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and definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ten_Commandments_of_Chivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_Commandments_of_Chivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ten Commandments of Chivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_Commandments_of_Chivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_chivalry_and_historical_reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_chivalry_and_historical_reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary chivalry and historical reality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_chivalry_and_historical_reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_before_1170:_Courtliness_and_the_noble_habitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_before_1170:_Courtliness_and_the_noble_habitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe before 1170: Courtliness and the noble <i>habitus</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_before_1170:_Courtliness_and_the_noble_habitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crisis_of_Courtliness_and_Rise_of_Chivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crisis_of_Courtliness_and_Rise_of_Chivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Crisis of Courtliness and Rise of Chivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crisis_of_Courtliness_and_Rise_of_Chivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes_of_chivalric_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes_of_chivalric_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Themes of chivalric literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes_of_chivalric_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_in_military_ethos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_military_ethos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Origins in military ethos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_military_ethos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chivalry_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chivalry_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chivalry and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chivalry_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_the_Moors_and_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_the_Moors_and_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Influence of the Moors and Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_the_Moors_and_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_chivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_chivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>End of chivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_chivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_manifestations_and_revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_manifestations_and_revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern manifestations and revivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_manifestations_and_revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_chivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_chivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism of chivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_chivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-cultural_comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-cultural_comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cross-cultural comparisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-cultural_comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chivalry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="فروسية العصور الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فروسية العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballer%C3%ADa_medieval" title="Caballería medieval – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballería medieval" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рицарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рицарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria_medieval" title="Cavalleria medieval – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cavalleria medieval" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifalri" title="Sifalri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sifalri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritterlichkeit" title="Ritterlichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ritterlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BC%C3%BCtellikkus" title="Rüütellikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rüütellikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ιπποσύνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιπποσύνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballer%C3%ADa_medieval" title="Caballería medieval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballería medieval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalireco" title="Kavalireco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kavalireco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalduntza" title="Zalduntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zalduntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شوالیه‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوالیه‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalerie" title="Chevalerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chevalerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_Cabalar%C3%ADa" title="Código de Cabalaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Código de Cabalaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC%EB%8F%84" title="기사도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기사도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ասպետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekesatriaan" title="Kekesatriaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekesatriaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavallaria_medieval" title="Cavallaria medieval – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cavallaria medieval" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria_medievale" title="Cavalleria medievale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavalleria medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אבירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="რაინდობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რაინდობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavallaria" title="Cavallaria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cavallaria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB%E9%81%93" title="騎士道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="騎士道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalari%C3%A1_medievala" title="Cavalariá medievala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cavalariá medievala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etos_rycerski" title="Etos rycerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etos rycerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalaria_medieval" title="Cavalaria medieval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavalaria medieval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рыцарство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыцарство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chivalry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytierstvo" title="Rytierstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rytierstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalirstvo" title="Kavalirstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kavalirstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional ideology and code of conduct of knights</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chivalry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chivalry (disambiguation)">Chivalry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/330px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg/440px-Meister_der_Manessischen_Liederhandschrift_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>Konrad von Limpurg as a knight being armed by his lady in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a> (early 14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chivalry</b>, or the <b>chivalric language</b>, is an informal and varying <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a> developed in Europe between 1170 and 1220. It is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> institution of <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighthood</a>, with knights being members of various <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric orders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen200544_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen200544-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with knights' and gentlemen's behaviours which were governed by chivalrous social codes. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>, particularly the literary cycles known as the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>, relating to the legendary companions of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Men-at-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Men-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paladins" class="mw-redirect" title="Paladins">paladins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, informed by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i></span>, written in the 1130s, which popularized the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">knights of the Round Table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen2005102_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen2005102-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The code of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries. It arose in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> from the idealisation of the <a href="/wiki/Cavalryman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalryman">cavalryman</a>—involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">horse soldiers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Gautier1884_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautier1884-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the meaning of chivalry in Europe has been refined to emphasize more general social and moral virtues. The code of chivalry, as it stood by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, was a moral system which combined a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior ethos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knightly_Piety" title="Knightly Piety">knightly piety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">courtly manners</a>, all combining to establish a notion of <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_definitions">Terminology and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Knight#Etymology" title="Knight">Knight § Etymology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leighton-God_Speed!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young woman in a medieval-style dress of cream satin ties a red scarf to the arm of a man in armour and mounted on a horse. The scene is set at the portal of a castle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/170px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/255px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/340px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/God_Speed_(painting)" title="God Speed (painting)">God Speed</a></i> by English artist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leighton" title="Edmund Leighton">Edmund Leighton</a>, 1900: depicting an armoured knight departing for war and leaving his beloved</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "chivalry" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> term <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chevalerie</i></span>, which can be translated as "<a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">horse soldiery</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the term referred only to horse-mounted men, from the French word for horse, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cheval</i></span>, but later it became associated with knightly ideals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French word <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chevalier</i></span> originally meant "a man of aristocratic standing, and probably of noble ancestry, who is capable, if called upon, of equipping himself with a war horse and the arms of heavy cavalryman and who has been through certain rituals that make him what he is."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the plural <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chevalerie</i></span> (transformed in English into the word "chivalry") originally denoted the body of heavy cavalry upon formation in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the term appears from 1292 (note that <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a></i> is from the Italian form of the same word).