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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-apartheid investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-apartheid_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newer_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newer_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Newer theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newer_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passengers_and_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passengers_and_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Passengers and crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passengers_and_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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<input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_Lugdiens_Vlug_295" title="Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens Vlug 295 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens Vlug 295" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_295" title="خطوط جنوب إفريقيا الجوية الرحلة 295 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطوط جنوب إفريقيا الجوية الرحلة 295" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_295_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%E2%80%9C" title="Полет 295 на „Саут Африкан Еъруейс“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полет 295 на „Саут Африкан Еъруейс“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-African-Airways-Flug_295" title="South-African-Airways-Flug 295 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="South-African-Airways-Flug 295" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelo_295_de_South_African_Airways" title="Vuelo 295 de South African Airways – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vuelo 295 de South African Airways" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_South_African_Airways_295" title="Vol South African Airways 295 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vol South African Airways 295" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5_295%ED%8E%B8_%EC%B6%94%EB%9D%BD_%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%A0" title="남아프리카 항공 295편 추락 사고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남아프리카 항공 295편 추락 사고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Penerbangan_295" title="South African Airways Penerbangan 295 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="South African Airways Penerbangan 295" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volo_South_African_Airways_295" title="Volo South African Airways 295 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volo South African Airways 295" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Afrikaanse_Lugdiens-vlucht_295" title="Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-vlucht 295 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suid-Afrikaanse Lugdiens-vlucht 295" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA295%E4%BE%BF%E5%A2%9C%E8%90%BD%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="南アフリカ航空295便墜落事故 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南アフリカ航空295便墜落事故" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katastrofa_lotu_South_African_Airways_295" title="Katastrofa lotu South African Airways 295 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katastrofa lotu South African Airways 295" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voo_South_African_Airways_295" title="Voo South African Airways 295 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Voo South African Airways 295" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_Boeing_747_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Катастрофа Boeing 747 возле Маврикия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катастрофа Boeing 747 возле Маврикия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airwaysin_lento_295" title="South African Airwaysin lento 295 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="South African Airwaysin lento 295" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295" title="South African Airways Flight 295 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="South African Airways Flight 295" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0_Boeing_747_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Катастрофа Boeing 747 поблизу Маврикія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катастрофа Boeing 747 поблизу Маврикія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuy%E1%BA%BFn_bay_295_c%E1%BB%A7a_South_African_Airways" title="Chuyến bay 295 của South African Airways – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuyến bay 295 của South African Airways" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA295%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="南非航空295號班機空難 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南非航空295號班機空難" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°10′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">59°38′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.17500°S 59.63333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.17500; 59.63333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">SA Helderberg Debris Site1</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1987 plane crash in the Indian Ocean</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn org summary" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;">South African Airways Flight 295</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS,_Frankfurt_Airport,_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg/260px-South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg/390px-South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg/520px-South_African_Airways_ZS-SAS%2C_Frankfurt_Airport%2C_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="630" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.3em;">ZS-SAS, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in October 1983</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Accident</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">28 November 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987-11-28</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Summary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/In-flight_fire" title="In-flight fire">In-flight fire</a> in cargo hold leading to <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_control_(aeronautics)" title="Loss of control (aeronautics)">loss of control</a> and <a href="/wiki/In-flight_breakup" title="In-flight breakup">in-flight breakup</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Site</th><td class="infobox-data flabel location" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=19_10_30_S_59_38_0_E_type:event&title=SA+Helderberg+Debris+Site1"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°10′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">59°38′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.17500°S 59.63333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.17500; 59.63333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">SA Helderberg Debris Site1</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #082567; color: white">Aircraft</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747#747-200" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-244BM Combi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Aircraft name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Helderberg" title="Helderberg">Helderberg</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">IATA flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">SA295</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">ICAO flight No.</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">SAA295</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Call sign</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">SPRINGBOK 295</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_registration" title="Aircraft registration">Registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">ZS-SAS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Flight origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport" title="Taoyuan International Airport">Chiang Kai-shek International Airport</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Stopover</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Plaisance_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaisance Airport">Plaisance Airport</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Plaine_Magnien" title="Plaine Magnien">Plaine Magnien</a>, Mauritius</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Destination</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/O.R._Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="O.R. Tambo International Airport">Jan Smuts International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Occupants</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">159</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Passengers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">140</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Crew</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Fatalities</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">159<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em; white-space:nowrap;">Survivors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">0</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>South African Airways Flight 295</b> (<b>SA295/SAA295</b>) was a scheduled international <a href="/wiki/Passenger_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger flight">passenger flight</a> from <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_International_Airport" title="Taoyuan International Airport">Chiang Kai-shek International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, to <a href="/wiki/O.R._Tambo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="O.R. Tambo International Airport">Jan Smuts International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, with a stopover in <a href="/wiki/Sir_Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam_International_Airport" title="Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport">Plaisance Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaine_Magnien" title="Plaine Magnien">Plaine Magnien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. On 28 November 1987, the aircraft serving the flight, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200">Boeing 747-200</a> Combi named <i><b>Helderberg</b></i>, experienced a catastrophic <a href="/wiki/In-flight_fire" title="In-flight fire">in-flight fire</a> in the cargo area, broke up in mid-air, and crashed into the Indian Ocean east of Mauritius, killing all 159 people on board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt1990_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1990-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199414_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199414-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive salvage operation was mounted to try to recover the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">flight recorders</a>, one of which was recovered from a depth of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft). </p><p>The official inquiry, headed by Judge <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Margo" title="Cecil Margo">Cecil Margo</a>, was unable to determine the cause of the fire. This lack of a conclusion led to <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a>, debates and speculation about the nature of Flight 295's cargo, as well as a subsequent <a href="#Post-apartheid_investigation">post-apartheid investigation</a> and calls from relatives of those on the flight to re-open the investigation in the years following the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the accident, SAA stopped using the combi version of the Boeing 747 due to safety concerns about the security of the cargo compartment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_and_crew">Aircraft and crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aircraft and crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aircraft involved was a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747#747-200" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-244BM</a> <a href="/wiki/Combi_aircraft" title="Combi aircraft">Combi</a> registered ZS-SAS and named <i>Helderberg</i>. This was the 488th 747 built, made its first flight on 12 November 1980 and was delivered to <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> (SAA) on 24 November 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747#747-200" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747-200B Combi</a> model permits the mixing of passengers and cargo on the main deck according to load factors on any given route and Class B cargo compartment regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HFnQYjlDUsg/Ut2ioKMafBI/AAAAAAAAFWY/11gKHLw55ys/s1600/SA295-05.png">Boeing 747-200B Combi Diagram </a> </p><p>Flight 295 had 140 passengers and six pallets of cargo on the main deck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The master <a href="/wiki/Waybill" title="Waybill">waybills</a> stated that 47,000 kilograms (104,000 lb) of baggage and cargo were loaded on the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> official performed a surprise inspection of some of the cargo; he did not find anything that could be characterised as suspicious.