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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistoric origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gallic era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallo-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallo-Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gallo-Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallo-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_of_the_Britons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_of_the_Britons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Immigration of the Britons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_of_the_Britons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Romano-Britons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romano-Britons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>The Romano-Britons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romano-Britons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riothamus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riothamus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Riothamus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riothamus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_waves_of_Britons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_waves_of_Britons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Additional waves of Britons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_waves_of_Britons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Brittany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kingdom_of_Brittany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>The Kingdom of Brittany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kingdom_of_Brittany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Viking occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Brittany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Brittany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Duchy of Brittany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Brittany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norman_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Norman allies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Internal disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_the_French_Crown_and_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_the_French_Crown_and_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Union with the French Crown and modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_the_French_Crown_and_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_centralisation_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_centralisation_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>The centralisation problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_centralisation_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breton_exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breton_exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Breton exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breton_exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_French_Revolution_of_1789_–_Division_of_Brittany_into_five_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_French_Revolution_of_1789_–_Division_of_Brittany_into_five_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The French Revolution of 1789 – Division of Brittany into five departments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Revolution_of_1789_–_Division_of_Brittany_into_five_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Traditional subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Capital cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Present subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_tendencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_tendencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Political tendencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_tendencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography and natural history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and natural history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_of_humiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_of_humiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Language of humiliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_of_humiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Institutes_of_Learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Institutes_of_Learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other Institutes of Learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Institutes_of_Learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Regional identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Regional languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Breton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Gallo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Fine arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Legends and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brittany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiese_Bretagne" title="Historiese Bretagne – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Historiese Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%9D" title="ብረታኝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብረታኝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydwic" title="Lydwic – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lydwic" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7)" title="برطانية (فرنسا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برطانية (فرنسا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanya_(rechi%C3%B3n_historica)" title="Bretanya (rechión historica) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bretanya (rechión historica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C3%B1a_(rex%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Bretaña (rexón histórica) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bretaña (rexón histórica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretan_b%C3%B6lg%C9%99si" title="Bretan bölgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bretan bölgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برتانی اوستانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برتانی اوستانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ব্রতাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রতাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Брэтанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брэтанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бретан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бретан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breizh" title="Breizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Breizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanya" title="Bretanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Бретань – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бретань" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C5%88" title="Bretaň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bretaň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llydaw" title="Llydaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llydaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Βρετάνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετάνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C3%B1a_(regi%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Bretaña (región histórica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bretaña (región histórica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonio" title="Bretonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bretonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretainia" title="Bretainia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bretainia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="برتانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برتانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanje" title="Bretanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bretanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhriot%C3%A1in" title="An Bhriotáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhriotáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vritaan_(%C3%A7heer)" title="Yn Vritaan (çheer) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vritaan (çheer)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Bhreatainn_Bheag" title="A' Bhreatainn Bheag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Bhreatainn Bheag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C3%B1a_(rexi%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Bretaña (rexión histórica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bretaña (rexión histórica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Pan-t%C3%B3" title="Brittany Pan-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Brittany Pan-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EB%89%B4%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="브르타뉴반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브르타뉴반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6)" title="Բրետան (պատմական մարզ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրետան (պատմական մարզ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ब्रतान्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रतान्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanja" title="Bretanja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanja" title="Bretanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonia" title="Bretonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bretonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonia" title="Bretonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bretonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Britannia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagna" title="Bretagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bretagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99)" title="ברטאן (אזור היסטורי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברטאן (אזור היסטורי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanya" title="Bretanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94)" title="ბრეტანი (ისტორიული მხარე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრეტანი (ისტორიული მხარე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretani%C3%B4" title="Bretaniô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bretaniô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breten_Vian" title="Breten Vian – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Breten Vian" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Бретань – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бретань" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretania" title="Bretania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bretania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Minor" title="Britannia Minor – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Britannia Minor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C5%86a_(v%C4%93sturisks_re%C4%A3ions)" title="Bretaņa (vēsturisks reģions) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bretaņa (vēsturisks reģions)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretan%C4%97" title="Bretanė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bretanė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bres" title="Bres – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bres" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Бретања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бретања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ബ്രിറ്റനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രിറ്റനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Brittany" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ბრეტანი (ისტორიული აკანი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრეტანი (ისტორიული აკანი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بروتاین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بروتاین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brittany" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritani" title="Baritani – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baritani" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne_(schiereiland)" title="Bretagne (schiereiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bretagne (schiereiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanie" title="Bretanie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bretanie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5" title="ブルターニュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルターニュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="БгӀетань – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="БгӀетань" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne_(historisk_region)" title="Bretagne (historisk region) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bretagne (historisk region)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanha_(istorica)" title="Bretanha (istorica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bretanha (istorica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretan_(tarixiy_viloyat)" title="Bretan (tarixiy viloyat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bretan (tarixiy viloyat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بريټاني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بريټاني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertanne" title="Bertanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bertanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretania" title="Bretania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bretania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanha_(regi%C3%A3o_hist%C3%B3rica)" title="Bretanha (região histórica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bretanha (região histórica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peret%C4%81ne_Iti" title="Peretāne Iti – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Peretāne Iti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Бретань (историческая область) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бретань (историческая область)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagna_(regione_ist%C3%B2rica)" title="Bretagna (regione istòrica) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bretagna (regione istòrica)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetany" title="Breetany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanja" title="Bretanja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brittany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanja_(zgodovinska_pokrajina)" title="Bretanja (zgodovinska pokrajina) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bretanja (zgodovinska pokrajina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Бретања (историјска провинција) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бретања (историјска провинција)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanja" title="Bretanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretanya" title="Bretanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரித்தானி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" title="Bretagne – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D" title="แคว้นเบรอตาญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคว้นเบรอตาญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonya" title="Bretonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bretonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Бретань (історична область) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бретань (історична область)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بریتانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بریتانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Bretagne" title="Công quốc Bretagne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtaegne" title="Burtaegne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Burtaegne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC" title="布列塔尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布列塔尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%A6%AE%E6%96%AF" title="布禮斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布禮斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretonya" title="Bretonya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bretonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="布列塔尼半岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布列塔尼半岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brittany&params=48_00_N_3_00_W_region:FR_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.000°N 3.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.000; -3.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cultural area in northwestern France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the cultural region in the northwest of France. For the current French administrative region, see <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany (administrative region)</a>. For the given name, see <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(name)" title="Brittany (name)">Brittany (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brittany (disambiguation)">Brittany (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical province in France</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brittany</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bretagne</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>)</span><br /><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Bertaèyn/Bertègn</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA,_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg/250px-Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg/375px-Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg/500px-Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brittany_(Gwenn_ha_du).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brittany"><img alt="Flag of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brittany_%28Gwenn_ha_du%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany" title="Flag of Brittany">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonBretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brittany"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/75px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/113px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/BlasonBretagne.svg/150px-BlasonBretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="598" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">None (<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>)<br /><i>Historical:</i> <i>Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret</i><br /><i>Rather death than dishonour</i> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Bro_Gozh_ma_Zado%C3%B9" title="Bro Gozh ma Zadoù">Bro Gozh ma Zadoù</a>"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Hen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Hen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Hen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg/Hen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=an&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="an" label="aragonés ‪(an)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="br" label="brezhoneg ‪(br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=kw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kw" label="kernowek ‪(kw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHen_Wlad_fy_Nhadau_piano.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Brittany"><img alt="Location of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/250px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/375px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/500px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brittany&params=48_00_N_3_00_W_region:FR_type:adm1st_source:kolossus-cawiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.000°N 3.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.000; -3.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lannion" title="Lannion">Lannion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,023 km<sup>2</sup> (13,136 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,829,968</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (CET)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (CEST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">FR-E</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Breton (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Breizhad" class="extiw" title="wikt:Breizhad">Breizhad</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a> (<i>Breizhiz</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> (<i>Brezhoneg</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Brittany (<i>Breizh</i>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brittany</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BRIT</span>-ən-ee</i></a>; French: <i lang="fr">Bretagne</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁətaɲ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1b\/Fr-Bretagne.ogg\/Fr-Bretagne.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Bretagne.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Fr-Bretagne.ogg/Fr-Bretagne.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Bretagne.ogg" title="File:Fr-Bretagne.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">Breizh</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[bʁɛjs,<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁɛx]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Brittany#Dubious" title="Talk:Brittany">discuss</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>: <i>Bertaèyn</i> or <i>Bertègn</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-GALLO-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bəʁtaɛɲ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical country">historical country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a> in the north-west of modern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, covering the western part of what was known as <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>. It became an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">independent kingdom</a> and then a <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">duchy</a> before being <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brittany_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Brittany and France">united</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> in 1532 as a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">province</a> governed as a separate nation under the crown. Brittany is the traditional homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton people</a> and is one of the six <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Celtic_League_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Celtic_League-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Us.franceguide.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Us.franceguide.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Celtic_connection_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Celtic_connection-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retaining <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">a distinct cultural identity</a> that reflects <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">its history</a>. </p><p>Brittany has also been referred to as Little Britain (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, with which it shares an etymology).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> to the northeast, eastern <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> to the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west. Its land area is 34,023 km<sup>2</sup> <span class="nowrap">(13,136 sq mi)</span>. </p><p>Brittany is the site of some of the world's oldest standing architecture, home to the <a href="/wiki/Cairn_of_Barnenez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairn of Barnenez">Cairn of Barnenez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumulus Saint-Michel">Tumulus Saint-Michel</a> and others, which date to the early 5th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Michel_tumulus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saint-Michel_tumulus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the historical province of Brittany is split among five French departments: <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> in the southeast. <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> now belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region while the other four departments make up the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany region</a>. </p><p>At the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. In 2017, the largest metropolitan areas were <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> (934,165 inhabitants), <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (733,320 inhabitants), and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> (321,364 inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brittany is the traditional homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton people</a> and is one of the six <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Celtic_League_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Celtic_League-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Us.franceguide.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Us.franceguide.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Celtic_connection_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Celtic_connection-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retaining <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">a distinct cultural identity</a> that reflects <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">its history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">A nationalist movement</a> seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic, or independence from it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification of Brittany</a> is supported by half of the inhabitants of Brittany and of Loire-Atlantique, and is considered a prerequisite to further autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Brittany</i>, along with its <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> equivalents <i>Bretagne</i>, <i>Breizh</i> and <i>Bertaèyn</i>, derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i>, which means "land of the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(Celtic_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (Celtic people)">Britons</a>". This word had been used by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain, and more specifically the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Britain">Roman province of Britain</a>. This word derives from a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> word, Πρεττανική (Prettanikḗ) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaníai), used by <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a>, an explorer from <a href="/wiki/Massalia" title="Massalia">Massalia</a> who visited the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> around 320 BC. The Greek word itself comes from the common Brythonic ethnonym reconstructed as <i>*Pritanī</i>, itself from Proto-Celtic <i>*kʷritanoi</i> (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/k%CA%B7er-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷer-"><i>*kʷer-</i></a> 'to cut, make'). </p><p>In Roman times, <i><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a></i> included what is now Brittany. This was an indefinite region that extended along the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> coast from the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> estuary, then along the Atlantic coast to the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> estuary and, according to several sources, maybe to the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> estuary. This term probably comes from a <a href="/wiki/Gallic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic language">Gallic</a> word, <i>aremorica</i>, which means "close to the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name, <i>Letauia</i> (in English "<a href="/wiki/Litavis" title="Litavis">Litavis</a>"), was used until the 12th century. It possibly means "wide and flat" or "to expand" and it gave the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> name for Brittany: <i>Llydaw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> Britons settled in western Armorica to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">escape the Saxons</a> and the region started to be called <i>Britannia</i>, although this name only replaced <i>Armorica</i> in the sixth century or perhaps by the end of the fifth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breton-speaking people may pronounce the word <i>Breizh</i> in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two main dialects: the <i>KLT</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cornouaille" title="Cornouaille">Kerne</a>-Leon-<a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gor" title="Trégor">Trégor</a>) and the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>. KLT speakers pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[brɛjs]</a></span> and would write it <i>Breiz</i>, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[brɛχ]</a></span> and would write it <i>Breih</i>. The official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a <i>z</i> and an <i>h</i> together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called <i>Breton zh</i>, a standard which has never been widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its side, Gallo has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written <i>Bertaèyn</i> in <i>ELG</i> script, or <i>Bertègn</i> in <i>MOGA</i>, and a couple of other scripts also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_origins">Prehistoric origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistoric origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4735.1099_Menhire,bis_zu_4_Meter_hoch,von_OstnachWest_in_1167_Meter_Langen_Alignements(Granit-Steinreihen)_in_einem_Halbkreis_endend_Le_M%C3%A9nec,Carnac_,Departement_Morbihan,Bretagne_Steffen_Heilfort.