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of the term evolved over time into a broader sense, because in the Middle Ages the meaning of <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">chevalier</i></span> changed from the original concrete military meaning "status or fee associated with a military follower owning a <a href="/wiki/War_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="War horse">war horse</a>" or "a group of mounted knights" to the ideal of the Christian warrior ethos propagated in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> genre, which was becoming popular during the 12th century, and the ideal of <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> propagated in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a> and related genres.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideas of chivalry are summarized in three medieval works: the anonymous poem <i><a href="/wiki/Ordene_de_chevalerie" title="Ordene de chevalerie">Ordene de chevalerie</a></i>, which tells the story of how <a href="/wiki/Hugh_II_of_Tiberias" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh II of Tiberias">Hugh II of Tiberias</a> was captured and released upon his agreement to show <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (1138–1193) the ritual of Christian <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Libre del ordre de cavayleria</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> (1232–1315), from <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a>, whose subject is knighthood;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="#''Book_of_Chivalry''">Livre de Chevalerie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny" title="Geoffroi de Charny">Geoffroi de Charny</a> (1300–1356), which examines the qualities of knighthood, emphasizing <i>prowess</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the authors of these three texts knew the other two texts, and the three combine to depict a general concept of chivalry which is not precisely in harmony with any of them. To different degrees and with different details, they speak of chivalry as a way of life in which the military, the nobility, and religion combine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "code of chivalry" is thus a product of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, evolving after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a> partly from an idealization of the historical knights fighting in the Holy Land and from ideals of courtly love. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_Commandments_of_Chivalry">Ten Commandments of Chivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ten Commandments of Chivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pioneering French literary historian <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gautier_(historian)" title="Léon Gautier (historian)">Léon Gautier</a> compiled what he called the medieval Ten Commandments of chivalry in his book <i>La Chevalerie</i> (1884):<sup id="cite_ref-Gautier1884_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautier1884-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches and thou shalt observe all its directions.</li> <li>Thou shalt defend the Church.</li> <li>Thou shalt respect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of them.</li> <li>Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast born.</li> <li>Thou shalt not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recoil#Verb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:recoil">recoil</a> before thine enemy.</li> <li>Thou shalt make war against the infidel without cessation and without mercy.</li> <li>Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of God.</li> <li>Thou shalt never lie, and shalt remain faithful to thy pledged word.</li> <li>Thou shalt be generous, and give <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/largesse#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:largesse">largesse</a> to everyone.</li> <li>Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice and Evil.</li></ol> <p>In fact, there is no such medieval list. Gautier's effort was a series of moral bullet points he abstracted from his broad reading of 12th and 13th century romances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_chivalry_and_historical_reality">Literary chivalry and historical reality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary chivalry and historical reality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of chivalry have assumed since the late medieval period that there was a time in the past when chivalry was a living institution, when men acted chivalrously, the imitation of which period would much improve the present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, with the birth of modern historical and literary research, scholars have found that however far back in time "The Age of Chivalry" is searched for, it is always further in the past, even back to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi</a>: </p> <blockquote><p> We must not confound chivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>. The feudal system may be called the real life of the period of which we are treating, possessing its advantages and inconveniences, its virtues and its vices. Chivalry, on the contrary, is the ideal world, such as it existed in the imaginations of the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a> writers. Its essential character is devotion to woman and to honour.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: I, 76–77">: I, 76–77 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sismondi alludes to the fictitious <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian romance">Arthurian romances</a> about the imaginary <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Court of King Arthur</a> when taken as factual presentations of a historical age of chivalry. He continues: </p> <blockquote> <p>The more closely we look into history, the more clearly shall we perceive that the system of chivalry is an invention almost entirely poetical. It is impossible to distinguish the countries in which it is said to have prevailed. It is always represented as distant from us both in time and place, and whilst the contemporary historians give us a clear, detailed, and complete account of the vices of the court and the great, of the ferocity or corruption of the nobles, and of the servility of the people, we are astonished to find the poets, after a long lapse of time, adorning the very same ages with the most splendid fictions of grace, virtue, and loyalty. The romance writers of the twelfth century placed the age of chivalry in the time of Charlemagne. The period when these writers existed, is the time pointed out by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>. At the present day [about 1810], we imagine we can still see chivalry flourishing in the persons of <a href="/wiki/Du_Guesclin" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Guesclin">Du Guesclin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Terrail,_seigneur_de_Bayard" title="Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard">Bayard</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> and Francis I. But when we come to examine either the one period or the other, although we find in each some heroic spirits, we are forced to confess that it is necessary to antedate the age of chivalry, at least three or four centuries before any period of authentic history.<sup id="cite_ref-Sismondi_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sismondi-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: I, 79">: I, 79 </span></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of knighthood">Orders of knighthood</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_before_1170:_Courtliness_and_the_noble_habitus">Europe before 1170: Courtliness and the noble <i>habitus</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Europe before 1170: Courtliness and the noble habitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to codified chivalry, there was the uncodified code of noble conduct that focused on the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">preudomme</i></span>, which can be translated as a wise, honest, and sensible man. This uncodified code—referred to as the noble <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habitus</i></span>—is a term for the environment of behavioural and material expectations generated by all societies and classes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a modern idea, it was pioneered by the French philosopher/sociologists <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Maurice Merleau-Ponty</a>, even though a precedent exists for the concept as far back as the works of Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crouch in 2019 argued that the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habitus</i></span> on which "the superstructure of chivalry" was built and the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">preudomme</i></span> was a part, were recognised by contemporaries as components of <i>courtoisie</i> (from Latin <i>curialitas</i>) which was defined as superior conduct appropriate to the aristocratic hall (<i>court</i> or <i>curia</i>). He saw it as being taught within the confines of the hall by its senior figures to youths confided to the lord and his household for their social upbringing. Crouch suggested courtliness had existed long before 1100 and preceded the codified medieval noble conduct we call chivalry, which he sees as beginning between 1170 and 1220.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-chivalric noble <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habitus</i></span> as discovered by Mills and Gautier and elaborated by Stephen Jaeger and David Crouch are as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Loyalty</b>: It is a practical utility in a warrior nobility. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kaeuper" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Kaeuper">Richard Kaeuper</a> associates loyalty with <i>prowess</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch_56_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch_56-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of reputation for loyalty in noble conduct is demonstrated in <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">William Marshal biography</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how is it demonstrated? is this a biography of William Marshal or by William Marshal? Who was he? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch_56_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch_56-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Forbearance</b>: knights' self-control towards other warriors and at the courts of their lords was a part of the early noble <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">habitus</i></span> as shown in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Conventum</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh IV of Lusignan">Hugh de Lusignan</a> in the 1020s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nobility of mercy and forbearance was well established by the second half of the 12th century long before there was any code of chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Hardiness</b>: Historians and social anthropologists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> documented that in the early stages of 'proto-chivalry,' physical resilience and prowess in warfare were almost prerequisites for chivalry-associated knighthood. For warriors, regardless of origin, displaying exceptional physical prowess on the battlefield often led to attaining noble-knightly status or immediate nobilitation. To deliver a powerful blow in Arthurian literature almost always certifies the warrior's nobility. This view was supported by formal chivalric authorities and commentators: the anonymous author of <i>La vraye noblesse</i> states that a person of 'low degree' with martial bearing should be elevated to nobility by the prince or civic authority, "even though he be not rich or of noble lineage". Scholastic analyst Richard Kaeuper summarizes the matter: "A knight's nobility or worth is proved by his hearty strokes in battle".<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 131">: 131 </span></sup> The virtue of hardiness, aligned with forbearance and loyalty, was a key military virtue of the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">preudomme</i></span>. According to Philip de Navarra, a mature nobleman should possess hardiness as part of his moral virtues. Geoffrey de Charny also underscored the importance of hardiness as a masculine virtue tied to religious sentiments of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Contemptus_mundi" title="Contemptus mundi">contemptus mundi</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Largesse</b> or <b>Liberality</b>: generosity was part of a noble quantity. According to <a href="/wiki/Alan_of_Lille" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan of Lille">Alan of Lille</a>, largesse was not just a simple matter of giving away what he had, but "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Largitas</i></span> in a man caused him to set no store on greed or gifts, and to have nothing but contempt for bribes."