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tinus Jacobs who was SAA's manager in Taiwan at the time of Flight 295, the flight crew appeared relaxed and "happy to fly" before takeoff and did not display any concerns about the cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">captain</a> of Flight 295 was 49-year-old Dawid Jacobus Uys, a former <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a> pilot with 13,843 hours' experience of which 3,884 hours was on the Boeing 747 series airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo199017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo199017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uys was described by colleagues as professional and skilled and at the time of the accident was considering retiring to take up a role with the South African Pilots' Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flight crew also consisted of 36-year-old <a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">first officer</a> David Attwell and 37-year-old <a href="/wiki/Relief_first_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief first officer">relief first officer</a> Geoffrey Birchall, with 7,362 and 8,749 hours' experience (including 4,096 and 4,555 hours on the Boeing 747) respectively; and 45-year-old <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>, Giuseppe "Joe" Bellagarda and 34-year-old relief flight engineer, Alan Daniel, with 7,804 hours and 1,595 hours (4,254 and 227 of them on the Boeing 747) of experience respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo199020–22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo199020–22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident">Accident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flight 295 took off at 14:23 UTC (22:23 local time) on 27 November 1987 from <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai Shek International Airport">Chiang Kai Shek International Airport</a> on a flight to <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> via <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thirty-four minutes after departure, the crew contacted <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> to obtain clearance from <a href="/wiki/Waypoint" title="Waypoint">waypoint</a> ELATO (<small><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=22_19_N_117_30_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°19′N</span> <span class="longitude">117°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.317°N 117.500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.317; 117.500</span></span></span></a></span></span></small>) to ISBAN. A position report was made over ELATO at 15:03:25, followed by waypoints SUNEK at 15:53:52, ADMARK at 16:09:54 and SUKAR (<small><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=12_22_N_110_54_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°22′N</span> <span class="longitude">110°54′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.367°N 110.900°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">12.367; 110.900</span></span></span></a></span></span></small>) at 16:34:47.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft made a routine report to the SAA base at Johannesburg at 15:55:18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point during the flight, believed to be during the beginning of its landing approach to Mauritius, a fire started in the cargo section on the main deck which was probably not extinguished before impact. The 'smoke evacuation' checklist calls for the aircraft to be depressurised, and for two of the cabin doors to be opened. No evidence exists that the checklist was followed or that the doors were opened. A crew member might have gone into the cargo hold to try to fight the fire. A charred <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguisher</a> was later recovered from the wreckage on which investigators found molten metal.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following communication was recorded with Mauritius air traffic control, located at <a href="/wiki/Sir_Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam_International_Airport" title="Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport">Plaisance Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHilton-Barber2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHilton-Barber2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="60%" style="background: #fffaef; border: 1px dotted gray;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ffdead;" colspan="4">Transcript of communication with Mauritius air traffic control </th></tr> <tr> <th>Time </th> <th>Speaker </th> <th>Dialog </th> <th>Comment from official inquiry </th></tr> <tr> <td>23:48:51 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, Mauritius, Mauritius, <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Springbok</a> Two Niner Five. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">ATC</a> </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five, eh, Mauritius, eh, good morning, eh, go ahead. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:07 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, good morning, we have, eh, a smoke, eh, eh, problemsss and we're doing emergency descent to <a href="/wiki/Flight_level" title="Flight level">level</a> one five (in error), eh, one four zero. (flight level 140 is at 14,000 feet) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:18 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Confirm you wish to descend to flight level one four zero. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:20 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>Ja</i>, we have already commenced, an, due to [a] smoke problem in the aeroplane. </td> <td><i>Ja</i> means yes in <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:25 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh, roger, you are clear to descend immediately to flight level one four zero. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:30 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Roger, we will appreciate if you can alert the fire, ehp, ehp eh (inhale) eh </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:40 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Do you wish to eh, do you request a full emergency? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:48 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Okay Joe, <i>kan jy...vir ons</i> </td> <td>[in Afrikaans] can you...for us </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:51 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Seewoosagur_Ramgoolam_International_Airport" title="Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport">Plaisance</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:54 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Sorry, go ahead? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:49:56 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Do you, eh, request a full emergency please, a full emergency? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:00 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Affirmative, that's <a href="/wiki/Procedure_word#ROGER" title="Procedure word">Charlie Charlie</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:02 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Roger, you declare a full emergency, roger. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:04 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Thank you. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:40 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five, Plaisance. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:44 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, go ahead. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:46 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Request your actual position please and your <a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">DME</a> distance? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:51 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, we haven't got the DME yet. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:50:55 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh, roger and your actual position please. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:00 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, say again. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:02 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Your actual position. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:08 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Now we've lost a lot of electrics, we haven't got anything on the, on the aircraft now. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:12 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh, roger, I declare a full emergency immediately. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:15 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Affirmative. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:51:18 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Roger. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:19 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh, Springbok Two Nine Five, do you have an <a href="/wiki/Estimated_time_of_arrival" title="Estimated time of arrival">Echo Tango Alfa</a> Plaisance please? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:30 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five, Plaisance. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:32 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>Ja</i>, Plaisance? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:33 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Do you have an Echo Tango Alfa Plaisance please? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:36 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>Ja</i>, eh, zero zero, eh eh eh three zero. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:40 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Roger, zero zero three zero, thank you. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:50 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Hey Joe, shut down the oxygen left. </td> <td>Inadvertent transmission from the aircraft </td></tr> <tr> <td>23:52:52 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Sorry, say again please? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:01:34 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, Plaisance, Springbok 295, we've opened the door[s] to see if we (can?)...we should be OK </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:01:36 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Look there (?) </td> <td>Exclamation by someone else, and is said over the last part of the previous sentence </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:01:45 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>Donnerse deur t...</i> </td> <td>[in Afrikaans] Close the bloody door (More directly translated: Damned door c...) </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:01:57 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Joe, switch up quickly, then close the hole on your side. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:10 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Pressure(?) twelve thousand </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:14 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>...Genoeg is...Anders kan ons vlug verongeluk</i> </td> <td>[in Afrikaans] ...Is enough...otherwise our flight could come to grief (More directly translated: ...enough is... otherwise our flight might crash) </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:25 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>(Carrier wave only) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:38 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh Plaisance, Springbok Two Nine Five, do [did] you copy? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:41 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh negative, Two Nine Five, say again please, say again. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:43 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>We're now sixty five miles. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:45 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Confirm sixty five miles. </td> <td>Incorrectly understood by air traffic control to mean that the aircraft was 65 miles from the airport; in fact it was 65 miles from <a href="/wiki/Waypoint" title="Waypoint">waypoint</a> Xagal, and 145 miles from the airport. </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:47 </td> <td>295 </td> <td><i>Ja</i>, affirmative Charlie Charlie. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:50 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Eh, Roger, Springbok eh Two Nine Five, eh re you're recleared flight level five zero. Recleared flight level five zero. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:02:58 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Roger, five zero. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:00 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>And, Springbok Two Nine Five copy actual weather Plaisance Copy actual weather Plaisance. The wind one one zero degrees zero five knots. The visibility above one zero kilometres. And we have a precipitation in sight to the north. Clouds, five <a href="/wiki/Okta" title="Okta">oktas</a> one six zero zero, one okta five thousand feet. Temperature is twenty two, two two. And the <a href="/wiki/QNH" class="mw-redirect" title="QNH">QNH</a> one zero one eight hectopascals, one zero one eight over. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:28 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Roger, one zero one eight. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:31 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Affirmative, eh and both runways available if you wish. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:43 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>And two nine five, I request pilot's intention. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:46 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Eh, we'd like to track in eh, on eh one three. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:51 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Confirm runway one four. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:54 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Charlie Charlie </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:03:56 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Affirmative and you're cleared, eh direct to Foxtrot Foxtrot. You report approaching five zero </td> <td>Clearance granted to the <a href="/wiki/Flic-en-Flac" title="Flic-en-Flac">Flic-en-Flac</a> non-directional navigation beacon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:04:02 </td> <td>295 </td> <td>Kay </td> <td>Last transmission from the aircraft </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:08:00 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Two Nine Five, Plaisance </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:08:11 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five, Plaisance </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>00:08:35 </td> <td>ATC </td> <td>Springbok Two Nine Five Plaisance </td> <td><i>No answer</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The fire began to destroy the aircraft's important electrical systems, resulting in loss of communication and control of the aircraft. At exactly 00:07 UTC (4:07 local time), the aircraft broke apart mid-air, the tail section breaking off first, due to the fire beginning to burn the structure of the aircraft, and crashed into the Indian Ocean, about 134 nautical miles (154 mi; 248 km) from the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories given for the ultimate demise of the aircraft were that the flight crew eventually became incapacitated by the smoke and fire or extensive damage to the 747's control systems rendered the plane uncontrollable before it hit the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After communication with Flight 295 was lost for thirty-six minutes, at 00:44 (04:44 local time), air traffic control at Plaisance Airport formally declared an emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_and_salvage">Search and salvage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Search and salvage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South African Airways Flight 295 is located in Indian Ocean"><img alt="South African Airways Flight 295 is located in Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/300px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/450px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/600px-Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1109" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.534%;left:77.659%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Taiwan</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.791%;left:2.911%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Johannesburg"><img alt="Johannesburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Johannesburg</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.582%;left:24.176%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Crash site"><img alt="Crash site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/8px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/12px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Airplane_Crash.svg/16px-Airplane_Crash.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Crash site</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.968%;left:22.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Mauritius</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Ocean_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Indian Ocean laea relief location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of the Indian Ocean, showing the origin of the flight in Taiwan, stopover in Mauritius, destination of Johannesburg and accident site near Mauritius</div></div></div> <p>When Flight 295 last informed Plaisance air traffic control of its position, its report was incorrectly understood to be relative to the airport rather than its next waypoint, which caused the subsequent search to be concentrated too close to Mauritius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sent aircraft from <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, which were used to conduct immediate <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a> operations in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2006261_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2006261-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the first surface debris was located twelve hours after impact, it had drifted considerably from the impact location. <a href="/wiki/Oil_slick" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil slick">Oil slicks</a> and eight bodies showing signs of extreme trauma appeared in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no survivors. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp/200px-YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp/300px-YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp/400px-YMUxDTmt7ldt1mA_OGbM6bQpGFIp7YEM1GJm2C_b58.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Wreckage of Flight 295</figcaption></figure> <p>After recovery of the wreckage from 4,000 m (13,000 ft) below the surface of the ocean, the aircraft's fuselage and cabin interior were partly reassembled in one of SAA's hangars at Jan Smuts Airport, where it was examined and finally opened for viewing to the airline's staff and selected members of the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation">Investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rennie Van Zyl, South Africa's head crash investigator, examined three wristwatches from baggage recovered from the surface; two of the watches were still running according to <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Taiwan" title="Time in Taiwan">Taiwan time</a>. Van Zyl deduced the approximate time of impact at 00:07:00, around three minutes after the last communication with air traffic control.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately after the crash, the press and public opinion suspected that <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> brought down Flight 295. <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, then under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government, was the target of terrorism both domestically and internationally, and offices for SAA, the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a>, had previously been attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts searched for indicators of an explosion on the initial pieces of wreckage discovered, such as surface pitting, impact cavities and spatter cavities caused by white-hot fragments from explosive devices that strike and melt metal alloys found in aircraft structures. Experts found none of this evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigators drew blood samples from two of the recovered bodies and found that the bodies had soot in their tracheae, indicating that at least two had died from <a href="/wiki/Smoke_inhalation" title="Smoke inhalation">smoke inhalation</a> before the aircraft had crashed, and concluded that some of the passengers would have already lost their lives even if the pilots had successfully reached the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Africa mounted an underwater search, named 'Operation Resolve', to try to locate the wreckage. The <a href="/wiki/Underwater_locator_beacon" title="Underwater locator beacon">underwater locator beacons</a> (ULBs) attached to the <a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">flight recorders</a> were not designed for deep ocean use; nevertheless, a two-month-long <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> search for them was carried out before the effort was abandoned on 8 January 1988 when the ULBs were known to have stopped transmitting (at the time a ULB had to generate sonic pulses for thirty days).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1988_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steadfast_Oceaneering" class="mw-redirect" title="Steadfast Oceaneering">Steadfast Oceaneering</a>, a specialist deep-ocean recovery company in the US, was contracted at great expense to find the site and recover the flight recorders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKutzleb1988_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutzleb1988-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The search area is described as being comparable in size to that of the <a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_the_Titanic" title="Wreck of the Titanic">wreck of the <i>Titanic</i></a>, with the water at 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) being considerably deeper than any previously successful salvage operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wreckage was found within two days of Steadfast Oceaneering commencing its search.