% was nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a> Asia represented 53% of the world's total agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021, followed by the Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania (2%). This ranking of the regions is the same for all nutrients. The main users of inorganic fertilizers are, in descending order, China, India, Brazil, and the United States of America (see Table 15), with China the largest user of each nutrient.<a href="#cite_note-:14-20">[20]</a> A maize crop yielding 6–9 tonnes of grain per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> (2.5 acres) requires 31–50 kilograms (68–110 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> fertilizer to be applied; soybean crops require about half, 20–25 kg per hectare.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yara_International" title="Yara International">Yara International</a> is the world's largest producer of nitrogen-based fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_(3617543234).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg/310px-Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg/465px-Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg/620px-Reuse_of_urine_demonstration_-_fertilised_and_not_fertilised_tomato_plant_experiment_%283617543234%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Six tomato plants grown with and without nitrate fertilizer on nutrient-poor sand/clay soil. One of the plants in the nutrient-poor soil has died.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg/330px-Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg/495px-Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg/660px-Inorganic_Fertilizer_Use_By_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Inorganic fertilizer use by region<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration. This article, like many on fertilizers, emphasizes the nutritional aspect. Fertilizers typically provide, in varying <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportions</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Ull-24">[24]</a> <ul><li>Three main macronutrients (NPK): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (N): leaf growth and stems <a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> (P): development of roots, flowers, seeds and fruit;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> (K): strong stem growth, movement of water in plants, promotion of flowering and fruiting;</li></ul></li> <li>three secondary macronutrients: <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg), and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> (S);</li> <li>Micronutrients: <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (Cu), <a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron fertilisation">iron</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Mn), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Mo), <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Zn), and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (B). Of occasional significance are <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (Si), <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> (Co), and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> (V).</li></ul> The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers. The macro-nutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a <a href="/wiki/Dry_matter" title="Dry matter">dry matter</a> (DM) (0% moisture) basis. Plants are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are widely available respectively in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and in water. Although nitrogen makes up most of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Amide bond">amide bonds</a> between <a href="/wiki/Amino-acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino-acid">amino acids</a>), <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">puric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidic</a> bases), and other components (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">tetrapyrrolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>). To be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a "fixed" form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>N2) by converting it to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3). <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">PO3−4) is required for the production of <a href="/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxyribonucleic acid">DNA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_code" title="Genetic code">genetic code</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, the main energy carrier in <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, as well as certain <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>, the main components of the <a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">lipidic double layer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiological_considerations">Microbiological considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microbiological considerations">edit</a>]</div> Two sets of <a href="/wiki/Enzymatic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymatic reaction">enzymatic reactions</a> are highly relevant to the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers. <dl><dt>Urease</dt></dl> The first is the <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> (reaction with water) of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CO(NH2)2). Many <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> possess the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Urease" title="Urease">urease</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyzes</a> the conversion of urea to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH+4) and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO−3). <dl><dt>Ammonia oxidation</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Ammonia-oxidizing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria">Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria</a> (AOB), such as species of <a href="/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a> ammonia (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3) to <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NO−2), a process termed <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrite-oxidizing_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria">Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a>, oxidize <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NO−2) to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NO−3), which is extremely <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> and mobile and is a major cause of <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal bloom</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient (e.g., K, P, or N), in which case they are classified as "straight fertilizers". "Multinutrient fertilizers" (or "complex fertilizers") provide two or more nutrients, for example, N and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic (the topic of most of this article) versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except <a href="/wiki/Ureas" title="Ureas">ureas</a>. Organic fertilizers are usually (recycled) plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_nutrient_("straight")_fertilizers">Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> The main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH3) <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> (NH4+) or its solutions, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a> (NH4NO3) with 34-35% nitrogen is also widely used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a> (CO(NH2)2), with 45-46% nitrogen, another popular source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_ammonium_nitrate" title="Calcium ammonium nitrate">Calcium ammonium nitrate</a> Is a blend of 20-30% <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> CaCO3 or <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> (Ca,Mg)CO3 and 70-80% <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> with 24-28  % nitrogen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">Calcium nitrate</a> with 15,5% nitrogen and 19% calcium, reportedly holding a small share of the nitrogen fertilizer market (4% in 2007).<a href="#cite_note-ETE-28">[28]</a></li></ul> The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphates</a>: <ul><li>"Single superphosphate" (SSP) consisting of 14–18% P2O5, again in the form of Ca(H2PO4)2, but also <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca<a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">SO4</a> · 2 H2O).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_superphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple superphosphate">Triple superphosphate</a> (TSP) typically consists of 44–48% of P2O5 and no gypsum.</li></ul> A mixture of single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double superphosphate. More than 90% of a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water-soluble. The main potassium-based straight fertilizer is <a href="/wiki/Muriate_of_potash" class="mw-redirect" title="Muriate of potash">muriate of potash</a> (MOP, 95–99% KCl). It is typically available as 0-0-60 or 0-0-62 fertilizer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multinutrient_fertilizers">Multinutrient fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multinutrient fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> These fertilizers are common. They consist of two or more nutrient components. <dl><dt>Binary (NP, NK, PK) fertilizers</dt></dl> Major two-component fertilizers provide both nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. These are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoammonium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoammonium phosphate">monoammonium phosphate</a> (MAP) NH4H2PO4. With 11% nitrogen and 48% P2O5.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">diammonium phosphate</a> (DAP). (NH4)2HPO4. With 18% nitrogen and 46% P2O5</li></ul> About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are soluble in water. <dl><dt>NPK fertilizers</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labeling_of_fertilizer" title="Labeling of fertilizer">Labeling of fertilizer</a></div> NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There exist two types of NPK fertilizers: compound and blends. Compound NPK fertilizers contain chemically bound ingredients, while blended NPK fertilizers are physical mixtures of single nutrient components. <a href="/wiki/NPK_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="NPK rating">NPK rating</a> is a rating system describing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by dashes (e.g., 10-10-10 or 16-4-8) describing the chemical content of fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The first number represents the percentage of nitrogen in the product; the second number, P2O5; the third, K2O. Fertilizers do not actually contain P2O5 or K2O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount of the phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 50-pound (23 kg) bag of fertilizer labeled 16-4-8 contains 8 lb (3.6 kg) of nitrogen (16% of the 50 pounds), an amount of phosphorus equivalent to that in 2 pounds of P2O5 (4% of 50 pounds), and 4 pounds of K2O (8% of 50 pounds). Most fertilizers are labeled according to this N-P-K convention, although Australian convention, following an N-P-K-S system, adds a fourth number for sulfur, and uses elemental values for all values including P and K.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micronutrients">Micronutrients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Micronutrients">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Micronutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Micronutrients">Micronutrients</a> are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts-per-million</a> (ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm or less than 0.04% dry matter.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills_and_Jones,_1996-33">[33]</a> These elements are often required for enzymes essential to the plant's metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes), their impact far exceeds their weight%age. Typical micronutrients are <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ull-24">[24]</a> These elements are provided as water-soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to insoluble (bio-unavailable) compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations. For this reason, iron is often administered as a <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelate complex</a>, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">EDTA</a> or <a href="/wiki/EDDHA" title="EDDHA">EDDHA</a> derivatives. The micronutrient needs depend on the plant and the environment. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a> appear to require <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> require <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann1-1">[1]</a> while environmental conditions such as heat or drought make boron less available for plants.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> The production of synthetic, or inorganic, fertilizers require prepared chemicals, whereas organic fertilizers are derived from the organic processes of plants and animals in <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological processes</a> using biochemicals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrogen_fertilizers">Nitrogen fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nitrogen fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Nitrogen_fertilizer_consumption%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total nitrogenous fertilizer consumption per region, measured in tonnes of total nutrient per year.</figcaption></figure> Nitrogen fertilizers are made from <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH3) <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">produced</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber–Bosch process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ETE-28">[28]</a> In this energy-intensive process, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (CH4) <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_production" title="Hydrogen production">usually</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">supplies the hydrogen</a>, and the nitrogen (N2) is <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen#Production" title="Nitrogen">derived from the air</a>. This ammonia is used as a <a href="/wiki/Feedstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedstock">feedstock</a> for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">anhydrous ammonium nitrate</a> (NH4NO3) and <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> (CO(NH2)2). Deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (NaNO3) (<a href="/wiki/Chilean_saltpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean saltpeter">Chilean saltpeter</a>) are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and was one of the original (1830) nitrogen-rich fertilizers used.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It is still mined for fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Nitrates are also produced from ammonia by the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwald Process">Ostwald process</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphate_fertilizers">Phosphate fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phosphate fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg/220px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg/330px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg/440px-Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_S%C3%A4rkij%C3%A4rvi_pit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2649" /></a><figcaption>An apatite mine for phosphates in <a href="/wiki/Siilinj%C3%A4rvi_carbonatite" title="Siilinjärvi carbonatite">Siilinjärvi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> Phosphate fertilizers are obtained by extraction from <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a>, which contains two principal phosphorus-containing minerals, <a href="/wiki/Fluorapatite" title="Fluorapatite">fluorapatite</a> Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA) and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> Ca5(PO4)3OH. Billions of kg of phosphate rock are mined annually, but the size and quality of the remaining ore is decreasing. These minerals are converted into water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The large production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> is primarily motivated by this application.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Nitrophosphate_process" title="Nitrophosphate process">nitrophosphate process</a> or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO3) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a> (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce a compound fertilizer with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.<a href="#cite_note-EFMA2000-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potassium_fertilizers">Potassium fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Potassium fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a> is a mixture of potassium minerals used to make potassium (chemical symbol: K) fertilizers. Potash is soluble in water, so the main effort in producing this nutrient from the ore involves some purification steps, e.g., to remove <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> (NaCl) (common <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>). Sometimes potash is referred to as K2O, as a matter of convenience to those describing the potassium content. In fact, potash fertilizers are usually <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">potassium sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FertEncyl-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NPK_fertilizers">NPK fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: NPK fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NPK_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="NPK fertilizer">NPK fertilizer</a></div> There are three major routes for manufacturing NPK fertilizers (named for their main ingredients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)): <ol><li>bulk blending. The individual fertilizers are combined in the desired nutrient ratio.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bulk blending. Ingredient kg/ton </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Blend ingredient</th> <th>NPK 17-17-17</th> <th>NPK 19-19-19</th> <th>NPK 9-23-30</th> <th>NPK 8-32-16 </th></tr> <tr> <td>ammonium nitrate</td> <td>310</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>urea</td> <td></td> <td>256</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>diammonium phosphate (DAP)</td> <td>376</td> <td>421</td> <td>500</td> <td>462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>triple superphosphate</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>potassium chloride</td> <td>288</td> <td>323</td> <td>500</td> <td>277 </td></tr> <tr> <td>filler</td> <td>26</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>The wet process is based on chemical reactions between liquid raw materials <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>) and solid raw materials (such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a>).</li></ol> <ul><li>The Nitrophosphate Process. Step 1. Nitrophosphates are made by acidiculating <a href="/wiki/Phosphate_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphate rock">phosphate rock</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.</li> <li>Nitric acid + Phosphate rock → <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">Phosphoric acid</a> + <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">Calcium sulphate</a> + <a href="/wiki/Hexafluorosilicic_acid" title="Hexafluorosilicic acid">hexafluorosilicic acid</a>.</li> <li>Ca5F(PO4)3 + 10 HNO3 →6 H3PO4 + 5 Ca(NO3)2 + HF</li> <li>6 HF + SiO2 →H2SiF6 + 2 H2O</li></ul> Step 2. Removal of Calcium Nitrate. It is important to remove the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">calcium nitrate</a> because calcium nitrate is extremely <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a>. <ul><li>Method 1.(Odda process) Calcium nitrate crystals are removed by centrifugation.</li> <li>Method 2. Sulfonitric Process Ca(NO3)2 + H2SO4 + 2NH3 → CaSO4 + 2NH4NO3</li> <li>Method 3.Phosphonitric Process Ca(NO3)2 + H3PO4 + 2NH3 → CaHPO4 + 2NH4NO3</li> <li>Method 4.Carbonitric Process Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O + 2NH3 → CaCO3 + 2NH4NO3</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_fertilizers">Organic fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Organic fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG/220px-HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG/330px-HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG/440px-HomeComposting_Roubaix_Fr59.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Compost bin for small-scale production of organic fertilizer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krechty_kompostarna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Krechty_kompostarna.jpg/220px-Krechty_kompostarna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Krechty_kompostarna.jpg/330px-Krechty_kompostarna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Krechty_kompostarna.jpg/440px-Krechty_kompostarna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A large commercial compost operation</figcaption></figure> "<a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizers</a>" can describe those fertilizers with a biologic origin—derived from living or formerly living materials. Organic fertilizers can also describe commercially available and frequently packaged products that strive to follow the expectations and restrictions adopted by "<a href="/wiki/Organic_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic agriculture">organic agriculture</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a>" gardening – related systems of food and plant production that significantly limit or strictly avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The "organic fertilizer" products typically contain both some organic materials as well as acceptable additives such as nutritive rock powders, ground seashells (crab, oyster, etc.), other prepared products such as seed meal or kelp, and cultivated microorganisms and derivatives. Fertilizers of an organic origin (the first definition) include <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">animal wastes</a>, plant wastes from agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweed fertilizer">seaweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, and treated <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Biosolid" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosolid">biosolids</a>). Beyond manures, animal sources can include products from the slaughter of animals – <a href="/wiki/Bloodmeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodmeal">bloodmeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_meal" title="Bone meal">bone meal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feather_meal" title="Feather meal">feather meal</a>, hides, hoofs, and horns all are typical components.