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/4735.1099_Menhire%2Cbis_zu_4_Meter_hoch%2Cvon_OstnachWest_in_1167_Meter_Langen_Alignements%28Granit-Steinreihen%29_in_einem_Halbkreis_endend_Le_M%C3%A9nec%2CCarnac_%2CDepartement_Morbihan%2CBretagne_Steffen_Heilfort.JPG/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/4735.1099_Menhire%2Cbis_zu_4_Meter_hoch%2Cvon_OstnachWest_in_1167_Meter_Langen_Alignements%28Granit-Steinreihen%29_in_einem_Halbkreis_endend_Le_M%C3%A9nec%2CCarnac_%2CDepartement_Morbihan%2CBretagne_Steffen_Heilfort.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/4735.1099_Menhire%2Cbis_zu_4_Meter_hoch%2Cvon_OstnachWest_in_1167_Meter_Langen_Alignements%28Granit-Steinreihen%29_in_einem_Halbkreis_endend_Le_M%C3%A9nec%2CCarnac_%2CDepartement_Morbihan%2CBretagne_Steffen_Heilfort.JPG/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Palaeolithic">Lower Palaeolithic</a>. This population was scarce and very similar to the other <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> found in the whole of Western Europe. Their only original feature was a distinct culture, called "Colombanian".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearths</a> in the world has been found in <a href="/wiki/Plouhinec,_Finist%C3%A8re" title="Plouhinec, Finistère">Plouhinec, Finistère</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> settled in Brittany around 35,000 years ago. They replaced or absorbed the Neanderthals and developed local <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological industry">industries</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2telperronian" title="Châtelperronian">Châtelperronian</a> or to the <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, the warmer climate allowed the area to become heavily wooded. At that time, Brittany was populated by relatively large communities who started to change their lifestyles from a life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers. Agriculture was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a> by migrants from the south and east. However, the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> in Brittany did not happen due to a radical change of population, but by slow immigration and exchange of skills.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neolithic Brittany is characterised by important <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">megalithic production</a> and sites such as <a href="/wiki/Quelf%C3%A9nnec" title="Quelfénnec">Quelfénnec</a>, it is sometimes designated as the "core area" of megalithic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest monuments, <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>, were followed by princely tombs and <a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">stone rows</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i>, on the southern coast, comprises a large share of these structures, including the <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a> and the Broken Menhir of Er Grah in the <a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths" title="Locmariaquer megaliths">Locmariaquer megaliths</a>, the largest single stone erected by Neolithic people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_era">Gallic era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallic era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg/220px-Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg/330px-Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg/440px-Celtic_Tribes_in_Brittany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The five Gallic tribes of Brittany</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">protohistorical period</a>, Brittany was inhabited by five Celtic tribes:<sup id="cite_ref-VenceslasKruta_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenceslasKruta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Curiosolitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosolitae">Curiosolitae</a>, who lived around the present town of <a href="/wiki/Corseul" title="Corseul">Corseul</a>. Their territory encompassed parts of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>, Ille-et-Vilaine and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a></i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Namnetes" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a>, who lived in the current <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> (in today's administrative <i>région</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a>), north of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. They gave their name to the city of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. The south bank of the river was occupied by an allied tribe, the Ambilatres,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose existence and territory remain unsure.<sup id="cite_ref-VenceslasKruta_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenceslasKruta-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a>, who lived in the western part of Brittany. Their territory comprised the <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> and the western extremity of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a> (or <i>Rhedones</i>), who lived in the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i>. They gave their name to the city of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> (<i>Roazhon</i> in Breton language, in the center of the département) and to the town of <a href="/wiki/Redon" class="mw-redirect" title="Redon">Redon</a> (in the south of the <i>département</i>, bordering the <i>département</i> of <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> in the administrative <i>région</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a>, where its suburb town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-de-Redon" title="Saint-Nicolas-de-Redon">Saint-Nicolas-de-Redon</a> is located; however the city of Redon was founded around AD 832 under the initial name of <i>Riedones</i>, long after the <i>Redones</i> people were assimilated to Bretons; the cultural link between <i>Riedones</i> and the former <i>Redones</i> people is highly probable but difficult to recover and the name of <i>Riedones</i> may have been written from a local usage preserving the name of the former people in the vernacular oral language from a reading of an ancient Greek orthography).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a>, who lived in the present <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> and gave their name to the city of <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>. Despite confusion by the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, they were unrelated to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Adriatic Veneti</a>.</li></ul> <p>Those people had strong economic ties to the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a>, especially for the <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> trade <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Several tribes also belonged to an "Armorican <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>" which, according to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, gathered the <a href="/wiki/Curiosolitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosolitae">Curiosolitae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Redones" title="Redones">Redones</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Osismii" title="Osismii">Osismii</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Unelli">Unelli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caletes" title="Caletes">Caletes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lemovices" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a> and the Ambibarii.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Unelli, Caletes, and Lemovices were respectively located in <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a> (Lower-Normandy), <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Caux" title="Pays de Caux">pays de Caux</a> (Upper-Normandy), and <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a> (Aquitaine); the location of the Ambibarii is unknown. The Caletes are sometimes also considered Belgians, and <i>Lemovices</i> is probably a mistake for <i><a href="/wiki/Lexovii" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a></i> (Lower-Normandy).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallo-Roman_era">Gallo-Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallo-Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg/150px-Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg/225px-Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg/300px-Corseul_-_Temple_de_Mars_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>The temple of Mars in <a href="/wiki/Corseul" title="Corseul">Corseul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a> were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Battle of Morbihan</a> off the coast of Brittany. At the conclusion of the Gallic Wars, the region became part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 51 BC. It was included in the province of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a> in 13 BC. Gallic towns and villages were redeveloped according to Roman standards, and several cities were created. These cities are Condate (<a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>), Vorgium (<a href="/wiki/Carhaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a>), Darioritum (<a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>) and Condevincum or Condevicnum (<a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>). Together with Fanum Martis (<a href="/wiki/Corseul" title="Corseul">Corseul</a>), they were the capitals of the local <a href="/wiki/Civitates" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a>. They all had a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a>, and sometimes a temple, a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">thermae</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueduct</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Carhaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a>. </p><p>The Romans also built three major roads through the region. However, most of the population remained rural. The free peasants lived in small huts, whereas the landowners and their employees lived in proper <a href="/wiki/Villae_rusticae" class="mw-redirect" title="Villae rusticae">villae rusticae</a>. The Gallic deities continued to be worshiped, and were often assimilated to the Roman gods. Only a small number of statues depicting Roman gods were found in Brittany, and most of the time they combine Celtic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 3rd century AD, the region was attacked several times by <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and pirates. At the same time, the local economy collapsed and many farming estates were abandoned. To face the invasions, many towns and cities were fortified, like <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This area was also affected by the <a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a> (also spelled bacaudae) during this period, which were groups of peasant insurgents. The Bagaudae achieved some temporary and scattered successes under the leadership of peasants as well as former members of local ruling elites. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Pays_bretons_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/France_Pays_bretons_map.svg/300px-France_Pays_bretons_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/France_Pays_bretons_map.svg/450px-France_Pays_bretons_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/France_Pays_bretons_map.svg/600px-France_Pays_bretons_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> map of the traditional regions of Brittany in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Ancien Régime France</a>. The earlier state of <a href="/wiki/Domnonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnonia">Domnonia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> that united Brittany comprised the counties along the north coast</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_of_the_Britons">Immigration of the Britons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Immigration of the Britons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toward the end of the 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Peninsula" title="South West Peninsula">South-Western peninsula of Great Britain</a> began to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why the Breton language is more closely related to recorded Cornish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Romano-Britons">The Romano-Britons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Romano-Britons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history behind such an establishment is unclear, but medieval Breton, Angevin and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a>. Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica on the orders of the Roman usurper <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sent some of his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica. This account was supported by the Counts of Anjou, who claimed descent from a Roman soldier<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expelled from Lower Brittany by Conan on Magnus's orders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains">Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of the Catalaunian Plains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The army recruited for <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a> to combat <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila the Hun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains" title="Battle of the Catalaunian Plains">Battle of the Catalaunian Plains</a> included Romans, Visigoths, Franks, Alans and Armoricans, amongst others. The Alans were placed front and centre, opposite the Huns. The Armoricans supplied archers who attacked the Huns' front lines during the main battle and thwarted Attila's night assault on the Roman camp with a hail of arrows "like rain". After the battle was won, Aetius sent the Alans to Armorica and Galicia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riothamus">Riothamus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Riothamus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The late 5th century Brittonic leader <a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a> received correspondence from the eminent Roman jurist <a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a> and was called "King of the Britons" by <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>. Some suggest that he was a Breton, though others believe that he was from Britain, pointing to the passage that he arrived in the land of the Biturges "by way of Ocean", which would hardly have been efficient or required for a Breton. Both historians describe Riothamus's losing battle against King <a href="/wiki/Euric" title="Euric">Euric</a> of the Visigoths at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9ols" title="Déols">Déols</a> around the year 470. </p><p>In response to a plea from the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a>, Riothamus had led twelve thousand men to establish a military presence in <a href="/wiki/Bourges" title="Bourges">Bourges</a> in central Gaul, but was betrayed by <a href="/wiki/Arvandus" title="Arvandus">Arvandus</a>, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, and subsequently ambushed by Euric's army.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a long battle, the Armorican survivors escaped to <a href="/wiki/Avallon" title="Avallon">Avallon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, after which they are lost to history. According to Breton king-lists, Riotham survived and reigned as Prince of <a href="/wiki/Domnonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domnonia">Domnonia</a> until his death sometime between 500 and 520, though this may have been a different person. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_waves_of_Britons">Additional waves of Britons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional waves of Britons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Brythonic (British Celtic) settlement increased during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries to seek refuge from the Anglo-Saxon invaders. It is from this event that Brittany derives its name.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britonia6hcentury.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/250px-Britonia6hcentury.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/330px-Britonia6hcentury.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Britonia6hcentury.png/500px-Britonia6hcentury.png 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> community around the 6th century. The sea was a communication medium rather than a barrier.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fleuriot" title="Léon Fleuriot">Léon Fleuriot</a> have suggested a two-wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brythonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> in Armorica.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">petty kingdoms</a> are now known by the names of the counties that succeeded them—<a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> (<a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cornouaille" title="Cornouaille">Cornouaille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>), <a href="/wiki/Viscounty_of_L%C3%A9on" title="Viscounty of Léon">Léon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a>); but these names in Breton and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> are in most cases identical to their British homelands. (In Breton and French, however, <a href="/wiki/Gwened_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwened (kingdom)">Gwened</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pays_Vannetais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays Vannetais">Vannetais</a> continued the name of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Veneti_(Gauls)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneti (Gauls)">Veneti</a>.) Although the details remain confused, these colonies consisted of related and intermarried dynasties which repeatedly unified (as by the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Saint_Judica%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Judicaël">Saint Judicaël</a>) before splintering again according to Celtic inheritance practices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Kingdom_of_Brittany">The Kingdom of Brittany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Kingdom of Brittany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Kingdom of Brittany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nominoe_triumphant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nominoe_triumphant.jpg/170px-Nominoe_triumphant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nominoe_triumphant.jpg/255px-Nominoe_triumphant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Nominoe_triumphant.jpg/340px-Nominoe_triumphant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1331" /></a><figcaption>A 1922 nationalist engraving of <a href="/wiki/Nominoe" title="Nominoe">Nominoe</a>, first king of Brittany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg/250px-Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg/330px-Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg/500px-Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien" title="Battle of La Roche-Derrien">Battle of Ar Roc'h-Derrien</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the medieval era, Brittany was divided among three kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornouaille" title="Cornouaille">Cornouaille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bro%C3%ABrec" class="mw-redirect" title="Broërec">Broërec</a>. These realms eventually merged into a single state during the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unification of Brittany was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Nominoe" title="Nominoe">Nominoe</a>, king between 845 and 851 and considered as the Breton <i><a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the immigrant Britons, there were some clergymen who helped the <a href="/wiki/Evangelisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelisation">evangelisation</a> of the region, which was still pagan, particularly in rural areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His son <a href="/wiki/Erispoe" title="Erispoe">Erispoe</a> secured the independence of the new kingdom of Brittany and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jengland" title="Battle of Jengland">Battle of Jengland</a> against <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>. The Bretons won another war in 867, and the kingdom reached then its maximum extent: It received parts of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine (province of France)">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viking_occupation">Viking occupation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Viking occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brittany was heavily attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> at the beginning of the 10th century. The kingdom lost its eastern territories, including <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>, and the county of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> was given to <a href="/wiki/Fulk_I_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulk I of Anjou">Fulk I of Anjou</a> in 909. Nantes was seized by the Vikings in 914. At this time Brittany was also called Lydwiccum.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duchy_of_Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Duchy of Brittany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a></div> <p>Nantes was eventually liberated by <a href="/wiki/Alan_II_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan II of Brittany">Alan II of Brittany</a> in 937 with the support of his godbrother King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> of England. </p><p>Alan II totally expelled the Vikings from Brittany and recreated a strong Breton state. For aiding in removing the problem, Alan paid homage to <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV of France</a> (who was Æthelstan's nephew and had returned from England in the same year as Alan II) and thus Brittany ceased to be a kingdom and became a duchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norman_allies">Norman allies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Norman allies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Breton lords helped <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> to invade England and the Bretons formed over a third of the landing force in 1066. They received large estates there (e.g. William's double-second cousin <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</a> and the latter's brother <a href="/wiki/Brian_of_Brittany" title="Brian of Brittany">Brian of Brittany</a>). The Bretons helped to liberate the Cornish, replacing Anglo-Saxon land owners. Some of these lords were powerful rivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_disputes">Internal disputes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Internal disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval Brittany was far from being a united nation. The French king maintained envoys in Brittany, alliances contracted by local lords often overlapped and there was no specific Breton unity. For example, Brittany replaced <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> with French as its official language in the 13th century, 300 years before France did so, and the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> did not have formal status. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> of the Duchy changed many times; the Dukes were usually independent, but they often contracted alliances with England or France depending on who was threatening them at that point. Their support for each nation became very important during the 14th century because the English kings had started to claim the French throne. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton War of Succession">Breton War of Succession</a>, a local episode of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, saw the House of <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, backed by the French, fighting with the House of <a href="/wiki/Montfort_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort of Brittany">Montfort</a>, backed by the English. The Montforts won in 1364 and enjoyed a period of total independence until the end of the Hundred Years' War, because France was weakened and stopped sending royal envoys to the Court of Brittany. </p><p>English diplomatic failures led to the Breton cavalry commanders Arthur, Comte de Richemont (later to become <a href="/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur III, Duke of Brittany">Arthur III, Duke of Brittany</a>) and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter II, Duke of Brittany">Peter II, Duke of Brittany</a> playing key roles on the French side during the deciding stages of the war (including the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Patay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Formigny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Castillon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Arras_(1435)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Arras (1435)">Treaty of Arras</a>). </p><p>Brittany importantly lost the <a href="/wiki/Mad_War" title="Mad War">Mad War</a> against France in 1488, mostly because of its internal divisions that were exacerbated by the corruption at the court of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>. Indeed, some rebel Breton lords were fighting on the French side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_the_French_Crown_and_modern_period">Union with the French Crown and modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Union with the French Crown and modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brittany_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Brittany and France">Union of Brittany and France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_de_bretagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anne_de_bretagne.jpg/250px-Anne_de_bretagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anne_de_bretagne.jpg/330px-Anne_de_bretagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Anne_de_bretagne.jpg/500px-Anne_de_bretagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a> is regarded in Brittany as a conscientious ruler who defended the duchy against France.