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>Map this section's coordinates using</b> <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&section=Investigation">OpenStreetMap</a> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="show links" data-collapsetext="Hide"> <p><b>Download coordinates as:</b> </p> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&section=Investigation">KML</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&section=Investigation">GPX (all coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&section=Investigation">GPX (primary coordinates)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&section=Investigation">GPX (secondary coordinates)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <p>Three debris fields were found: <small><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=19_10_30_S_59_38_0_E_type:landmark_region:MU&title=SA+Helderberg+Debris+Site1"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°10′30″S</span> <span class="longitude">59°38′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.17500°S 59.63333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.17500; 59.63333</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">SA Helderberg Debris Site1</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></small>, <small><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=19_9_53_S_59_38_32_E_type:landmark_region:MU&title=SA+Helderberg+Debris+Site2"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°9′53″S</span> <span class="longitude">59°38′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.16472°S 59.64222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.16472; 59.64222</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">SA Helderberg Debris Site2</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></small> and <small><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&params=19_9_15_S_59_37_25_E_type:landmark_region:MU&title=SA+Helderberg+Debris+Site3"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°9′15″S</span> <span class="longitude">59°37′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.15417°S 59.62361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-19.15417; 59.62361</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">SA Helderberg Debris Site3</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></small>. These locations were spread 1.5 km (0.93 mi), 2.3 km (1.4 mi) and 2.5 km (1.6 mi) apart, indicating that the aircraft broke apart in mid-air (it was suggested that the tail separated first).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 January 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit voice recorder">cockpit voice recorder</a> (CVR) was salvaged successfully from a record depth of 4,900 metres (16,100 ft) by the <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Remotely operated vehicle">remotely operated vehicle</a> (ROV) <i>Gemini</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">flight data recorder</a> was never found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Zyl took the voice recorder to the US <a href="/wiki/National_Transportation_Safety_Board" title="National Transportation Safety Board">National Transportation Safety Board</a> (NTSB) in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, both to show his goodwill and to ensure neutral observers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Zyl believes that if he kept the CVR in South Africa he could have been accused of covering up the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the NTSB, Van Zyl felt frustration that the degraded (but still functional) CVR, which had been in the deep ocean for fourteen months,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not initially yield any useful information. Around twenty-eight minutes into the recording the CVR indicated that the fire alarm sounded. Fourteen seconds after the fire alarm, the circuit breakers began to pop. Investigators believe that around eighty circuit breakers failed. The CVR cable failed eighty-one seconds after the alarm. The recording revealed the extent of the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Zyl discovered that the front-right pallet located in the main deck's cargo hold was the seat of the fire. The <a href="/wiki/Flight_manifest" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight manifest">flight manifest</a> said that pallet mostly comprised computers in <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> packaging. The investigators said that the localised fire likely came in contact with the packaging and produced gases that accumulated near the ceiling. They also said that gases ignited into a <a href="/wiki/Flash_fire" title="Flash fire">flash fire</a> that affected the entire cargo hold. The fire did not burn lower than one metre above the cargo floor. The walls and ceiling of the cargo hold received severe fire damage. Van Zyl ended his investigation without discovering why the fire started.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official report noted the presence of the computer equipment, and suggested that a possible cause could have been the batteries contained in the computers exploding or <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneously combusting</a>, although this was not given as a conclusive cause of the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Margo_commission">Margo commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Margo commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An official commission of inquiry was chaired by South African Judge <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Margo" title="Cecil Margo">Cecil Margo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with co-operation from the NTSB and the aircraft's manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. The board of the "Margo Commission" consisted of Judge Cecil S. Margo, Judge <a href="/wiki/Hurrylall_Goburdhun" title="Hurrylall Goburdhun">Hurrylall Goburdhun</a> (Mauritius), George N. Tompkins Jr (USA), G.C. Wilkinson (UK), Dr Y. Funatsu (Japan), J.J.S. Germisuys (South Africa), Dr J. Gilliland (South Africa) and Colonel Liang Lung (Taiwan).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official report determined that while Flight 295 was over the Indian Ocean, a fire had occurred in the cargo hold of the main deck, originating in the front right-hand cargo pallet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aircraft parts recovered from the ocean floor showed fire damage sustained in temperatures over 300 °C (570 °F); tests showed that temperatures of 600 °C (1,100 °F) would have been required to melt a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fiber-reinforced_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer">carbon-fibre</a> tennis racket recovered from the crash site. The fire also damaged and destroyed the aircraft's electrical systems resulting in the loss of many of the instruments on the flight deck and rendering the crew unable to determine their position.<sup id="cite_ref-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for the aircraft's loss was not identified beyond doubt, but there were two possibilities detailed in the official report: firstly, that the crew became incapacitated due to smoke penetrating into the cockpit;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and secondly, that the fire weakened the structure so that the tail separated, leading to impact with the ocean. The commission concluded that it was not possible to apportion blame to any one individual for the fire, removing any terrorism concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010167_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010167-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boeing is quoted in the report as having "contested" any scenario that involved a break-up of the aircraft, hence the commission went no further than simply mentioning the two possible scenarios in its final report, as incidental to the primary cause of the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission determined that inadequate fire detection and suppression facilities in the class B cargo bays (the type used aboard the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747#747-200" title="Boeing 747">747-200 Combi</a>) were the primary cause of the aircraft's loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accident alerted aviation authorities worldwide that the regulations regarding class B cargo bays had lagged far behind the growth in their capacity. The exact source of ignition was never determined, but the report concluded that there was sufficient evidence to confirm that the fire had burned for some considerable time and that it might have caused structural damage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418–19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418–19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combi_design">Combi design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combi design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crash was the first fire incident on the 747 Combi and one of few fires on widebody aircraft. Fred Bereswill, the investigator from Boeing, characterised the Flight 295 fire as significant for this reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry Strauch of the NTSB visited Boeing's headquarters to inquire about the Combi's design. Boeing's fire test in the Combi models did not accurately match the conditions of Flight 295's cargo hold; in accordance with federal US rules, the Boeing test involved setting a bale of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> leaves ablaze. The fire stayed within the cargo hold. The air in the passenger cabin was designed to have a marginally higher pressure than cargo area hold, so if a crew member opened the door to the cargo hold, the air from the passenger cabin would flow into the cargo hold, stopping any smoke or gases from exiting through the door.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investigators devised a new test involving a cargo hold with conditions similar to the conditions of Flight 295; the plastic covers and extra pallets provided fuel for the fire, which would spread quickly before generating enough smoke to activate smoke alarms. The hotter flame achieved in the new test heated the air in the cargo hold. This heated air had a higher pressure than normal, and overcame the pressure differential between the cargo hold and the passenger cabin. When the door between the passenger and cargo holds was open, smoke and gases therefore flowed into the passenger cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The test, as well as evidence from the accident site, proved to the investigators that the 747 Combi's use of a class B cargo hold did not provide enough fire protection to the passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) confirmed this finding in 1993 with its own series of tests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickersonBlake1993_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickersonBlake1993-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the accident, SAA discontinued use of the Combi and the FAA introduced new regulations in 1993 specifying that manual firefighting must not be the primary means of fire suppression in the cargo compartment of the main deck.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new regulations banned larger cargo hold variants of the 747 Combi, the smaller variants also need to comply with these new standards, which required weight increases, made the 747 Combi less efficient. Nevertheless, the Combi variants remained in the 747 product line up until 2002, when the last 747-400 Combi was delivered to <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg/170px-The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg/255px-The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg/340px-The_cenotaph_of_South_Africa_Airlines_295_accident.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> of the South African Airways 295 accident, located near <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Taoyuan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport">Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport</a>. The cenotaph reads <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> Air Disaster Cenotaph (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">南非航空公司空難紀念碑</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: <i>Nánfēi Hángkōng Gōngsī Kōngnàn Jìnìanbēi</i>, literally South African Airways Air Disaster Memorial Stone)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire">Theories regarding the cause of the fire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theories regarding the cause of the fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1992, the journal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> (RAeS) reported that the inquiry into the in-flight fire that destroyed Flight 295 might be reopened because SAA had allegedly confirmed that its passenger jets had carried cargo for <a href="/wiki/Armscor_(South_Africa)" title="Armscor (South Africa)">Armscor</a>, a South African arms manufacturer. The RAeS journal, <i>Aerospace</i>, asserted: "It is known that the crew and passengers were overcome by a main deck cargo fire, and the ignition of missile rocket fuel is one cause now under suspicion."