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The Davidic ethic</b>: encompasses the noble qualities of <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">preudomme</i></span> derived by clerics from <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical tradition</a>. This concept aligns with the classical Aristotelian notion of the "magnanimous personality" and the early Germanic and Norse tradition of the war-band leader as a heroic figure. The Christian-Davidic guardian-protector role of warrior-leadership emerged from the Frankish church to legitimize authority based on ethical commitment to safeguarding the vulnerable, ensuring justice for widows and orphans, and firmly opposing cruelty and injustice by those in power. This opposition extended to sub-princely magistrates and even monarchs who violated ethical principles of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lex primordialis</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">lex naturae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of the Davidic ethic lies the idea of the strong demonstrating benevolence towards the weak.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Salisbury imbibed this lineage of philosophico-clerical, chivalric justifications of power, and describes the ideal enforcer of the Davidic ethic in this way: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The [warrior-]prince accordingly is the minister of the common interest and the bond-servant of equity, and he bears the public person in the sense that he punishes the wrongs and injuries of all, and all crimes, with even-handed equity. His rod and staff also, administered with wise moderation, restore irregularities and false departures to the straight path of equity, so that deservedly may the Spirit congratulate the power of the prince with the words, 'Thy rod and thy staff, they have comforted me.' [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2023:4&version=nrsv">Psalm 23:4</a>] His shield, too, is strong, but it is a shield for the protection of the weak, and one which wards off powerfully the darts of the wicked from the innocent. Those who derive the greatest advantage from his performance of the duties of his office are those who can do least for themselves, and his power is chiefly exercised against those who desire to do harm. Therefore not without reason he bears a sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelessly, without becoming thereby a man of blood, and frequently puts men to death without incurring the name or guilt of homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Sourcebook_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sourcebook-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li> <li><b>Honour</b>: <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> was achieved by living up to the ideal of the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">preudomme</i></span> and pursuing the qualities and behaviour listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Maurice Keen</a> notes the most damning, irreversible mode of "demoting" one's honorific status, again humanly through contemporary eyes, consisted in displaying pusillanimous conduct on the battlefield. The loss of honour is a humiliation to a man's standing and is worse than death. <a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a> said: "For myself I prefer to hold a little piece of land in <i>onor</i>, than to hold a great empire with dishonor".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>From the 12th century onward, chivalry came to be understood as a moral, religious, and social code of knightly conduct. The particulars of the code varied, but codes would emphasise the virtues of courage, honour, and service. Chivalry also came to refer to an idealisation of the life and manners of the knight at home in his castle and with his court. The code of chivalry, as it was known during the late Medieval age, developed between 1170 and 1220.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Crisis_of_Courtliness_and_Rise_of_Chivalry">The Crisis of Courtliness and Rise of Chivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Crisis of Courtliness and Rise of Chivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courtliness remained a recognised form of superior conduct in medieval European society throughout the middle ages. Courtly behaviour was expected of all aristocrats and its norms were integrated into chivalric literature. But as Crouch demonstrated courtliness (unlike chivalry) was not confined to noble society. There are examples of servants, merchants, clergy and free peasants being commended for their 'courtly' behaviour in medieval literature.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His explanation for the appearance of chivalry as a recognisable and prescriptive code of behaviour is tied into the more exclusive definition of nobility that appears in the late 12th century. This had a particular impact on the professional horse warrior, the knight. Retained knights were a prominent feature of the households of barons, counts and princes, and were thought to be proper associates of their lords. As such knights adopted the fashions and behaviours of their lords. In many cases knights were often drawn from the younger sons of noble families so they would regard themselves as being noble too, if less noble than their lords. Crouch locates the tipping point of the nobilising of the knight as in the households of the sons of King Henry II of England, and in particular his eldest son, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a> (died 1183). Young Henry lived a lavish lifestyle of unprecedented expense focussed on the great northern French tourneying society of the 1170s and 1180s. Since Young Henry had no domains to rule, his father was willing to fund the itinerant playboy lifestyle of his son to distract him from meddling in his realms, and also to stake a claim to the cultural high ground over the other European princes of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young Henry was nonetheless heavily criticised for his wasteful and hedonistic life, and Crouch finds it significant that the first known work which used the knight as a moral exemplar and as a definitive nobleman, the <i>De Re Militari</i> of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Niger" title="Ralph Niger">Ralph Niger</a> (c. 1187) was written by the young man's former chaplain, in part as a moral defence of the knightly lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crouch suggests another reason why chivalry coalesced as a noble code in the late 12th century in his analysis of conduct literature. He suggests that the courtly habitus underwent a crisis as its moral failure became obvious to writers, particularly in the materialism that motivated courtly society. Crouch sees the <i>Roman des Eles</i> of the poet-knight <a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Houdenc" title="Raoul de Houdenc">Raoul de Houdenc</a>, as a critique of courtliness and its failures. Raoul's solution is to focus moral eminence on the figure of the knight, who is to be the avatar of a new moral nobility, set above all other males. A knight was to eschew materialism (<i>envie</i>) and to embrace noble generosity (<i>largesce</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Themes_of_chivalric_literature">Themes of chivalric literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Themes of chivalric literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>, chivalry can be classified into three overlapping areas: </p> <ol><li>Duties to countrymen and fellow Christians: this includes mercy, courage, valour, fairness, protection of the weak and the poor, and the servant-hood of the knight to his lord. This also includes being willing to give one's life for another's; whether for a poor man or his lord.</li> <li>Duties to God: this includes being faithful to God, protecting the innocent, being faithful to the church, being the champion of good against evil, being generous, and obeying God above the feudal lord.</li> <li>Duties to women: this is probably the most familiar aspect of chivalry. This includes what is often called courtly love—the idea that the knight is to serve a lady, and after her all other ladies—and a general gentleness and graciousness to all women.</li></ol> <p>Different weight given to different areas produced different strands of chivalry: </p> <dl><dt>warrior chivalry</dt> <dd>in which a knight's chief duty is to his lord, as exemplified by Sir <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_Sir_Gawain_and_Dame_Ragnelle" title="The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle">The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle</a></i></dd> <dt>religious chivalry</dt> <dd>in which a knight's chief duty is to protect the innocent and serve God, as exemplified by Sir <a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a> or Sir <a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Grail legends</a></dd> <dt>courtly love chivalry</dt> <dd>in which a knight's chief duty is to his own lady, and after her, all ladies, as exemplified by Sir <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> in his love for Queen <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> or Sir <a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a> in his love for <a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_military_ethos">Origins in military ethos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins in military ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Museum_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_Museum_007.jpg/220px-Roman_Museum_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_Museum_007.jpg/330px-Roman_Museum_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roman_Museum_007.jpg/440px-Roman_Museum_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalryman</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">eques</a></i></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Emerging with the <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a>'s character and the chivalric ethos were novel elements: revised social status, innovative military tactics, and fresh literary themes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chivalric codes encompassed regulations such as pledging loyalty to the overlord and upholding warfare rules. These rules dictated refraining from attacking a defenseless opponent and prioritizing the capture of fellow nobles for later ransom instead of immediate harm, akin to adhering to a perceived codified law.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chivalric ideals are based on those of the early medieval warrior class, and martial exercise and military virtue remain integral parts of chivalry until the end of the medieval period,<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the reality on the battlefield changed with the development of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern warfare">Early Modern warfare</a>, and increasingly restricted it to the <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournament ground</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duelling</a> culture. The <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a> remained the primary example of knightly display of martial skill throughout the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (the last Elizabethan <a href="/wiki/Accession_Day_tilt" title="Accession Day tilt">Accession Day tilt</a> was held in 1602). </p><p>The martial skills of the knight carried over to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">the hunt</a>, and hunting expertise became an important aspect of courtly life in the later medieval period (see <a href="/wiki/Terms_of_venery" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms of venery">terms of venery</a>). Related to chivalry was the practice of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> and its elaborate rules of displaying coats of arms as it emerged in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chivalry_and_Christianity">Chivalry and Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chivalry and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Knightly_Piety" title="Knightly Piety">Knightly Piety</a></div> <p>Christianity had a modifying influence on the classical concept of heroism and virtue, nowadays identified with the virtues of chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a> in the 10th century was one such example, which placed limits on knights to protect and honour the weaker members of society and also help the church maintain peace. At the same time the church became more tolerant of war in the defence of faith, espousing theories of the <a href="/wiki/Just_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Just war">just war</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Liturgies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgies">liturgies</a> were introduced which blessed a knight's sword, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">and a bath of chivalric purification</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what's that? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the <a href="/wiki/Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail">Grail</a> romances and <i>Chevalier au Cygne</i>, it was the ethos of the Christian knighthood that its way of life was to please God, and chivalry was an order of God.