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Mad_War" title="Mad War">Mad War</a>, the Duke <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis II of Brittany">Francis II</a> could not have his daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne</a> married without the king of France's consent. Nonetheless, she married the <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in 1490, leading to a crisis with France. <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and had the marriage cancelled. He eventually married <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a>. After he died childless, the duchess had to marry his heir and cousin <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a>. Anne unsuccessfully tried to preserve Breton independence, but she died in 1514, and the union between the two crowns was formally carried out by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> in 1532. He granted several privileges to Brittany, such as exemption from the <a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a>, a tax on salt that was very unpopular in France.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, Brittany and France were governed as separate countries but under the same crown, so Breton aristocrats in the French <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a> were classed as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Princes_%C3%A9trangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes étrangers">Princes étrangers</a></i></span> (foreign princes). </p><p>From the 15th to the 18th century, Brittany reached an economic golden age.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was located on the seaways near Spain, England and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and it greatly benefited from the creation of a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>. Local seaports like <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> quickly expanded, and <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, first spelled "L'Orient", was founded in the 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> then was known for its <a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">corsairs</a>, Brest was a major base for the French Navy and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> flourished with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>. On its side, the inland provided <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> ropes and canvas and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> sheets. However, <a href="/wiki/Colbertism" title="Colbertism">Colbertism</a>, which encouraged the creation of many factories, did not favour the Breton industry because most of the royal factories were opened in other provinces. Moreover, several conflicts between France and England led the latter to restrain its trade, and the Breton economy went into recession during the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_centralisation_problem">The centralisation problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The centralisation problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two significant revolts occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries: the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a> (1675) and the <a href="/wiki/Pontcallec_conspiracy" title="Pontcallec conspiracy">Pontcallec conspiracy</a> (1719). Both arose from attempts to resist centralisation and assert Breton constitutional exceptions to tax.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breton_exodus">Breton exodus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Breton exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Bretons crossed the Atlantic to support the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included many sailors such as <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Kersaint" title="Armand de Kersaint">Armand de Kersaint</a> and soldiers such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Armand_Tuffin,_marquis_de_la_Rou%C3%ABrie" title="Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie">Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Revolution_of_1789_–_Division_of_Brittany_into_five_departments"><span id="The_French_Revolution_of_1789_.E2.80.93_Division_of_Brittany_into_five_departments"></span>The French Revolution of 1789 – Division of Brittany into five departments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The French Revolution of 1789 – Division of Brittany into five departments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg/350px-Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg/525px-Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg/700px-Bretagne_-_Brittany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Province of Brittany (1789) – showing internal borders of five new departments: Côtes-du-Nord (now <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, Loire-Inférieure (now <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy was legally abolished with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> that began in 1789 – and in 1790 the province of Brittany was divided into five <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a>: Côtes-du-Nord (later <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, Loire-Inférieure (later <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>. Brittany essentially lost all its special privileges that existed under the Duchy. Three years later, the area became a centre of <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> and Catholic resistance to the Revolution during the <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a>. </p><p> During the 19th century, Brittany remained in economic recession, and many Bretons emigrated to other French regions, particularly to Paris. This trend remained strong until the beginning of the 20th century. Nonetheless, the region was also modernising, with new roads and railways being built, and some places being industrialised. <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> specialised in <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> and food processing (sugar, exotic fruits and vegetables, fish, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a> in glass and shoe production, and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> was practised in small towns such as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inzinzac-Lochrist" title="Inzinzac-Lochrist">Lochrist</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movements</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/250px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/330px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg/500px-R%C3%A9volte_Fouesnant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>The mutineers of <a href="/wiki/Fouesnant" title="Fouesnant">Fouesnant</a> arrested by the National Guard of <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> in 1792</figcaption></figure> <p>The region remained deeply Catholic, and during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>, the conservative values were strongly reasserted. When the Republic was re-established in 1871, there were rumours that Breton troops were mistrusted and mistreated at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Conlie" title="Camp Conlie">Camp Conlie</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> because of fears that they were a threat to the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg/220px-RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg/330px-RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg/440px-RAF_attack_Saint_Malo_31_Jul_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3731" data-file-height="2821" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> attack on <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> started to decline precipitously, mainly because of the <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> policy conducted under the <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third Republic</a>. On one hand, children <a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">were not allowed to speak Breton at school, and were punished by teachers if they did.</a> Famously, signs in schools read: "It is forbidden to speak Breton and to spit on the floor" ("Il est interdit de parler Breton et de cracher par terre").<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg/250px-Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg/330px-Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg/500px-Amoco_Cadiz_1_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz_oil_spill" title="Amoco Cadiz oil spill">Amoco Cadiz oil spill</a> in 1978 significantly affected the Breton coast</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Breton_Regionalist_Union" title="Breton Regionalist Union">Breton Regionalist Union</a> (URB) and later to independence movements linked to Irish, Welsh, and Scottish and Cornish independence parties in the UK, and to <a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">pan-Celticism</a>. However, the audience of these movements remained very low and their ideas did not reach a large public until the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Seiz_Breur" title="Seiz Breur">Seiz Breur</a> movement, created in 1923, permitted a Breton artistic revival<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its ties with <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborationism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a> during World War II weakened Breton nationalism in the post-war period. </p><p>Brittany lost 240,000 men during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> was also catastrophic for the region. It was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940 and freed after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a> in August 1944. However, the areas around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> only surrendered on 10 and 11 May 1945, several days after the German capitulation. The two port towns had been virtually destroyed by Allied air raids, like <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, and other towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, had also suffered. </p><p>In 1956, Brittany was legally reconstituted as the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Brittany">Region of Brittany</a>, although the region excluded the ducal capital of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">surrounding area</a>. Nevertheless, Brittany retained its cultural distinctiveness, and a new cultural revival emerged during the 1960s and 1970s. Bilingual schools were opened, singers started to write songs in Breton, and ecological catastrophes such as the <a href="/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz_oil_spill" title="Amoco Cadiz oil spill">Amoco Cadiz oil spill</a> or the <a href="/wiki/MV_Erika" title="MV Erika">Erika oil spill</a> and water pollution from intensive pig farming favoured new movements to protect the natural heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brittany" title="Politics of Brittany">Politics of Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics of France</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_subdivisions">Traditional subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brittany as a political entity disappeared in 1790, when it was divided into five <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a>. The Breton départements more or less correspond to the nine Catholic <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> that appeared at the beginning of the Middle Ages. They were often called "pays" or "bro" ("country" in French and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>) and they also served as fiscal and military districts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brittany is also divided between <i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a></i> ("Basse Bretagne" and "Breizh Izel"), corresponding to the western half, where <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> is traditionally spoken, and <i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a></i> ("Haute Bretagne" and "Breizh Uhel"), corresponding to the eastern half, where <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> is traditionally spoken. The historical Breton dioceses were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a>: <ul><li>The <i>Pays nantais</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Pays rennais</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Pays de Dol</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol-de-Bretagne</a>, corresponding to the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Pays de Saint-Brieuc</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Pays de Saint-Malo</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, divided between <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, Côtes-d'Armor and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a>: <ul><li>The <i>Pays vannetais</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Cornouaille</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a>, divided between <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>.</li> <li>The <i>Léon</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a>, corresponding to the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> <i>département</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Trégor</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a>, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> <i>département</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, four dioceses were suppressed and the five remaining ones were modified to have the same administrative borders as the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_cities">Capital cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Capital cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Nantes_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bretagne" title="Château des ducs de Bretagne">Château des ducs de Bretagne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, permanent residence of the last dukes</figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany has several historical capital cities. When it was an independent duchy, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany" title="Estates of Brittany">Estates of Brittany</a>, which can be compared to a parliament, met in various towns: <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plo%C3%ABrmel" title="Ploërmel">Ploërmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redon" class="mw-redirect" title="Redon">Redon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9,_Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine">Vitré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a>, and, most of all, <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, where they met 19 times, and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, 17 times. The Court and the government were also very mobile, and each dynasty favoured its own castles and estates. The dukes mostly lived in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redon" class="mw-redirect" title="Redon">Redon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol-de-Bretagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a>. All these towns except Vannes and Guérande are located in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a>, thus not in the Breton speaking area. </p><p>Among all these towns, only <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, which were the biggest ones, could really pretend to the capital status. The dukes were crowned in Rennes and they had a large castle there; it was however destroyed during the 15th century. Vannes, on its side, was the seat of the Chamber of Accounts and of the Parliament until the union with France. The Parliament was then transferred to Rennes, and the Chamber of Accounts to Nantes. Nantes, nicknamed "the city of the Dukes of Brittany", was also the permanent residence of the last dukes. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bretagne" title="Château des ducs de Bretagne">Château des ducs de Bretagne</a> still stands in the city centre. Nowadays, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> is the only official capital of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Brittany">region of Brittany</a>. It is also the seat of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> encompassing Brittany and the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_subdivisions">Present subdivisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Present subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany (administrative region)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_historique_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bretagne_historique_2.png/250px-Bretagne_historique_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bretagne_historique_2.png/330px-Bretagne_historique_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bretagne_historique_2.png/500px-Bretagne_historique_2.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">region Brittany</a> comprises four historical Breton <i>départements</i>. <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, in light blue, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Brittany was divided into five <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départements</a></i>, each made up of three or four <i><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissements</a></i>. The arrondissements are further divided in <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">cantons</a>, which are themselves made up of one or several <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a>. The communes and the départements have a local council elected by their citizens, but arrondissements and cantons are not run by elected officials. The cantons serve as an <a href="/wiki/Electoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral">electoral</a> district for the election of the département councils and arrondissements are run by a subprefect appointed by the <a href="/wiki/French_president" class="mw-redirect" title="French president">French president</a>. The president also appoints a prefect in each département. </p><p>Because the départements are small and numerous, the French government tried to create wider regions during the 20th century. For the Breton nationalists, it was an occasion to recreate Brittany as a political and administrative entity, but the new region had to be economically efficient. <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and its <i>département</i>, <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, raised concerns because they were off-centered, more integrated with the <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> than with the Breton peninsula. The French government and local politicians also feared that <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, because of its population and its former Breton capital status, would have maintained a harmful competition with <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> to get the regional institutions and investments. </p><p>Several drafts for French regions had been proposed since the 1920s, and the definitive regions were drawn in 1956. The new Brittany had four départements, and <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region together with parts of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province_of_France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine (province of France)">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>. In 1972, the regions received their present competencies, with an elected regional council. Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Brittany">region of Brittany</a> has had its own <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Brittany" title="Regional Council of Brittany">council</a> and administrative bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification">Reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">Reunification of Brittany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg/220px-Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg/330px-Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg/440px-Bienvenue_en_Bretagne_historique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> road sign reads "welcome to historical Brittany".</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Brittany">region of Brittany</a> was created, several local politicians opposed the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, and the question still remains. </p><p>The obstacles to reunification are the same as in 1956: having <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> in Brittany could harm the position of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and create an economic imbalance between <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a>. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region could not exist without <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, because it would lose its political and economic capital. Without Loire-Atlantique, the other départements would not form an efficient region any more, and would have to integrate neighbouring regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Centre-Val_de_Loire" title="Centre-Val de Loire">Centre-Val de Loire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a>. </p><p>However, several institutions have backed the reunification, such as the regional council of Brittany since 2008 and the Loire-Atlantique council since 2001. Some politicians like <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault" title="Jean-Marc Ayrault">Jean-Marc Ayrault</a>, the former French prime minister and former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, favour instead the creation of a "Greater West region", which would encompass Brittany and the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region. Polls show that 58% of the Bretons and 62% of the inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> favour the reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_tendencies">Political tendencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political tendencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the end of the 20th century, Brittany had been characterised by a strong Catholic and conservative influence. However, some areas such as the industrial region around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> and the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a> are traditional Socialist and Communist strongholds. Left-wing parties, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist party</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Greens_(France)" title="The Greens (France)">the Greens</a>, have become more powerful after the 1970s and they have formed a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Brittany" title="Regional Council of Brittany">Regional Council of Brittany</a> since 2004. The <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> councils have also been held by the left since 2004. </p><p>The Socialist party has held the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> council since 1976, and the <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> council since 1998. On its side, <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> remains a right-wing stronghold. The local parties have a very small audience, except the <a href="/wiki/Union_D%C3%A9mocratique_Bretonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Démocratique Bretonne">Union Démocratique Bretonne</a> which has seats at the Regional Council and in other local assemblies. It advocates more autonomy for the region and its positions are very close to the Socialist parties. It also has a strong ecological orientation. The audience of far-right parties is lower in Brittany than in the rest of France.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_natural_history">Geography and natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Geography and natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg/220px-Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg/330px-Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg/440px-Bretagne_Cote_granit_rose_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Granit_Rose" title="Côte de Granit Rose">Pink Granite Coast</a> around <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gastel" title="Trégastel">Trégastel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany is the largest French <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>. It is around 34,030 km<sup>2</sup> (13,140 sq mi) and stretches toward the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered to the north by the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> and the waters located between the western coast and <a href="/wiki/Ushant" title="Ushant">Ushant</a> Island form the <a href="/wiki/Iroise_Sea" title="Iroise Sea">Iroise Sea</a>. </p><p>The Breton coast is very indented, with many cliffs, <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">rias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">capes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Morbihan" title="Gulf of Morbihan">Gulf of Morbihan</a> is a vast <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbour</a> with some forty islands that is almost a closed sea. In total, around 800 islands lie off the mainland; the largest being <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Belle Île">Belle Île</a>, in the south. Brittany has over 2,860 km (1,780 mi) of coastline; it represents a third of the total French coastline. </p><p>The region is generally hilly because it corresponds to the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_Massif" title="Armorican Massif">Armorican Massif</a>, a very old range that also extends in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region. Because of this continuity, the Breton border with the rest of France is not marked by any strong geographical landmark, apart from the river <a href="/wiki/Couesnon" title="Couesnon">Couesnon</a>, which separates Brittany from <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg/250px-L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg/330px-L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg/500px-L%27ELLez_pr%C3%A8s_de_sa_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Monts_d%27Arr%C3%A9e" title="Monts d'Arrée">Monts d'Arrée</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Armorican Massif reaches its maximum elevation outside of Brittany, in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>, at 417 m, and slopes towards the west before straightening on its western extremity, with the <a href="/wiki/Montagnes_Noires" title="Montagnes Noires">Montagnes Noires</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monts_d%27Arr%C3%A9e" title="Monts d'Arrée">Monts d'Arrée</a>. The highest hill in Brittany is the <i>Roc'h Ruz</i> in the Monts d'Arrée, at 385 m (1,263 ft). It is closely followed by several neighbouring hills culminating at around 384 m above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal areas are usually named <i>Armor</i> or <i>Arvor</i> ("by the sea" in Breton), and the inland is called <i>Argoat</i> ("by the forest"). The best soils were primitively covered by large forests which had been progressively replaced by <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The Breton bocage, with its small fields enclosed by thick hedgerows, has almost disappeared since the 1960s to fit the modern agricultural needs and methods, particularly mechanisation. </p><p>Several forests still exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paimpont_forest" title="Paimpont forest">Paimpont forest</a>, sometimes said to be the Arthurian <a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a>. The poor and rocky areas are covered by large <a href="/wiki/Heathland" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathland">heathland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorlands</a>, and Brittany has several <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Bri%C3%A8re" title="Brière">Brière</a>, included in a <a href="/wiki/Regional_natural_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional natural park">regional natural park</a>. Another regional park encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Monts_d%27Arr%C3%A9e" title="Monts d'Arrée">Monts d'Arrée</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iroise" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroise">Iroise</a> seacoast. The Iroise Sea is also a <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">UNESCO biosphere reserve</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg/220px-Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg/330px-Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg/440px-Bretagne_Finistere_PointeduRaz15119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Raz" title="Pointe du Raz">Pointe du Raz</a>, one of the westernmost extents of both Brittany and Metropolitan France</figcaption></figure> <p>The Breton peninsula appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny" title="Cadomian Orogeny">Cadomian Orogeny</a>, which formed its northern coastline, between <a href="/wiki/Guingamp" title="Guingamp">Guingamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a>. The southern part emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercynian orogeny">Hercynian orogeny</a>. At the same time, an intense volcanic activity left large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. Between the Cadomian and Hercynian periods, the region was submerged several times and the sea left <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>. Because of the absence of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, soils in Brittany are usually acid. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armorican_massif" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorican massif">Armorican massif</a> straightened and flattened several times during the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Changes in sea levels and climate led to a strong erosion and to the formation of more <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</a> is responsible for the distinctive local blue schist and for the rich <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Groix" title="Groix">Groix island</a>, which comprises <a href="/wiki/Glaucophane" title="Glaucophane">glaucophane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidote" title="Epidote">epidote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> glaciations, Brittany was covered by <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> and rivers started to fill the valleys with alluvial deposits. The valleys themselves were a result of a strong tectonic activity between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. The present Breton landscape did not acquire its final shape before one million years ago. The Breton subsoil is characterised by a huge amount of <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(geology)" title="Fracture (geology)">fractures</a> that form a large <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> containing several millions square meters of water.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brittany lies within the <a href="/wiki/North_temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="North temperate zone">north temperate zone</a>. It has a changeable, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. Rainfall occurs regularly but sunny, cloudless days are also common. In the summer months, temperatures in the region can reach 30 °C (86 °F), yet the climate remains comfortable, especially when compared to the French regions located south of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. The temperature difference between summer and winter is about 15 degrees, but it varies depending on the proximity of the sea. The weather is generally milder on the seacoast than inland but rainfall occurs with the same intensity on both. The <a href="/wiki/Monts_d%27Arr%C3%A9e" title="Monts d'Arrée">Monts d'Arrée</a>, despite their low elevation, have much more rainfall than the rest of the region. The south coast, between <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pornic" title="Pornic">Pornic</a>, enjoys more than 2,000 hours of sunshine per year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism_in_Brittany" title="Equestrianism in Brittany">Equestrianism in Brittany</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poissonlune_mole2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Poissonlune_mole2.jpg/220px-Poissonlune_mole2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Poissonlune_mole2.jpg/330px-Poissonlune_mole2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Poissonlune_mole2.jpg/440px-Poissonlune_mole2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ocean_sunfish" title="Ocean sunfish">ocean sunfish</a> exhibiting its characteristic horizontal basking behaviour several miles off <a href="/wiki/Penmarch" title="Penmarch">Penmarch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany's wildlife is typical of France with several distinctions. On one hand, the region, due to its long coastline, has a rich oceanic fauna, and some birds cannot be seen in other French regions. On the other hand, the species found in the inland are usually common for France, and because Brittany is a peninsula, the number of species is lower in its western extremity than in the eastern part. </p><p>A variety of seabirds can be seen close to the seaside, which is home to colonies of <a href="/wiki/Great_cormorant" title="Great cormorant">cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razorbill" title="Razorbill">razorbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_murre" title="Common murre">common murres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffins</a>. Most of these birds breed on isolated islands and rocks and thus are hard to observe. The inland is home to common European species including <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_woodcock" title="Eurasian woodcock">woodcocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_swift" title="Common swift">common swifts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">partridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg/250px-Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg/330px-Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg/500px-Horse_trait_breton_5622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Breton_horse" title="Breton horse">Breton horse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and Ireland, the waters of Brittany attract marine animals including <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">basking sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherback turtle">leatherback turtles</a>, dolphins, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, crabs and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a> is common along the coast, <a href="/wiki/Small-spotted_catshark" title="Small-spotted catshark">small-spotted catsharks</a> live on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattail" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattail">rattails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">anglerfish</a> populate the deep waters. River fish of note include <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pikes</a>, shades and <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>. The Breton rivers are also home to <a href="/wiki/European_beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="European beaver">beavers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">otters</a> and to some invasive American species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">coypu</a> which destroys the ecosystem and accelerated the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the invertebrates, Brittany is notably home to the <a href="/wiki/Escargot_de_Quimper" title="Escargot de Quimper">escargot de Quimper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">freshwater pearl mussel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White-clawed_crayfish" class="mw-redirect" title="White-clawed crayfish">white-clawed crayfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger Breton mammals died out during the modern period, including the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>. Today, mammals of note include <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, foxes, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> and several species of <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brittany is widely known for the <a href="/wiki/Breton_horse" title="Breton horse">Breton horse</a>, a local breed of <a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horse</a>, and for the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany (dog)">Brittany gun dog</a>. The region also has its own breeds of cattle, some of which are on the brink of extinction: the <a href="/wiki/Bretonne_Pie_Noir" title="Bretonne Pie Noir">Bretonne Pie Noir</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Froment_du_L%C3%A9on" title="Froment du Léon">Froment du Léon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armorican_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorican (cattle)">Armorican</a> and the Nantaise. </p><p>The Breton forests, dunes, moorlands and marshes are home to several iconic plants, such as endemic <a href="/wiki/Cistus" title="Cistus">cistus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)">aster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linaria" title="Linaria">linaria</a> varieties, the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_vetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe vetch">horseshoe vetch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_maritimus" title="Lotus maritimus">lotus maritimus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg/250px-First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg/330px-First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg/500px-First_Battalion_ESM_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2222" /></a><figcaption>A battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_Militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr">Saint-Cyr-Coëtquidan military academy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany has the same education system as the rest of France. As in other French regions, formal education before the 19th century was the preserve of the elite. Before 1460, Brittany did not have a university, and Breton students had to go to <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">University of Nantes</a> was founded under the duke <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis II of Brittany">Francis II</a>, who wanted to affirm the Breton independence from France. All the traditional disciplines were taught here: arts, theology, law and medicine. During the 17th century, it had around 1,500 students. It declined during the 18th century, mostly because <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> was flourishing with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and paid no attention to its cultural institutions. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Mayor_(France)" title="Mayor (France)">mayor</a> eventually asked the university to be relocated to <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, more devoted to culture and science, and the faculties progressively moved there after 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-indépendance_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indépendance-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and all the French universities were dissolved in 1793. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> reorganised the French education system in 1808. He created new universities and invented two <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France" title="Secondary education in France">secondary education institutions</a>: the <i>collèges</i> and the <i>lycées</i> which were opened in numerous towns to educate boys and form a new elite. A new <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">University of Rennes</a> was progressively recreated during the 19th century. </p><p>In the meantime, several laws were promoted to open schools, notably for girls. In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> succeeded in passing a law which made primary education in France free, non-clerical (laïque) and mandatory. Thus, free schools were opened in almost every villages of Brittany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_of_humiliation">Language of humiliation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Language of humiliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jules Ferry also promoted education policies establishing French language as the language of the Republic, and mandatory education was a mean to eradicate regional languages and dialects. In Brittany, it was forbidden for the pupils to speak <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, and the two were strongly depreciated. Humiliating practices aimed at stamping out the Breton language and culture prevailed in state schools until the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the <a href="/wiki/Diwan_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan schools">Diwan schools</a> were founded in 1977 to teach Breton by <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">immersion</a>. They have taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school, and they have gained more fame owing to their high level of results in school exams.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bilingual approach has also been implemented in some state schools after 1979, and some Catholic schools have done the same after 1990. Besides, Brittany, with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region, remains a stronghold for Catholic private education with around 1,400 schools.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Institutes_of_Learning">Other Institutes of Learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other Institutes of Learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 20th century, tertiary education was developed with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_centrale_de_Nantes" title="École centrale de Nantes">École centrale de Nantes</a> in 1919, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nantes" title="University of Nantes">University of Nantes</a> in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/ESC_Bretagne_Brest" class="mw-redirect" title="ESC Bretagne Brest">ESC Bretagne Brest</a> in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Brittany" title="University of Western Brittany">University of Western Brittany</a> in 1971, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Nationale_Sup%C3%A9rieure_des_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications_de_Bretagne" class="mw-redirect" title="École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne">École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne</a> in 1977 and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Southern Brittany">University of Southern Brittany</a> in 1995. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_the_West" title="Catholic University of the West">Catholic University of the West</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, also opened classes in several Breton towns. In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes" title="University of Rennes">University of Rennes</a> was divided between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_1" title="University of Rennes 1">University of Rennes 1</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rennes_2_%E2%80%93_Upper_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany">University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_Militaire_de_Saint-Cyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr">Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr</a>, the foremost French <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academy</a>, settled in <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%ABtquidan" title="Coëtquidan">Coëtquidan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg/220px-Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg/330px-Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg/440px-Queen_Mary_2_05_KMJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">RMS <i>Queen Mary 2</i></a>, once the world's largest passenger ship, was built in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany, apart from some areas such as <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, has never been heavily industrialised. Today, fishing and agriculture remain important activities. Brittany has more than 40,000 farms, mostly oriented towards cattle, pig and poultry breeding, as well as cereal and vegetable production. The number of farms tends to diminish, but as a result, they are merged into very large estates. Brittany is the first producer in France for vegetables (<a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a>, onions, <a href="/wiki/Artichoke" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, potatoes, tomatoes, etc.). Cereals are mostly grown for cattle feeding. Wine, especially <a href="/wiki/Muscadet" title="Muscadet">muscadet</a>, is made in a small region south of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. Brittany is the first region in France for fishing. The activity employs around 15,000 people, and more than 2500 firms work in fish and seafood processing.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eco_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG/250px-Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG/330px-Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG/500px-Chalutier_bigouden_Eridan_P1050865.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">fishing trawler</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guilvinec" title="Guilvinec">Le Guilvinec</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although relatively new, the Breton industry has been constantly growing since 1980. Food processing (meat, vegetables, etc.) represents a third of the industrial jobs, but other activities are also important for the local economy. <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a>, both commercial and military, is implanted in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chantiers_de_l%27Atlantique" title="Chantiers de l'Atlantique">Chantiers de l'Atlantique</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> has plants in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> has a large factory in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>. Brittany is the second French region for telecommunication and the fifth for electronics, two activities mainly developed in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lannion" title="Lannion">Lannion</a> and Brest. </p><p>The unemployment rate in Brittany is lower than in other French regions and it is usually around 6 or 7% of the active population.<sup id="cite_ref-un_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis started in 2007</a>, unemployment rose to 8.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a> and 8.4% in <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> in late 2012. However, these figures remain under the French national rate (9.9% at the same period).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some industries, such as construction, industry, catering or transport, usually have difficulties finding employees.<sup id="cite_ref-un_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a>'s gross domestic product reached 99 billion <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a>. It was the ninth richest region in France and it produced 4% of the national GDP. The Breton <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> was around 29,694 euros in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was lower than the French result, 30,266 euros, below the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> one, 30,900 euros. The GDP of the <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> is around 26 billion euros, and the GDP of the five historical Breton départements would be at around 108 billion euros.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brittany" title="Tourism in Brittany">Tourism in Brittany</a></div> <p>Tourism is particularly important for the seacoast and Brittany is one of the most visited regions in France.<sup id="cite_ref-eco_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2019, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s travel section included two Brittany locations in its list of <i>20 of the most beautiful villages in France</i>. The two were Rochefort-en-Terre with "its covered market, 12th-century church, medieval castle, 19th-century chateau, and 16th- and 17th-century mansions" and Locronan, where "East India Company's offices still stand on the village square, as well as 17th-century merchants' dwellings".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of France">Demography of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG/220px-Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG/330px-Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG/440px-Rennes_place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_DSC_4521.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, the most populated city in <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a> and the second in historical Brittany, behind Nantes</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2017, the population in <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a> was estimated to 3,318,904 and <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> had around 1,394,909 inhabitants, thus historical Brittany's population can be estimated at 4,713,813, the highest in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population in <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a> had grown by 0.9% between 1999 and 2000, and the growth rate reached more than 1% in <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>. The region around <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and the south are the more attractive areas, whereas the population is declining in the centre and in the westernmost parts. While most of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a> are growing, the cities themselves tend to stagnate or regress, such as for <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> had 1,060,199 inhabitants, it was followed by <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> 909,028 inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> 750,863 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a>, with 598,814 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest cities in <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a> as of 2017 were <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, with 216,815 inhabitants, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> 140,064, <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> 62,985, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> 57,149, <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> 53,352, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> 46,097 and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a> 44,372. All the other <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_France" title="Communes of France">communes</a> had under 25,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2017_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brittany is also characterised by a great number of small towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9,_Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine">Vitré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concarneau" title="Concarneau">Concarneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a> or <a href="/wiki/Auray" title="Auray">Auray</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> has two major cities, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, with 309,346 inhabitants and an urban area encompassing 972,828, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, with 69,993 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-pop2017_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loire-Atlantique's population is more rapidly growing than <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region Brittany</a>'s and it is the 12th most populated French <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, since the 1990s, Rennes has consistently ranked as one of France's fastest growing metropolitan areas. </p><p>In 1851, Brittany had around 2.7 million inhabitants and the demographic growth stayed low until the second half of the 20th century, mainly because of an important emigration. Brittany had 3.2 million inhabitants in 1962 and the growth was mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> and the steady growth of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. Without the Loire-Atlantique's figures, the Breton population only numbered 2.4 million in 1962, nearly unchanged from its population of 2.3 million in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1960s, the whole region has had a strong demographic growth because of the decline of the traditional emigration to richer French regions. Instead, Brittany has become attractive, particularly for families, young retired persons and active people over 35 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_identity">Regional identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Regional identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG/220px-FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG/330px-FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG/440px-FIL_2009_-_Coiffes_bretonnes_-_bigoud%C3%A8nes_-_cercle_ar_vro_vigoudenn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2854" data-file-height="2168" /></a><figcaption>Breton women wearing the <a href="/wiki/Bigouden" title="Bigouden">Bigouden</a> distinctive headdress, one of the symbols of Breton identity</figcaption></figure> <p>Breton political parties do not have wide support and their electoral success is small. However, Bretons have a strong cultural identity. According to a poll made in 2008, 50% of the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Brittany">region of Brittany</a> considered themselves as much Breton as French, 22.5% felt more Breton than French, and 15.4% more French than Breton. A minority, 1.5%, considered themselves Breton but not French, while 9.3% did not consider themselves to be Breton at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondage_CNRS_p._7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondage_CNRS_p._7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>51.9% of the poll respondents agreed that Brittany should have more political power, and 31.1% thought that it should stay the same. Only 4.6% favoured independence, and 9.4% were undecided.