<a href="#cite_note-Ull-24">[24]</a> Organically derived materials available to industry such as sewage sludge may not be acceptable components of organic farming and gardening, because of factors ranging from residual contaminants to public perception. On the other hand, marketed "organic fertilizers" may include, and promote, processed organics because the materials have consumer appeal. No matter the definition nor composition, most of these products contain less-concentrated nutrients, and the nutrients are not as easily quantified. They can offer soil-building advantages as well as be appealing to those who are trying to farm / garden more "naturally".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In terms of volume, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> is the most widely used packaged organic soil amendment. It is an immature form of coal and improves the soil by aeration and absorbing water but confers no nutritional value to the plants. It is therefore not a fertilizer as defined in the beginning of the article, but rather an amendment. <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a>, (derived from coconut husks), bark, and sawdust when added to soil all act similarly (but not identically) to peat and are also considered organic soil amendments – or texturizers – because of their limited nutritive inputs. Some organic additives can have a reverse effect on nutrients – fresh sawdust can consume soil nutrients as it breaks down and may lower soil pH – but these same organic texturizers (as well as compost, etc.) may increase the availability of nutrients through improved cation exchange, or through increased growth of microorganisms that in turn increase availability of certain plant nutrients. Organic fertilizers such as composts and manures may be distributed locally without going into industry production, making actual consumption more difficult to quantify. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="fertilizer_comsumption">fertilizer comsumption</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: fertilizer comsumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FERTILIZER_USE_(2018).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg/330px-FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg/495px-FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg/660px-FERTILIZER_USE_%282018%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Fertilizer use (2018). From FAO's World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="float:right; margin:10px; text-align:right;"> <caption>Top users of nitrogen-based fertilizer<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom"> <th>Country </th> <th>Total N use (Mt pa) </th> <th>N use for feed and pasture (Mt pa) </th></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>18.7 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India </td> <td>11.9 </td> <td>n/a<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U.S. </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UK </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> China has become the largest producer and consumer of nitrogen fertilizers<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while Africa has little reliance on nitrogen fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Agricultural and chemical minerals are very important in industrial use of fertilizers, which is valued at approximately $200 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:03-47">[47]</a> Nitrogen has a significant impact in the global mineral use, followed by potash and phosphate. The production of nitrogen has drastically increased since the 1960s. Phosphate and potash have increased in price since the 1960s, which is larger than the consumer price index.<a href="#cite_note-:03-47">[47]</a> Potash is produced in Canada, Russia and Belarus, together making up over half of the world production.<a href="#cite_note-:03-47">[47]</a> Potash production in Canada rose in 2017 and 2018 by 18.6%.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Conservative estimates report 30 to 50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-FertEncyl-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_et_a.,_2005-49">[49]</a> Fertilizer consumption has surpassed the amount of farmland in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:03-47">[47]</a> Data on the fertilizer consumption per hectare <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a> in 2012 are published by <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">The World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The diagram below shows fertilizer consumption by the European Union (EU) countries as kilograms per hectare (pounds per acre). The total consumption of fertilizer in the EU is 15.9 million tons for 105 million hectare arable land area<a href="#cite_note-arableland-51">[51]</a> (or 107 million hectare arable land according to another estimate<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>). This figure equates to 151 kg of fertilizers consumed per ha arable land on average by the EU countries. <a href="/wiki/File:Fertilizer_consumption_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The diagram displays the statistics of fertilizer consumption in western and central European counties from data published by The World Bank for 2012."><img alt="The diagram displays the statistics of fertilizer consumption in western and central European counties from data published by The World Bank for 2012." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Fertilizer_consumption_in_Europe.png/750px-Fertilizer_consumption_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Fertilizer_consumption_in_Europe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="322" /></a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Application">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farm_fertilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farm_fertilizer.jpg/220px-Farm_fertilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farm_fertilizer.jpg/330px-Farm_fertilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Farm_fertilizer.jpg/440px-Farm_fertilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Fertilizer <a href="/wiki/Sprayer" title="Sprayer">sprayer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/220px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/330px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg/440px-Drone_crop_fertilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2182" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_drone" title="Agricultural drone">Drone crop fertilizer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg/220px-7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg/330px-7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg/440px-7252_Hand_top-dressing_of_super_phosphate_on_Banks_Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5793" data-file-height="4173" /></a><figcaption>Applying <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphate</a> fertilizer by hand, New Zealand, 1938</figcaption></figure> Fertilizers are commonly used for growing all crops, with application rates depending on the soil fertility, usually as measured by a <a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">soil test</a> and according to the particular crop. Legumes, for example, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and generally do not require nitrogen fertilizer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid_vs_solid">Liquid vs solid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Liquid vs solid">edit</a>]</div> Fertilizers are applied to crops both as solids and as liquid. About 90% of fertilizers are applied as solids. The most widely used solid inorganic fertilizers are <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride.<a href="#cite_note-IFA2017-53">[53]</a> Solid fertilizer is typically granulated or powdered. Often solids are available as <a href="/wiki/Prill" title="Prill">prills</a>, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea. These concentrated products may be diluted with water to form a concentrated liquid fertilizer (e.g., <a href="/wiki/UAN" title="UAN">UAN</a>). Advantages of liquid fertilizer are its more rapid effect and easier coverage.<a href="#cite_note-Ull-24">[24]</a> The addition of fertilizer to irrigation water is called "<a href="/wiki/Fertigation" title="Fertigation">fertigation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FertEncyl-40">[40]</a> Granulated fertilizers are more economical to ship and store, not to mention easier to apply.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urea">Urea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a></div> Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an advantage for mechanical application. Urea is usually spread at rates of between 40 and 300 kg/ha (35 to 270 lbs/acre) but rates vary. Smaller applications incur lower losses due to leaching. During summer, urea is often spread just before or during rain to minimize losses from <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_volatilization_from_urea" title="Ammonia volatilization from urea">volatilization</a> (a process wherein nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas). Because of the high nitrogen concentration in urea, it is very important to achieve an even spread. Drilling must not occur on contact with or close to seed, due to the risk of germination damage. Urea dissolves in water for application as a spray or through irrigation systems. In grain and cotton crops, urea is often applied at the time of the last cultivation before planting. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils (where nitrogen can be lost through leaching) and where good in-season rainfall is expected, urea can be side- or top-dressed during the growing season. Top-dressing is also popular on pasture and forage crops. In cultivating sugarcane, urea is side dressed after planting and applied to each <a href="/wiki/Ratooning" title="Ratooning">ratoon</a> crop. Because it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, urea is often stored in closed containers. Overdose or placing urea near seed is harmful.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slow-_and_controlled-release_fertilizers">Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Controlled-release_fertiliser" title="Controlled-release fertiliser">Controlled-release fertiliser</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Controlled-release_fertiliser&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methylene_diurea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Methylene_diurea.svg/224px-Methylene_diurea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="224" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Methylene_diurea.svg/336px-Methylene_diurea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Methylene_diurea.svg/448px-Methylene_diurea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="66" /></a><figcaption>Methylene diurea (MDU) is component of the most popular <a href="/wiki/Controlled-release_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled-release fertilizer">controlled-release fertilizers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Controlled-release_fertiliser_Ull-56">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Controlled-release_fertiliser" title="Controlled-release fertiliser">controlled-release fertiliser</a> (CRF) is a <a href="/wiki/Granulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulated">granulated</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> that releases <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> gradually into the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> (i.e., with a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled release">controlled release</a> period).<a href="#cite_note-Controlled-release_fertiliser_gregorich-57">[57]</a> Controlled-release fertilizer is also known as controlled-availability fertilizer, delayed-release fertilizer, metered-release fertilizer, or slow-acting fertilizer. Usually CRF refers to nitrogen-based fertilizers. Slow- and controlled-release involve only 0.15% (562,000 tons) of the fertilizer market (1995).</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foliar_application">Foliar application</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foliar application">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Foliar_feeding" title="Foliar feeding">Foliar fertilizers</a> are applied directly to leaves. This method is almost invariably used to apply water-soluble straight nitrogen fertilizers and used especially for high-value crops such as fruits. Urea is the most common foliar fertilizer.<a href="#cite_note-Ull-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertilizer-Burn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/170px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/255px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/340px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>Fertilizer burn</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemicals_that_affect_nitrogen_uptake">Chemicals that affect nitrogen uptake</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Chemicals that affect nitrogen uptake">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg/220px-N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg/330px-N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg/440px-N-butylthiophosphoryltriamide.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption>N-Butylthiophosphoryltriamide, an enhanced efficiency fertilizer.</figcaption></figure> Various chemicals are used to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers. In this way farmers can limit the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen pollution">polluting effects of nitrogen run-off</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">Nitrification</a> inhibitors (also known as nitrogen stabilizers) suppress the conversion of ammonia into <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, an anion that is more prone to leaching. 1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole (CMP), <a href="/wiki/Dicyandiamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicyandiamide">dicyandiamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrapyrin" title="Nitrapyrin">nitrapyrin</a> (2-chloro-6-trichloromethylpyridine) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are popular.<a href="#cite_note-YangFang2016-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urease_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Urease inhibitor">Urease inhibitors</a> are used to slow the hydrolytic conversion of urea into ammonia, which is prone to evaporation as well as nitrification. The conversion of urea to ammonia catalyzed by enzymes called <a href="/wiki/Urease" title="Urease">ureases</a>. A popular inhibitor of ureases is N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (<a href="/wiki/NBPT" class="mw-redirect" title="NBPT">NBPT</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overfertilization">Overfertilization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Overfertilization">edit</a>]</div> Careful use of fertilization technologies is important because excess nutrients can be detrimental.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_burn" title="Fertilizer burn">Fertilizer burn</a> can occur when too much fertilizer is applied, resulting in damage or even death of the plant. Fertilizers vary in their tendency to burn roughly in accordance with their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salt_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salt index (page does not exist)">salt index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/220px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/330px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg/440px-Runoff_of_soil_%26_fertilizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Runoff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and fertilizer during a rain storm</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Human impact on the nitrogen cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer#Problems_with_inorganic_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">Nitrogen fertilizer § Problems with inorganic fertilizer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen Cycle">Nitrogen Cycle</a></div>Synthetic fertilizer used in agriculture has <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">wide-reaching environmental consequences</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_Report_on_Climate_Change_and_Land" title="Special Report on Climate Change and Land">Special Report on Climate Change and Land</a>, production of these fertilizers and associated <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> practices are drivers of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019-3">[3]</a> The use of fertilizer has also led to a number of direct environmental consequences: <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a> which leads to downstream effects like <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">ocean dead zones</a> and waterway contamination, <a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiome" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil microbiome">soil microbiome</a> degradation,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and accumulation of toxins in ecosystems. Indirect environmental impacts include: the <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">environmental impacts of fracking</a> for <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>, the agricultural boom is partially responsible for the rapid <a href="/wiki/Human_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population growth">growth in human population</a> and large-scale industrial agricultural practices are associated with <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">pressure on biodiversity</a> and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Soil_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil loss">soil loss</a>. In order to mitigate environmental and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> concerns, the international community has included food systems in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Sustainable Development Goal 2</a> which focuses on creating a <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">climate-friendly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food production system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-63">[63]</a> Most policy and regulatory approaches to address these issues focus on pivoting agricultural practices towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture" title="Regenerative agriculture">regenerative agricultural</a> practices: these use less synthetic fertilizers, better <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till agriculture</a>) and more organic fertilizers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GypStack.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/220px-GypStack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/330px-GypStack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/GypStack.JPG/440px-GypStack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption>Large pile of <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a> waste near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade,_Florida" title="Fort Meade, Florida">Fort Meade, Florida</a>.</figcaption></figure> For each ton of phosphoric acid produced by the processing of phosphate rock, five tons of waste are generated. This waste takes the form of impure, useless, radioactive solid called <a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">phosphogypsum</a>. Estimates range from 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste produced annually worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/220px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/330px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/440px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption>Red circles show the location and size of many <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.</figcaption></figure> Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers can affect soil, surface water, and groundwater due to the dispersion of minerals<a href="#cite_note-:03-47">[47]</a> into waterways due to high rainfall,<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> snowmelt and can leaching into groundwater over time.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Agricultural run-off is a major contributor to the eutrophication of freshwater bodies. For example, in the US, about half of all the lakes are <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a>. The main contributor to eutrophication is phosphate, which is normally a limiting nutrient; high concentrations promote the growth of cyanobacteria and algae, the demise of which consumes oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannEnv-68">[68]</a> Cyanobacteria blooms ('<a href="/wiki/Algal_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal blooms">algal blooms</a>') can also produce harmful <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication#Toxicity" title="Eutrophication">toxins</a> that can accumulate in the food chain, and can be harmful to humans.<a href="#cite_note-toledo-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Fertilizer run-off can be reduced by using weather-optimized fertilization strategies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-65">[65]</a> The nitrogen-rich compounds found in fertilizer runoff are the primary cause of serious oxygen depletion in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, especially in coastal zones, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. The resulting lack of dissolved oxygen greatly reduces the ability of these areas to sustain oceanic <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The number of oceanic <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a> near inhabited coastlines is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As of 2006, the application of nitrogen fertilizer is being increasingly controlled in northwestern Europe<a href="#cite_note-VanGrinsven2012-73">[73]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In cases where eutrophication can be reversed, it may nevertheless take decades<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and significant soil management<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> before the accumulated nitrates in <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> can be broken down by natural processes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrate_pollution">Nitrate pollution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nitrate pollution">edit</a>]</div> Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or is lost as run-off.