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complaint against the newspaper that first published the allegations, <i>Weekend Star</i>, was lodged by Armscor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010168_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010168-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inquiry was not reopened, which likely led to the proliferation of a number of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> concerning the nature of the cargo that caused the fire, which subsequently increased public doubts about the outcome of the initial inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmar2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such theories include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Defence_Force" title="South African Defence Force">South African Defence Force</a> was smuggling the hoax substance <a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">red mercury</a> on Flight 295 for its <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">atomic bomb</a> project.</li></ul> <ul><li>Reports from the <a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a> investigation suggested there was a waybill showing that 300 grams of <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a> had been placed on board Flight 295, leading to speculation that this substance had caused the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurger2000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurger2000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2000, the South African television program <i><a href="/wiki/Carte_Blanche_(TV_series)" title="Carte Blanche (TV series)">Carte Blanche</a></i> dedicated an investigation to a number of these allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A South African government chemist examined a microscopic particle on the nylon netting next to the front-right pallet on Flight 295. The chemist found that the airflow patterns on the iron suggested that it travelled at a high velocity while in a molten state; therefore the fire on Flight 295 may have not been a flash fire triggered by packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fred Bereswill, the investigator from Boeing, said that this would suggest that the source of the fire would have had properties like a <a href="/wiki/Sparkler" title="Sparkler">sparkler</a>, with the source including its own <a href="/wiki/Oxidising_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidising agent">oxidising agent</a>. A British fire and explosion analyst examined the exterior skin of the aircraft which had been located above the pallet; the analyst found that the skin became as hot as 300 degrees Celsius. Bereswill said that it would be difficult for a fire to burn through the skin of an aircraft in-flight because of the cool airflow outside the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Klatzow's_theory"><span id="David_Klatzow.27s_theory"></span>David Klatzow's theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: David Klatzow's theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Klatzow was one of the forensic scientists who was retained to work on the case by Boeing's counsel around the time of the official enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-TRC_Helderberg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRC_Helderberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently criticised the Margo commission for spending an inordinate amount of time looking into "relatively irrelevant issues" and that the commission ignored the most important question, what was the source of the fire and who had been responsible for loading it onto the aircraft? Klatzow believes that there are certain irregularities in parts of the commission transcript that indicate that something on the CVR transcript had to be concealed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010168,174_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010168,174-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klatzow put forward a theory that the fire likely involved substances that would not normally be carried on a passenger aircraft and that the fire was not likely a wood, cardboard, or plastic fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Africa was under an <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_418" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 418">arms embargo</a> at the time; the South African government therefore had to buy arms clandestinely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawfordKlotz199953_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawfordKlotz199953-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klatzow's theory postulates that the government placed a rocket system in the cargo hold, and that vibration caused the ignition of unstable <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">ammonium perchlorate</a>, which is a chemical compound used as a missile propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010172,177,189_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010172,177,189-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Klatzow contends that conversation of the crew suggests that the fire started above the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>, shortly after takeoff; he believes that this indicates that the voice recorder was not working for a long period of the flight or that the crew turned it off (CVRs in aircraft at that time only recorded thirty minutes<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). If this is the case, he says it is then likely that an unknown number of the passengers would have already died from smoke inhalation from the first fire. Klatzow believes that theory is consistent with reports that found most of the passengers were in the first class area at the front of the aircraft as smoke from the rear cabin forced them to move forward. The captain did not land the aircraft directly after the fire, Klatzow argues, because if he had he would have been arrested for endangering the lives of his passengers and it would have caused a major problem for South Africa, costing the country and SAA <a href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">R</a>400 million (approx. $200 million in 1987). Klatzow argues that the captain, who was also a reservist in the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Air_Force" title="South African Air Force">South African Air Force</a>, would therefore have been ordered to carry on to South Africa in hopes of making it there before the aircraft's structural integrity gave in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010177-182,186_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010177-182,186-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These points have been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1998_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 July 2011, retired SAA captain Clair Fichardt announced that he had made a statement in connection with the missing Johannesburg air traffic control tapes, after he was persuaded to do so by Klatzow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZwecker20119_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZwecker20119-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fichardt claimed that Captain James Deale admitted to handing the tapes to Captain Mickey Mitchell, who was chief pilot at the Johannesburg control centre on the night of the crash. Deale would further have stated that Gert van der Veer, head of SAA, and lawyer Ardie Malherbe were present during the transfer of the tapes. Earlier, during the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> (TRC) hearings, Klatzow had <a href="/wiki/Cross-examination" title="Cross-examination">cross-examined</a> Van der Veer, Mitchell, and Vernon Nadel, the operations officer who was on duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrquhart20009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrquhart20009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-apartheid_investigation">Post-apartheid investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-apartheid investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, the TRC, established by the post-apartheid <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">South African government</a>, investigated apartheid-era atrocities. In particular, Flight 295 was investigated to determine if there was any truth behind conspiracy theories that asserted that the Margo Commission had covered up or missed any evidence that might implicate the previous government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmar2002_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klatzow was invited by the TRC to explain his theories and cross-examine witnesses. Unlike most other hearings of the TRC, the hearing into Flight 295 was conducted <i><a href="/wiki/In_camera" title="In camera">in camera</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-TRC_Helderberg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRC_Helderberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and without any representation from the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Civil_Aviation_Authority" title="South African Civil Aviation Authority">South African Civil Aviation Authority</a> (CAA);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1998_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1998-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klatzow considered the CAA untrustworthy because it had participated in the official enquiry, which he considered flawed. A number of key aspects of Klatzow's theory hinged on his criticism of the actions of Judge Margo during the official enquiry, yet Judge Margo was not summoned to answer any of the allegations made against him.<sup id="cite_ref-TRC_Helderberg_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRC_Helderberg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TRC concluded that nothing listed in the flight manifest could have caused the fire, a conclusion that was met with controversy within the public. Following public pressure, the TRC records were released into the public domain in May 2000. Upon receiving the documents, Transport Minister <a href="/wiki/Dullah_Omar" title="Dullah Omar">Dullah Omar</a> stated that the inquiry would be reopened if any fresh evidence was discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELund2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELund2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/South_African_Police_Service" title="South African Police Service">South African Police Service</a> were tasked to investigate whether there was any new evidence, and to make a recommendation to the minister. In October 2002, the minister announced that no new evidence had been found to justify re-opening the enquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelshWhale2001_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelshWhale2001-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmar2002_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 25th anniversary of the crash, Peter Otzen Jnr, the son of one of the victims, announced that he was approaching the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> in an attempt to have the commission of inquiry into the disaster reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pursuit of this, he had obtained <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavits</a> from former SAA employees who had never given any evidence before. An Australian national named Allan Dexter who had worked in public relations for SAA gave a sworn statement to Mr. Otzen claiming that he had been informed by the SAA manager at Taipei airport that Flight 295 was carrying rocket fuel which caused it to crash, and that the Captain had expressed concerns about the safety of the cargo but had been ordered from Johannesburg to fly the plane.