<sup id="cite_ref-Sondage_CNRS_p._7_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sondage_CNRS_p._7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 poll taken in the five departments of historical Brittany showed that 48% of the respondents considered themselves belonging first to France, 37% to Brittany, and 10% to Europe. It also showed that Breton identity is stronger among people younger than 35. 53% of them considering themselves to belong first to Brittany. 50% of the older respondents considered themselves belonging first to France. Primary Breton identity is at its lowest among the respondents over 65: 58% consider themselves to belong first to France, with European identify secondary. 21% of the respondents over 65 considering themselves to be European first. Breton self-identification is stronger among people who vote <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a>. It is stronger among employees than employers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_languages">Regional languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Regional languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breton_dialectesiji2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Breton_dialectesiji2009.png/220px-Breton_dialectesiji2009.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Breton_dialectesiji2009.png/330px-Breton_dialectesiji2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Breton_dialectesiji2009.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (in colours), where the Breton language is traditionally spoken and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a> (in shades of grey), where the Gallo language is traditionally spoken. The changing shades indicate the advance of Gallo and French, and retreat of Breton from 900 AD.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_boundary_of_Brittany" title="Linguistic boundary of Brittany">Linguistic boundary of Brittany</a></div> <p>French, the sole <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the French Republic, is spoken today by the vast majority in Brittany, for whom it is usually their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>. However, French was not widely known in the region before the 19th century, and two <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> exist in Brittany: <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>. They are separated by a <a href="/wiki/Language_border" title="Language border">language border</a> that has constantly moved back since the Middle Ages. </p><p>The current border runs from <a href="/wiki/Plouha" title="Plouha">Plouha</a> on the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rhuys_Peninsula" title="Rhuys Peninsula">Rhuys Peninsula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>. Because of their origins and practice, Breton and Gallo can be compared to <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> in Scotland<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="the Breton and Gallo pages linked to here suggest this sentence is incorrect (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Both have been recognised as "Langues de Bretagne" (languages of Brittany) by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Brittany" title="Regional Council of Brittany">Regional Council of Brittany</a> since 2004. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breton">Breton</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Breton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/250px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/330px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg/500px-Road_signs_bilingual_Breton_in_Quimper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road signs can be seen in traditional Breton-speaking areas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Breton is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> derived from the historical <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> language, and is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. It was imported to Western <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> during the 5th century by Britons fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain">Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain</a>. Breton remained the language of the rural population, but since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, and the higher clergy have spoken French. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="407" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Iain_William_speaking_Breton.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Breton speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Government policies in the 19th and 20th centuries made education compulsory and, at the same time, forbade the use of Breton in schools to push non-French speakers into adopting the French language. Nevertheless, until the 1960s Breton was spoken or understood by many of the inhabitants of western Brittany. During the 1970s, Breton schools were opened and the local authorities started to promote the language, which was on the brink of extinction because parents had stopped teaching it to their children. </p><p>Having declined from more than one million speakers around 1950 to about 200,000 in the first decade of the 21st century, of whom 61% are more than 60 years old, Breton is classified as "severely endangered" by the UNESCO <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></i>. However, the number of children attending bilingual classes has risen 33% between 2006 and 2012 to 14,709.<sup id="cite_ref-Broudic2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broudic2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ofis-stats_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofis-stats-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a> has several dialects which have no precise limits but rather form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a>. Most of them are very similar to each other, with only some phonetic and lexical differences. The three main dialects spoken in the western end of Brittany are: </p> <ul><li>the <i>Cornouillais</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a>,</li> <li>the <i>Léonard</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a>, and</li> <li>the <i>Trégorrois</i>, around <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a>, are grouped into the <i>KLT group</i> (Kerne-Leon-Treger),</li></ul> <p>in opposition to the <i>Vannetais</i>, spoken around <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, which is the most differentiated Breton dialect. </p><p>According to a 1999 INSEE survey, 12% of the adults of Brittany speak Breton.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallo">Gallo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Gallo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg/170px-Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg/255px-Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg/340px-Parc%C3%A9_-_panneau_D23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Signs in Gallo are very rare and the writing systems they use are unknown by most of the speakers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gallo is spoken on the eastern half of Brittany. It is not itself a Celtic language. Like French, it is also descended from Latin (and is classified in the <a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a> branch), but has some Celtic influences, particularly in its vocabulary, whereas French has influences from both Celtic (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a> which arrived after Latin in much of the rest of France). </p><p>Unlike Breton, Gallo does not have a long promotion history and it is still often perceived as a poor rural dialect. Moreover, because of its linguistic relationship with Gallo, French imposed itself more easily as the main language in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a> than in Breton speaking areas. Gallo was simply perceived as an incorrect way of speaking French rather than a separate language. Gallo transmission from parents to children is extremely low and efforts to standardise and publish books in Gallo did not reverse the decline of the language and its lack of <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rapport_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapport-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallo is also threatened by the Breton <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">language revival</a>, because Breton is gaining ground in territories that were not previously part of the main Breton-speaking area, and most of all because Breton appears as the national language of Brittany, thus leaving no place for Gallo.<sup id="cite_ref-rapport_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapport-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallo had never been written before the 20th century, and several writing systems were created. They are however rarely known by the population and signs in Gallo are often unreadable, even for fluent speakers. In <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, where Gallo is not promoted at all by the local authorities, many people do not even know the word "Gallo" and have no idea that it has writing systems and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-rapport_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapport-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gallo community is estimated at between 28,300<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-rapport_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapport-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speakers. The language is taught on a non-compulsory basis in some schools, high-schools and universities, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rapport_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rapport-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn,_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG/220px-Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG/330px-Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG/440px-Calvaire_de_Trono%C3%ABn%2C_vue_d%27ensemble_sud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Sculpted "<a href="/wiki/Calvary_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary (sculpture)">calvaries</a>" can be found in many villages in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bretons are mainly <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and the Christianisation occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Franks">Frank</a> era. During the Briton emigration to Brittany, several Christian missionaries, mostly Welsh, came in the region and founded dioceses. They are known as the "Seven founder saints": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Aurelian" title="Paul Aurelian">Paol Aoreliann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudwal" title="Tudwal">Tudwal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioc" title="Brioc">Brieg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malo_(saint)" title="Malo (saint)">Maloù</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samsun of Dol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol-de-Bretagne</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padarn" title="Padarn">Padarn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_of_Quimper" title="Corentin of Quimper">Kaourintin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a>.</li></ul> <p>Other notable early missionaries are <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a> and the Irish saint <a href="/wiki/Columbanus" title="Columbanus">Columbanus</a>. Bretons recognize more than 300 local "<a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>", though only a few are officially accepted by the Catholic Church. Since the 19th century at least, Brittany has been known as one of the most devoutly Catholic regions in France, together with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region. The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. The <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Brittany is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>, the Virgin's mother, but <a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Kermartin" title="Ivo of Kermartin">Ivo of Kermartin</a>, a 13th-century priest, called Saint-Yves in French and Sant-Erwan in Breton, can also be considered as a patron saint. His feast, 19 May, is Brittany's national day. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG/220px-FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG/330px-FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG/440px-FRANCE_-_Bretagne_-_Locronan_-_Chapelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A chapel and a calvary in <a href="/wiki/Locronan" title="Locronan">Locronan</a>, Finistère</figcaption></figure> <p>Many distinctive traditions and customs have also been preserved in Brittany. Among them, the "<a href="/wiki/Pardon_(ceremony)" title="Pardon (ceremony)">Pardons</a>" are one of the most traditional demonstrations of popular Catholicism. These <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">penitential ceremonies</a> occur in some villages in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of the parish's saint. The penitents form a procession and they walk together to a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a>, a church or any sacred place. Some Pardons are reputed for their length, and they all finish by large meals and popular feasts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG/220px-002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG/330px-002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG/440px-002_Ploudiry_ossuaire_2_ankou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption>A sculpted <a href="/wiki/Ankou" title="Ankou">Ankou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ploudiry" title="Ploudiry">Ploudiry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a very old <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tro_Breizh" title="Tro Breizh">Tro Breizh</a></i> (tour of Brittany), where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one of the seven founder saints to another. Historically, the pilgrimage was made in one trip (a total distance of around 600 km) for all seven saints. Nowadays, however, pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol, Sant Brieg, and Sant Samzun.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most powerful folk figure is the <a href="/wiki/Ankou" title="Ankou">Ankou</a> or the "Reaper of Death". Sometimes a skeleton wrapped in a shroud with the Breton flat hat, sometimes described as a real human being (the last dead of the year, devoted to bring the dead to Death), he makes his journeys by night carrying an upturned scythe which he throws before him to reap his harvest. Sometimes he is on foot but mostly he travels with a cart, the <i>Karrig an Ankou</i>, drawn by two oxen and a lean horse. Two servants dressed in the same shroud and hat as the Ankou pile the dead into the cart, and to hear it creaking at night means you have little time left to live.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As official religious statistics are forbidden in France, there are no official figures about religious practices in Brittany. However, successive polls show that the region has grown more <a href="/wiki/Nonreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonreligious">nonreligious</a> over time. Catholicism started to decline after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, during the urbanisation of Brittany. A poll conducted in 2006 showed that <a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a> was the only <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> to have a strong Catholic population, around 70% of its inhabitants belonging to that religion. <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor" title="Côtes-d'Armor">Côtes-d'Armor</a> were among the least Catholic French <i>départements</i>, with only 50% of the population practicing Catholics, while <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finist%C3%A8re" title="Finistère">Finistère</a> were at around 65%. Other religions are almost non-existent, apart from <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> which is practiced by between 1 and 3% of the inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG/220px-Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG/330px-Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG/440px-Fr_Josselin_Castle_from_river_with_flowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Josselin_Castle" title="Josselin Castle">Josselin Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany is home to many <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> monuments; the words <i><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a></i> come from the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a>. The largest menhir alignments are the <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a>. Other major sites include the <a href="/wiki/Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a> <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths" title="Locmariaquer megaliths">Locmariaquer megaliths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menhir_de_Champ-Dolent" title="Menhir de Champ-Dolent">Menhir de Champ-Dolent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mane_Braz" title="Mane Braz">Mane Braz</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a> tomb. Monuments from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman</a> period are rare, but include a large temple in <a href="/wiki/Corseul" title="Corseul">Corseul</a> and scarce ruins of villas and city walls in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. </p><p>Brittany has a large number of medieval buildings. They include numerous <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque style">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gothic">French Gothic</a> churches, usually built in local <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, castles and half-timbered houses visible in villages, towns and cities. Several Breton towns still have their medieval walls, such as <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concarneau" title="Concarneau">Concarneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a>. Major churches include <a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on_Cathedral" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral">Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier_Cathedral" title="Tréguier Cathedral">Tréguier Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dol_Cathedral" title="Dol Cathedral">Dol Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes_Cathedral" title="Nantes Cathedral">Nantes Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kreisker_chapel" title="Kreisker chapel">Kreisker chapel</a>. Most of the Breton castles were rebuilt between the 13th and the 15th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Suscinio" title="Château de Suscinio">Château de Suscinio</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Dinan" title="Château de Dinan">Château de Dinan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Combourg" title="Château de Combourg">Château de Combourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Largo%C3%ABt" title="Château de Largoët">Château de Largoët</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tonqu%C3%A9dec" title="Château de Tonquédec">Château de Tonquédec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Josselin_Castle" title="Josselin Castle">Josselin Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Tr%C3%A9cesson" title="Château de Trécesson">Château de Trécesson</a>. The most impressive castles can be seen along the border with France, where stand the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Foug%C3%A8res" title="Château de Fougères">Château de Fougères</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vitr%C3%A9" title="Château de Vitré">Château de Vitré</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Château de Châteaubriant">Château de Châteaubriant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Clisson" title="Château de Clisson">Château de Clisson</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cahire.JPG/220px-Cahire.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cahire.JPG/330px-Cahire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Cahire.JPG/440px-Cahire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A traditional house in <a href="/wiki/Plougoumelen" title="Plougoumelen">Plougoumelen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> occurred when Brittany lost its independence. The Renaissance architecture is almost absent in the region, except in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a>, close to the border with France. Major sites include the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bretagne" title="Château des ducs de Bretagne">Château des ducs de Bretagne</a>, the last permanent residence of the dukes, which displays the transition from late Gothic to Renaissance style. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Château de Châteaubriant">Château de Châteaubriant</a>, a former fortress, was transformed into a vast palace in the Italian style. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg/170px-B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg/255px-B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg/340px-B%C3%A9nodet_-_Le_Minaret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> villa in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nodet" title="Bénodet">Bénodet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a>, the medieval style never totally disappeared. However, local innovations permitted some changes and the birth of a particular style. Its most distinctive feature is the <a href="/wiki/Parish_close" title="Parish close">parish close</a>, which displays an elaborately decorated church surrounded by an entirely walled churchyard. Many villages still have their closes, they date from the 16th and 17th centuries and sometimes include an elaborately carved <a href="/wiki/Calvary_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary (sculpture)">calvary sculpture</a>. </p><p>During the 17th and the 18th centuries, the main <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> and towns obtained a typical French look, with <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> buildings. <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, which was at the time the biggest French harbour, received a theatre, large avenues and quays, and <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> was redesigned after a fire in 1720. At the same period, the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Ship-owner" title="Ship-owner">ship-owners</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> built many mansions called "Malouinières" around their town. Along the coast, <a href="/wiki/Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Vauban">Vauban</a> and other French architects designed several citadels, such as in <a href="/wiki/Le_Palais" title="Le Palais">Le Palais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port-Louis,_Morbihan" title="Port-Louis, Morbihan">Port-Louis</a>. In rural areas, Breton houses remained simple, with a single floor and a <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouse</a> pattern. They were built with local materials: mostly granite in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">reeds</a> were usually used for roofing. During the 19th century, the Breton architecture was mainly characterised by the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism" title="Eclecticism">Eclecticism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clisson" title="Clisson">Clisson</a>, the southernmost Breton town, was rebuilt in an Italian <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> style around 1820. The Breton <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouses</a> were mostly built during the 19th century. The most famous are <a href="/wiki/Ar_Men" title="Ar Men">Ar Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phare_d%27Eckm%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phare d'Eckmühl">Phare d'Eckmühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Vieille" title="La Vieille">La Vieille</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Jument" title="La Jument">La Jument</a>. The lighthouse on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Vierge" title="Île Vierge">Île Vierge</a> is, with 77 meters, the highest in Europe. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, several <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a> were created along the coast and villas and hotels were built in <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> styles. These architectures are particularly present in <a href="/wiki/Dinard" title="Dinard">Dinard</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Baule" class="mw-redirect" title="La Baule">La Baule</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nodet" title="Bénodet">Bénodet</a>. Architecture from the 20th century can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, three cities destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and rebuilt afterwards, and in the works of the Breton nationalist architects like <a href="/wiki/James_Bouill%C3%A9" title="James Bouillé">James Bouillé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olier_Mordrel" title="Olier Mordrel">Olier Mordrel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Fine arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg/250px-Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg/330px-Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg/500px-Paul_Gauguin_078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption><i>The Beautiful Angèle</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> had been the main inspiration for Breton artists. The region has a great number of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> <a href="/wiki/Retable" title="Retable">retables</a>, made between the 17th and the 19th century. Breton sculptors were also famous for their ship models that served as <a href="/wiki/Ex-voto" title="Ex-voto">ex-votos</a> and for their richly decorated furniture, which features naïve Breton characters and traditional patterns. The <a href="/wiki/Box-bed" title="Box-bed">box-bed</a> is the most famous Breton piece of furniture. The Breton style had a strong revival between 1900 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> and it was used by the <a href="/wiki/Seiz_Breur" title="Seiz Breur">Seiz Breur</a> movement. The Seiz Breur artists also tried to invent a modern Breton art by rejecting French standards and mixing traditional techniques with new materials. The leading artists of that period were the designer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Yves_Creston" title="René-Yves Creston">René-Yves Creston</a>, the illustrators <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Malivel" title="Jeanne Malivel">Jeanne Malivel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Haas" title="Xavier Haas">Xavier Haas</a>, and the sculptors <a href="/wiki/Raffig_Tullou" title="Raffig Tullou">Raffig Tullou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Renaud_(sculptor)" title="Francis Renaud (sculptor)">Francis Renaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Robin" title="Georges Robin">Georges Robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Savina" title="Joseph Savina">Joseph Savina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules-Charles_Le_Bozec" title="Jules-Charles Le Bozec">Jules-Charles Le Bozec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9our" title="Jean Fréour">Jean Fréour</a>. </p><p>Brittany is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">needlework</a>, which can be seen on its numerous headdress models, and for its <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> production, which started at the beginning of the 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Quimper_faience" title="Quimper faience">Quimper faience</a> is known worldwide for its bowls and plates painted by hand, and other towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Pornic" title="Pornic">Pornic</a>, also maintain a similar tradition. The potteries usually feature naïve Breton characters in traditional clothing and daily scenes. The designs have a strong traditional Breton influence, but <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> have also been used. </p><p>Because of its distinct culture and natural landscape, Brittany has inspired many French artists since the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a>, which started to emerge in the 1850s and lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, had a decisive influence on modern painting. The artists who settled in <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven" title="Pont-Aven">Pont-Aven</a> wanted to break away from the <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic style</a> of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a></span></span> and later from <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> when it began to decline. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rusier" title="Paul Sérusier">Paul Sérusier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Wintz" title="Raymond Wintz">Raymond Wintz</a>. Before them, Brittany had also been visited by Academic and Romantic painters like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Antoine_Th%C3%A9odore_de_Gudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin">Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Achille_No%C3%ABl" title="Jules Achille Noël">Jules Achille Noël</a> who were looking for dramatic seascapes and storms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Music of Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_dance" title="Breton dance">Breton dance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bagad.JPG/250px-Bagad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bagad.JPG/330px-Bagad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bagad.JPG/500px-Bagad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lann-Bihou%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lann-Bihoué">Lann-Bihoué</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagad" title="Bagad">bagad</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 1970s, Brittany has experienced a tremendous revival of its folk music. Numerous festivals were created, along with smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Fest-noz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fest-noz">fest-noz</a></i> (popular feasts). The <i><a href="/wiki/Bagad" title="Bagad">bagado</a>ù</i>, bands composed of <a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">bagpipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombard_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombard (music)">bombards</a> and drums (including <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare</a>), are also a modern creation, inspired by the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">pipe bands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lann-Bihou%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Lann-Bihoué">Lann-Bihoué</a> bagad, one of the most well-known, belongs to the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a>. It is the only one that does not take part to the annual bagadoù competitions. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Celtic harp</a> is also common, as are vocals and dances. The <a href="/wiki/Kan_ha_diskan" title="Kan ha diskan">Kan ha diskan</a> is the most common type of singing. The performers sing calls and responses while dancing. Breton dances usually imply circles, chains or couples and they are different in every region. The oldest dances seem to be the <a href="/wiki/Passepied" title="Passepied">passepied</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a>, and the newest ones derive from the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a> dances. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg/220px-Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg/330px-Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg/440px-Nolwenn_Leroy_-_Alan_Stivell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nolwenn_Leroy" title="Nolwenn Leroy">Nolwenn Leroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stivell" title="Alan Stivell">Alan Stivell</a> (2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, several Breton artists started to use contemporary patterns to create a Breton pop music. Among them, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stivell" title="Alan Stivell">Alan Stivell</a> contributed most in popularising the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Celtic harp</a> and Breton music in the world. He also used <a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> in his works and influenced 1970s Breton bands such as <a href="/wiki/Kornog" title="Kornog">Kornog</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwerz_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwerz (band) (page does not exist)">Gwerz (band)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwerz_(groupe)" class="extiw" title="fr:Gwerz (groupe)">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Tri_Yann" title="Tri Yann">Tri Yann</a>, who revived traditional songs and made them popular across France. <a href="/wiki/Soldat_Louis" title="Soldat Louis">Soldat Louis</a> is the main Breton rock band,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Breton singers include <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Servat" title="Gilles Servat">Gilles Servat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenmor" title="Glenmor">Glenmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Ar_Braz" title="Dan Ar Braz">Dan Ar Braz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yann-Fa%C3%B1ch_Kemener" title="Yann-Fañch Kemener">Yann-Fañch Kemener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denez_Prigent" title="Denez Prigent">Denez Prigent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nolwenn_Korbell" title="Nolwenn Korbell">Nolwenn Korbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nolwenn_Leroy" title="Nolwenn Leroy">Nolwenn Leroy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Manau_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manau (group)">Manau</a> <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> group from Paris has strong Breton and Celtic inspirations. You can also find the well known group <a href="/wiki/Matmatah" title="Matmatah">Matmatah</a> from Brest. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yann_Tiersen" title="Yann Tiersen">Yann Tiersen</a>, who composed the soundtrack for <i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie" title="Amélie">Amélie</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Corbel" title="Cécile Corbel">Cécile Corbel</a> the compositor of <a href="/wiki/Arrietty" title="Arrietty"><i>Arrietty and the borrowers</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> band <a href="/wiki/Yelle" title="Yelle">Yelle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Fontaine" title="Brigitte Fontaine">Brigitte Fontaine</a> are also from Brittany. The 19th-century composer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Albert_Bourgault-Ducoudray" title="Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray">Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray</a> was one of the first western European composers to be influenced by what is now known as <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>. </p><p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Alvan_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvan (musician)">Alvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahez" title="Ahez">Ahez</a> have been selected to represent France in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">Eurovision Song Contest 2022</a>. Their song, <a href="/wiki/Fulenn" title="Fulenn">Fulenn</a>, is sung entirely in Breton and is about the legend of Katel Kollet, a lady who dances with the devil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_and_literature">Legends and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Legends and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Botrel.jpg/170px-Botrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Botrel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>The singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel" title="Théodore Botrel">Théodore Botrel</a> dressed in traditional Breton clothing</figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany is closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> is located in Brittany and it is nowadays considered to be <a href="/wiki/Paimpont_forest" title="Paimpont forest">Paimpont forest</a>. There, ruins of a castle surrounded by a lake are associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a> is said to be <a href="/wiki/Tombeau_de_Merlin" title="Tombeau de Merlin">Merlin's tomb</a> and a path is presented as <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Val_sans_Retour" class="mw-redirect" title="Val sans Retour">Val sans Retour</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a> are also said to have lived in Brittany. Another major Breton legend is the story about <a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">Ys</a>, a city swallowed by the ocean. </p><p>Breton literature before the 19th century was mostly oral. The oral tradition entertained by medieval poets died out during the 15th century and books in <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> were very rare before 1850. At that time, local writers started to collect and publish local tales and legends and wrote original works. Published between 1925 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the literary journal <a href="/wiki/Gwalarn" title="Gwalarn">Gwalarn</a> favoured a modern Breton literature and helped translating widely known novels into Breton. After the war, the journal <i>Al Liamm</i> pursued that mission. Among the authors writing in Breton are <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Brizeux" title="Auguste Brizeux">Auguste Brizeux</a>, a Romantic poet, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druid">neo-Druidic</a> bard <a href="/wiki/Erwan_Berthou" title="Erwan Berthou">Erwan Berthou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Hersart_de_La_Villemarqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué">Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué</a>, who collected the local legends about <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roparz_Hemon" title="Roparz Hemon">Roparz Hemon</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Gwalarn" title="Gwalarn">Gwalarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAr-Jakez_Helias" title="Pêr-Jakez Helias">Pêr-Jakez Helias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenmor" title="Glenmor">Glenmor</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAr_Denez" title="Pêr Denez">Pêr Denez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meavenn" title="Meavenn">Meavenn</a>. </p><p>Breton literature includes 19th-century historical novels by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Souvestre" title="Émile Souvestre">Émile Souvestre</a>, travel journals by <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Le_Braz" title="Anatole Le Braz">Anatole Le Braz</a>, poems and novels by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Goffic" title="Charles Le Goffic">Charles Le Goffic</a>, the works of the singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Botrel" title="Théodore Botrel">Théodore Botrel</a> and of the maritime writer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Queff%C3%A9lec" title="Henri Queffélec">Henri Queffélec</a>. Brittany is also the birthplace of many writers like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">François-René de Chateaubriand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Robert_de_Lamennais" class="mw-redirect" title="Félicité Robert de Lamennais">Félicité Robert de Lamennais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a> <a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Segalen" title="Victor Segalen">Victor Segalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Grall" title="Xavier Grall">Xavier Grall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rouaud" title="Jean Rouaud">Jean Rouaud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Frain" title="Irène Frain">Irène Frain</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herve_Jaouen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herve Jaouen (page does not exist)">Herve Jaouen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Robbe-Grillet" title="Alain Robbe-Grillet">Alain Robbe-Grillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jakez_H%C3%A9lias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Jakez Hélias">Pierre-Jakez Hélias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Corbi%C3%A8re" title="Tristan Corbière">Tristan Corbière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_F%C3%A9val" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Féval">Paul Féval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gu%C3%A9henno" title="Jean Guéhenno">Jean Guéhenno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bern%C3%A8de" title="Arthur Bernède">Arthur Bernède</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Poivre_d%27Arvor" title="Patrick Poivre d'Arvor">Patrick Poivre d'Arvor</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a></i> comics, set during the time of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and written in the second half of the twentieth century, are set in Armorica, now Brittany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Museum of Brittany, located in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, was founded in 1856. Its collections are mainly dedicated to the history of the region. Museums dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> and local <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penmarch" title="Penmarch">Penmarch</a>, while several towns like <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> have a museum presenting their own history. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_of_Rennes" title="Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes">Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes</a> owns a large collection of Egyptian, Greek and Roman antiquities as well as drawings and engravings by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parmigianino" title="Parmigianino">Parmigianino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>. Its French art collection gathers works by <a href="/wiki/Georges_de_La_Tour" title="Georges de La Tour">Georges de La Tour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Boucher" title="François Boucher">François Boucher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Corot" class="mw-redirect" title="Camille Corot">Camille Corot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>. It has also works by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>. The collections of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nantes">Museum of Fine Arts of Nantes</a> are more dedicated to modern and contemporary art and contain works by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres" title="Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres">Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Paul Signac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamara_de_Lempicka" title="Tamara de Lempicka">Tamara de Lempicka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soulages" title="Pierre Soulages">Pierre Soulages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piero_Manzoni" title="Piero Manzoni">Piero Manzoni</a>. The Museums of Fine Arts of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> offer similar collections, with large quantities of French painting together with the works of some Italian and Dutch artists. The Museum of Fine Arts <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven" title="Pont-Aven">Pont-Aven</a> is dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Pont-Aven" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Pont-Aven">School of Pont-Aven</a>. Contemporary sculptures can be seen in the park around the Château de Kerguéhennec, in <a href="/wiki/Bignan" title="Bignan">Bignan</a>. </p><p>Museums in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douarnenez" title="Douarnenez">Douarnenez</a> are dedicated to ships and maritime traditions and history. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_de_la_Marine" title="Musée national de la Marine">Musée national de la Marine</a> has a large annex in Brest and a submarine is opened to visitors in <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>. In the same town, it is also possible to visit the <a href="/wiki/Keroman_Submarine_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Keroman Submarine Museum">Keroman Submarine Museum</a>, and the <i>Cité de la voile <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Tabarly" title="Éric Tabarly">Éric Tabarly</a></i>, a museum dedicated to sailing. In <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a>, where many <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">transatlantic ships</a> were built, including <a href="/wiki/SS_Normandie" title="SS Normandie">SS <i>Normandie</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_France_(1960)" title="SS France (1960)">SS <i>France</i></a>, a museum showing transatlantic interiors was installed in a <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> base. Nantes has a <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Museum" title="Jules Verne Museum">museum dedicated to Jules Verne</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Nantes" title="Natural History Museum of Nantes">Natural History Museum</a> and a museum of archaeology and design, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Dobr%C3%A9e" title="Musée Dobrée">Musée Dobrée</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg/220px-Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg/330px-Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg/440px-Tonnerres_de_Brest_2012_-_G%C3%B6theborg_-_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4699" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6theborg_(ship)" title="Götheborg (ship)">Götheborg</a></i> ship replica at the Brest tall ship meeting in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany has a vibrant calendar of festivals and events. It hosts some of France's biggest contemporary music festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Route_du_Rock" title="La Route du Rock">La Route du Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vieilles_Charrues" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieilles Charrues">Vieilles Charrues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carhaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rencontres_Trans_Musicales" title="Rencontres Trans Musicales">Rencontres Trans Musicales</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, the Festival du Bout du Monde in <a href="/wiki/Crozon" title="Crozon">Crozon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hellfest" title="Hellfest">Hellfest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clisson" title="Clisson">Clisson</a> and the Astropolis in Brest, or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_du_bruit_dans_Landerneau" class="extiw" title="fr:Fête du bruit dans Landerneau">La fête du bruit</a> in Landerneau and Saint-Nolff. The <a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a> welcomes each year participants all the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> and their diasporas. <a href="/wiki/La_Folle_Journ%C3%A9e" title="La Folle Journée">La Folle Journée</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, is the largest classical music festival in France. </p><p>The Breton culture is highlighted during the <i>Fête de la Bretagne</i>, which occurs in many places around Saint-Yves's day (19 May), and during the Festival de Cornouaille in <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a>. Several towns also organise <a href="/wiki/Historical_re-enactment" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical re-enactment">historical re-enactments</a> and events celebrating local traditions, such as the Filets Bleus in <a href="/wiki/Concarneau" title="Concarneau">Concarneau</a> which celebrates fishing. </p><p>Brittany also has some film festivals like the <a href="/wiki/Three_Continents_Festival" title="Three Continents Festival">Three Continents Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Utopiales" title="Utopiales">Utopiales</a> international science fiction festival is held in the same city. Brest and <a href="/wiki/Douarnenez" title="Douarnenez">Douarnenez</a> both organise large <a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">tall ship</a> meetings (See <a href="/wiki/Brest_Maritime_Festival" title="Brest Maritime Festival">Brest Maritime Festival</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brittany" title="Special:EditPage/Brittany">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg/220px-Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg/330px-Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg/440px-Roazhon_Park_-_France_Paraguay_June_2nd_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roazhon_Park" title="Roazhon Park">Roazhon Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>, cycling and sailing are the three most popular sports in Brittany. Major football teams are the <a href="/wiki/FC_Nantes" title="FC Nantes">FC Nantes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Rennais_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Rennais F.C.">Stade Rennais F.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/FC_Lorient" title="FC Lorient">FC Lorient</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Brestois_29" title="Stade Brestois 29">Stade Brestois 29</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vannes_OC" title="Vannes OC">Vannes OC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/En_Avant_de_Guingamp" class="mw-redirect" title="En Avant de Guingamp">En Avant de Guingamp</a>. Professional footballers coming from the region also form the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_national_football_team" title="Brittany national football team">Brittany national football team</a> which sometimes plays with national teams. </p><p>Several Bretons have won the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hinault" title="Bernard Hinault">Bernard Hinault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louison_Bobet" title="Louison Bobet">Louison Bobet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Robic" title="Jean Robic">Jean Robic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Petit-Breton" title="Lucien Petit-Breton">Lucien Petit-Breton</a> as riders, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrille_Guimard" title="Cyrille Guimard">Cyrille Guimard</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/Directeur_sportif" title="Directeur sportif">directeur sportif</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> is less popular in the North than in the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="South of France">south of France</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Club_Vannes" title="Rugby Club Vannes">Rugby Club Vannes</a> are one of few professional teams in northern France. They currently play in the top tier of French Rugby, <a href="/wiki/Top_14" title="Top 14">Top 14</a>. </p><p>Sailing is particularly important for sea-resorts like <a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A9-sur-Mer" title="La Trinité-sur-Mer">La Trinité-sur-Mer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornichet" title="Pornichet">Pornichet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concarneau" title="Concarneau">Concarneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_de_Gl%C3%A9nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Îles de Glénan">îles de Glénan</a>, where a prestigious school is located. A great number of Bretons have become acclaimed sailors, such as: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Tabarly" title="Éric Tabarly">Éric Tabarly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFck_Peyron" title="Loïck Peyron">Loïck Peyron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Cam" title="Jean Le Cam">Jean Le Cam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Desjoyeaux" title="Michel Desjoyeaux">Michel Desjoyeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Kersauson" title="Olivier de Kersauson">Olivier de Kersauson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coville" title="Thomas Coville">Thomas Coville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Riou" title="Vincent Riou">Vincent Riou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Pajot" title="Marc Pajot">Marc Pajot</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Route_du_Rhum" title="Route du Rhum">Route du Rhum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transat_Qu%C3%A9bec-Saint-Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="Transat Québec-Saint-Malo">Transat Québec-Saint-Malo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Trophy" title="Jules Verne Trophy">Jules Verne Trophy</a> are the main Breton sailing competitions. The <a href="/wiki/Solitaire_du_Figaro" title="Solitaire du Figaro">Solitaire du Figaro</a> stages often start in Brittany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a>, a style of <a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk wrestling</a>, is the most popular Breton sport. The <a href="/wiki/Boule_bretonne" title="Boule bretonne">Boule bretonne</a> is related to <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9tanque" title="Pétanque">pétanque</a>. The <i>Palets</i>, common in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Brittany" title="Upper Brittany">Upper Brittany</a> and in other French regions, is also related to pétanque, but players use iron disks instead of balls and they have to throw them on a wooden board. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> is also a growing sport in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with club teams and a 'county' <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">GAA</a> team representing Brittany against other European 'counties' such as Galicia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG/250px-Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG/330px-Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG/500px-Galette_%C5%93uf_saucisse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galette" title="Galette">Galettes</a> served with eggs and sausages</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Muscadet" title="Muscadet">Muscadet</a> and Gros Plant white wines are produced south of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, the traditional drink of Brittany is <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a>. Brittany is the second-largest cider-producing region in France.