<a href="#cite_note-Nasir-78">[78]</a> High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high <a href="/wiki/Water_solubility" class="mw-redirect" title="Water solubility">water solubility</a> of nitrate leads to increased <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff#Agricultural_issues" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a> into <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">leaching</a> into groundwater, thereby causing <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">groundwater pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause '<a href="/wiki/Blue_baby_syndrome" title="Blue baby syndrome">blue baby syndrome</a>' (acquired <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">methemoglobinemia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Run-off can lead to fertilizing blooms of algae that use up all the oxygen and leave huge "dead zones" behind where other fish and aquatic life can not live.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Soil">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acidification">Acidification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Acidification">edit</a>]</div> Soil acidification refers to the process by which the pH level of soil becomes more acidic over time. Soil pH is a measure of the soil's acidity or alkalinity and is determined on a scale from 0 to 14, with <a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)">7</a> being neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidic soil, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkaline or basic soil. Soil acidification is a significant concern in agriculture and horticulture. It refers to the process of the soil becoming more acidic over time. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">Soil acidification</a></div> Nitrogen-containing fertilizers can cause <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">soil acidification</a> when added.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This may lead to decrease in nutrient availability which may be offset by <a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">liming</a>. These fertilizers release ammonium or nitrate ions, which can acidify the soil as they undergo chemical reactions. When these nitrogen-containing fertilizers are added to the soil, they increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil solution, which lowers the pH of the soil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accumulation_of_toxic_elements">Accumulation of toxic elements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Accumulation of toxic elements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cadmium">Cadmium</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cadmium">edit</a>]</div> The concentration of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> in phosphorus-containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be problematic.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg or as high as 50.9 mg/kg.<a href="#cite_note-Lugon2014-89">[89]</a> The phosphate rock used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188 mg/kg cadmium<a href="#cite_note-Zapata2004-90">[90]</a> (examples are deposits on <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas island">Christmas islands</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate soil (as shown in New Zealand)<a href="#cite_note-taylor-93">[93]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytotoxicity" title="Phytotoxicity">plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaney2012-94">[94]</a> Limits to the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers has been considered by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oosterhuis2000-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FertilizersEurope2014-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wates2014-97">[97]</a> Producers of phosphorus-containing fertilizers now select phosphate rock based on the cadmium content.<a href="#cite_note-UllmannEnv-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fluoride">Fluoride</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fluoride">edit</a>]</div> Phosphate rocks contain high levels of fluoride. Consequently, the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers has increased soil fluoride concentrations.<a href="#cite_note-Chaney2012-94">[94]</a> It has been found that food contamination from fertilizer is of little concern as plants accumulate little fluoride from the soil; of greater concern is the possibility of fluoride toxicity to livestock that ingest contaminated soils.<a href="#cite_note-Loganathan2008-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2000-99">[99]</a> Also of possible concern are the effects of fluoride on soil microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-Loganathan2008-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cronin2000-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilke1987-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radioactive_elements">Radioactive elements</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Radioactive elements">edit</a>]</div> The radioactive content of the fertilizers varies considerably and depends both on their concentrations in the parent mineral and on the fertilizer production process.<a href="#cite_note-Chaney2012-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mortvedt2014-101">[101]</a> Uranium-238 concentrations can range from 7 to 100 pCi/g (picocuries per gram) in phosphate rock<a href="#cite_note-EPA2016-102">[102]</a> and from 1 to 67 pCi/g in phosphate fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-Khater2008-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCRP1987-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Where high annual rates of phosphorus fertilizer are used, this can result in uranium-238 concentrations in soils and drainage waters that are several times greater than are normally present.<a href="#cite_note-NCRP1987-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> However, the impact of these increases on the <a href="/wiki/Sievert#Dose_examples" title="Sievert">risk to human health</a> from radinuclide contamination of foods is very small (less than 0.05 m<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Sv</a>/y).<a href="#cite_note-NCRP1987-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon2012-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharpley1987-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_metals">Other metals</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other metals">edit</a>]</div> Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (essential to plant growth), wastes can include the following <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic metals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a><a href="#cite_note-community.seattletimes.nwsource.com-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-community.seattletimes.nwsource.com-109">[109]</a> chromium, and nickel. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, lead, and arsenic.<a href="#cite_note-pirg.org-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FAO2004-112">[112]</a> These potentially harmful impurities can be removed; however, this significantly increases cost. Highly pure fertilizers are widely available and perhaps best known as the highly water-soluble fertilizers containing blue dyes used around households, such as <a href="/wiki/Miracle-Gro" title="Miracle-Gro">Miracle-Gro</a>. These highly water-soluble fertilizers are used in the plant nursery business and are available in larger packages at significantly less cost than retail quantities. Some inexpensive retail granular garden fertilizers are made with high purity ingredients. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trace_mineral_depletion">Trace mineral depletion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Trace mineral depletion">edit</a>]</div> Attention has been addressed to the decreasing concentrations of elements such as iron, zinc, copper and magnesium in many foods over the last 50–60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2007-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers are frequently suggested as reasons for these declines and organic farming is often suggested as a solution.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas2007-114">[114]</a> Although improved crop yields resulting from NPK fertilizers are known to dilute the concentrations of other nutrients in plants,<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jarrell1981-115">[115]</a> much of the measured decline can be attributed to the use of progressively higher-yielding crop varieties that produce foods with lower mineral concentrations than their less-productive ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fan2008-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhao2009-117">[117]</a> It is, therefore, unlikely that organic farming or reduced use of fertilizers will solve the problem; foods with high nutrient density are posited to be achieved using older, lower-yielding varieties or the development of new high-yield, nutrient-dense varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saltzman2013-118">[118]</a> Fertilizers are, in fact, more likely to solve trace mineral deficiency problems than cause them: In Western Australia deficiencies of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, copper, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, iron and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> were identified as limiting the growth of broad-acre crops and pastures in the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-119">[119]</a> Soils in Western Australia are very old, highly weathered and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-119">[119]</a> Since this time these trace elements are routinely added to fertilizers used in agriculture in this state.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-119">[119]</a> Many other soils around the world are deficient in zinc, leading to deficiency in both plants and humans, and zinc fertilizers are widely used to solve this problem.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_in_soil_biology">Changes in soil biology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Changes in soil biology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">soil biology</a></div> High levels of fertilizer may cause the breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> relationships between plant roots and <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> fungi.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_consumption_and_sustainability">Hydrogen consumption and sustainability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Hydrogen consumption and sustainability">edit</a>]</div> Most fertilizer is made from dirty hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Ammonia is produced from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and air.<a href="#cite_note-Appl-123">[123]</a> The cost of natural gas makes up about 90% of the cost of producing ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-Sawyer2001-124">[124]</a> The increase in price of natural gases over the past decade, along with other factors such as increasing demand, have contributed to an increase in fertilizer price.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contribution_to_climate_change">Contribution to climate change</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Contribution to climate change">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture</a></div> The amount of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> produced during the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">manufacture</a> and use of nitrogen fertilizer is estimated as around 5% of <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gas_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions">anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions</a>. One third is produced during the production and two thirds during the use of fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide#Soil" title="Nitrous oxide">soil bacteria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Nitrous oxide emissions by humans, most of which are from fertilizer, between 2007 and 2016 have been estimated at 7 million tonnes per year,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> which is incompatible with limiting global warming to below 2 °C.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtmosphericMethane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AtmosphericMethane.png/220px-AtmosphericMethane.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AtmosphericMethane.png/330px-AtmosphericMethane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AtmosphericMethane.png/440px-AtmosphericMethane.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Global <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> concentrations (surface and atmospheric) for 2005; note distinct plumes</figcaption></figure> Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-FAO2012-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N2O) has become the third most important <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> after carbon dioxide and methane. It has a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> 296 times larger than an equal mass of carbon dioxide and it also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> By changing processes and procedures, it is possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these effects on anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2002-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> from crop fields (notably rice <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a>) are increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers. These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.<a href="#cite_note-Stimulation_by_ammonium-based_fertilizers_of_methane_oxidation_in_soil_around_rice_roots-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banger2012-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Policy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> In Europe, problems with high nitrate concentrations in runoff are being addressed by the European Union's Nitrates Directive.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Within <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, farmers are encouraged to manage their land more sustainably in 'catchment-sensitive farming'.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, high concentrations of nitrate and phosphorus in runoff and drainage water are classified as nonpoint source pollutants due to their diffuse origin; this pollution is regulated at the state level.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, both in the United States, have fertilizer registration programs with on-line databases listing chemical analyses of fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, regulations have been implemented to control the use of N fertilizers in farming. In 2008, Chinese governments began to partially withdraw fertilizer subsidies, including subsidies to fertilizer transportation and to electricity and natural gas use in the industry. In consequence, the price of fertilizer has gone up and large-scale farms have begun to use less fertilizer. If large-scale farms keep reducing their use of fertilizer subsidies, they have no choice but to optimize the fertilizer they have which would therefore gain an increase in both grain yield and profit.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> In March 2022, the United States Department of Agriculture announced a new $250M grant to promote American fertilizer production. Part of the Commodity Credit Corporation, the grant program will support fertilizer production that is independent of dominant fertilizer suppliers, made in America, and utilizing innovative production techniques to jumpstart future competition.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Two types of agricultural management practices include organic agriculture and conventional agriculture. The former encourages soil fertility using local resources to maximize efficiency. Organic agriculture avoids synthetic agrochemicals. Conventional agriculture uses all the components that organic agriculture does not use.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulus_(theory)" title="Circulus (theory)">Circulus (theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertigation" title="Fertigation">Fertigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">History of organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milorganite" title="Milorganite">Milorganite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_Color_Chart" title="Leaf Color Chart">Leaf Color Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_Recovery_and_Reuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutrient Recovery and Reuse (page does not exist)">Nutrient Recovery and Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphogypsum" title="Phosphogypsum">Phosphogypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Peak phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_defertilisation" title="Soil defertilisation">Soil defertilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaweed fertilizer">Seaweed fertilizer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann1_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchererMengelKlugeSeverin2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Scherer, Heinrich W.; Mengel, Konrad; Kluge, Günter; Severin, Karl (2009). "Fertilizers, 1. General". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a10_323.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertilizers%2C+1.+General&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a10_323.pub3&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+W.&rft.au=Mengel%2C+Konrad&rft.au=Kluge%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Severin%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/fritz-haber">"Fritz Haber"</a>. Science History Institute. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Ffritz-haber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019">Mbow et al. 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-fertilizer-production-by-nutrient-tonnes">"Total fertilizer production by nutrient"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Total+fertilizer+production+by+nutrient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Ftotal-fertilizer-production-by-nutrient-tonnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/world-population-with-and-without-fertilizer">"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers"</a>. Our World in Data. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=World+population+with+and+without+synthetic+nitrogen+fertilizers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fworld-population-with-and-without-fertilizer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2023" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISacEAAAQBAJ&dq=earliest+hominin+plant+fertilizer+use&pg=PR12">First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-70634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-70634-2"><bdi>978-1-119-70634-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Farmers%3A+The+Origins+of+Agricultural+Societies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.isbn=978-1-119-70634-2&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISacEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dearliest%2Bhominin%2Bplant%2Bfertilizer%2Buse%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhongLyu2024" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Min; Zhong, Taiyang; Lyu, Xiao (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fland13010119">"Spatial Spillover Effects of "New Farmers" on Diffusion of Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Evidence from China"</a>. Land. 13 (1): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fland13010119">10.3390/land13010119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-445X">2073-445X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Land&rft.atitle=Spatial+Spillover+Effects+of+%22New+Farmers%22+on+Diffusion+of+Sustainable+Agricultural+Practices%3A+Evidence+from+China&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fland13010119&rft.issn=2073-445X&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Min&rft.au=Zhong%2C+Taiyang&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Xiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fland13010119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/justus-von-liebig-agricultural-revolution/">"Justus von Liebig and the Agricultural Revolution | SciHi Blog"</a>. 12 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justus+von+Liebig+and+the+Agricultural+Revolution+%26%23124%3B+SciHi+Blog&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Fjustus-von-liebig-agricultural-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUekötter2010" class="citation book cs1">Uekötter, Frank (2010). Die Wahrheit ist auf dem Feld: Eine Wissensgeschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5253-1705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-5253-1705-1"><bdi>978-3-5253-1705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wahrheit+ist+auf+dem+Feld%3A+Eine+Wissensgeschichte+der+deutschen+Landwirtschaft.&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-5253-1705-1&rft.aulast=Uek%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUekötter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Uekötter, Frank (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68">"Why Panaceas Work: Recasting Science, Knowledge, and Fertilizer Interests in German Agriculture"</a>. Agricultural History. 88 (1): 68–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3098%2Fah.2014.88.1.68">10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-1482">0002-1482</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68">10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Why+Panaceas+Work%3A+Recasting+Science%2C+Knowledge%2C+and+Fertilizer+Interests+in+German+Agriculture&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-86&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0002-1482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3098%2Fah.2014.88.1.68%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3098%2Fah.2014.88.1.68&rft.aulast=Uek%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3098%2Fah.2014.88.1.68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lawes,_Sir_John_Bennet" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lawes, Sir John Bennet">Lawes, Sir John Bennet</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lawes%2C+Sir+John+Bennet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_John_Ihde1984" class="citation book cs1">Aaron John Ihde (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. p. 678. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-64235-2"><bdi>978-0-486-64235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+development+of+modern+chemistry&rft.pages=678&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-486-64235-2&rft.au=Aaron+John+Ihde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._J._Leigh2004" class="citation book cs1">G. J. Leigh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatestfi0000leig">The world's greatest fix: a history of nitrogen and agriculture</a>. Oxford University Press US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldsgreatestfi0000leig/page/134">134–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516582-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516582-1"><bdi>978-0-19-516582-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+greatest+fix%3A+a+history+of+nitrogen+and+agriculture&rft.pages=134-139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516582-1&rft.au=G.