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chivalry as a Christian vocation combined <a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutonic</a> heroic values with the militant tradition of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg/170px-Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="512" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg/255px-Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg/340px-Ghent_Altarpiece_E_-_Knights_of_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="4576" /></a><figcaption><i>Knights of Christ</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first noted support for chivalric vocation, or the establishment of a knightly class to ensure the sanctity and legitimacy of Christianity, was written in 930 by <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Cluny" title="Odo of Cluny">Odo</a>, abbot of <a href="/wiki/Cluny" title="Cluny">Cluny</a>, in the <i>Vita of St. Gerald of Aurillac</i>, which argued that the sanctity of Christ and Christian doctrine can be demonstrated through the legitimate unsheathing of the "sword against the enemy".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th century the concept of a "knight of Christ" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">miles Christi</i></span>) gained currency in France, Spain, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These concepts of "religious chivalry" were further elaborated in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, with the Crusades themselves often seen as a chivalrous enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a> of the crusades which developed in this period came to be seen as the earliest flowering of chivalry,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some of their opponents like <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> were likewise depicted as chivalrous adversaries. It remains unclear to what extent the notable military figures of this period—such as Saladin, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marshal">William Marshal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a>—actually did set new standards of knightly behaviour, or to what extent they merely behaved according to existing models of conduct which came in retrospect to be interpreted along the lines of the "chivalry" ideal of the Late Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, chivalry and crusades were not the same thing. While the crusading ideology had largely influenced the ethic of chivalry during its<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (July 2023)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> formative times, chivalry itself was related to a whole range of martial activities and aristocratic values which had no necessary linkage with crusading.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> was venerated by multiple chivalric orders, including the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, who honored her as their patroness.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The medieval development of chivalry, with the concept of the honour of a lady and the ensuing knightly devotion to it, not only derived from the thinking about Mary, but also contributed to it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although women were at times viewed as the source of evil, it was Mary who as mediator to God was a source of refuge for man. The development of medieval <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> and the changing attitudes towards women paralleled each other.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_the_Moors_and_Romans">Influence of the Moors and Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence of the Moors and Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The works of Roman poets like <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> bore some similarities to the typical depiction of romance in chivalric literature during the Middle Ages. In Ovid's works, lovers "became sleepless, grew pale, and lost their appetite," while Cicero's works celebrated the "ennobling power of love". Some scholars also point to the romantic poetry of the Arabs as antecedents to the depiction of courtly love in medieval European literature. In the works of the Cordoban author <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a>, for example, "lovers develop passions for slave boys as well as girls, interchangeably, and the slave is recognized as now the master of his beloved." Ibn Hazm's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_of_the_Dove" title="The Ring of the Dove">The Ring of the Dove</a></i> is a noteworthy depiction of a lover's extreme submissiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval courtly literature glorifies the valour, tactics, and ideals of both <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and ancient Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the ancient handbook of warfare written by <a href="/wiki/Vegetius" title="Vegetius">Vegetius</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_militari" title="De re militari">De re militari</a></i> was translated into French in the 13th century as <i>L'Art de chevalerie</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a>. Later writers also drew from Vegetius, such as Honoré Bonet, who wrote the 14th century <i>L'Arbes des batailles</i>, which discussed the morals and laws of war. In the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> combined themes from Vegetius, Bonet, and Frontinus in <i>Livre des faits d'armes et de chevalerie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles"><i>Chronicles</i></a> which captured much of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (1356)">Battle of Poitiers</a> both of which saw the defeat of the French nobility by armies made up largely of common men using <a href="/wiki/Longbows" class="mw-redirect" title="Longbows">longbows</a>. The chivalric tactic employed by the French armoured nobility, namely bravely charging the opposition in the face of a hail of arrows, failed repeatedly. Froissart noted the subsequent attacks by common English and Welsh archers upon the fallen French knights. </p><p><i>Chronicles</i> also captured a series of uprisings by common people against the nobility, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Peasant%27s_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="The Peasant's Revolt">The Peasant's Revolt</a> and the rise of the common man to leadership ranks within armies. Many of these men were promoted during the Hundred Years' War but were later left in France when the English nobles returned home, and became mercenaries in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Companies">Free Companies</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a>, the mercenary leader of <a href="/wiki/The_White_Company" title="The White Company">The White Company</a>. The rise of effective, paid soldiery replaced noble soldiery during this period, leading to a new class of military leader without any adherence to the chivalric code. </p><p>Chivalry underwent a revival and elaboration of chivalric ceremonial and rules of <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> in the 14th century that was examined by <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a></i>, which dedicates a chapter to "The idea of chivalry". In contrasting the literary standards of chivalry with the actual warfare of the age, the historian finds the imitation of an ideal past illusory; in an aristocratic culture such as Burgundy and France at the close of the Middle Ages, "to be representative of true culture means to produce by conduct, by customs, by manners, by costume, by deportment, the illusion of a heroic being, full of dignity and honour, of wisdom, and, at all events, of courtesy.... The dream of past perfection ennobles life and its forms, fills them with beauty and fashions them anew as forms of art".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later Middle Ages, wealthy merchants strove to adopt chivalric attitudes. The sons of the bourgeoisie were educated at aristocratic courts, where they were trained in the manners of the knightly class.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a democratisation of chivalry, leading to a new genre called the <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_book" title="Courtesy book">courtesy book</a>, which were guides to the behaviour of "gentlemen". Thus, the post-medieval gentlemanly code of the value of a man's honour, respect for women, and a concern for those less fortunate, is directly derived from earlier ideals of chivalry and historical forces that created it.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeney_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeney-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan was the only country that banned the use of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> completely to maintain ideals of chivalry and acceptable form of combat. In 1543 Japan established a government <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on firearms. The Japanese government destroyed firearms and enforced a preference for traditional Japanese weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Kaeuper" title="Richard W. Kaeuper">Richard W. Kaeuper</a> saw chivalry as a central focus in the study of the European Middle Ages that was too often presented as a civilizing and stabilizing influence in the turbulent Middle Ages. On the contrary, Kaueper argues "that in the problem of public order the knights themselves played an ambivalent, problematic role and that the guides to their conduct that chivalry provided were in themselves complex and problematic."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Many of the codes and ideals of chivalry were contradictory: when knights did live up to them, they did not lead to a more "ordered and peaceful society". The tripartite conception of medieval European society (those who pray, those who fight, and those who work) along with other linked subcategories of monarchy and aristocracy, worked in congruence with knighthood to reform the institution<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (July 2023)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> in an effort "to secure public order in a society just coming into its mature formation."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>Kaeuper says that knighthood and the worldview of "those who fight" was pre-Christian in many ways and outside the purview of the church, at least initially. The church saw it as a duty to reform and guide knights in a way that weathered the disorderly, martial, and chauvinistic elements of chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–83">: 62–83 </span></sup> Royalty also clashed with knighthood over the conduct of warfare and personal disputes between knights and other knights (and even between knights and aristocracy).<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 93–97">: 93–97 </span></sup> While the worldview of "those who work" (the burgeoning merchant class and bourgeoisie) was still in incubation, Kaeuper states that the social and economic class that would end up defining modernity was fundamentally at odds with knights, and those with chivalrous valor saw the values of commerce as beneath them. Those who engaged in commerce and derived their value system from it could be confronted with violence by knights.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaeuper_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaeuper-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 121–139">: 121–139 </span></sup> </p><p>According to British historian <a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">David Crouch</a>, many early writers on medieval chivalry cannot be trusted as accurate sources, because they sometimes have "polemical purpose which colours their prose".<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch_7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch_7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for <a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Henry_Digby" title="Kenelm Henry Digby">Kenelm Henry Digby</a> and Léon Gautier, chivalry was a means to transform their corrupt and secular worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch_8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch_8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gautier also emphasized that chivalry originated from the Teutonic forests and was brought up into civilization by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Church.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mills_(historian)" title="Charles Mills (historian)">Charles Mills</a> used chivalry "to demonstrate that the Regency gentleman was the ethical heir of a great moral estate, and to provide an inventory of its treasure".<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch_8_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch_8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mills also stated that chivalry was a social, not a military phenomenon, with its key features: generosity, fidelity, liberality, and courtesy.