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breton cider is traditionally served in a bowl or a cup. Brittany also has a long beer-brewing tradition, tracing its roots back to the 17th century. Young artisanal brewers are keeping a variety of beer types alive,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i>Coreff de Morlaix</i>, <i>Tri Martolod</i> and <i>Britt</i>. Stronger alcohols include the <i><a href="/wiki/Chouchen" title="Chouchen">chouchen</a></i>, a sort of <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> made with wild honey, and an apple <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">eau de vie</a> called <i>lambig</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe" title="Crêpe">Crêpes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galette" title="Galette">galettes</a> are the two most well-known Breton dishes. The crêpes,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made and served with butter, are eaten for dessert and the galettes are usually salty and made with <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>. They traditionally replaced bread as basic food and they can be served with cheese, sausages, bacon, mushrooms or eggs. They can be accompanied by Breton <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> called <i>lait ribot</i>. Brittany also has a dish similar to the <a href="/wiki/Pot-au-feu" title="Pot-au-feu">pot-au-feu</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Kig_ha_farz" title="Kig ha farz">kig ha farz</a>, which consists of stewed pork or beef with <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> dumplings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Surrounded by the sea, Brittany offers a wide range of fresh seafood and fish, especially <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>. Among the seafood specialities is a fish stew called <a href="/wiki/Cotriade" title="Cotriade">cotriade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">beurre blanc</a> sauce, invented in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Julien-de-Concelles" title="Saint-Julien-de-Concelles">Saint-Julien-de-Concelles</a>, close to <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, is often served with fish. Brittany is also known for its salt, mainly harvested around <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a> and used in butter and milk caramels. The region is notable for its biscuit factories, many towns having their own: <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven" title="Pont-Aven">Pont-Aven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>, BN and <a href="/wiki/Lef%C3%A8vre-Utile" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefèvre-Utile">LU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, La Trinitaine in <a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A9-sur-Mer" title="La Trinité-sur-Mer">La Trinité-sur-Mer</a>, and Galettes Saint-Michel in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef" title="Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef">Saint-Michel-Chef-Chef</a>. They usually make their biscuits with salted butter and sell them in iron boxes. Famous Breton <a href="/wiki/Pastries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastries">pastries</a> include the <i><a href="/wiki/Kouign_amann" class="mw-redirect" title="Kouign amann">kouign amann</a></i> ("butter cake" in Breton) made with bread dough and high quantities of butter and sugar, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Far_Breton" title="Far Breton">far</a></i>, a sort of sweet <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> usually made with dried plums.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borne_N786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Borne_N786.jpg/250px-Borne_N786.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Borne_N786.jpg/330px-Borne_N786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Borne_N786.jpg/340px-Borne_N786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>An old road sign on the Route Nationale 786 in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9veneuc" title="Tréveneuc">Tréveneuc</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 1970s, the Breton road network was poor because maritime and rail transport prevailed. The French president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> implemented a major road construction plan in the 1970 and Brittany received over 10 billion <a href="/wiki/French_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="French francs">francs</a> of investments during 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 10,000 km of <a href="/wiki/Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways">motorways</a> were built, permitting Breton road transport to multiply by four. The Breton motorways are not <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll roads</a>, contrarily to the usual French highways.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main road artery linking cities and other settlements along the north coast is the <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_12" title="Route nationale 12">Route nationale 12</a> which connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>. It also provides a link to southern <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, terminating in Paris. In south Brittany the <a href="/wiki/Route_nationale_165" title="Route nationale 165">Route nationale 165</a> performs a similar role along the south coast providing connections between <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient" title="Lorient">Lorient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>. The Route nationale 164 crosses the centre of the peninsula and connects <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Loud%C3%A9ac" title="Loudéac">Loudéac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carhaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaulin" title="Châteaulin">Châteaulin</a>, and the Route nationale 166 links <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>. The Route nationale 137 provides connections between <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and terminates in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> is linked to Paris by the <a href="/wiki/A11_autoroute" title="A11 autoroute">A11 autoroute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> is both on the <a href="/wiki/A81_autoroute" title="A81 autoroute">A81 autoroute</a> to Paris and the <a href="/wiki/A84_autoroute" title="A84 autoroute">A84 autoroute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>. These highways are standard French <a href="/wiki/Toll_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll roads">toll roads</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg/250px-Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg/330px-Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg/500px-Morlaix-Viaduc-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a> railway viaduct is one of the highest in France.</figcaption></figure> <p>The biggest Breton airport is <a href="/wiki/Nantes_Atlantique_Airport" title="Nantes Atlantique Airport">Nantes Atlantique Airport</a>. Destination served include the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Ireland and Morocco. The <a href="/wiki/Brest_Bretagne_Airport" title="Brest Bretagne Airport">Brest Bretagne Airport</a> is the second airport in Brittany. It is followed by <a href="/wiki/Rennes_-_Saint-Jacques_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rennes - Saint-Jacques Airport">Rennes – Saint-Jacques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorient_South_Brittany_Airport" title="Lorient South Brittany Airport">Lorient South Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinard_-_Pleurtuit_-_Saint-Malo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinard - Pleurtuit - Saint-Malo Airport">Dinard – Saint-Malo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc_-_Armor_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Brieuc - Armor Airport">Saint-Brieuc – Armor</a> airport serves flights between Brittany and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. Others smaller airport operates domestic flights in <a href="/wiki/Quimper_-_Cornouaille_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimper - Cornouaille Airport">Quimper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lannion_-_C%C3%B4te_de_Granit_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lannion - Côte de Granit Airport">Lannion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms_Bretagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ms_Bretagne.jpg/220px-Ms_Bretagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ms_Bretagne.jpg/330px-Ms_Bretagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ms_Bretagne.jpg/440px-Ms_Bretagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> <i>MS Bretagne</i> off Saint-Malo</figcaption></figure> <p>Brittany is on two major <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">TGV</a> lines, one linking Paris to <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Croisic" title="Le Croisic">Le Croisic</a>, on the south coast, and another linking Paris to <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>. An extension of the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Atlantique" title="LGV Atlantique">LGV Atlantique</a>, which stops at Le Mans, was completed in 2017, bringing the line to <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>. This extension is known as the <a href="/wiki/LGV_Bretagne-Pays_de_la_Loire" title="LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire">LGV Bretagne-Pays de la Loire</a>. TGV services also link the region with major cities in France such as <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>. Regional services are operated by <a href="/wiki/TER_Bretagne" title="TER Bretagne">TER Bretagne</a> providing connections between small towns such as <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carhaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paimpol" title="Paimpol">Paimpol</a>. TER Bretagne also manages coach lines and connections between Rennes and Nantes. <a href="/wiki/TER_Pays_de_la_Loire" title="TER Pays de la Loire">TER Pays de la Loire</a> operates trains between Nantes and smaller towns in <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are ferry services that take passengers, vehicles and freight to Ireland, the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands. The main companies are <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Ferries" title="Brittany Ferries">Brittany Ferries</a> which operates lines between <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Ferries" title="Irish Ferries">Irish Ferries</a> operates the route <a href="/wiki/Rosslare_Europort" title="Rosslare Europort">Rosslare</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roscoff" title="Roscoff">Roscoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condor_Ferries" title="Condor Ferries">Condor Ferries</a> link <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cycling has always been one of the main sports of Brittany, but leisure cycling and the infrastructure to support it have been growing extremely rapidly. An extensive network of cycle paths and recommended cycle routes has opened up all over the region. Some of these are routes using mainly smaller roads and both signposted and maintained by communes individually, but many are based on dedicated cycle paths often formed by converting disused railway tracks. These help form routes such as 'Vélodyssée' from Roscoff to Nantes and several major routes under the 'V' label (following signs V1, V2 etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old tow-path of the Nantes-Brest canal is now open to cyclists along its entire 385 km length though in places (unlike rail-based cycle paths) it is very meandering and leaving the path will both shorten the distance and provide variety.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the marked cyclepaths such as the Nantes-Brest canal offer the opportunity for safe, easy, traffic free cycling, the real 'richness' of Brittany is its incredible network of country lanes. Those the terrain can be described as 'rolling' the gradients are generally moderate (rarely over 5% – usually far less) and unlike the canal paths they do link small villages where cyclists can find somewhere to refresh themselves. The increase in cycling holiday-makers has given new life to the network of small campsites and hotels/chambre d'hotes especially inland where the economy struggled in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a general rule cyclists are very well respected in the region and many larger towns have cycle-lanes – however traffic is 'cycle-friendly' even in their absence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg/250px-Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg/330px-Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg/500px-Drapeau_Bretagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The modern flag of Brittany</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany" title="Flag of Brittany">flag of Brittany</a> was designed in 1923. It is called <i>Gwenn ha Du</i> ("white and black" in <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>) and it features eleven <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">ermine</a> spots (their number may vary) and nine stripes, the black ones represent the Breton speaking historical dioceses, and the white ones symbolise the <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">gallo</a> speaking dioceses. The flag was created to replace the traditional ermine plain standard, considered too aristocratic and royalist. It was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/American_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign" title="Red Ensign">Red Ensign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1920s, the flag has become very popular and it is flown from a large number of institutions. Apart from the ermine flag, Breton historic banners include the <a href="/wiki/Kroaz_Du" title="Kroaz Du">Kroaz Du</a>, a white flag with a black cross, the perfect negative of the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish flag">Cornish flag</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg/220px-Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg/330px-Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg/440px-Hermine_passante_collet%C3%A9e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The ermine was the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badge</a> of several dukes of Brittany.</figcaption></figure> <p>The coat of arms of Brittany, <i>ermine plain</i>, was adopted by <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III</a> in 1316. Ermine had been used in Brittany long before, and there is no clue to its origin. It was probably chosen by the dukes because of its similarity with the French <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>, or stoat, as an animal became the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badge</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John IV, Duke of Brittany">John IV</a> at the end of the 14th century. It appeared later on numerous locations, including churches and castles. According to popular traditions, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a> was hunting with her court when she saw a white ermine who preferred to die than to cross a dirty marsh. This episode would have inspired the duchess' motto : <i>"Potius mori quam foedari"</i> ("rather death than dishonour").<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motto has later been reused by Breton regiments, local <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">World War II Resistants</a> and cultural movements. </p><p>The Breton anthem, although not official, is <i><a href="/wiki/Bro_Gozh_ma_Zado%C3%B9" title="Bro Gozh ma Zadoù">Bro Gozh ma Zadoù</a></i> – ("Old Land of My Fathers"). It re-employs both the <a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Welsh anthem</a>'s music and that of "Bro Goth agan Tasow" (the national anthem of Cornwall; its lyrics were written at the end of the 19th century). </p><p>Colloquial Breton emblems include the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">triskelion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a>, local dishes such as the <a href="/wiki/Galette" title="Galette">galettes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bigouden" title="Bigouden">Bigouden</a> headdress and the traditional black round hat, the fisherman and his yellow raincoat, etc. <i>BZH</i> is a common abbreviation for "Breizh" ("Brittany" in Breton) and people often put BZH stickers on their car-plates, although it is forbidden under French laws.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/.bzh" title=".bzh">.bzh</a></i> is an approved Internet <a href="/wiki/Top_level_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Top level domain">top level domain</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> culture and languages.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Merlin's tomb in the Brocéliande forest, Paimpont"><img alt="Merlin's tomb in the Brocéliande forest, Paimpont" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG/250px-Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG/330px-Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG/500px-Tombeau_Merlin_Broc%C3%A9liande195.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>'s tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> forest, <a href="/wiki/Paimpont_forest" title="Paimpont forest">Paimpont</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucuno_dolmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dolmen in Plouharnel"><img alt="A dolmen in Plouharnel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crucuno_dolmen.jpg/170px-Crucuno_dolmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crucuno_dolmen.jpg/255px-Crucuno_dolmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Crucuno_dolmen.jpg/340px-Crucuno_dolmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dolmen in <a href="/wiki/Plouharnel" title="Plouharnel">Plouharnel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guerande_Tor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The city wall of Guérande"><img alt="The city wall of Guérande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Guerande_Tor.jpg/250px-Guerande_Tor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Guerande_Tor.jpg/330px-Guerande_Tor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Guerande_Tor.jpg/500px-Guerande_Tor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The city wall of <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rande" title="Guérande">Guérande</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castle of Saint-Malo, Qui Qu'en Grogne Tower"><img alt="Castle of Saint-Malo, Qui Qu'en Grogne Tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg/170px-Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg/255px-Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg/340px-Tour-qui-qu-en-grogne-DS62.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Castle of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, <i>Qui Qu'en Grogne</i> Tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Château de Suscinio"><img alt="Château de Suscinio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg/250px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg/500px-Ch%C3%A2teau_Suscinio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Suscinio" title="Château de Suscinio">Château de Suscinio</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Île Vierge lighthouse"><img alt="Île Vierge lighthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg/170px-Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg/255px-Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg/340px-Phare_IleVerge_PM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Vierge" title="Île Vierge">Île Vierge</a> lighthouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parlement of Brittany in Rennes"><img alt="Parlement of Brittany in Rennes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg/170px-Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg/255px-Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg/340px-Parlement_de_Bretagne-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parlement of Brittany in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbey and lighthouse of Saint-Mathieu"><img alt="Abbey and lighthouse of Saint-Mathieu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg/170px-Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg/255px-Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg/340px-Abbacy_and_lighthouse_of_Saint-Mathieu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abbey and lighthouse of <a href="/wiki/Pointe_Saint-Mathieu" title="Pointe Saint-Mathieu">Saint-Mathieu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20_Moulin_vert.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ar Meilhoù Glaz, a Bagad from Quimper"><img alt="Ar Meilhoù Glaz, a Bagad from Quimper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20_Moulin_vert.JPG/170px-20_Moulin_vert.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20_Moulin_vert.JPG/255px-20_Moulin_vert.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/20_Moulin_vert.JPG/340px-20_Moulin_vert.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ar Meilhoù Glaz</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Bagad" title="Bagad">Bagad</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quimper" title="Quimper">Quimper</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Festival du chant de marin, sea songs festival in Paimpol"><img alt="Festival du chant de marin, sea songs festival in Paimpol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG/170px-PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG/255px-PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG/340px-PLcdm_2009_S_028.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Festival du chant de marin</i>, sea songs festival in <a href="/wiki/Paimpol" title="Paimpol">Paimpol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Breton headdress from Batz-sur-Mer"><img alt="A Breton headdress from Batz-sur-Mer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg/115px-Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg/172px-Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg/229px-Batz-sur-Mer_Coiffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Breton headdress from <a href="/wiki/Batz-sur-Mer" title="Batz-sur-Mer">Batz-sur-Mer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern Brittany - Illustration from Legends & Romances of Brittany by Lewis Spence, illustrated by W. Otway Cannell."><img alt="Modern Brittany - Illustration from Legends & Romances of Brittany by Lewis Spence, illustrated by W. Otway Cannell." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg/115px-W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg/172px-W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg/229px-W._Otway_Cannell_8_Modern_Brittany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern Brittany - Illustration from Legends & Romances of Brittany by Lewis Spence, illustrated by W. Otway Cannell.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Men Ruz lighthouse, Ploumanac'h"><img alt="Men Ruz lighthouse, Ploumanac'h" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg/127px-Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg/191px-Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg/255px-Men_Ruz_Lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Men Ruz lighthouse, <a href="/wiki/Ploumanac%27h" title="Ploumanac'h">Ploumanac'h</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/120px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a>, Breton Celtic tribe associated with Northern England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brittany" title="Politics of Brittany">Politics of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in French as <i>Grande-Bretagne</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Magnus Maximus was a native of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, being born on the estate of <a href="/wiki/Count_Theodosius" title="Count Theodosius">Count Theodosius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presumably this soldier was in the employ of <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Visigoths' version of events was that they had saved the Roman empire from a British invasion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brittany was proverbially wealthy throughout much of its history: it prospered from trade before and during Roman rule, mid-ninth century legal documents reveal peasant landowners suing lords for trespass. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Penthièvre">House of Penthièvre</a> was wealthy, Breton dowries raised impoverished nobles such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_II_de_Brosse" title="Jean II de Brosse">Jean II de Brosse</a> to riches, and Duchess Anne's fortune contributed to the <a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">French Renaissance</a>, to palaces such as <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley" title="Châteaux of the Loire Valley">Châteaux of the Loire Valley</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenriette_Walter2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Walter" title="Henriette Walter">Henriette Walter</a> (2013). <i>L'aventure des langues en Occident: Leur origine, leur histoire, leur géographie</i>. Robert Laffont. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aventure+des+langues+en+Occident%3A+Leur+origine%2C+leur+histoire%2C+leur+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Henriette+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Celtic_League-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Celtic_League_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Celtic_League_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celticleague.net/">"The Celtic League"</a>. The Celtic League<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient+2010&rft.pub=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-interceltique.com%2Ffestival%2Fnations-celtes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Us.franceguide.com-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Us.franceguide.com_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Us.franceguide.com_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711023017/http://us.franceguide.com/Cultural-Brittany.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=193027">"Official website of the French Government Tourist Office: Brittany"</a>. Us.franceguide.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.franceguide.com/Cultural-Brittany.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=193027">the original</a> on 11 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+French+Government+Tourist+Office%3A+Brittany&rft.pub=Us.franceguide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.franceguide.com%2FCultural-Brittany.html%3FNodeID%3D1%26EditoID%3D193027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Celtic_connection-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Celtic_connection_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Celtic_connection_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrice1986" class="citation book cs1">Price, Glanville (30 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iKIWY4P9uFwC"><i>The Celtic connection</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86140-248-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86140-248-9"><bdi>978-0-86140-248-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UK: <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers" title="Jessica Kingsley Publishers">Jessica Kingsley Publishers</a>. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8530-2833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8530-2833-5"><bdi>978-1-8530-2833-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Work+in+the+British+Isles&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8530-2833-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Shardlow%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrasBRQwwOIIC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saint-Michel_tumulus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saint-Michel_tumulus_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518022723/http://www.megalithes-morbihan.com/sites/saint-michel-tumulus.html">"Saint-Michel tumulus"</a>. <i>www.megalithes-morbihan.