+J.+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldsgreatestfi0000leig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Illtyd_WilliamsThomas_Kingston_Derry1982" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Illtyd Williams; Thomas Kingston Derry (1982). A short history of twentieth-century technology c. 1900-c. 1950. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-858159-8"><bdi>978-0-19-858159-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+twentieth-century+technology+c.+1900-c.+1950&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-858159-8&rft.au=Trevor+Illtyd+Williams&rft.au=Thomas+Kingston+Derry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2004" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262693134" title="Special:BookSources/9780262693134"><bdi>9780262693134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth%3A+Fritz+Haber%2C+Carl+Bosch%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+World+Food+Production&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780262693134&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavell-While" class="citation web cs1">Flavell-While, Claudia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/cewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world/">"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World"</a>. www.thechemicalengineer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619021457/https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/cewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thechemicalengineer.com&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber+and+Carl+Bosch+%E2%80%93+Feed+the+World&rft.aulast=Flavell-While&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechemicalengineer.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philpott-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Philpott_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott" class="citation web cs1">Philpott, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/food/2013/04/history-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate/">"A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer"</a>. Mother Jones. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Our+Deadly+Addiction+to+Nitrogen+Fertilizer&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Ffood%2F2013%2F04%2Fhistory-nitrogen-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glass-18"><a href="#cite_ref-glass_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2003" class="citation journal cs1">Glass, Anthony (September 2003). "Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crop Plants: Physiological Constraints upon Nitrogen Absorption". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 22 (5): 453–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713989757">10.1080/713989757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+Use+Efficiency+of+Crop+Plants%3A+Physiological+Constraints+upon+Nitrogen+Absorption&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=453-470&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713989757&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErismanSuttonGallowayKlimont2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erisman, JW; Sutton, MA; Galloway, J; Klimont, Z; Winiwarter, W (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723223052/http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf">"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a>. 1 (10): 636–639. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1..636E">2008NatGe...1..636E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo325">10.1038/ngeo325</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94880859">94880859</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/energy/Resources/Essays/ngeo325.pdf.xpdf">the original</a> on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=How+a+century+of+ammonia+synthesis+changed+the+world&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=636-639&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94880859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo325&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1..636E&rft.aulast=Erisman&rft.aufirst=JW&rft.au=Sutton%2C+MA&rft.au=Galloway%2C+J&rft.au=Klimont%2C+Z&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.ohio-state.edu%2F~wilkins%2Fenergy%2FResources%2FEssays%2Fngeo325.pdf.xpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. FAODocuments. 2023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcc8166en">10.4060/cc8166en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-138262-2"><bdi>978-92-5-138262-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2023+%7C+FAO+%7C+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=FAODocuments&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcc8166en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-138262-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%3Fdetails%3Dcc8166en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance,_Carroll_PUhde-Stone_&_Allan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vance, Carroll P; Uhde-Stone & Allan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2003.00695.x">"Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a non renewable resource"</a>. New Phytologist. 157 (3): 423–447. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NewPh.157..423V">2003NewPh.157..423V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2003.00695.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1514050">1514050</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873400">33873400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53490640">53490640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Phosphorus+acquisition+and+use%3A+critical+adaptations+by+plants+for+securing+a+non+renewable+resource&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-447&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53490640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NewPh.157..423V&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33873400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2003.00695.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1514050%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Vance%2C+Carroll+P&rft.au=Uhde-Stone+%26+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-8137.2003.00695.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/businessfinance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15549105">"Mergers in the fertiliser industry"</a>. The Economist. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Mergers+in+the+fertiliser+industry&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusinessfinance%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D15549105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021</a>. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb4477en">10.4060/cb4477en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6"><bdi>978-92-5-134332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240163091">240163091</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2021&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240163091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcb4477en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-134332-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fcb4477en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ull-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ull_24-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmarDrachVosskampTrenkel2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n01">10.1002/14356007.n10_n01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertilizers%2C+2.+Types&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n01&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Dittmar&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Drach%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Vosskamp%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Trenkel%2C+Martin+E.&rft.au=Gutser%2C+Reinhold&rft.au=Steffens%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agrozist.com/agriculture/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86-%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D8%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7/">"Negative and positive effects of N fertilizer on crops"</a>. Agrozist.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negative+and+positive+effects+of+N+fertilizer+on+crops&rft.pub=Agrozist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agrozist.com%2Fagriculture%2F%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25DA%2598%25D9%2586-%25D8%258C-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7-%25D8%258C-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8-%25D9%2588-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshSimsMulvaney2005" class="citation journal cs1">Marsh KL, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL (2005). "Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 42 (2): 137–145. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005BioFS..42..137M">2005BioFS..42..137M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-005-0004-2">10.1007/s00374-005-0004-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6245255">6245255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Fertility+of+Soils&rft.atitle=Availability+of+urea+to+autotrophic+ammonia-oxidizing+bacteria+as+related+to+the+fate+of+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC-+and+%3Csup%3E15%3C%2Fsup%3EN-labeled+urea+added+to+soil&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-145&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6245255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00374-005-0004-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005BioFS..42..137M&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Sims%2C+GK&rft.au=Mulvaney%2C+RL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> J. Benton Jones, Jr. "Inorganic Chemical Fertilisers and Their Properties" in Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1609-7">978-1-4398-1609-7</a>. eBook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-1610-3">978-1-4398-1610-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ETE-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETE_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETE_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2004" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9FljcEASycC&pg=PA135">Enriching the Earth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69313-4"><bdi>978-0-262-69313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-69313-4&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG9FljcEASycC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/dec03/121503/02N-0276_emc-000107-02.pdf">"Summary of State Fertilizer Laws"</a> (PDF). EPA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/dec03/121503/02N-0276_emc-000107-02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+State+Fertilizer+Laws&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fohrms%2Fdockets%2Fdailys%2F03%2Fdec03%2F121503%2F02N-0276_emc-000107-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/mdard/0,4610,7-125-1569_16993_19405-49343--,00.html">"Label Requirements of specialty and other bagged fertilizers"</a>. Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Label+Requirements+of+specialty+and+other+bagged+fertilizers&rft.pub=Michigan+Department+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fmdard%2F0%2C4610%2C7-125-1569_16993_19405-49343--%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228200433/http://www.fertilizer.org.au/files/pdf/regulation/National%20Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Fertilizer%20Description%20%26%20Labelling%20March%2011%202011.pdf">"National Code of Practice for Fertilizer Description & Labelling"</a> (PDF). Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fertilizer.org.au/files/pdf/regulation/National%20Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Fertilizer%20Description%20&%20Labelling%20March%2011%202011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 February 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Code+of+Practice+for+Fertilizer+Description+%26+Labelling&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Fisheries+and+Forestry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fertilizer.org.au%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fregulation%2FNational%2520Code%2520of%2520Practice%2520for%2520Fertilizer%2520Description%2520%26%2520Labelling%2520March%252011%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aesl.ces.uga.edu/publications/plant/Nutrient.asp">"AESL Plant Analysis Handbook – Nutrient Content of Plant"</a>. Aesl.ces.uga.edu. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AESL+Plant+Analysis+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Nutrient+Content+of+Plant&rft.pub=Aesl.ces.uga.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faesl.ces.uga.edu%2Fpublications%2Fplant%2FNutrient.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills_and_Jones,_1996-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Mills_and_Jones,_1996_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.A._MillsJ.B._Jones_Jr.1996" class="citation book cs1">H.A. Mills; J.B. Jones Jr. (1996). Plant Analysis Handbook II: A Practical Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and Interpretation Guide. Micro-Macro Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878148-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878148-05-6"><bdi>978-1-878148-05-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Analysis+Handbook+II%3A+A+Practical+Sampling%2C+Preparation%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Interpretation+Guide&rft.pub=Micro-Macro+Pub.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-878148-05-6&rft.au=H.A.+Mills&rft.au=J.B.+Jones+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044328/https://www.aspireboron.com/formula">"Boron Deficiency"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspireboron.com/formula">the original</a> on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boron+Deficiency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspireboron.com%2Fformula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165048/http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090064">"Supplemental technical report for sodium nitrate (crops)"</a>. ams.usda.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090064">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ams.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Supplemental+technical+report+for+sodium+nitrate+%28crops%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.usda.gov%2FAMSv1.0%2Fgetfile%3FdDocName%3DSTELPRDC5090064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152959/http://www.sqm.com/ACERCADESQM/RecursosNaturales/Caliche.aspx">"Caliche Ore"</a>. sqm.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sqm.com/ACERCADESQM/RecursosNaturales/Caliche.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sqm.com&rft.atitle=Caliche+Ore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqm.com%2FACERCADESQM%2FRecursosNaturales%2FCaliche.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordellDrangertWhite2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cordell, Dana; Drangert, Jan-Olof; White, Stuart (2009). "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought". Global Environmental Change. 19 (2): 292–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GEC....19..292C">2009GEC....19..292C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.10.009">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1450932">1450932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=The+story+of+phosphorus%3A+Global+food+security+and+food+for+thought&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-305&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1450932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2008.10.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GEC....19..292C&rft.aulast=Cordell&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft.au=Drangert%2C+Jan-Olof&rft.au=White%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFMA2000-39"><a href="#cite_ref-EFMA2000_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEFMA2000" class="citation web cs1">EFMA (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729004328/http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/tecnical_publications/guidence_techn_documentation/EFMABATNPKN.pdf">"Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the European fertilizer industry. Booklet No. 7 of 8: Production of NPK fertilizers by the nitrophosphate route"</a> (PDF). fertilizerseurope.com. European Fertilizer Manufacturers' Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/tecnical_publications/guidence_techn_documentation/EFMABATNPKN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fertilizerseurope.com&rft.atitle=Best+available+techniques+for+pollution+prevention+and+control+in+the+European+fertilizer+industry.+Booklet+No.+7+of+8%3A+Production+of+NPK+fertilizers+by+the+nitrophosphate+route.&rft.date=2000&rft.au=EFMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fertilizerseurope.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fpublications%2Ftecnical_publications%2Fguidence_techn_documentation%2FEFMABATNPKN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FertEncyl-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FertEncyl_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FertEncyl_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FertEncyl_40-2">c</a> Vasant Gowariker, V. N. Krishnamurthy, Sudha Gowariker, Manik Dhanorkar, Kalyani Paranjape "The Fertilizer Encyclopedia" 2009, John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41034-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-41034-9">978-0-470-41034-9</a>. Online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-43177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-43177-1">978-0-470-43177-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470431771">10.1002/9780470431771</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_R.J1998" class="citation journal cs1">Haynes, R.J, R. Naidu (1998). "Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 51 (2): 123–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1009738307837">10.1023/A:1009738307837</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20113235">20113235</a> – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrient+Cycling+in+Agroecosystems&rft.atitle=Influence+of+lime%2C+fertilizer+and+manure+applications+on+soil+organic+matter+content+and+soil+physical+conditions%3A+a+review.&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-137&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1009738307837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20113235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haynes%2C+R.J&rft.aufirst=R.+Naidu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1329en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020</a>. Rome: FAO. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb1329en">10.4060/cb1329en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-133394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-133394-5"><bdi>978-92-5-133394-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242794287">242794287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2020&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242794287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcb1329en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-133394-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4060%2Fcb1329en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812023423/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/A0701E03.pdf"> Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Table 3.3</a>. Retrieved 29 June 2009. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fert.nic.in/page/production-inputs">"Production & Inputs | Government of India, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+%26+Inputs+%26%23124%3B+Government+of+India%2C+Department+of+Fertilizers%2C+Ministry+of+Chemicals+and+Fertilizers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffert.nic.in%2Fpage%2Fproduction-inputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2015" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2015). Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-94253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-94253-5"><bdi>978-1-119-94253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Modern+World%3A+Materials+and+Dematerialization.&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-94253-5&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2012" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2012). Harvesting the Biosphere: What We Have Taken From Nature. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01856-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01856-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvesting+the+Biosphere%3A+What+We+Have+Taken+From+Nature.&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01856-2&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_47-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesler_and_Simon2015" class="citation book cs1">Kesler and Simon, Stephen and Simon (2015). Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07491-0"><bdi>978-1-107-07491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineral+Resources%2C+Economics+and+the+Environment.&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-07491-0&rft.aulast=Kesler+and+Simon&rft.aufirst=Stephen+and+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404202635/https://fertilizercanada.ca/about-fertilizer-canada/resources/industry-resources/industry-stats/">"Industry Stats – Fertilizer Canada"</a>. Fertilizer Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fertilizercanada.ca/about-fertilizer-canada/resources/industry-resources/industry-stats/">the original</a> on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fertilizer+Canada&rft.atitle=Industry+Stats+%E2%80%93+Fertilizer+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffertilizercanada.ca%2Fabout-fertilizer-canada%2Fresources%2Findustry-resources%2Findustry-stats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart_et_a.,_2005-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_et_a.,_2005_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartDibbJohnstonSmyth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, W.M.; Dibb, D.W.; Johnston, A.E.; Smyth, T.J. (2005). "The Contribution of Commercial Fertilizer Nutrients to Food Production". Agronomy Journal. 97 (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AgrJ...97....1S">2005AgrJ...97....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fagronj2005.0001">10.2134/agronj2005.0001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Contribution+of+Commercial+Fertilizer+Nutrients+to+Food+Production&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fagronj2005.0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AgrJ...97....1S&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft.au=Dibb%2C+D.W.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+A.E.