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_chivalry">End of chivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: End of chivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chivalry was dynamic; it adjusted in response to local situations, and this probably led to its demise. There were many chivalric groups in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> as imagined by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Malory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Malory">Sir Thomas Malory</a> when he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i> in the late 15th century;<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps each group created its own chivalric ideology. Malory's perspective reflects the condition of 15th-century chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>Le Morte d'Arthur</i> was printed, <a href="/wiki/William_Caxton" title="William Caxton">William Caxton</a> urged knights to read the romance with an expectation that reading about chivalry could unite a community of knights already divided by the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, some knights still fought according to that ethos. Fewer knights were engaged in active warfare because battlefields during this century were generally the arena of professional infantrymen, with less opportunity for knights to show chivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the beginning of the demise of the knight. The rank of knight never faded, but <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> ended the tradition that any knight could create another, making this exclusively the preserve of the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christopher Wilkins contends that <a href="/wiki/Edward_Woodville" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Woodville">Sir Edward Woodville</a>, who rode from battle to battle across Europe and died in 1488 in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, was the last knight errant who witnessed the fall of the Age of Chivalry and the rise of modern European warfare. By the time the Middle Ages came to an end, the code of chivalry was gone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_manifestations_and_revivals">Modern manifestations and revivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern manifestations and revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stitching_the_Standard_(Leighton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg/170px-Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg/255px-Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg/340px-Stitching_the_Standard_%28Leighton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of chivalric ideals in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Stitching_the_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Stitching the Standard">Stitching the Standard</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Blair_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Blair Leighton">Edmund Blair Leighton</a>: the lady prepares for a knight to go to war)</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>Chivalry!—why, maiden, she is the nurse of pure and high affection—the stay of the oppressed, the redresser of grievances, the curb of the power of the tyrant—Nobility were but an empty name without her, and liberty finds the best protection in her lance and her sword.</p><div style="text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;">—<a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> (1820)</div></blockquote> <p>The chivalric ideal persisted into the early modern and modern period. The custom of founding <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric orders</a> by Europe's monarchs and high nobility peaked in the late medieval period, but it persisted during the Renaissance and well into the Baroque and early modern period, with e.g. the Tuscan <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a> (1561), the French <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis" title="Order of Saint Louis">Order of Saint Louis</a> (1693) or the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Patrick">Order of St. Patrick</a> (1783), and numerous <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order_of_knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic order of knighthood">dynastic orders of knighthood</a> remain active in countries that retain a tradition of monarchy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same time, with the change of courtly ideas during the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque period">Baroque period</a>, the ideals of chivalry began to be seen as dated, or "medieval". <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, published in 1605–15, burlesqued the medieval chivalric novel or <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a></i> by ridiculing the stubborn adherence to the chivalric code in the face of the modern world as anachronistic, giving rise to the term <a href="/wiki/Quixotism" title="Quixotism">Quixotism</a>. Conversely, elements of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> sought to revive such "medieval" ideals or aesthetics in the late 18th and early 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The behavioural code of military officers down to the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (especially as idealised in the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a>" mythology), and to some extent even to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, was still strongly modelled on the historical ideals, resulting in a pronounced <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duelling</a> culture, which in some parts of Europe also held sway over the civilian life of the upper classes. With the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">decline of the Ottoman Empire</a>, however, the military threat from the "infidel" disappeared. The <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> spanned much of the early modern period and consisted of infighting between factions of various Christian denominations. This process of <a href="/wiki/Confessionalization" title="Confessionalization">confessionalization</a> ultimately gave rise to a new military ethos based on <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> rather than "defending the faith against the infidel".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Social commentators of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> advocated for a revival of chivalry in order to remedy the ill effects of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Captains_of_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Captains of Industry">Captains of Industry</a>" were to lead a "Chivalry of Labour", a beneficent form of governance that is hierarchical yet fraternal in nature, rather than materialistic.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s "Ideal Commonwealth" took chivalry as one of its basic characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, the term <i>gallantry</i> (from <i><a href="/wiki/Galant" class="mw-redirect" title="Galant">galant</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque period">Baroque</a> ideal of refined elegance) rather than <i>chivalry</i> became used for the proper behaviour of upper-class men towards upper-class women. In the 19th century, there were attempts to revive chivalry for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a> of that time. <a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Henry_Digby" title="Kenelm Henry Digby">Kenelm Henry Digby</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Broad-Stone_of_Honour" title="The Broad-Stone of Honour">The Broad-Stone of Honour</a></i> for this purpose, offering the definition: "Chivalry is only a name for that general spirit or state of mind which disposes men to heroic actions, and keeps them conversant with all that is beautiful and sublime in the intellectual and moral world."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The pronouncedly masculine virtues of chivalry came under attack on the parts of the upper-class <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">suffragettes</a> campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> in the early 20th century,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the decline of the military ideals of duelling culture and of European aristocracies in general following the catastrophe of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the ideals of chivalry became widely seen as outmoded by the mid-20th century. As a material reflection of this process, the <a href="/wiki/Dress_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Dress sword">dress sword</a> lost its position as an indispensable part of a gentleman's wardrobe, a development described as an "archaeological terminus" by <a href="/wiki/Ewart_Oakeshott" title="Ewart Oakeshott">Ewart Oakeshott</a>, as it concluded the long period during which the <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a> had been a visible attribute of the free man, beginning as early as three millennia ago with the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_sword" title="Bronze Age sword">Bronze Age sword</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, the chivalrous ideal of protecting women came to be seen as a trope of melodrama ("<a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a>"). The term <i>chivalry</i> retains a certain currency in sociology, in reference to the general tendency of men, and of society in general, to lend more attention offering protection from harm to women than to men, or in noting <a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">gender gaps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy#Sex_differences" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparities_in_health" title="Gender disparities in health">health</a>, etc., also expressed in <a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">media bias</a> giving significantly more attention to female than to male victims.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The promotion of chivalry played a part in the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> movement. The <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island_Scout_camp" title="Brownsea Island Scout camp">Brownsea Island Scout camp</a>, formed in 1907, began as a boys' camping event on <a href="/wiki/Brownsea_Island" title="Brownsea Island">Brownsea Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poole_Harbour" title="Poole Harbour">Poole Harbour</a>, southern England, organised by <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Lieutenant-General Robert Baden-Powell</a> to test his ideas for the book <i><a href="/wiki/Scouting_for_Boys" title="Scouting for Boys">Scouting for Boys</a></i>. Boy scouts from different social backgrounds in the U.K. participated from 1 to 8 August 1907 in activities around <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">observation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodcraft" title="Woodcraft">woodcraft</a>, chivalry, <a href="/wiki/Lifesaving" title="Lifesaving">lifesaving</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">William Manchester</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> was a chivalric warrior who fought a war with the intention to conquer the enemy, eliminating their ability to strike back, then treated them with the understanding and kindness due their honour and courage. One prominent model of his chivalrous conduct was in World War II and his treatment of the Japanese at the end of the war. MacArthur's model provides a way to win a war with as few casualties as possible and how to get the respect of the former enemy after the occupation of their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 12, 1962, MacArthur gave a famous speech in front of the cadets of United States Military Academy at <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> by referring to a great moral code, the code of conduct and chivalry, when emphasizing duty, honour, and country.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_chivalry">Criticism of chivalry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism of chivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, in Part I of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i> (1605), attacks <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric literature</a> as historically inaccurate and therefore harmful (see <a href="/wiki/Novel#Histories" title="Novel">history of the novel</a>), though he was quite in agreement with many so-called chivalric principles and guides to behavior. He toyed with but never intended to write a chivalric romance that was historically truthful.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bax">Ernest Bax</a>, in <i>The Fraud of Feminism</i>(1913),<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticized chivalry as "the deprivation, the robbery from men of the most elementary personal rights in order to endow women with privileges at the expense of men."