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2014 interview, some of the accusations were disputed by Tinus Jacobs, SAA's manager in Taiwan who saw Flight 295 off. Jacobs claimed that due to Taiwan's status under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> at the time, only one telephone at the airport (located in the office of <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines" title="China Airlines">China Airlines</a>) could be used to make international calls and that none of Flight 295's crew had access to it. Jacobs furthermore claimed that Captain Uys and the other crew members appeared relaxed and routine both the previous day and on the evening of the flight's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newer_theories">Newer theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Newer theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, South African <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalist</a> Mark D. Young presented a theory that a <a href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short circuit</a> in the onboard electronics may have started the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-politicsweb_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politicsweb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc#Undesired_arcing" title="Electric arc">wet arc tracking</a> arises from the action of moisture when the insulation of live wires is damaged. A <a href="/wiki/Leakage_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Leakage current">leakage current</a> to another damaged wire with the respective potential difference may form. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Arc_flash" title="Arc flash">flashover</a> may reach temperatures of up to 5,000 °C (9,000 °F). This temperature is sufficient to ignite the thermal-acoustic insulation blankets that were in use at the time until the late 1990s. Such a short circuit may have caused the fire on board <a href="/wiki/Swissair_Flight_111" title="Swissair Flight 111">Swissair Flight 111</a>, resulting in the crash of the aircraft in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-A98H0003_Final_Report_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A98H0003_Final_Report-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253">: 253 </span></sup> According to the Austrian journalist and aviation expert Patrick Huber, however, a short circuit is unlikely to be the cause of the fire. According to experts consulted by the author, this problem only existed in the Boeing 747 with older cables. However, the “Helderberg” was only seven years old. <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Passengers_and_crew">Passengers and crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passengers and crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Passengers and crew nationalities on board SAA Flight 295:<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size:85%; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nationality </th> <th>Passengers </th> <th>Crew </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> Australia</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong"><img alt="British Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Hong Kong</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> Denmark</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> Japan</td> <td>47</td> <td>0</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Mauritius</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Netherlands</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281982%E2%80%931994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> South Africa</td> <td>52</td> <td>19</td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> South Korea</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Taiwan</td> <td>30</td> <td>0</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> United Kingdom</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> West Germany</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:Gainsboro;"> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>140</b></td> <td><b>19</b></td> <td><b>159</b><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taiwanese authorities stated that 58 passengers began flying in Taipei, including 30 Taiwanese citizens, 19 South Africans, 47 Japanese, two Mauritians, one Dane, one Dutch, one Briton, and one West German. The other passengers transferred from other flights arriving in Taipei, and as such their nationalities were not known to Taiwanese authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least two passengers died of smoke inhalation. The rest died from the extreme trauma sustained in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the passengers was <a href="/wiki/Kazuharu_Sonoda" title="Kazuharu Sonoda">Kazuharu Sonoda</a>, a Japanese professional wrestler also known as Haru Sonoda and Magic Dragon, and his wife, who were travelling as part of their honeymoon. They were offered and sent on the flight by <a href="/wiki/All_Japan_Pro-Wrestling" class="mw-redirect" title="All Japan Pro-Wrestling">All Japan Pro-Wrestling</a> president <a href="/wiki/Giant_Baba" title="Giant Baba">Giant Baba</a> to appear on a wrestling show in South Africa, promoted by fellow wrestler <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Jeet_Singh" title="Tiger Jeet Singh">Tiger Jeet Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatisation">Dramatisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dramatisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crash was featured in Season 5 of the Canadian-made, internationally distributed documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)">Mayday</a></i>, in the episode <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mayday_episodes#ep39" title="List of Mayday episodes">"Fanning the Flames."</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fanning_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrecovered_and_unusable_flight_recorders" title="List of unrecovered and unusable flight recorders">List of unrecovered and unusable flight recorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines_Flight_6" title="UPS Airlines Flight 6">UPS Airlines Flight 6</a>, another Boeing 747-400 Freighter that crashed because of an onboard fire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines_Flight_991" title="Asiana Airlines Flight 991">Asiana Airlines Flight 991</a>, another Boeing 747-400 Freighter that crashed into the East China Sea after experiencing in-flight fire</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514005832/http://www.caa.co.za/Accidents%20and%20Incidents%20Reports/Final%20Report%20ZS-SAS.pdf">"Final Report ZS-SAS.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.za/Accidents%20and%20Incidents%20Reports/Final%20Report%20ZS-SAS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Report+ZS-SAS.pdf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.za%2FAccidents%2520and%2520Incidents%2520Reports%2FFinal%2520Report%2520ZS-SAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_accident|id=19871128-0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19871128-0">Accident description</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatt1990-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatt1990_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatt1990">Watt 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199414-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199414_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199419_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh1994_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fanning-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fanning_7-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Fanning the Flames / Cargo Conspiracy". <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Canadian_TV_series)" title="Mayday (Canadian TV series)"><i>Mayday (Canadian TV series)</i></a> (Television production). Season 5. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829959853">829959853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayday+%28Canadian+TV+series%29&rft.series=Season+5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F829959853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoubert2014" class="citation web cs1">Joubert, Jan-Jan (19 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2014-10-19-helderberg-captain-quite-happy-to-fly/">"Helderberg captain 'quite happy to fly'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>TimesLIVE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TimesLIVE&rft.atitle=Helderberg+captain+%27quite+happy+to+fly%27&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.aulast=Joubert&rft.aufirst=Jan-Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fsunday-times%2Flifestyle%2F2014-10-19-helderberg-captain-quite-happy-to-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo199017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo199017_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargo1990">Margo 1990</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1987" class="citation news cs1">Boyle, Brendan (29 November 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/11/29/Pilot-of-crashed-plane-one-of-South-Africas-best/4671565160400/">"Pilot of crashed plane 'one of South Africa's best'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pilot+of+crashed+plane+%27one+of+South+Africa%27s+best%27&rft.date=1987-11-29&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1987%2F11%2F29%2FPilot-of-crashed-plane-one-of-South-Africas-best%2F4671565160400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo199020–22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo199020–22_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargo1990">Margo 1990</a>, pp. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=qw959323021510B243">SAA 'murdered people aboard Helderberg'</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Online_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Online (South Africa)">IOL</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargo1990-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargo1990_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargo1990">Margo 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHilton-Barber2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHilton-Barber2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkinsHilton-Barber2005">Hopkins & Hilton-Barber 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199416_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer2006261-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyer2006261_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyer2006">Dreyer 2006</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/96fa7391e2061f8e2bbfda8dea8b4694">Thousands Rampage Through Harare, Upset Over Machel's Death</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>, 21 October 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAA_flight_295_Helderberg_crash_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southafrica.to/transport/Airlines/SAA-flights/1987/SAA-flight-295.php5">"SAA flight 295 Helderberg crash"</a>. <i>southafrica.to</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=southafrica.to&rft.atitle=SAA+flight+295+Helderberg+crash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafrica.to%2Ftransport%2FAirlines%2FSAA-flights%2F1987%2FSAA-flight-295.php5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMueller1988-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMueller1988_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMueller1988">Mueller 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKutzleb1988-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKutzleb1988_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKutzleb1988">Kutzleb 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrümpfer2006_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrümpfer2006">Strümpfer 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199417_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/malaysia-370-recalls-south-african-airways-flight-295-2014-3">"This Wouldn't Be The First Time A Plane Mysteriously Disappeared into The Indian Ocean"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=This+Wouldn%27t+Be+The+First+Time+A+Plane+Mysteriously+Disappeared+into+The+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmalaysia-370-recalls-south-african-airways-flight-295-2014-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2000/helderbergsum.htm">"Selective Summary of evidence given at the inquiry on the disaster involving the Helderberg (Flight SA 295 on 28 November 1987)"</a>. South African Government. 