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.ZS/countries?order=wbapi_data_value_2007%20wbapi_data_value&sort=desc&display=default">"Fertilizer consumption (Kilograms per hectare of arable land) | Data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fertilizer+consumption+%28Kilograms+per+hectare+of+arable+land%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FAG.CON.FERT.ZS%2Fcountries%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2007%2520wbapi_data_value%26sort%3Ddesc%26display%3Ddefault&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arableland-51"><a href="#cite_ref-arableland_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122431/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do">"Eurostat - Data Explorer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurostat+-+Data+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu%2Fnui%2FsubmitViewTableAction.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">Arable land</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFA2017-53"><a href="#cite_ref-IFA2017_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330225212/http://www.fertilizer.org/En/Knowledge_Resources/About_Fertilizers/About_Fertilizers_Home_Page.aspx">"About Fertilizers Home Page"</a>. fertilizer.org. International Fertilizer Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fertilizer.org/En/Knowledge_Resources/About_Fertilizers/About_Fertilizers_Home_Page.aspx?">the original</a> on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fertilizer.org&rft.atitle=About+Fertilizers+Home+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fertilizer.org%2FEn%2FKnowledge_Resources%2FAbout_Fertilizers%2FAbout_Fertilizers_Home_Page.aspx%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiiskiDittmar2016" class="citation book cs1">Kiiski, Harri; Dittmar, Heinrich (2016). "Fertilizers, 4. Granulation". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. pp. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n03.pub2">10.1002/14356007.n10_n03.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertilizers%2C+4.+Granulation&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n03.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Kiiski&rft.aufirst=Harri&rft.au=Dittmar%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkelsen,_R.L.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mikkelsen, R.L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222132413/http://forum.ipni.net/ppiweb/bcrops.nsf/$webindex/AFE7446D8AF92F988525732D0038FDCE/$file/07-3p06.pdf">"Biuret in Urea Fertilizers"</a> (PDF). Better Crops. 91 (3): 6–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.ipni.net/ppiweb/bcrops.nsf/$webindex/AFE7446D8AF92F988525732D0038FDCE/$file/07-3p06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Better+Crops&rft.atitle=Biuret+in+Urea+Fertilizers&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mikkelsen%2C+R.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.ipni.net%2Fppiweb%2Fbcrops.nsf%2F%24webindex%2FAFE7446D8AF92F988525732D0038FDCE%2F%24file%2F07-3p06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Controlled-release_fertiliser_Ull-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Controlled-release_fertiliser_Ull_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmarDrachVosskampTrenkel2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n01">10.1002/14356007.n10_n01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fertilizers%2C+2.+Types&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n01&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Dittmar&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Drach%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Vosskamp%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Trenkel%2C+Martin+E.&rft.au=Gutser%2C+Reinhold&rft.au=Steffens%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Controlled-release_fertiliser_gregorich-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Controlled-release_fertiliser_gregorich_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorichTurchenekCarterAngers2001" class="citation book cs1">Gregorich, Edward G.; Turchenek, L. W.; Carter, M. R.; Angers, Denis A., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvWzKSP33bgC&pg=PA132">Soil and Environmental Science Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3115-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-3115-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001025292">2001025292</a>. Retrieved 9 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+and+Environmental+Science+Dictionary&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001025292&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3115-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvWzKSP33bgC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YangFang2016-58"><a href="#cite_ref-YangFang2016_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangFangSunShi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Ming; Fang, Yunting; Sun, Di; Shi, Yuanliang (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763264">"Efficiency of two nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate) on soil nitrogen transformations and plant productivity: a meta-analysis"</a>. Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22075. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...622075Y">2016NatSR...622075Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep22075">10.1038/srep22075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4763264">4763264</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26902689">26902689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Efficiency+of+two+nitrification+inhibitors+%28dicyandiamide+and+3%2C+4-dimethypyrazole+phosphate%29+on+soil+nitrogen+transformations+and+plant+productivity%3A+a+meta-analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22075&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4763264%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...622075Y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26902689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep22075&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Fang%2C+Yunting&rft.au=Sun%2C+Di&rft.au=Shi%2C+Yuanliang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4763264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629000817/http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/nitrofer.html">"Nitrogen Fertilization: General Information"</a>. Hubcap.clemson.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/nitrofer.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+Fertilization%3A+General+Information&rft.pub=Hubcap.clemson.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubcap.clemson.edu%2F~blpprt%2Fnitrofer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2014" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Howard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEHTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Organic Lawn Care: Growing Grass the Natural Way</a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72849-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72849-3"><bdi>978-0-292-72849-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Lawn+Care%3A+Growing+Grass+the+Natural+Way&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72849-3&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEHTAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528143421/http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/wcmc/2008/ppt/Laboski1.pdf">"Understanding Salt index of fertilizers"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/wcmc/2008/ppt/Laboski1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Salt+index+of+fertilizers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soils.wisc.edu%2Fextension%2Fwcmc%2F2008%2Fppt%2FLaboski1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenYangYipMorris2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Huaihai; Yang, Zamin K.; Yip, Dan; Morris, Reese H.; Lebreux, Steven J.; Cregger, Melissa A.; Klingeman, Dawn M.; Hui, Dafeng; Hettich, Robert L.; Wilhelm, Steven W.; Wang, Gangsheng (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6581249">"One-time nitrogen fertilization shifts switchgrass soil microbiomes within a context of larger spatial and temporal variation"</a>. PLOS ONE. 14 (6): e0211310. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1411310C">2019PLoSO..1411310C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0211310">10.1371/journal.pone.0211310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6581249">6581249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31211785">31211785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=One-time+nitrogen+fertilization+shifts+switchgrass+soil+microbiomes+within+a+context+of+larger+spatial+and+temporal+variation&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0211310&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6581249%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PLoSO..1411310C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31211785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0211310&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Huaihai&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zamin+K.&rft.au=Yip%2C+Dan&rft.au=Morris%2C+Reese+H.&rft.au=Lebreux%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Cregger%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Klingeman%2C+Dawn+M.&rft.au=Hui%2C+Dafeng&rft.au=Hettich%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+Steven+W.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Gangsheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6581249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-63"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_63-0">^</a> United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">A/RES/71/313</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTayibiChouraLópezAlguacil2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; López, Félix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; López-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and Management of Phosphogypsum". Journal of Environmental Management. 90 (8): 2377–2386. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JEnvM..90.2377T">2009JEnvM..90.2377T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2009.03.007">10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F45241">10261/45241</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19406560">19406560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24111765">24111765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Environmental+Impact+and+Management+of+Phosphogypsum&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2377-2386&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F45241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24111765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JEnvM..90.2377T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19406560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2009.03.007&rft.aulast=Tayibi&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft.au=Choura%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez%2C+F%C3%A9lix+A.&rft.au=Alguacil%2C+Francisco+J.&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Delgado%2C+Aurora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay_FletcherRuizDiasChadwick2021" class="citation journal cs1">McKay Fletcher, D. M.; Ruiz, S. A.; Dias, T.; Chadwick, D. R.; Jones, D. L.; Roose, T. (20 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720375823">"Precipitation-optimised targeting of nitrogen fertilisers in a model maize cropping system"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 756: 144051. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScTEn.75644051M">2021ScTEn.75644051M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144051">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144051</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33280884">33280884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227522409">227522409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Precipitation-optimised+targeting+of+nitrogen+fertilisers+in+a+model+maize+cropping+system&rft.volume=756&rft.pages=144051&rft.date=2021-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227522409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ScTEn.75644051M&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2020.144051&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33280884&rft.aulast=McKay+Fletcher&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Dias%2C+T.&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Roose%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0048969720375823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/high-rainfall-pastures/environmental-impact-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-fertilisers-high-rainfall-areas">"Environmental impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in high rainfall areas"</a>. Agriculture and Food | Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Food+%7C+Department+of+Primary+Industries+and+Regional+Development&rft.atitle=Environmental+impact+of+nitrogen+and+phosphorus+fertilisers+in+high+rainfall+areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agric.wa.gov.au%2Fhigh-rainfall-pastures%2Fenvironmental-impact-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-fertilisers-high-rainfall-areas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405023648/https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-agriculture">"The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture"</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. 12 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/sources-and-solutions-agriculture">the original</a> on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=The+Sources+and+Solutions%3A+Agriculture&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fnutrientpollution%2Fsources-and-solutions-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UllmannEnv-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannEnv_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UllmannEnv_68-1">b</a> Wilfried Werner "Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.n10_n05">10.1002/14356007.n10_n05</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-toledo-69"><a href="#cite_ref-toledo_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805005647/http://www.toledofreepress.com/2014/08/02/do-not-drink-water-advisory-issued-for-city-of-toledo/">"UPDATE (9:30 a.m.): Do-not-drink water advisory lifted for City of Toledo | Toledo Free Press"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toledofreepress.com/2014/08/02/do-not-drink-water-advisory-issued-for-city-of-toledo/">the original</a> on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UPDATE+%289%3A30+a.m.%29%3A+Do-not-drink+water+advisory+lifted+for+City+of+Toledo+%26%23124%3B+Toledo+Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledofreepress.com%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2Fdo-not-drink-water-advisory-issued-for-city-of-toledo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtShaskusEstenikOesch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, JR; Shaskus, M; Estenik, JF; Oesch, C; Khidekel, R; Boyer, GL (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709275">"Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake"</a>. Toxins. 5 (5): 992–1009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ftoxins5050992">10.3390/toxins5050992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709275">3709275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23676698">23676698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.atitle=Variations+in+the+microcystin+content+of+different+fish+species+collected+from+a+eutrophic+lake&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=992-1009&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23676698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ftoxins5050992&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=JR&rft.au=Shaskus%2C+M&rft.au=Estenik%2C+JF&rft.au=Oesch%2C+C&rft.au=Khidekel%2C+R&rft.au=Boyer%2C+GL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/15/us/15oceans.html">"Rapid Growth Found in Oxygen-Starved Ocean 'Dead Zones'"</a>, NY Times, 14 August 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Heilprin,_Associated_Press" class="citation web cs1">John Heilprin, Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618192917/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/10/20/deadzone_pla.html">"Discovery Channel :: News – Animals :: U.N.: Ocean 'Dead Zones' Growing"</a>. Dsc.discovery.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/10/20/deadzone_pla.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+Channel+%3A%3A+News+%E2%80%93+Animals+%3A%3A+U.N.%3A+Ocean+%27Dead+Zones%27+Growing&rft.pub=Dsc.discovery.com&rft.au=John+Heilprin%2C+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsc.discovery.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F10%2F20%2Fdeadzone_pla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanGrinsven2012-73"><a href="#cite_ref-VanGrinsven2012_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_GrinsvenTen_Berge,_H._F._M.;_Dalgaard,_T.;_Fraters,_B.;_Durand,_P.;_Hart,_A.;_..._&_Willems,_W._J.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Van Grinsven, H. J. M.; Ten Berge, H. F. M.; Dalgaard, T.; Fraters, B.; Durand, P.; Hart, A.; ... & Willems, W. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-9-5143-2012">"Management, regulation and environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilization in northwestern Europe under the Nitrates Directive; a benchmark study"</a>. Biogeosciences. 9 (12): 5143–5160. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGeo....9.5143V">2012BGeo....9.5143V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-9-5143-2012">10.5194/bg-9-5143-2012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-3072131">1854/LU-3072131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.atitle=Management%2C+regulation+and+environmental+impacts+of+nitrogen+fertilization+in+northwestern+Europe+under+the+Nitrates+Directive%3B+a+benchmark+study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5143-5160&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-3072131&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-9-5143-2012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BGeo....9.5143V&rft.aulast=Van+Grinsven&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+M.&rft.au=Ten+Berge%2C+H.+F.+M.%3B+Dalgaard%2C+T.%3B+Fraters%2C+B.%3B+Durand%2C+P.%3B+Hart%2C+A.%3B+...+%26+Willems%2C+W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fbg-9-5143-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200107/http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/wq/wqp/wqpollutants/nutrients/incentives.html">"A Farmer's Guide To Agriculture and Water Quality Issues: 3. Environmental Requirements & Incentive Programs For Nutrient Management"</a>. cals.ncsu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/wq/wqp/wqpollutants/nutrients/incentives.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cals.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=A+Farmer%27s+Guide+To+Agriculture+and+Water+Quality+Issues%3A+3.+Environmental+Requirements+%26+Incentive+Programs+For+Nutrient+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cals.ncsu.edu%2Fwq%2Fwqp%2Fwqpollutants%2Fnutrients%2Fincentives.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState-EPA_Nutrient_Innovations_Task_Group2009" class="citation web cs1">State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/nitgreport.pdf">"An Urgent Call to Action – Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group"</a> (PDF). epa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/documents/nitgreport.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epa.gov&rft.atitle=An+Urgent+Call+to+Action+%E2%80%93+Report+of+the+State-EPA+Nutrient+Innovations+Task+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.au=State-EPA+Nutrient+Innovations+Task+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fnitgreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/study-shows-eutrophic-lakes-may-not-recover-for-a-millennium/">"Study shows eutrophic lakes may not recover for a millennium"</a>. news.wisc.edu. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=Study+shows+eutrophic+lakes+may+not+recover+for+a+millennium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Fstudy-shows-eutrophic-lakes-may-not-recover-for-a-millennium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2017" class="citation cs2">Wilkinson, Grace M. (1 January 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489101605">"Eutrophication of Freshwater and Coastal Ecosystems"</a>, in Abraham, Martin A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 145–152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.10160-5">10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10160-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804792-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804792-7"><bdi>978-0-12-804792-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eutrophication+of+Freshwater+and+Coastal+Ecosystems&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Sustainable+Technologies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=145-152&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-409548-9.10160-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-804792-7&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Grace+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780124095489101605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasir-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Nasir_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallistoMolozziBarbosa2014" class="citation book cs1">Callisto, Marcos; Molozzi, Joseline; Barbosa, José Lucena Etham (2014). "Eutrophication of Lakes". Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control. pp. 55–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7814-6_5">10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7813-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-7813-9"><bdi>978-94-007-7813-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eutrophication+of+Lakes&rft.btitle=Eutrophication%3A+Causes%2C+Consequences+and+Control&rft.pages=55-71&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7814-6_5&rft.isbn=978-94-007-7813-9&rft.aulast=Callisto&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Molozzi%2C+Joseline&rft.au=Barbosa%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Lucena+Etham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._J._RosenB._P._Horgan2009" class="citation web cs1">C. J. Rosen; B. P. Horgan (9 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310024038/http://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/lawns/preventing-pollution-problems/">"Preventing Pollution Problems from Lawn and Garden Fertilizers"</a>. Extension.umn.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/lawns/preventing-pollution-problems/">the original</a> on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preventing+Pollution+Problems+from+Lawn+and+Garden+Fertilizers&rft.pub=Extension.umn.edu&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft.au=C.+J.+Rosen&rft.au=B.+P.+Horgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.extension.umn.edu%2Fgarden%2Fyard-garden%2Flawns%2Fpreventing-pollution-problems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBijay-SinghYadvinder-SinghSekhon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bijay-Singh; Yadvinder-Singh; Sekhon, G.S. (1995). "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries". Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 20 (3–4): 167–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JCHyd..20..167S">1995JCHyd..20..167S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-7722%2895%2900067-4">10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contaminant+Hydrology&rft.atitle=Fertilizer-N+use+efficiency+and+nitrate+pollution+of+groundwater+in+developing+countries&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=167-184&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-7722%2895%2900067-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JCHyd..20..167S&rft.au=Bijay-Singh&rft.au=Yadvinder-Singh&rft.au=Sekhon%2C+G.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040324090920/http://www.nofa.org/tnf/nitrogen.php">"NOFA Interstate Council: The Natural Farmer. Ecologically Sound Nitrogen Management. Mark Schonbeck"</a>. Nofa.org. 25 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nofa.org/tnf/nitrogen.php">the original</a> on 24 March 2004. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOFA+Interstate+Council%3A+The+Natural+Farmer.+Ecologically+Sound+Nitrogen+Management.+Mark+Schonbeck&rft.pub=Nofa.org&rft.date=2004-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nofa.org%2Ftnf%2Fnitrogen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonBurgerCavagnaro2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Louise E.; Burger, Martin; Cavagnaro, Timothy R. (2008). "Roots, Nitrogen Transformations, and Ecosystem Services". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59 (1): 341–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092932">10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18444903">18444903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Plant+Biology&rft.atitle=Roots%2C+Nitrogen+Transformations%2C+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=341-363&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.arplant.59.032607.092932&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18444903&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Louise+E.&rft.au=Burger%2C+Martin&rft.au=Cavagnaro%2C+Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnobelochSalnaHoganPostle2000" class="citation journal cs1">Knobeloch, L; Salna, B; Hogan, A; Postle, J; Anderson, H (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638204">"Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water"</a>. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (7): 675–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000EnvHP.108..675K">2000EnvHP.108..675K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.00108675">10.1289/ehp.00108675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1638204">1638204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10903623">10903623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&rft.atitle=Blue+Babies+and+Nitrate-Contaminated+Well+Water&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=675-8&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1638204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10903623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.00108675&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000EnvHP.108..675K&rft.aulast=Knobeloch&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Salna%2C+B&rft.au=Hogan%2C+A&rft.au=Postle%2C+J&rft.au=Anderson%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1638204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/nitrogen-and-water">Nitrogen and Water</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiello2008" class="citation web cs1">Biello, David (14 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fertilizer-runoff-overwhelms-streams/">"Fertilizer Runoff Overwhelms Streams and Rivers--Creating Vast "Dead Zones""</a>. Scientific American.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Fertilizer+Runoff+Overwhelms+Streams+and+Rivers--Creating+Vast+%22Dead+Zones%22&rft.date=2008-03-14&rft.aulast=Biello&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Ffertilizer-runoff-overwhelms-streams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerHecky2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schindler, D. W.; Hecky, R. E. (2009). "Eutrophication: More Nitrogen Data Needed". Science. 324 (5928): 721–722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..721S">2009Sci...324..721S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.324_721b">10.1126/science.324_721b</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19423798">19423798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Eutrophication%3A+More+Nitrogen+Data+Needed&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5928&rft.pages=721-722&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19423798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.324_721b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324..721S&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft.au=Hecky%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennBryant2008" class="citation journal cs1">Penn, C. J.; Bryant, R. B. (2008). "Phosphorus Solubility in Response to Acidification of Dairy Manure Amended Soils". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 72 (1): 238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSASJ..72..238P">2008SSASJ..72..238P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj2007.0071N">10.2136/sssaj2007.0071N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Phosphorus+Solubility+in+Response+to+Acidification+of+Dairy+Manure+Amended+Soils&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj2007.0071N&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSASJ..72..238P&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlinTillerNaiduStevens1996" class="citation journal cs1">McLaughlin, M. J.; Tiller, K. G.; Naidu, R.; Stevens, D. P. (1996). "Review: the behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers". Soil Research. 34 (1): 1–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fsr9960001">10.1071/sr9960001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Research&rft.atitle=Review%3A+the+behaviour+and+environmental+impact+of+contaminants+in+fertilizers&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2Fsr9960001&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft.au=Tiller%2C+K.+G.&rft.au=Naidu%2C+R.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+D.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lugon2014-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Lugon2014_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugon-MoulinRyanDoniniRossi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lugon-Moulin, N.; Ryan, L.; Donini, P.; Rossi, L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/51/PDF/hal-00886351.pdf">"Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production"</a> (PDF). Agron. Sustain. Dev. 26 (3): 151–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fagro%3A2006010">10.1051/agro:2006010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13996565">13996565</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/88/63/51/PDF/hal-00886351.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agron.+Sustain.+Dev.&rft.atitle=Cadmium+content+of+phosphate+fertilizers+used+for+tobacco+production&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-155&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fagro%3A2006010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13996565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lugon-Moulin&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Ryan%2C+L.&rft.au=Donini%2C+P.&rft.au=Rossi%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F88%2F63%2F51%2FPDF%2Fhal-00886351.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zapata2004-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Zapata2004_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapataRoy2004" class="citation web cs1">Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5053e/y5053e0d.htm">"Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture: Secondary nutrients, micronutrients, liming effect and hazardous elements associated with phosphate rock use"</a>. fao.org. FAO. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=Use+of+Phosphate+Rocks+for+Sustainable+Agriculture%3A+Secondary+nutrients%2C+micronutrients%2C+liming+effect+and+hazardous+elements+associated+with+phosphate+rock+use&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Zapata&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Roy%2C+R.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F007%2Fy5053e%2Fy5053e0d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyersMackayBrownCurrie1986" class="citation journal cs1">Syers JK, Mackay AD, Brown MW, Currie CD (1986). "Chemical and physical characteristics of phosphate rock materials of varying reactivity". J Sci Food Agric. 37 (11): 1057–1064. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JSFA...37.1057S">1986JSFA...37.1057S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740371102">10.1002/jsfa.2740371102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Sci+Food+Agric&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+physical+characteristics+of+phosphate+rock+materials+of+varying+reactivity&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1057-1064&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjsfa.2740371102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JSFA...37.1057S&rft.aulast=Syers&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Mackay%2C+AD&rft.au=Brown%2C+MW&rft.au=Currie%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrueman_NA1965" class="citation journal cs1">Trueman NA (1965). "The phosphate, volcanic and carbonate rocks of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)". J Geol Soc Aust. 12 (2): 261–286. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965AuJES..12..261T">1965AuJES..12..261T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00167616508728596">10.1080/00167616508728596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Geol+Soc+Aust&rft.atitle=The+phosphate%2C+volcanic+and+carbonate+rocks+of+Christmas+Island+%28Indian+Ocean%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-286&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00167616508728596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965AuJES..12..261T&rft.au=Trueman+NA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor-93"><a href="#cite_ref-taylor_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor_MD1997" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor MD (1997). "Accumulation of Cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand soils". Science of the Total Environment. 208 (1–2): 123–126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ScTEn.208..123T">1997ScTEn.208..123T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2897%2900273-8">10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00273-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9496656">9496656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Accumulation+of+Cadmium+derived+from+fertilizers+in+New+Zealand+soils&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=123-126&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9496656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0048-9697%2897%2900273-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ScTEn.208..123T&rft.au=Taylor+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaney2012-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaney2012_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaney2012_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaney2012_94-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaney2012" class="citation book cs1">Chaney, R.L. (2012). "Food safety issues for mineral and organic fertilizers". Advances in Agronomy. Vol. 117. Elsevier. pp. 51–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7">10.1016/b978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123942784" title="Special:BookSources/9780123942784"><bdi>9780123942784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Food+safety+issues+for+mineral+and+organic+fertilizers&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Agronomy&rft.pages=51-99&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7&rft.isbn=9780123942784&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oosterhuis2000-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Oosterhuis2000_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosterhuisBrouwerWijnants2000" class="citation web cs1">Oosterhuis, F.H.; Brouwer, F.M.; Wijnants, H.J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/taxation/pdf/cadium.pdf">"A possible EU wide charge on cadmium in phosphate fertilisers: Economic and environmental implications"</a> (PDF). dare.ubvu.vu.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/taxation/pdf/cadium.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dare.ubvu.vu.nl&rft.atitle=A+possible+EU+wide+charge+on+cadmium+in+phosphate+fertilisers%3A+Economic+and+environmental+implications.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Oosterhuis&rft.aufirst=F.H.&rft.au=Brouwer%2C+F.M.&rft.au=Wijnants%2C+H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fenveco%2Ftaxation%2Fpdf%2Fcadium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FertilizersEurope2014-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FertilizersEurope2014_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808082824/http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/news_assets/FI-458-decadmiation__3_.pdf">"Putting all the cards on the table"</a> (PDF). Fertilizers International. fertilizerseurope.com. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fertilizerseurope.com/fileadmin/user_upload/news_assets/FI-458-decadmiation__3_.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fertilizers+International&rft.atitle=Putting+all+the+cards+on+the+table&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fertilizerseurope.com%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fnews_assets%2FFI-458-decadmiation__3_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wates2014-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Wates2014_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWates2014" class="citation web cs1">Wates, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iatp.org/documents/revision-of-the-eu-fertilizer-regulation-and-cadmium-content-of-fertilisers">"Revision of the EU fertilizer regulation and cadmium content of fertilisers"</a>. iatp.org. Retrieved 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iatp.org&rft.atitle=Revision+of+the+EU+fertilizer+regulation+and+cadmium+content+of+fertilisers&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Wates&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iatp.org%2Fdocuments%2Frevision-of-the-eu-fertilizer-regulation-and-cadmium-content-of-fertilisers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loganathan2008-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loganathan2008_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loganathan2008_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoganathanHedleyGrace2008" class="citation book cs1">Loganathan, P.; Hedley, M.J.; Grace, N.D. (2008). "Pasture Soils Contaminated with Fertilizer-Derived Cadmium and Fluorine: Livestock Effects". Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Vol. 192. pp. 29–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-71724-1_2">10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71723-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71723-4"><bdi>978-0-387-71723-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18020303">18020303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pasture+Soils+Contaminated+with+Fertilizer-Derived+Cadmium+and+Fluorine%3A+Livestock+Effects&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Toxicology&rft.pages=29-66&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18020303&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-71724-1_2&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71723-4&rft.aulast=Loganathan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Hedley%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Grace%2C+N.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronin2000-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2000_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronin2000_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroninManoharanHedleyLoganathan2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, S. J.; Manoharan, V.; Hedley, M. J.; Loganathan, P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288233.2000.9513430">"Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 43 (3): 295–3214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000NZJAR..43..295C">2000NZJAR..43..295C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288233.2000.9513430">10.1080/00288233.2000.9513430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Fluoride%3A+A+review+of+its+fate%2C+bioavailability%2C+and+risks+of+fluorosis+in+grazed-pasture+systems+in+New+Zealand&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-3214&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00288233.2000.9513430&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000NZJAR..43..295C&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Manoharan%2C+V.&rft.au=Hedley%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Loganathan%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00288233.2000.9513430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilke1987-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilke1987_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilke1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wilke, B.M. (1987). "Fluoride-induced changes in chemical properties and microbial activity of mull, moder and mor soils". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 5 (1): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987BioFS...5...49W">1987BioFS...5...49W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00264346">10.1007/BF00264346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1225884">1225884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Fertility+of+Soils&rft.atitle=Fluoride-induced+changes+in+chemical+properties+and+microbial+activity+of+mull%2C+moder+and+mor+soils&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1225884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00264346&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987BioFS...5...49W&rft.aulast=Wilke&rft.aufirst=B.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortvedt2014-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Mortvedt2014_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortvedtBeaton" class="citation web cs1">Mortvedt, JJ; Beaton, JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726193234/http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope54/6mortvedt.htm">"Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contaminants in Phosphate Fertilizers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope54/6mortvedt.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heavy+Metal+and+Radionuclide+Contaminants+in+Phosphate+Fertilizers&rft.aulast=Mortvedt&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Beaton%2C+JD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scopenvironment.org%2Fdownloadpubs%2Fscope54%2F6mortvedt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA2016-102"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA2016_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/radiation/tenorm-fertilizer-and-fertilizer-production-wastes">"TENORM: Fertilizer and Fertilizer Production Wastes"</a>. US EPA. 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TENORM%3A+Fertilizer+and+Fertilizer+Production+Wastes&rft.pub=US+EPA&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradiation%2Ftenorm-fertilizer-and-fertilizer-production-wastes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khater2008-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Khater2008_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhater2008" class="citation web cs1">Khater, A. E. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724225807/http://www.radioecology.info/Bergen2008/proceedings/26.%20Khater%20Uranium%20P.pdf">"Uranium and heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers"</a> (PDF). radioecology.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioecology.info/Bergen2008/proceedings/26.%20Khater%20Uranium%20P.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radioecology.info&rft.atitle=Uranium+and+heavy+metals+in+phosphate+fertilizers&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Khater&rft.aufirst=A.+E.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioecology.info%2FBergen2008%2Fproceedings%2F26.%2520Khater%2520Uranium%2520P.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCRP1987-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCRP1987_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCRP1987_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCRP1987_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNCRP1987" class="citation book cs1">NCRP (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://f3.tiera.ru/1/genesis/575-579/575000/1160670d5da187ab055c34ebc07487cf">Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources</a>. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. pp. 29–32. Retrieved 17 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+Exposure+of+the+U.S.+Population+from+Consumer+Products+and+Miscellaneous+Sources&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=National+Council+on+Radiation+Protection+and+Measurements&rft.date=1987&rft.au=NCRP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ff3.tiera.ru%2F1%2Fgenesis%2F575-579%2F575000%2F1160670d5da187ab055c34ebc07487cf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein_EM1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hussein EM (1994). "Radioactivity of phosphate ore, superphosphate, and phosphogypsum in Abu-zaabal phosphate". Health Physics. 67 (3): 280–282. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004032-199409000-00010">10.1097/00004032-199409000-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8056596">8056596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Radioactivity+of+phosphate+ore%2C+superphosphate%2C+and+phosphogypsum+in+Abu-zaabal+phosphate&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=280-282&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004032-199409000-00010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8056596&rft.au=Hussein+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarisicLulicMiletic1992" class="citation journal cs1">Barisic D, Lulic S, Miletic P (1992). "Radium and uranium in phosphate fertilizers and their impact on the radioactivity of waters". Water Research. 26 (5): 607–611. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992WatRe..26..607B">1992WatRe..26..607B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0043-1354%2892%2990234-U">10.1016/0043-1354(92)90234-U</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Radium+and+uranium+in+phosphate+fertilizers+and+their+impact+on+the+radioactivity+of+waters&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=607-611&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0043-1354%2892%2990234-U&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992WatRe..26..607B&rft.aulast=Barisic&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Lulic%2C+S&rft.au=Miletic%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanlon2012-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon2012_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2012" class="citation web cs1">Hanlon, E. A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725171240/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss441">"Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Agricultural Products"</a>. edis.ifas.ufl.edu. University of Florida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss441">the original</a> on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edis.ifas.ufl.edu&rft.atitle=Naturally+Occurring+Radionuclides+in+Agricultural+Products&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fss441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpley1987-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharpley1987_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpleyMenzel1987" class="citation book cs1">Sharpley, A. N.; Menzel, R. G. (1987). The impact of soil and fertilizer phosphorus on the environment. Vol. 41. pp. 297–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2113%2808%2960807-x">10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60807-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120007417" title="Special:BookSources/9780120007417"><bdi>9780120007417</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83005521">83005521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+soil+and+fertilizer+phosphorus+on+the+environment&rft.pages=297-324&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83005521%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0065-2113%2808%2960807-x&rft.isbn=9780120007417&rft.aulast=Sharpley&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rft.au=Menzel%2C+R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-community.seattletimes.nwsource.com-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-community.seattletimes.nwsource.com_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-community.seattletimes.nwsource.com_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1997" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Duff (3 July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19970703/2547772/fear-in-the-fields----how-hazardous-wastes-become-fertilizer----spreading-heavy-metals-on-farmland-is-perfectly-legal-but-little-research-has-been-done-to-find-out-whether-its-safe">"Business | Fear in the Fields – How Hazardous Wastes Become Fertilizer – Spreading Heavy Metals on Farmland Is Perfectly Legal, But Little Research Has Been Done To Find Out Whether It's Safe"</a>. Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118013539/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19970703&slug=2547772">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business+%26%23124%3B+Fear+in+the+Fields+%E2%80%93+How+Hazardous+Wastes+Become+Fertilizer+%E2%80%93+Spreading+Heavy+Metals+on+Farmland+Is+Perfectly+Legal%2C+But+Little+Research+Has+Been+Done+To+Find+Out+Whether+It%27s+Safe&rft.pub=Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com&rft.date=1997-07-03&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Duff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F19970703%2F2547772%2Ffear-in-the-fields----how-hazardous-wastes-become-fertilizer----spreading-heavy-metals-on-farmland-is-perfectly-legal-but-little-research-has-been-done-to-find-out-whether-its-safe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pirg.org-110"><a href="#cite_ref-pirg.org_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126211622/http://www.pirg.org/toxics/reports/wastelands/">"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer"</a>. Pirg.org. 3 July 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pirg.org/toxics/reports/wastelands/">the original</a> on 26 November 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Lands%3A+The+Threat+of+Toxic+Fertilizer&rft.pub=Pirg.org&rft.date=1997-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pirg.org%2Ftoxics%2Freports%2Fwastelands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmindfully.org" class="citation web cs1">mindfully.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020111124358/http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Toxic-Waste-Fertilizers.htm">"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer Released by PIRG Toxic Wastes Found in Fertilizers Cat Lazaroff / ENS 7may01"</a>. Mindfully.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Farm/Toxic-Waste-Fertilizers.htm">the original</a> on 11 January 2002. Retrieved 25 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Lands%3A+The+Threat+of+Toxic+Fertilizer+Released+by+PIRG+Toxic+Wastes+Found+in+Fertilizers+Cat+Lazaroff+%2F+ENS+7may01&rft.pub=Mindfully.org&rft.au=mindfully.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindfully.org%2FFarm%2FToxic-Waste-Fertilizers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2004-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO2004_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapataRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Zapata, F; Roy, RN (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5053e/y5053e00.pdf">Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture</a> (PDF). Rome: FAO. p. 82. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Use+of+phosphate+rocks+for+sustainable+agriculture&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=FAO&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Zapata&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Roy%2C+RN&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Ffao%2F007%2Fy5053e%2Fy5053e00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2004-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisEppRiordan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, D.R.; Epp, M.D.; Riordan, H.D. (2004). "Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 23 (6): 669–682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2004.10719409">10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15637215">15637215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13595345">13595345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Changes+in+USDA+Food+Composition+Data+for+43+Garden+Crops%2C+1950+to+1999&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=669-682&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13595345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15637215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07315724.2004.10719409&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Epp%2C+M.D.&rft.au=Riordan%2C+H.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2007-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2007_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2007_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, D. (2007). "The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940–2002) – A Review of the 6th Edition of McCance and Widdowson". Nutrition and Health. 19 (1–2): 21–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026010600701900205">10.1177/026010600701900205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18309763">18309763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:372456">372456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Health&rft.atitle=The+mineral+depletion+of+foods+available+to+us+as+a+nation+%281940%E2%80%932002%29+%E2%80%93+A+Review+of+the+6th+Edition+of+McCance+and+Widdowson&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=21-55&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A372456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18309763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026010600701900205&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarrell1981-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Jarrell1981_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrellBeverly1981" class="citation book cs1">Jarrell, W.M.; Beverly, R.B. (1981). The Dilution Effect in Plant Nutrition Studies. Vol. 34. pp. 197–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0065-2113%2808%2960887-1">10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60887-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120007349" title="Special:BookSources/9780120007349"><bdi>9780120007349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilution+Effect+in+Plant+Nutrition+Studies&rft.pages=197-224&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0065-2113%2808%2960887-1&rft.isbn=9780120007349&rft.aulast=Jarrell&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft.au=Beverly%2C+R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Fan2008-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Fan2008_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanZhaoFairweather-TaitPoulton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fan, M. S.; Zhao, F. J.; Fairweather-Tait, S. J.; Poulton, P. R.; Dunham, S. J.; McGrath, S. P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/download/763262a2ea615fca85841d665060d217a464dfdf38f0213ae494ada7217517b9/2790912/Fan%20et%20al%20BBK%20wheat%20mineral%20density%20manuscript%20inc%20figures_.doc">"Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Trace_Elements_in_Medicine_and_Biology" title="Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology">Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology</a>. 22 (4): 315–324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JTEMB..22..315F">2008JTEMB..22..315F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtemb.2008.07.002">10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19013359">19013359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Trace+Elements+in+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+decreasing+mineral+density+in+wheat+grain+over+the+last+160+years.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-324&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19013359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtemb.2008.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JTEMB..22..315F&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Fairweather-Tait%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Poulton%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Dunham%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.rothamsted.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2F763262a2ea615fca85841d665060d217a464dfdf38f0213ae494ada7217517b9%2F2790912%2FFan%2520et%2520al%2520BBK%2520wheat%2520mineral%2520density%2520manuscript%2520inc%2520figures_.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhao2009-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhao2009_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoSuDunhamRakszegi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, F. J.; Su, Y. H.; Dunham, S. J.; Rakszegi, M.; Bedo, Z.; McGrath, S. P.; Shewry, P. R. (2009). "Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin". Journal of Cereal Science. 49 (2): 290–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcs.2008.11.007">10.1016/j.jcs.2008.11.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cereal+Science&rft.atitle=Variation+in+mineral+micronutrient+concentrations+in+grain+of+wheat+lines+of+diverse+origin.&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-295&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcs.2008.11.007&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Su%2C+Y.+H.&rft.au=Dunham%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Rakszegi%2C+M.&rft.au=Bedo%2C+Z.&rft.au=McGrath%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Shewry%2C+P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saltzman2013-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Saltzman2013_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltzmanBirolBouisBoy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Saltzman, A.; Birol, E.; Bouis, H. E.; Boy, E.; De Moura, F.F.; Islam, Y.; Pfeiffer, W. H. (2013). "Biofortification: progress toward a more nourishing future". Global Food Security. 2 (1): 9–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GlFS....2....9S">2013GlFS....2....9S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gfs.2012.12.003">10.1016/j.gfs.2012.12.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Food+Security&rft.atitle=Biofortification%3A+progress+toward+a+more+nourishing+future&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-17&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gfs.2012.12.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GlFS....2....9S&rft.aulast=Saltzman&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Birol%2C+E.&rft.au=Bouis%2C+H.+E.&rft.au=Boy%2C+E.&rft.au=De+Moura%2C+F.F.&rft.au=Islam%2C+Y.&rft.au=Pfeiffer%2C+W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2001" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Geoff (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au/bulletins/2/">Soilguide – A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils</a>. Perth, Western Australia: Agriculture Western Australia. pp. 161–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7307-0057-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7307-0057-9"><bdi>978-0-7307-0057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soilguide+%E2%80%93+A+handbook+for+understanding+and+managing+agricultural+soils&rft.place=Perth%2C+Western+Australia&rft.pages=161-207&rft.pub=Agriculture+Western+Australia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7307-0057-9&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchlibrary.agric.wa.gov.au%2Fbulletins%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/36383515/Zn-in-Soils-and-Crop-Nutrition-2008">"Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition"</a>. Scribd.com. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinc+in+Soils+and+Crop+Nutrition&rft.pub=Scribd.com&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F36383515%2FZn-in-Soils-and-Crop-Nutrition-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll_and_Salt2004" class="citation book cs1">Carroll and Salt, Steven B. and Steven D. (2004). Ecology for Gardeners. Cambridge: Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-611-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-611-8"><bdi>978-0-88192-611-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecology+for+Gardeners&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-611-8&rft.aulast=Carroll+and+Salt&rft.aufirst=Steven+B.+and+Steven+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/partnerships/hydrogen-and-ammonia-fertilizers-sustainable-agriculture-and-new-global-framework">"Hydrogen and Ammonia fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and New Global Framework for Managing Nature programs | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>. sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 30 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdgs.un.org&rft.atitle=Hydrogen+and+Ammonia+fertilizers+for+Sustainable+Agriculture+and+New+Global+Framework+for+Managing+Nature+programs+%7C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdgs.un.org%2Fpartnerships%2Fhydrogen-and-ammonia-fertilizers-sustainable-agriculture-and-new-global-framework&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appl-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Appl_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppl2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Appl, Max (2000). "Ammonia, 2. Production Processes". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o02_o11">10.1002/14356007.o02_o11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonia%2C+2.+Production+Processes&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim%2C+Germany&rft.pages=139-225&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o02_o11&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Appl&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sawyer2001-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Sawyer2001_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer_JE2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sawyer JE (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/1-29-2001/natgasfert.html">"Natural gas prices affect nitrogen fertilizer costs"</a>. IC-486. 1: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IC-486&rft.atitle=Natural+gas+prices+affect+nitrogen+fertilizer+costs&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Sawyer+JE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipm.iastate.edu%2Fipm%2Ficm%2F2001%2F1-29-2001%2Fnatgasfert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306075446/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FertilizerUse/">"Table 8—Fertilizer price indexes, 1960–2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FertilizerUse/">the original</a> on 6 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Table+8%E2%80%94Fertilizer+price+indexes%2C+1960%E2%80%932007.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2FData%2FFertilizerUse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230209114736.htm">"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050"</a>. Science Daily. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 17 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Carbon+emissions+from+fertilizers+could+be+reduced+by+as+much+as+80%25+by+2050&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2023%2F02%2F230209114736.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/synthetic-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate-makes-climate-change-worse">"How Fertilizer Is Making Climate Change Worse"</a>. BloombergQuint. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BloombergQuint&rft.atitle=How+Fertilizer+Is+Making+Climate+Change+Worse&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fonweb%2Fsynthetic-fertilizer-ammonium-nitrate-makes-climate-change-worse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTianXuCanadellThompson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tian, Hanqin; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013034950/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2780-0">"A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks"</a>. Nature. 586 (7828): 248–256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.586..248T">2020Natur.586..248T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2780-0">10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Fc74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9">1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33028999">33028999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222217027">222217027</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2780-0">the original</a> on 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+quantification+of+global+nitrous+oxide+sources+and+sinks&rft.volume=586&rft.issue=7828&rft.pages=248-256&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2Fc74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222217027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.586..248T&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2780-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33028999&rft.aulast=Tian&rft.aufirst=Hanqin&rft.au=Xu%2C+Rongting&rft.au=Canadell%2C+Josep+G.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Rona+L.&rft.au=Winiwarter%2C+Wilfried&rft.au=Suntharalingam%2C+Parvadha&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Ciais%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Janssens-Maenhout%2C+Greet&rft.au=Prather%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-020-2780-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/166534/">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/nitrogen-fertiliser-use-could-threaten-global-climate-goals">"Nitrogen fertiliser use could 'threaten global climate goals'"</a>. Carbon Brief. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carbon+Brief&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+fertiliser+use+could+%27threaten+global+climate+goals%27&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonbrief.org%2Fnitrogen-fertiliser-use-could-threaten-global-climate-goals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2012-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO2012_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO2012" class="citation book cs1">FAO (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518105637/ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/docs/cwfto16.pdf">Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2016</a> (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/ag/agp/docs/cwfto16.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+world+fertilizer+trends+and+outlook+to+2016&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2012&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.fao.org%2Fag%2Fagp%2Fdocs%2Fcwfto16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruberGalloway2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gruber, N; Galloway, JN (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06592">"An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle"</a>. Nature. 451 (7176): 293–296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..293G">2008Natur.451..293G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06592">10.1038/nature06592</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18202647">18202647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+Earth-system+perspective+of+the+global+nitrogen+cycle&rft.volume=451&rft.issue=7176&rft.pages=293-296&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18202647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06592&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.451..293G&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Galloway%2C+JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature06592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/2007_docs/2007-N-joint-policy-brief.pdf">"Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle, threats, benefits and opportunities"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114121452/http://initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/2007_docs/2007-N-joint-policy-brief.pdf">Archived</a> 14 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Problems_of_the_Environment" title="Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment">SCOPE</a> Policy briefs, April 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2002-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2002_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyMisraMontanez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, R. N.; Misra, R. V.; Montanez, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074035/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/decreasing_reliance_on_mineral_nitrogenyet_more_food_364.pdf">"Decreasing reliance on mineral nitrogen-yet more food"</a> (PDF). Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment. 31 (2): 177–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Ambio..31..177R">2002Ambio..31..177R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1579%2F0044-7447-31.2.177">10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12078007">12078007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:905322">905322</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/decreasing_reliance_on_mineral_nitrogenyet_more_food_364.