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter Wright criticizes the tendency to produce singular descriptions of chivalry, claiming there are many variations or "chivalries". Among the different chivalries Wright includes "military chivalry" complete with its code of conduct and proper contexts, and woman-directed "<a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">romantic chivalry</a>" complete with its code of conduct and proper contexts, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian" title="Conan the Barbarian">Conan the Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnei" title="Domnei">Domnei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Beatitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Beatitudes">Eight Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Chivalry" title="High Court of Chivalry">High Court of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_elite" class="mw-redirect" title="Military elite">Military elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Worthies" title="Nine Worthies">Nine Worthies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_d%27Armes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas d'Armes">Pas d'Armes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_chivalry" title="Spanish chivalry">Spanish chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrior code">Warrior code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_children_first" title="Women and children first">Women and children first</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-cultural_comparisons">Cross-cultural comparisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-cultural comparisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyaran">Ayyaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuwwa" title="Futuwwa">Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knight-errant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese knight-errant">Chinese knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eso_Ikoyi" title="Eso Ikoyi">Eso Ikoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Furusiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">Junzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">Timawa</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a> remarks in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages">The Waning of the Middle Ages</a></i>, "the source of the chivalrous idea, is pride aspiring to beauty, and formalised pride gives rise to a conception of honour, which is the pole of noble life".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term for "horseman" (<i>chevalier</i>, from Late Latin <i>caballarius</i>) doubling as a term for the upper social classes parallels the long-standing usage of Classical Antiquity, see <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hippeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippeus">hippeus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">loaned via <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> into English around 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The idea that men were to act and live deferentially on behalf of women and children, though an ancient principle, was already under attack by 1911 from militant suffragettes intent on leveling the political playing field by removing from the public mindset the notion that women were a 'weaker sex' in need of saving."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, criminologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Felson" title="Richard Felson">Richard Felson</a> writes "An attack on a woman is a more serious transgression than an attack on a man because it violates a special norm protecting women from harm. This norm—<i>chivalry</i>—discourages would-be attackers and encourages third parties to protect women."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen200544-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen200544_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCecil1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cecil, Weatherly (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Knighthood and Chivalry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Knighthood_and_Chivalry">"Knighthood and Chivalry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 851–867.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knighthood+and+Chivalry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=851-867&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cecil&rft.aufirst=Weatherly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen2005102-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen2005102_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen 2005</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gautier1884-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gautier1884_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gautier1884_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gautier_(historian)" title="Léon Gautier (historian)">Gautier, Léon</a> (1891) [1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XttCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26">"The Code of Chivalry"</a>. <i>Chivalry</i>. Translated by Frith, Henry. Routledge. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Code+of+Chivalry&rft.btitle=Chivalry&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXttCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1998">Flori (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuizinga1924">Huizinga (1924)</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonymous1994">Anonymous (1994)</a>, pp. 346–351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2008" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Martin (2008). <i>Weapons and Fighting Techniques of the Medieval Warrior 1000–1500 AD</i>. Chartwell Books. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780785834250" title="Special:BookSources/9780785834250"><bdi>9780785834250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+and+Fighting+Techniques+of+the+Medieval+Warrior+1000%E2%80%931500+AD&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780785834250&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionnaire ecclésiastique et canonique portatif</i> (Tome I ed.). Paris. 1766. p. 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+eccl%C3%A9siastique+et+canonique+portatif&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=364&rft.edition=Tome+I&rft.date=1766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoad1993">Hoad (1993)</a>, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chivalry">"chivalry"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116121302/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chivalry">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=chivalry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchivalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knightsofchivalry.com/origin-of-the-knights.html">"Origin of the Knights"</a>. <i>Knights of Chivalry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161648/https://www.knightsofchivalry.com/origin-of-the-knights.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knights+of+Chivalry&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Knights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knightsofchivalry.com%2Forigin-of-the-knights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sismondi-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sismondi_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSismondi1885–88" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_L%C3%A9onard_de_Sismondi" title="Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi">Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard de</a> (1885–88). <i>Historical View of the Literatures of the South of Europe</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roscoe" title="Thomas Roscoe">Thomas Roscoe</a> (4th ed.). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+View+of+the+Literatures+of+the+South+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.date=1885%2F1888&rft.aulast=Sismondi&rft.aufirst=Jean+Charles+L%C3%A9onard+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalikail2003" class="citation journal cs1">Malikail, Joseph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie/vol7/moral.html">"Moral Character: Hexis, Habitus, and 'Habit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Minerva: An Internet Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>7</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215020431/http://www.minerva.mic.ul.ie/vol7/moral.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva%3A+An+Internet+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Moral+Character%3A+Hexis%2C+Habitus%2C+and+%27Habit%27&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Malikail&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minerva.mic.ul.ie%2Fvol7%2Fmoral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fordham+University%29&rft.atitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+John+of+Salisbury%3A+Policraticus%2C+Book+Four+%28selections%29&rft.date=1998-10&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fsalisbury-poli4.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch, 2005, 56-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch (2019), 122-9, 303-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crouch, (2019), 291-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2002" class="citation book cs1">Holt (May 2002). <i>Holt Literature and Language Arts Course Six</i>. 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Penn State Press. 1954. p. 371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+St.+Gerald%2C+by+Odo&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/113409">Chivalry</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeen2005">Keen (2005)</a>, pp. 44–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Guard2013" class="citation book cs1">Timothy Guard (2013). <i>Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century</i>. Boydell Press. pp. 73–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843838241" title="Special:BookSources/9781843838241"><bdi>9781843838241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry%2C+Kingship+and+Crusade%3A+The+English+Experience+in+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pages=73-89&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781843838241&rft.au=Timothy+Guard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBromiley1994">Bromiley (1994)</a>, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker1987">Tucker (1987)</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_G._Wollock2011" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer G. Wollock (2011). <i>Rethinking Chivalry and Courtly Love</i>. ABC-Clio. pp. 30–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313038501" title="Special:BookSources/9780313038501"><bdi>9780313038501</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Chivalry+and+Courtly+Love&rft.pages=30-42&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313038501&rft.au=Jennifer+G.+Wollock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Elizabeth_Banks_Coldiron2009" class="citation book cs1">Anne Elizabeth Banks Coldiron (2009). <i>English Printing, Verse Translation, and the Battle of the Sexes, 1476-1557</i>. Ashgate. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754656081" title="Special:BookSources/9780754656081"><bdi>9780754656081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Printing%2C+Verse+Translation%2C+and+the+Battle+of+the+Sexes%2C+1476-1557&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780754656081&rft.au=Anne+Elizabeth+Banks+Coldiron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuizinga1924">Huizinga (1924)</a>, p. 30, Pessimism and the ideal of the sublime life</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gillespie, Alexander (2011). <i>A History of the Laws of War</i>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847318404" title="Special:BookSources/9781847318404"><bdi>9781847318404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Laws+of+War&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781847318404&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouch_7-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crouch_7_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crouch_8-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crouch_8_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crouch_8_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2005">Crouch (2005)</a>, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges2005">Hodges (2005)</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges2005">Hodges (2005)</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges2005">Hodges (2005)</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2008">Gravett (2008)</a>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGravett2008">Gravett (2008)</a>, p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkins2010">Wilkins (2010)</a>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHipshon2011" class="citation book cs1">Hipshon, David (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hS47AwAAQBAJ"><i>Richard III and the Death of Chivalry</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6915-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-6915-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III+and+the+Death+of+Chivalry&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6915-7&rft.aulast=Hipshon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhS47AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ulrich, John (1995). "The Re-inscription of Labor in Carlyle's "Past and Present"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Criticism</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 443–468. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-1589">0011-1589</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23116609">23116609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criticism&rft.atitle=The+Re-inscription+of+Labor+in+Carlyle%27s+%22Past+and+Present%22&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=443-468&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23116609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0011-1589&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGailor1893" class="citation journal cs1">Gailor, T.F. 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"John Ruskin". <i>The Sewanee Review</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 491–497. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-3052">0037-3052</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27527781">27527781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sewanee+Review&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-497&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27527781%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0037-3052&rft.aulast=Gailor&rft.aufirst=T.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(speaker)" title="Doug Phillips (speaker)">Phillips, Doug</a> (15 April 2003). "Multi-Generational Manhood". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128005535/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/women_in_the_military/multigenerational_manhood.aspx"><i>The Birkenhead Drill</i></a>. 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Academic Century Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry%3A+A+Gynocentric+Tradition&rft.pub=Academic+Century+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Elam%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1994" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous (1994). <i>The World Book Encyclopedia</i>. World Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-0094-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-0094-3"><bdi>0-7166-0094-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=World+Book&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7166-0094-3&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1994" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1994). <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: K–P</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3783-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3783-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-3783-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+K%E2%80%93P&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3783-7&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrêa_de_Oliveira1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira, Plinio</a> (1993). <i>Nobility and Analogous Traditional Elites in the Allocutions of Pius XII</i>. Hamilton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9310-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-9310-0"><bdi>978-0-8191-9310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobility+and+Analogous+Traditional+Elites+in+the+Allocutions+of+Pius+XII&rft.pub=Hamilton+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-9310-0&rft.aulast=Corr%C3%AAa+de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Plinio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (2005). <i>The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900–1300</i>. Harlow, UK: Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36981-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36981-8"><bdi>978-0-582-36981-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Nobility%3A+Constructing+Aristocracy+in+England+and+France+900%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Harlow%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36981-8&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (2019). <i>The Chivalric Turn: Conduct and Hegemony in Europe before 1300</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878294-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878294-0"><bdi>978-0-19-878294-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chivalric+Turn%3A+Conduct+and+Hegemony+in+Europe+before+1300&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878294-0&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelson2002" class="citation book cs1">Felson, Richard B. (2002). "Violence and gender reexamined". <i>Law and public policy</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. pp. 67–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+gender+reexamined&rft.btitle=Law+and+public+policy&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=67-82&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Felson&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlori1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Flori" title="Jean Flori">Flori, Jean</a> (1998). <i>La Chevalerie</i>. J. P. Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2877473453" title="Special:BookSources/978-2877473453"><bdi>978-2877473453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chevalerie&rft.pub=J.+P.+Gisserot&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2877473453&rft.aulast=Flori&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautier1891" class="citation book cs1">Gautier, Léon (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chivalry01gautgoog"><i>Chivalry</i></a>. translated by Henry Frith. G. Routledge and sons , limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517686355" title="Special:BookSources/9780517686355"><bdi>9780517686355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+and+sons+%2C+limited&rft.date=1891&rft.isbn=9780517686355&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchivalry01gautgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravett2008" class="citation book cs1">Gravett, Christopher (2008). <i>Knight: Noble Warrior of England 1200–1600</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight%3A+Noble+Warrior+of+England+1200%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gravett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoad1993" class="citation book cs1">Hoad, T. F. Hoad (1993). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Etymology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hoad&rft.aufirst=T.+F.+Hoad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2005" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Kenneth (2005). <i>Forging Chivalric Communities in Malory's Le Morte Darthur</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+Chivalric+Communities+in+Malory%27s+Le+Morte+Darthur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizinga1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Huizinga, Johan</a> (1924) [1919]. <a href="/wiki/The_Autumn_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="The Autumn of the Middle Ages"><i>The Autumn of the Middle Ages</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autumn+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Keen, Maurice Hugh</a> (2005). <i>Chivalry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300107678" title="Special:BookSources/9780300107678"><bdi>9780300107678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780300107678&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Maurice+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1978" class="citation book cs1">Manchester, William R. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancaesardo00manc"><i>American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964</i></a></span>. Boston & Toronto: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316544986" title="Special:BookSources/9780316544986"><bdi>9780316544986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Caesar%3A+Douglas+MacArthur+1880%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Boston+%26+Toronto&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780316544986&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancaesardo00manc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakeshott1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Oakeshott" title="Ewart Oakeshott">Oakeshott, R. E.</a> (1980). <i>European Weapons and Armour: from the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Weapons+and+Armour%3A+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Oakeshott&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney1983" class="citation book cs1">Sweeney, James Ross (1983). "Chivalry". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages"><i>Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Vol. III. pp. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap,">&#91, <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears.&#32, (May 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>&#93, </sup>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chivalry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=Category%3AWikipedia+articles+needing+page+number+citations+from+May+2013%3Csup+class%3D%22noprint+Inline-Template+%22+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%2C+%22%3E%26%2391%2C+%3Ci%3EWikipedia%3ACiting+sources%7C%3Cspan+title%3D%22This+citation+requires+a+reference+to+the+specific+page+or+range+of+pages+in+which+the+material+appears.%26%2332%2C+%28May+2013%29%22%3Epage+needed%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%26%2393%2C+%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=James+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1987" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Ruth (1987). <i>Daughters of the Church</i>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45741-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-45741-1"><bdi>978-0-310-45741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daughters+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-310-45741-1&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, Christopher (2010). <i>The Last Knight Errant: Sir Edward Woodville and the Age of Chivalry</i>. London & New York: I. B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Knight+Errant%3A+Sir+Edward+Woodville+and+the+Age+of+Chivalry&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2007" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Michael (2007). <i>Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medievalism%3A+The+Middle+Ages+in+Modern+England&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Alexander rejects the idea that medievalism, a pervasive cultural movement in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was confined to the Victorian period and argues against the suspicion that it was by its nature escapist.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1980" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Richard (1980). <i>The Reign of Chivalry</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Chivalry&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouchard1998" class="citation book cs1">Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1998). <i>Strong of Body, Brave and Noble: Chivalry and Society in Medieval France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8548-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8548-7"><bdi>0-8014-8548-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strong+of+Body%2C+Brave+and+Noble%3A+Chivalry+and+Society+in+Medieval+France&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8014-8548-7&rft.aulast=Bouchard&rft.aufirst=Constance+Brittain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (2019). <i>The Chivalric Turn: Conduct and Hegemony in Europe before 1300</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chivalric+Turn%3A+Conduct+and+Hegemony+in+Europe+before+1300&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Alex (2004). <i>Chivalry and Romance in the English Renaissance</i>. Woodcock, Matthew.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+Romance+in+the+English+Renaissance&rft.pub=Woodcock%2C+Matthew.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Charny2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny" title="Geoffroi de Charny">de Charny, Geoffroi</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Kaeuper" title="Richard W. Kaeuper">Kaeuper, Richard W.</a> (ed.). <i>A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry</i>. The Middle Ages Series. Translated by Kennedy, Elspeth. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Knight%27s+Own+Book+of+Chivalry&rft.series=The+Middle+Ages+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=de+Charny&rft.aufirst=Geoffroi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Celebrated treatise on knighthood by Geoffroi de Charny (1304?