18 August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selective+Summary+of+evidence+given+at+the+inquiry+on+the+disaster+involving+the+Helderberg+%28Flight+SA+295+on+28+November+1987%29&rft.pub=South+African+Government&rft.date=2000-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.za%2Fotherdocs%2F2000%2Fhelderbergsum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung" class="citation web cs1">Young, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/the-helderberg-disaster-was-this-the-cause-of-the-">"The Helderberg disaster: Was this the cause of the crash?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Helderberg+disaster%3A+Was+this+the+cause+of+the+crash%3F&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politicsweb.co.za%2Fnews-and-analysis%2Fthe-helderberg-disaster-was-this-the-cause-of-the-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010167-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlatzow2010167_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlatzow2010">Klatzow 2010</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418–19-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarsh199418–19_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarsh1994">Marsh 1994</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2015" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airworthiness+Directive+93-07-15&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=1993-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgAD.nsf%2F0%2FF216CB41A2C82E168625696F0071E803%3FOpenDocument%26Highlight%3D93-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.com/commercial/747family/background.html">"Boeing"</a>. <i>boeing.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boeing.com&rft.atitle=Boeing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboeing.com%2Fcommercial%2F747family%2Fbackground.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkxKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Aerospace</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helderberg+captain+%27quite+happy+to+fly%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fsunday-times%2Flifestyle%2F2014-10-19-helderberg-captain-quite-happy-to-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Young_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightlevel42.co.za/">Homepage von M D Young</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-politicsweb-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-politicsweb_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsweb.co.za/politicsweb/view/politicsweb/en/page71619?oid=738212&sn=Detail&pid=71616/">politicsweb</a> 20 February 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A98H0003_Final_Report-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A98H0003_Final_Report_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/1998/a98h0003/a98h0003.pdf">"Aviation Investigation Report, In-Flight Fire Leading to Collision with Water, Swissair Transport Limited McDonnell Douglas MD-11 HB-IWF Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia 5 nm SW 2 September 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada" title="Transportation Safety Board of Canada">Transportation Safety Board of Canada</a>. 27 March 2003. A98H0003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017094917/http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/1998/a98h0003/a98h0003.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviation+Investigation+Report%2C+In-Flight+Fire+Leading+to+Collision+with+Water%2C+Swissair+Transport+Limited+McDonnell+Douglas+MD-11+HB-IWF+Peggy%27s+Cove%2C+Nova+Scotia+5+nm+SW+2+September+1998&rft.pub=Transportation+Safety+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2003-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsb.gc.ca%2Feng%2Frapports-reports%2Faviation%2F1998%2Fa98h0003%2Fa98h0003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2024" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Patrick (2024). <i>Tödliche Flammen im Frachtraum – der mysteriöse Absturz der "Helderberg"</i> [<i>Deadly flames in the cargo hold - the mysterious crash of the “Helderberg”</i>]. Berlin. pp. 98–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7584-6773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7584-6773-8"><bdi>978-3-7584-6773-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6dliche+Flammen+im+Frachtraum+%E2%80%93+der+mysteri%C3%B6se+Absturz+der+%22Helderberg%22&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=98-100&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-7584-6773-8&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213231749/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1988_519459">Jet debris found in Indian Ocean</a>." <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Friday 29 January 1988. Page 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/30/world/five-bodies-found-after-jet-crash.html">"Five Bodies Found After Jet Crash"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 30 November 1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Five+Bodies+Found+After+Jet+Crash&rft.date=1987-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F11%2F30%2Fworld%2Ffive-bodies-found-after-jet-crash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_505757">Plane carrying 155 crashes in Indian Ocean</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214000236/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_505757">Archived</a> 14 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreikenbohm" class="citation web cs1">Kreikenbohm, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=2604">"Haru Sonoda Magic Dragon – Wrestlers Database"</a>. <i>www.cagematch.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cagematch.net&rft.atitle=Haru+Sonoda+Magic+Dragon+%E2%80%93+Wrestlers+Database&rft.aulast=Kreikenbohm&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cagematch.net%2F%3Fid%3D2%26nr%3D2604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2000" class="citation news cs1">Burger, Marlene (20 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/basson-link-to-helderberg-crash-probed-1.38231">"Basson Link to Helderberg Crash Probed"</a>. <i>Independent Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Palgrave Macmillan. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21856-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21856-7"><bdi>0-312-21856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Sanctions+Work%3A+Lessons+From+South+Africa&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-312-21856-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Neta&rft.au=Klotz%2C+Audie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GbW6wGjG0YC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickersonBlake1993" class="citation web cs1">Dickerson, Leroy; Blake, David (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fire.tc.faa.gov/pdf/tn92-42.pdf">"Effectiveness of Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers on Cargo Container Fires"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Zebra. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-77007-106-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-77007-106-7"><bdi>1-77007-106-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Sundays&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Zebra&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-77007-106-7&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5rFGX4z8-S8C%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsHilton-Barber2005" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Pat; Hilton-Barber, Bridget (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxsILFdm-7IC"><i>Worst Journeys</i></a>. Zebra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-77007-101-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-77007-101-6"><bdi>1-77007-101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worst+Journeys&rft.pub=Zebra&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-77007-101-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Hilton-Barber%2C+Bridget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxsILFdm-7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1998" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Robert (26 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/1998-06-26-helderberg-the-search-for-invisible-blame">"Helderberg: The Search for Invisible Blame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_Guardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail and Guardian">Mail and Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cape Town, South Africa: Zebra Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-922-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-922-7"><bdi>978-1-86872-922-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steeped+in+Blood%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Forensic+Scientist&rft.place=Cape+Town%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Zebra+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-922-7&rft.aulast=Klatzow&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmIQhPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutzleb1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kutzleb, Michael K. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poMSAQAAIAAJ">"The Search for South African Airways Flight 295"</a>. <i>Oceans '88 Proceedings: A Partnership of Marine Interests: Conference</i>. <b>§4</b>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>: 1444–1447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FOCEANS.1988.794984">10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794984</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20510767">20510767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceans+%2788+Proceedings%3A+A+Partnership+of+Marine+Interests%3A+Conference&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+South+African+Airways+Flight+295&rft.volume=%C2%A74&rft.pages=1444-1447&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FOCEANS.1988.794984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20510767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kutzleb&rft.aufirst=Michael+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoMSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2000" class="citation news cs1">Lund, Troye (24 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/helderberg-saa-may-face-r2bn-in-claims-38575">"Helderberg: SAA May Face R2bn in Claims"</a>. <i>Cape Argus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cape+Argus&rft.atitle=Helderberg%3A+SAA+May+Face+R2bn+in+Claims&rft.date=2000-05-24&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Troye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iol.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fhelderberg-saa-may-face-r2bn-in-claims-38575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargo1990" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Margo" title="Cecil Margo">Margo, Cecil</a> (14 May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030327/http://www.caa.co.za/resource%20center/accidents%20%26%20incid/reports/OldReports/Final%20Report%20ZS-SAS.pdf">Report of the Board of Inquiry into the Helderberg Air Disaster</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Pretoria: South African Civil Aviation Authority. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-621-13030-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-621-13030-3"><bdi>0-621-13030-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caa.co.za/resource%20center/accidents%20&%20incid/reports/OldReports/Final%20Report%20ZS-SAS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Board+of+Inquiry+into+the+Helderberg+Air+Disaster&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=South+African+Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft.date=1990-05-14&rft.isbn=0-621-13030-3&rft.aulast=Margo&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.za%2Fresource%2520center%2Faccidents%2520%26%2520incid%2Freports%2FOldReports%2FFinal%2520Report%2520ZS-SAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marsh, Rob (1994). Hermann, Hilda; van Rooyen, Annlerie; van der Westhuizen, Aletta (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-M9vMwEACAAJ"><i>Verlore Skakels: Onverklaarde Geheime van Suider-Afrika</i></a> [<i>Lost Links: Unexplained Secrets of Southern Africa</i>] (in Afrikaans) (1st ed.). Struik Publishers (Pty) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86825-407-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86825-407-0"><bdi>1-86825-407-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verlore+Skakels%3A+Onverklaarde+Geheime+van+Suider-Afrika&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers+%28Pty%29+Ltd&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86825-407-0&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-M9vMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1988" class="citation report cs1">Mueller, A.G. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.withmaliceandforethought.com/saareport.doc">Report About the Search for the Wreck of the B74 M of South African Airways, Lost Over the Indian Ocean on November 28, 1987, Flight SA295, Taipei-Mauritius</a> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/Safety_Issues/others/helderberg/two.html">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Helderberg+Death+Flight+SA+295&rft.pub=Southern&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F302040%2FExtract-Watts-Book-Re-CVRs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelshWhale2001" class="citation report cs1">Welsh, J.I.; Whale, M.B. (21 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809181117/http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/helderberg/report0521.html">Preliminary Report: Helderberg Plane Disaster</a> (Report). Pretoria: Directorate of Special Operations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/helderberg/report0521.html">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Report%3A+Helderberg+Plane+Disaster&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Special+Operations&rft.date=2001-05-21&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=J.I.&rft.au=Whale%2C+M.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport.gov.za%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2Fhelderberg%2Freport0521.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Wessels, Andre (20 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031100426/http://search.sabinet.co.za/images/ejour/contemp/contemp_v31_n3_a15.pdf">"The South African Navy During The Years of Conflict in Southern Africa, 1966–1989"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sabinet Online Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.sabinet.co.za/images/ejour/contemp/contemp_v31_n3_a15.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+African+Navy+During+The+Years+of+Conflict+in+Southern+Africa%2C+1966%E2%80%931989&rft.pub=Sabinet+Online+Ltd&rft.date=2007-04-20&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.sabinet.co.za%2Fimages%2Fejour%2Fcontemp%2Fcontemp_v31_n3_a15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZwecker2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zwecker, Wolfram (21 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214222748/http://www.beeld.com/suid-afrika/nuus/helderberg-h-vat-opnames-20110720">"Helderberg: Hý vat opnames"</a> [Helderberg: He took recordings]. <i>Beeld</i> (in Afrikaans). Johannesburg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beeld.com/suid-afrika/nuus/helderberg-h-vat-opnames-20110720">the original</a> on 14 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beeld&rft.atitle=Helderberg%3A+H%C3%BD+vat+opnames&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft.aulast=Zwecker&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beeld.com%2Fsuid-afrika%2Fnuus%2Fhelderberg-h-vat-opnames-20110720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lillie, Joanne; Luck, Dominique (2014). <i>Surviving 295: Life After the Helderberg</i>. Cape Town: Jacana Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+295%3A+Life+After+the+Helderberg&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lillie&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Luck%2C+Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_African_Airways_Flight_295&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_African_Airways_Flight_295" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External images</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.withmaliceandforethought.com/html/photo_s.html">Photos</a> at withmaliceandforethought.com/</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airliners.net/search?registrationActual=Zs-sas&sortBy=dateAccepted&sortOrder=desc&perPage=36&display=detail">Pre-Crash photos of ZS-SAS</a> from Airliners.net</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.withmaliceandforethought.com/helderberg/cvr_rec_1.mp3">Abridged ATC Recording</a> An MP3 format of part of the actual ATC recording. The real recording starts at 21 minutes. It is slightly abridged, with some empty sound cut short.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214000241/http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_507461">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We are going to die,' said crew member"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. 6 December 1987. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=1987_507461">the original</a> on 14 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27We+are+going+to+die%2C%27+said+crew+member&rft.date=1987-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2FCDA%2Farchives%2Farchive.mpl%3Fid%3D1987_507461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+African+Airways+Flight+295" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securiteaerienne.com/node/160">Vol South African Airways 295 : Maldonne à Pretoria</a> (French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austrianwings.info/2012/11/die-helderberg-tragoedie">"We have a smoke problem in the aeroplane!" Die "Helderberg"-Tragödie</a> (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%201728.html">"SAA 747 Wreckage Examined in Detail"</a> a 1989 <i>Flight</i> article</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="South_African_Airways" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Museum_Society" title="South African Airways Museum Society">South African Airways Museum Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_406" title="South African Airways Flight 406">SA406</a> (1967; 25 fatalities)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_228" title="South African Airways Flight 228">SA228</a> (1968; 123 fatalities)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SA295</a> (1987; 159 fatalities)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_destinations" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Airways destinations">Destinations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_(airline)" title="Mango (airline)">Mango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1987" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1987"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1987" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1987"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1987" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1987"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1987_(1987)" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span> </span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 3</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Varig_Flight_797" title="Varig Flight 797">Varig Flight 797</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines_Flight_1834" title="SkyWest Airlines Flight 1834">SkyWest Airlines Flight 1834</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jan 16</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_U-505" title="Aeroflot Flight U-505">Aeroflot Flight U-505</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Mar 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlink_Flight_2268" title="Northwest Airlink Flight 2268">Northwest Airlink Flight 2268</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Apr 4</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_035" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 035">Garuda Indonesia Flight 035</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Flight_5452" title="American Eagle Flight 5452">American Eagle Flight 5452</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 9</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines_Flight_5055" title="LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055">LOT Flight 5055</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">May 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand_Flight_24" title="Air New Zealand Flight 24">Air New Zealand Flight 24</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1987_Bakhtar_Afghan_Airlines_Antonov_An-26_shootdown" title="1987 Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 shootdown">Bakhtar Afghan Airlines Antonov An-26 shootdown</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 19</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_N-528" title="Aeroflot Flight N-528">Aeroflot Flight N-528</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jun 26</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_206" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 206">Philippine Airlines Flight 206</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 24</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Afrique_Flight_056" title="Air Afrique Flight 056">Air Afrique Flight 056</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Jul 30</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1987_Belize_Air_International_C-97_Mexico_City_crash" title="1987 Belize Air International C-97 Mexico City crash">Mexico City Boeing C-97 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 16</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines_Flight_255" title="Northwest Airlines Flight 255">Northwest Airlines Flight 255</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Aug 31</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways_Flight_365" title="Thai Airways Flight 365">Thai Airways Flight 365</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 11</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/October_1987_Burma_Airways_Fokker_F27_crash" title="October 1987 Burma Airways Fokker F27 crash">Burma Airways Fokker F27 crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Aero_Trasporti_Italiani_Flight_460" title="Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460">Aero Trasporti Italiani Flight 460</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Oct 20</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1987_Indianapolis_Ramada_Inn_A-7D_Corsair_II_crash" title="1987 Indianapolis Ramada Inn A-7D Corsair II crash">Ramada Inn Corsair crash</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 15</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines_Flight_1713" title="Continental Airlines Flight 1713">Continental Airlines Flight 1713</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 28</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South African Airways Flight 295</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Nov 29</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">Korean Air Flight 858</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 7</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1771" title="Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771">Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 8</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/1987_Alianza_Lima_plane_crash" title="1987 Alianza Lima plane crash">Alianza Lima disaster</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 13</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines_Flight_443" title="Philippine Airlines Flight 443">Philippine Airlines Flight 443</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 21</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Littoral_Flight_1919" title="Air Littoral Flight 1919">Air Littoral Flight 1919</a></div></div><div><div style="width:4em;display:inline-block;">Dec 23</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Finnair_Flight_915" title="Finnair Flight 915">Finnair Flight 915</a></div></div> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1986" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1986">1986   ◄</a><span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1988" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988">►   1988</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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