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ambio%3A+A+Journal+of+the+Human+Environment&rft.atitle=Decreasing+reliance+on+mineral+nitrogen-yet+more+food&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-183&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1579%2F0044-7447-31.2.177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A905322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12078007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Ambio..31..177R&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft.au=Misra%2C+R.+V.&rft.au=Montanez%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planta.cn%2Fforum%2Ffiles_planta%2Fdecreasing_reliance_on_mineral_nitrogenyet_more_food_364.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stimulation_by_ammonium-based_fertilizers_of_methane_oxidation_in_soil_around_rice_roots-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Stimulation_by_ammonium-based_fertilizers_of_methane_oxidation_in_soil_around_rice_roots_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodelierPeter_Roslev3,_Thilo_Henckel1_&_Peter_Frenzel11999" class="citation journal cs1">Bodelier, Paul, L.E.; Peter Roslev3, Thilo Henckel1 & Peter Frenzel1 (November 1999). "Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots". Nature. 403 (6768): 421–424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..421B">2000Natur.403..421B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35000193">10.1038/35000193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10667792">10667792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4351801">4351801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Stimulation+by+ammonium-based+fertilizers+of+methane+oxidation+in+soil+around+rice+roots&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=6768&rft.pages=421-424&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35000193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4351801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10667792&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.403..421B&rft.aulast=Bodelier&rft.aufirst=Paul%2C+L.E.&rft.au=Peter+Roslev3%2C+Thilo+Henckel1+%26+Peter+Frenzel1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Banger2012-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Banger2012_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangerTianLu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Banger, K.; Tian, H.; Lu, C. (2012). "Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields?". Global Change Biology. 18 (10): 3259–3267. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012GCBio..18.3259B">2012GCBio..18.3259B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02762.x">10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02762.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28741830">28741830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31666406">31666406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Change+Biology&rft.atitle=Do+nitrogen+fertilizers+stimulate+or+inhibit+methane+emissions+from+rice+fields%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3259-3267&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2486.2012.02762.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31666406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28741830&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012GCBio..18.3259B&rft.aulast=Banger&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Tian%2C+H.&rft.au=Lu%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Union2024" class="citation web cs1">European Union (15 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/index_en.html">"Nitrates Directive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nitrates+Directive&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft.au=European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fwater%2Fwater-nitrates%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefra" class="citation web cs1">Defra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630000845/http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/land-manage/nitrates-watercourses/csf/">"Catchment-Sensitive Farming"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/food-farm/land-manage/nitrates-watercourses/csf/">the original</a> on 30 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catchment-Sensitive+Farming&rft.au=Defra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defra.gov.uk%2Ffood-farm%2Fland-manage%2Fnitrates-watercourses%2Fcsf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/nps/">"Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution"</a>. EPA. Retrieved 23 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polluted+Runoff%3A+Nonpoint+Source+Pollution&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Fpolwaste%2Fnps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002056/http://agr.wa.gov/PestFert/Fertilizers/ProductDatabase.aspx">"Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Fertilizer Product Database"</a>. Agr.wa.gov. 23 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agr.wa.gov/PestFert/Fertilizers/ProductDatabase.aspx">the original</a> on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+State+Dept.+of+Agriculture+Fertilizer+Product+Database&rft.pub=Agr.wa.gov&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagr.wa.gov%2FPestFert%2FFertilizers%2FProductDatabase.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regulatory-info-sc.com/">"Metals Content for Fertilizer and Soil Amendment Products"</a>. regulatory-info-sc.com. Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=regulatory-info-sc.com&rft.atitle=Metals+Content+for+Fertilizer+and+Soil+Amendment+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.regulatory-info-sc.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuB.Gu,_Y._Wu,_J.N.Galloway.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ju, Xiaotang; B.Gu, Y. Wu, J.N.Galloway. (2016). "Reducing China's fertilizer use by increasing farm size". Global Environmental Change. 41: 26–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GEC....41...26J">2016GEC....41...26J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2016.08.005">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.08.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Reducing+China%27s+fertilizer+use+by+increasing+farm+size&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=26-32&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2016.08.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016GEC....41...26J&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Xiaotang&rft.au=B.Gu%2C+Y.+Wu%2C+J.N.Galloway.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2022" class="citation web cs1">Andrew, Hannah (5 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2022-07/Addressing-Consolidation-in-Agriculture.pdf">"Addressing Consolidation in Agriculture: USDA's Response to President Biden's Directive to Promote Competition in the American Economy"</a> (PDF). Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720135110/https://www.vermontlaw.edu/sites/default/files/2022-07/Addressing-Consolidation-in-Agriculture.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 7 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Agriculture+and+Food+Systems%2C+Vermont+Law+and+Graduate+School&rft.atitle=Addressing+Consolidation+in+Agriculture%3A+USDA%27s+Response+to+President+Biden%27s+Directive+to+Promote+Competition+in+the+American+Economy&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vermontlaw.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-07%2FAddressing-Consolidation-in-Agriculture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomieroD._Pimental_&_M.G_Paoletti2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gomiero, T.; D. Pimental & M.G Paoletti (2011). "Environmental Impact of Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture". Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 30 (1–2): 95–124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CRvPS..30...95G">2011CRvPS..30...95G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07352689.2011.554355">10.1080/07352689.2011.554355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83736589">83736589</a> – via Taylor & Francis Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Environmental+Impact+of+Different+Agricultural+Management+Practices%3A+Conventional+vs.+Organic+Agriculture.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=95-124&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83736589%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07352689.2011.554355&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CRvPS..30...95G&rft.aulast=Gomiero&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=D.+Pimental+%26+M.G+Paoletti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Gilbeart H. Collings, Commercial Fertilizers, 1938</li> <li>Malcolm Vickar, Fertilizer technology and usage, Wisconsin, 1963</li> <li>McKetta & Cunningham, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design,1984</li> <li>Ullman´s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1987, volume A10, page 323-421.</li> <li>Kirk Otmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1993, volume 10, page 433-514.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019" class="citation book cs1">Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/11/08_Chapter-5.pdf">"Chapter 5: Food Security"</a> (PDF). Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. p. 454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Food+Security&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Land%3A+an+IPCC+special+report+on+climate+change%2C+desertification%2C+land+degradation%2C+sustainable+land+management%2C+food+security%2C+and+greenhouse+gas+fluxes+in+terrestrial+ecosystems&rft.pages=454&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mbow&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Rosenzweig%2C+C.&rft.au=Barioni%2C+L.+G.&rft.au=Benton%2C+T.&rft.au=Herrero%2C+M.&rft.au=Krishnapillai%2C+M.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F4%2F2019%2F11%2F08_Chapter-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a>, FAO, FAO.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fertilizers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fertilizers">Fertilizers</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Fertilizers" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fertilizers">Fertilizers</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakahara.com/nitrogen.shtml">Nitrogen for Feeding Our Food, Its Earthly Origin, Haber Process</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111090254/http://shakahara.com/nitrogen.shtml">Archived</a> 11 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fertilizer.org">International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151731/http://www.agricultureguide.org/a-complete-guide-to-fertilization-and-choosing-best-fertilizers/">Agriculture Guide, Complete Guide to Fertilizers and Fertilization</a> (archived 6 October 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/organic/nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium-values-organic-fertilizers">Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Values of Organic Fertilizers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226191906/https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/organic/nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium-values-organic-fertilizers">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plant_nutrition_/_Fertilizer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_nutrition" title="Template:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_nutrition" title="Template talk:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_nutrition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant_nutrition_/_Fertilizer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fertilizer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiological_plant_disorder" title="Physiological plant disorder">Imbalances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Boron deficiency (plant disorder)">Boron deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)">Calcium deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Iron deficiency (plant disorder)">Iron deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency#Plants" title="Magnesium deficiency">Magnesium deficiency#Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(plant)" title="Manganese deficiency (plant)">Manganese deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Molybdenum deficiency (plant disorder)">Molybdenum deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency" title="Nitrogen deficiency">Nitrogen deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_deficiency" title="Phosphorus deficiency">Phosphorus deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants)" title="Potassium deficiency (plants)">Potassium deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Zinc deficiency (plant disorder)">Zinc deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">Chlorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_burn" title="Fertilizer burn">Fertilizer burn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">Nitrogen assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">Phosphorus assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">Microbial assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertigation" title="Fertigation">Fertigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_tree" title="Fertilizer tree">Fertilizer tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoagland_solution" title="Hoagland solution">Hoagland solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_mulch" title="Living mulch">Living mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_budgeting" title="Nutrient budgeting">Nutrient budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">Nutrient management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_test" title="Plant tissue test">Plant tissue test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrobiology" title="Agrobiology">Agrobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal nutrient solutions">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostimulant" title="Biostimulant">Biostimulant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83323#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/923266/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4131714-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85047919">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119312488">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119312488">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563261">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114683&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528998105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638648">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=22369">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&oldid=1258891774">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&oldid=1258891774</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fertilizers" title="Category:Fertilizers">Fertilizers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_change_and_agriculture" title="Category:Climate change and agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2018">Articles with dead external links from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2018">Articles with dead external links from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use American English from August 2020">Use American English from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution" title="Category:Free-content attribution">Free-content attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_FAO" title="Category:Free content from FAO">Free content from FAO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 05:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-s8vc4","wgBackendResponseTime":248,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.654","walltime":"1.885","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10839,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":360558,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5926,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":557619,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1615.544 1 -total"," 55.60% 898.177 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.92% 257.160 43 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.42% 200.580 53 Template:Cite_web"," 10.31% 166.580 2 Template:Navbox"," 10.28% 166.098 1 Template:Agriculture_footer"," 9.71% 156.794 3 Template:Excerpt"," 8.12% 131.133 29 Template:Cite_book"," 6.07% 98.046 3 Template:Ullmann"," 5.14% 83.003 2 Template:Sfn"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.092","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11606810,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAaron_John_Ihde1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppl2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBangerTianLu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarisicLulicMiletic1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiello2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBijay-SinghYadvinder-SinghSekhon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodelierPeter_Roslev3,_Thilo_Henckel1_\u0026amp;_Peter_Frenzel11999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._J._RosenB._P._Horgan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallistoMolozziBarbosa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll_and_Salt2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenYangYipMorris2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordellDrangertWhite2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroninManoharanHedleyLoganathan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisEppRiordan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEFMA2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErismanSuttonGallowayKlimont2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Union2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFAO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanZhaoFairweather-TaitPoulton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlavell-While\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._J._Leigh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomieroD._Pimental_\u0026amp;_M.G_Paoletti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruberGalloway2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFH.A._MillsJ.B._Jones_Jr.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanlon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes,_R.J1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussein_EM1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonBurgerCavagnaro2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarrellBeverly1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Heilprin,_Associated_Press\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuB.Gu,_Y._Wu,_J.N.Galloway.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesler_and_Simon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhater2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiiskiDittmar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnobelochSalnaHoganPostle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuZhongLyu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoganathanHedleyGrace2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLugon-MoulinRyanDoniniRossi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshSimsMulvaney2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay_FletcherRuizDiasChadwick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlinTillerNaiduStevens1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikkelsen,_R.L.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortvedtBeaton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNCRP1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOosterhuisBrouwerWijnants2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPennBryant2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyMisraMontanez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaltzmanBirolBouisBoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer_JE2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindlerHecky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtShaskusEstenikOesch2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpleyMenzel1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmil2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmil2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmil2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState-EPA_Nutrient_Innovations_Task_Group2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewartDibbJohnstonSmyth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyersMackayBrownCurrie1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayibiChouraLópezAlguacil2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor_MD1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianXuCanadellThompson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor_Illtyd_WilliamsThomas_Kingston_Derry1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrueman_NA1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUekötter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUekötter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_GrinsvenTen_Berge,_H._F._M.;_Dalgaard,_T.;_Fraters,_B.;_Durand,_P.;_Hart,_A.;_..._\u0026amp;_Willems,_W._J.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVance,_Carroll_PUhde-Stone_\u0026amp;_Allan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWates2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilke1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangFangSunShi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapataRoy2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZhaoSuDunhamRakszegi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFmindfully.org\"] = 1,\n [\"nitrogen_fertilizer_anchor\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Agriculture footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Americana Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 11,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 53,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"PlantMineralDeficiency\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ullmann\"] = 2,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","14.3"],["?","120","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","200","17.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-tg2g5","timestamp":"20241125133352","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fertilizer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fertilizer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83323","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83323","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T05:53:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Manure_spreading_Hlokozi_2007_11_29.jpg","headline":"material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) applied to soils or to plants to supply essential nutrients"}</script> </body> </html>