–56), considered by his contemporaries the quintessential knight of his age. He was killed during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirouard1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Girouard" title="Mark Girouard">Girouard, Mark</a> (1981). <i>The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+to+Camelot%3A+Chivalry+and+the+English+Gentleman&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Girouard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesCoss2019" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Robert W.; Coss, Peter, eds. (2019). <i>A Companion to Chivalry</i>. Boydell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Chivalry&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaeuper1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Kaeuper" title="Richard W. Kaeuper">Kaeuper, Richard W.</a> (1999). <i>Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+Violence+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kaeuper&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaeuper2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Kaeuper" title="Richard W. Kaeuper">Kaeuper, Richard W.</a> (2009). <i>Holy Warriors: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry</i>. The Middle Ages Series. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Warriors%3A+The+Religious+Ideology+of+Chivalry&rft.series=The+Middle+Ages+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kaeuper&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Argues that knights proclaimed the validity of their bloody profession by selectively appropriating religious ideals.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Keen, Maurice</a> (1984). <i>Chivalry</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03150-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03150-5"><bdi>0-300-03150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-300-03150-5&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2011" class="citation book cs1">Saul, Nigel (2011). <i>Chivalry in Medieval England</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+in+Medieval+England&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Explores chivalry's role in English history from the Norman Conquest to Henry VII's victory at Bosworth in the War of the Roses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chivalry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chivalry" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Chivalry">Chivalry</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03tt7kn">"Chivalry"</a>. <i>BBC In Our Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+In+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Chivalry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb03tt7kn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Laura Ashe (University of Oxford), Miri Rubin (University of London), and Matthew Strickland (University of Glasgow), interviewed by Melvin Bragg. Includes bibliography for further reading. Downloadable podcast available.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeller1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moeller_(historian)" title="Charles Moeller (historian)">Moeller, Charles</a> (1908). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Chivalry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Chivalry">"Chivalry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chivalry&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082230/chivalry">"chivalry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chivalry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9082230%2Fchivalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Today's on-line version.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Chivalry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Chivalry">"Chivalry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chivalry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson" class="citation web cs1">Lawson, Rich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shadowedrealm.com/medieval-articles/exclusive/chivalry_king_edward_iii_reign">"Chivalry during the Reign of Edward III"</a>. <i>Shadowed Realm</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shadowed+Realm&rft.atitle=Chivalry+during+the+Reign+of+Edward+III&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shadowedrealm.com%2Fmedieval-articles%2Fexclusive%2Fchivalry_king_edward_iii_reign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208201424/http://medieval-life.net/chivalry.htm">"Medieval Chivalry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval-life.net/chivalry.htm">the original</a> on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chivalry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval-life.net%2Fchivalry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/135959">"The Art of Chivalry: European arms and armor from the Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Chivalry%3A+European+arms+and+armor+from+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F135959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChivalry" class="Z3988"></span> Issued in connection with a 1982 exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conferee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">Founts of honour</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_decoration" title="State decoration">States</a> <ul><li>and their national/public/official authorities</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynasties</a> <ul><li>heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_award" title="Ecclesiastical award">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organisations</a></li> <li>Commercial</li> <li><small>(<a href="/wiki/Self-styled_order" title="Self-styled order">Self-styled order</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">Order of chivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_order_of_chivalry" title="Colonial order of chivalry">Colonial order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Order of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family_order" title="Royal family order">Royal family order</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">Titles</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_function" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">Assessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(order)" title="Bailiff (order)">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain#Other" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">Master of ceremonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(order)" title="Commander (order)">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry#Typical_insignia_and_ranks" title="Order of chivalry">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">Page</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter#Order_charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandery" title="Commandery">Commandery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Others,<br />by field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Military</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">List of highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_medal" title="Campaign medal">Campaign medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_awards_and_honors" title="List of law enforcement awards and honors">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_awards_and_decorations" title="Civil awards and decorations">Civilian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_society" title="List of awards for contributions to society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intellectual_freedom_awards" title="List of intellectual freedom awards">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_awards" title="List of legal awards">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_and_service_awards" title="List of humanitarian and service awards">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politics_awards" title="List of politics awards">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volunteer_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volunteer awards">Volunteer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_culture" title="List of awards for contributions to culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_awards" title="List of architecture awards">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_art_awards" title="Lists of art awards">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_awards" title="List of film awards">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_awards" title="List of history awards">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophy_awards" title="List of philosophy awards">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_awards" title="List of theatre awards">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards" title="Lists of science and technology awards">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religion-related_awards" title="List of religion-related awards">Religion-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_decoration" title="Ecclesiastical decoration">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_awards" title="List of sport awards">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_awards_in_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest awards in Scouting">Scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">Beauty</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people" title="List of awards named after people">Named after <br />people</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For wearing<br /><i>(decorations)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(order)" title="Collar (order)">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necklet" title="Necklet">Necklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Medal bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_ribbon" title="Medal ribbon">Medal ribbon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(decoration)" title="Rosette (decoration)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_pin" title="Award pin">Award pin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">Badge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">Pilgrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">Epaulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-back_button" title="Pin-back button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_button" title="Campaign button">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_lapel_button_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Service lapel button (disambiguation)">Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">Shoulder mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prize" title="Prize">Prizes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">Trophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_trophy" title="War trophy">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">Plaquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(award)" title="Rosette (award)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">Money</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the Nobel of a field</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="89" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/80px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/120px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/160px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies <br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vigil#Medieval_knights" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_fee" title="Passage fee">Passage fee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_day" title="Collar day">Collar day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Fraternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">Honor society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_and_lineage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary and lineage organizations">Hereditary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry" title="International Commission for Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_flag" title="Service flag">Service flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Battle honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_streamer" title="Campaign streamer">Campaign streamer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_medal" title="Devotional medal">Devotional medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">Awareness ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Code of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_honor" title="Code of honor">Code of honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><small>* = Direct or indirect reference to <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> is the accepted criterion for official distinctions</small></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Category:Orders, decorations, and medals">Category:Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals">Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Awards" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards">Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Middle_Ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Middle_Ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">European Middle Ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">Decline of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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