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.megalithes-morbihan.com&rft.atitle=Saint-Michel+tumulus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithes-morbihan.com%2Fsites%2Fsaint-michel-tumulus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/The-worlds-10-oldest-ruins/ruinsu-barnenez-c1/">"The world's 10 oldest ruins"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 4 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/The-worlds-10-oldest-ruins/ruinsu-barnenez-c1/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+10+oldest+ruins&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fgalleries%2FThe-worlds-10-oldest-ruins%2Fruinsu-barnenez-c1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4277602?sommaire=4318291">"Tableaux de l'économie française, Édition 2020, Villes et communes de France"</a>. INSEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-interceltique.com/festival/nations-celtes.cfm">the original</a> on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient+2010&rft.pub=Festival+Interceltique+de+Lorient&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-interceltique.com%2Ffestival%2Fnations-celtes.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharif_Gemie2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharif Gemie (2007). <i>Brittany 1750–1950 – The Invisible Nation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=La+moiti%C3%A9+des+habitants+de+la+Bretagne+%C3%A0+5+favorable+%C3%A0+un+rattachement+de+la+Loire-Atlantique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wikiwix.com%2Fcache%2Findex2.php%3Furl%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.letelegramme.fr%2Fstatic%2Fftp%2Fdossier%2Fdata%2Fbretagne_sondage%2Fsondage.html%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com%26tab%3Durl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2022/04/09/brittany-lays-claim-to-autonomy-in-corsica-s-footsteps_5980128_7.html">"Brittany lays claim to autonomy, in Corsica's footsteps"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Brittany+lays+claim+to+autonomy%2C+in+Corsica%27s+footsteps&rft.date=2022-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance%2Farticle%2F2022%2F04%2F09%2Fbrittany-lays-claim-to-autonomy-in-corsica-s-footsteps_5980128_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPierre-Yves_Lambert1997" class="citation book cs1">Pierre-Yves Lambert (1997). <i>La Langue Gauloise</i>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Langue+Gauloise&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Pierre-Yves+Lambert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLéon_Fleuriot1980" class="citation book cs1">Léon Fleuriot (1980). <i>Les Origines de la Bretagne</i>. Payot. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Origines+de+la+Bretagne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1980&rft.au=L%C3%A9on+Fleuriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLéon_Fleuriot1980" class="citation book cs1">Léon Fleuriot (1980). <i>Les Origines de la Bretagne</i>. Payot. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Origines+de+la+Bretagne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1980&rft.au=L%C3%A9on+Fleuriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabien_Lecuyer2013" class="citation web cs1">Fabien Lecuyer (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907055637/http://7seizh.info/2013/04/23/bertaeyn-galeizz-change-de-nom-un-evenement-pas-si-anodin/">"Bertaèyn Galeizz change de nom. Un évènement pas si anodin"</a>. 7seizh. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://7seizh.info/2013/04/23/bertaeyn-galeizz-change-de-nom-un-evenement-pas-si-anodin/">the original</a> on 7 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berta%C3%A8yn+Galeizz+change+de+nom.+Un+%C3%A9v%C3%A8nement+pas+si+anodin.&rft.pub=7seizh&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.au=Fabien+Lecuyer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F7seizh.info%2F2013%2F04%2F23%2Fbertaeyn-galeizz-change-de-nom-un-evenement-pas-si-anodin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathalie_Molines_and_Jean-Laurent_Monnier1993" class="citation book cs1">Nathalie Molines and Jean-Laurent Monnier (1993). <i>Le " Colombanien ": un faciès régional du Paléolithique inférieur sur le littoral armoricano-atlantique</i>. Vol. 90. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. p. 284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+%22+Colombanien+%22%3A+un+faci%C3%A8s+r%C3%A9gional+du+Pal%C3%A9olithique+inf%C3%A9rieur+sur+le+littoral+armoricano-atlantique&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+pr%C3%A9historique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Nathalie+Molines+and+Jean-Laurent+Monnier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas2004" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Julian (1 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fdp.31.8">"Current debates on the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Britain and Ireland"</a>. <i>Documenta Praehistorica</i>. <b>31</b>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Fdp.31.8">10.4312/dp.31.8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1854-2492">1854-2492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Documenta+Praehistorica&rft.atitle=Current+debates+on+the+Mesolithic-Neolithic+transition+in+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=p.+117&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Fdp.31.8&rft.issn=1854-2492&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4312%252Fdp.31.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Patton, <i>Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany</i>, Routledge, 1993, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VenceslasKruta-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VenceslasKruta_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VenceslasKruta_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVenceslas_Kruta2000" class="citation book cs1">Venceslas Kruta (2000). <i>Les Celtes, Histoire et Dictionnaire</i>. Robert Laffont. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7028-6261-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7028-6261-6"><bdi>2-7028-6261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Celtes%2C+Histoire+et+Dictionnaire&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-7028-6261-6&rft.au=Venceslas+Kruta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiot_(P._R),_Briard_(J.)_and_Pape_(L.)1995" class="citation book cs1">Giot (P. R), Briard (J.) and Pape (L.) (1995). <i>Protohistoire de la Bretagne</i>. Ouest-France Université. p. 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protohistoire+de+la+Bretagne&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Ouest-France+Universit%C3%A9&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Giot+%28P.+R%29%2C+Briard+%28J.%29+and+Pape+%28L.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulius_Caesar" class="citation book cs1">Julius Caesar. "VII". <i>Commentarii de Bello Gallico</i>. p. 75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII&rft.btitle=Commentarii+de+Bello+Gallico&rft.pages=75&rft.au=Julius+Caesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roman_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversité_de_Rennes_II" class="citation web cs1">Université de Rennes II (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040531074132/http://www2.ac-rennes.fr/cst/doc/Dossiers/archeo/archeo/classique.htm">"Archéologie classique"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ac-rennes.fr/cst/doc/dossiers/archeo/archeo/classique.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A9ologie+classique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ac-rennes.fr%2Fcst%2Fdoc%2Fdossiers%2Farcheo%2Farcheo%2Fclassique.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leon Fleuriot's primarily linguistic researches in Les Origines de la Bretagne, emphasizes instead the broader influx of Britons into Roman Gaul that preceded the fifth-century collapse of Roman power.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, in History of the Wars, viii, 20, 6–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Brittany-region-France/History">"Brittany"</a>. The Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brittany&rft.pub=The+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBrittany-region-France%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the Romans withdrew, Celts from Britain moved into the area to seek refuge from the Anglo-Saxon invaders of the 5th and 6th centuries. It is from this event that Brittany derives its name.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Fleuriot" title="Léon Fleuriot">Léon Fleuriot</a>, <i>Les origines de la Bretagne: l'émigration</i>, Paris, Payot, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Y._M._Kerboul1997" class="citation book cs1">Christian Y. M. Kerboul (1997). <i>Les Royaumes brittoniques au très haut Moyen Âge</i>. Éditions du Pontig/Coop Breizh. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9510310-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-9510310-3-3"><bdi>2-9510310-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Royaumes+brittoniques+au+tr%C3%A8s+haut+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Pontig%2FCoop+Breizh&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-9510310-3-3&rft.au=Christian+Y.+M.+Kerboul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoël_Cornette2005" class="citation book cs1">Joël Cornette (2005). <i>Histoire de la Bretagne et des Bretons</i>. Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-054890-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-054890-9"><bdi>2-02-054890-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Bretagne+et+des+Bretons&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=2-02-054890-9&rft.au=Jo%C3%ABl+Cornette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Julia M. H. <i>Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Stephen M. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9155941">"Óttar's Story – A Dublin Viking in Brittany, England and Ireland, A.D. 902–918"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%93ttar%27s+Story+%E2%80%93+A+Dublin+Viking+in+Brittany%2C+England+and+Ireland%2C+A.D.+902%E2%80%93918&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9155941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constance De La Warr, <i>A Twice Crowned Queen: Anne of Brittany</i>, Peter Owen, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joël Cornette, Le marquis et le Régent. Une conspiration bretonne à l'aube des Lumières, Paris, Tallandier, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226113452/http://www.breizh-amerika.com/breton-american-history.html">"Breton American History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breizh-amerika.com/breton-american-history.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breton+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breizh-amerika.com%2Fbreton-american-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175622/http://www.rennes.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Telechargements/rennais/rn382/histoire.pdf">"Rennes, guide histoire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rennes.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Telechargements/rennais/rn382/histoire.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rennes%2C+guide+histoire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rennes.fr%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FTelechargements%2Frennais%2Frn382%2Fhistoire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h99nAAAAMAAJ"><i>Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'ouest, (Anjou, Maine, Poitou, Touraine)</i></a>. Université d'Angers. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+de+Bretagne+et+des+pays+de+l%27ouest%2C+%28Anjou%2C+Maine%2C+Poitou%2C+Touraine%29&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+d%27Angers&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh99nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Rotté, <i><a href="/wiki/Ar_Seiz_Breur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar Seiz Breur">Ar Seiz Breur</a>. Recherches et réalisations pour un art Breton moderne, 1923–1947</i>, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_Markale_and_Patrice_Pellerin1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean Markale and Patrice Pellerin (1994). <i>Une histoire de la Bretagne</i>. Éditions Ouest France. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7373-1516-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7373-1516-6"><bdi>2-7373-1516-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+la+Bretagne&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest+France&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2-7373-1516-6&rft.au=Jean+Markale+and+Patrice+Pellerin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikael_Bodlore-Penlaez_and_Divi_Kervella2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella (2011). <i>Atlas de Bretagne – Atlas Breizh</i>. Coop Breizh. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84346-496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84346-496-6"><bdi>978-2-84346-496-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+de+Bretagne+%E2%80%93+Atlas+Breizh&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Coop+Breizh&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-84346-496-6&rft.au=Mikael+Bodlore-Penlaez+and+Divi+Kervella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlate.fr2011" class="citation web cs1">Slate.fr, ed. (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slate.fr/story/47615/bretagne-nantes-guerre-frontieres">"Bretagne, la guerre des frontières"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bretagne%2C+la+guerre+des+fronti%C3%A8res&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.fr%2Fstory%2F47615%2Fbretagne-nantes-guerre-frontieres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Untersinger2012" class="citation news cs1">Martin Untersinger (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406235726/http://www.rue89.com/2012/04/04/la-bretagne-terre-de-resistance-lextreme-droite-230769">"La Bretagne, terre de résistance à l'extrême droite"</a>. <i>Rue89</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rue89.com/2012/04/04/la-bretagne-terre-de-resistance-lextreme-droite-230769">the original</a> on 6 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rue89&rft.atitle=La+Bretagne%2C+terre+de+r%C3%A9sistance+%C3%A0+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.au=Martin+Untersinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rue89.com%2F2012%2F04%2F04%2Fla-bretagne-terre-de-resistance-lextreme-droite-230769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlouméour-Ménez" class="citation web cs1">Plouméour-Ménez (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612003008/http://www.plouneour-menez.fr/fr/patrimoine-naturel.php">"Le Roc'h RUZ, point culminant de la Bretagne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plouneour-menez.fr/fr/patrimoine-naturel.php">the original</a> on 12 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Roc%27h+RUZ%2C+point+culminant+de+la+Bretagne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plouneour-menez.fr%2Ffr%2Fpatrimoine-naturel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-geology_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmanuèle_Savelli" class="citation web cs1">Emmanuèle Savelli. Portail de l'information environnementale en Bretagne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320132724/http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Sous-sol/Le-contexte-breton/Histoire-geologique">"L'histoire géologique de la Bretagne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Sous-sol/Le-contexte-breton/Histoire-geologique">the original</a> on 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27histoire+g%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Bretagne&rft.au=Emmanu%C3%A8le+Savelli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FSous-sol%2FLe-contexte-breton%2FHistoire-geologique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/index.php?s=&d=">"Normales et records des stations météo de France – Infoclimat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+et+records+des+stations+m%C3%A9t%C3%A9o+de+France+%E2%80%93+Infoclimat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoclimat.fr%2Fclimatologie%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D%26d%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBretagne_Environnement2005" class="citation web cs1">Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320111558/http://bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-oiseaux/Les-oiseaux-marins/Les-oiseaux-marins-des-falaises-des-ilots-des-embruns-et-des-plumes">"Les oiseaux marins: des falaises, des îlots, des embruns et des plumes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-oiseaux/Les-oiseaux-marins/Les-oiseaux-marins-des-falaises-des-ilots-des-embruns-et-des-plumes">the original</a> on 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+oiseaux+marins%3A+des+falaises%2C+des+%C3%AElots%2C+des+embruns+et+des+plumes&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FPatrimoine-naturel%2FLa-faune%2FLes-oiseaux%2FLes-oiseaux-marins%2FLes-oiseaux-marins-des-falaises-des-ilots-des-embruns-et-des-plumes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBretagne_Environnement2005" class="citation web cs1">Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130325002324/http://bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-mammiferes/Les-mammiferes-semi-aquatiques">"Les mammifères semi-aquatiques"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-mammiferes/Les-mammiferes-semi-aquatiques">the original</a> on 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+mammif%C3%A8res+semi-aquatiques&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FPatrimoine-naturel%2FLa-faune%2FLes-mammiferes%2FLes-mammiferes-semi-aquatiques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBretagne_Environnement2005" class="citation web cs1">Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516093510/http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-invertebres/Les-invertebres-continentaux/Que-sait-on-des-invertebres-continentaux-en-Bretagne">"Que sait-on des invertébrés continentaux en Bretagne ?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-invertebres/Les-invertebres-continentaux/Que-sait-on-des-invertebres-continentaux-en-Bretagne">the original</a> on 16 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Que+sait-on+des+invert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s+continentaux+en+Bretagne+%3F&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FPatrimoine-naturel%2FLa-faune%2FLes-invertebres%2FLes-invertebres-continentaux%2FQue-sait-on-des-invertebres-continentaux-en-Bretagne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBretagne_Environnement2005" class="citation web cs1">Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125035427/http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-mammiferes">"Les mammifères"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-faune/Les-mammiferes">the original</a> on 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+mammif%C3%A8res&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FPatrimoine-naturel%2FLa-faune%2FLes-mammiferes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBretagne_Environnement2006" class="citation web cs1">Bretagne Environnement, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126021031/http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-flore/Les-plantes-a-fleurs-menacees">"Les plantes à fleur menacées en Bretagne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne-environnement.org/Patrimoine-naturel/La-flore/Les-plantes-a-fleurs-menacees">the original</a> on 26 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+plantes+%C3%A0+fleur+menac%C3%A9es+en+Bretagne&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne-environnement.org%2FPatrimoine-naturel%2FLa-flore%2FLes-plantes-a-fleurs-menacees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indépendance-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indépendance_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20106-Annee-1993/10235-93/10880-gros-plan/16926-histoire/16927-la-lente-mise-en-place-des/index.html">«La Lente Mise en Place des Universités Bretonnes»</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319203017/http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20106-Annee-1993/10235-93/10880-gros-plan/16926-histoire/16927-la-lente-mise-en-place-des/index.html">Archived</a> 19 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Science Ouest N°93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breizh.net/icdbl/saozg/endangered.htm#Image%20No.%202:%20Breton%20is%20a%20hindrance%20to%20good%20citizenship">ICBL information about Breton</a> at breizh.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diwanbreizh.org/sections.php4?op=viewarticle&artid=6">Diwan FAQ, #6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuest-France2011" class="citation web cs1">Ouest-France, ed. (14 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/actu/actuDet_-En-Bretagne-l-enseignement-prive-se-rebiffe-div-class=boutonVideo-img-alt=Lien-vers-video-src=-design-images-overlay-video-articleVideo.gif-div-_39382-1797389_actu.Htm">"En Bretagne, l'enseignement privé se rebiffe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=En+Bretagne%2C+l%27enseignement+priv%C3%A9+se+rebiffe&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Factu%2FactuDet_-En-Bretagne-l-enseignement-prive-se-rebiffe-div-class%3DboutonVideo-img-alt%3DLien-vers-video-src%3D-design-images-overlay-video-articleVideo.gif-div-_39382-1797389_actu.Htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bretagne.bzh/br/actions/economie-emploi/economie-maritime/">"Renforcer les atouts de l'économie maritime"</a> (in French). <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9gion_Bretagne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Région Bretagne (page does not exist)">Région Bretagne</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renforcer+les+atouts+de+l%27%C3%A9conomie+maritime&rft.pub=R%C3%A9gion+Bretagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne.bzh%2Fbr%2Factions%2Feconomie-emploi%2Feconomie-maritime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eco-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eco_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326024936/http://www.bretagne.bzh/jcms/l_18197/l-economie-bretonne">"L'économie bretonne|éditor=Region Bretagne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne.bzh/jcms/l_18197/l-economie-bretonne">the original</a> on 26 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9conomie+bretonne%26%23124%3B%C3%A9ditor%3DRegion+Bretagne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne.bzh%2Fjcms%2Fl_18197%2Fl-economie-bretonne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPriscilla_Franken" class="citation web cs1">Priscilla Franken. Vocatis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130412213002/http://www.vocatis.fr/article.php3?id_article=17207">"La Bretagne a un taux de chômage faible, mais qui ne profite pas assez aux seniors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocatis.fr/article.php3?id_article=17207">the original</a> on 12 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Bretagne+a+un+taux+de+ch%C3%B4mage+faible%2C+mais+qui+ne+profite+pas+assez+aux+seniors&rft.au=Priscilla+Franken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocatis.fr%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D17207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFINSEE2013" class="citation web cs1">INSEE, ed. (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/regions/bretagne/default.asp?page=conjoncture/taux_chomage.htm">"Taux de chômage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taux+de+ch%C3%B4mage&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fregions%2Fbretagne%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3Dconjoncture%2Ftaux_chomage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPays_de_la_Loire" class="citation web cs1">Pays de la Loire (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620141414/http://ores.paysdelaloire.fr/739-chomage.htm">"Taux de chômage trimestriel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ores.paysdelaloire.fr/739-chomage.htm">the original</a> on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taux+de+ch%C3%B4mage+trimestriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fores.paysdelaloire.fr%2F739-chomage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4480852#figure3_radio2">"L'essentiel sur… la Bretagne"</a>. INSEE. 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27essentiel+sur%E2%80%A6+la+Bretagne&rft.pub=INSEE&rft.date=2022-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F4480852%23figure3_radio2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinternaute_villes" class="citation web cs1">Linternaute villes (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linternaute.com/ville/ville/donnee/36636/loire-atlantique.shtml">"Loire-Atlantique – Pays De Loire (44)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loire-Atlantique+%E2%80%93+Pays+De+Loire+%2844%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linternaute.com%2Fville%2Fville%2Fdonnee%2F36636%2Floire-atlantique.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2019/apr/13/20-most-beautiful-historic-villages-france-loire-provence">"20 of the most beautiful villages in France"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>From a fairytale fortress in the Loire to a clifftop stronghold in Provence, these charming, historic villages make perfect bases for exploring rural France</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=20+of+the+most+beautiful+villages+in+France&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2019%2Fapr%2F13%2F20-most-beautiful-historic-villages-france-loire-provence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=REG-53+DEP-44">"Comparateur de territoire: Région de Bretagne (53), Département de la Loire-Atlantique (44)"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparateur+de+territoire%3A+R%C3%A9gion+de+Bretagne+%2853%29%2C+D%C3%A9partement+de+la+Loire-Atlantique+%2844%29&rft.pub=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F1405599%3Fgeo%3DREG-53%2BDEP-44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop2017_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2017_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop2017_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4265429/ensemble.pdf">Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuest-France" class="citation web cs1">Ouest-France (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/region/bretagne_detail_-La-bonne-sante-de-la-demographie-bretonne_8619-1641723_actu.Htm">"La bonne santé de la démographie bretonne|date3 January 2011"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+bonne+sant%C3%A9+de+la+d%C3%A9mographie+bretonne%26%23124%3Bdate3+January+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouest-france.fr%2Fregion%2Fbretagne_detail_-La-bonne-sante-de-la-demographie-bretonne_8619-1641723_actu.Htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGecodia.fr" class="citation web cs1">Gecodia.fr (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130412165051/http://www.gecodia.fr/La-demographie-de-la-Bretagne-depuis-1851_a1430.html">"La démographie de la Bretagne depuis 1851"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gecodia.fr/La-demographie-de-la-Bretagne-depuis-1851_a1430.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+d%C3%A9mographie+de+la+Bretagne+depuis+1851&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gecodia.fr%2FLa-demographie-de-la-Bretagne-depuis-1851_a1430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1">INSEE (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923182945/http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action;jsessionid=BF2D6CA8BF8F21D89716B60A229DDC82?idbank=000067486&page=tableau&codeGroupe=28&recherche=idbank&periodeDebut=0&anneeDebut=1851&periodeFin=367&anneeFin=1962">"Démographie – Population sans doubles comptes au recensement: Loire-Atlantique (série rétropolée 1851–1962) – série arrêtée"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdm.insee.fr/bdm2/affichageSeries.action;jsessionid=BF2D6CA8BF8F21D89716B60A229DDC82?idbank=000067486&page=tableau&codeGroupe=28&recherche=idbank&periodeDebut=0&anneeDebut=1851&periodeFin=367&anneeFin=1962">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9mographie+%E2%80%93+Population+sans+doubles+comptes+au+recensement%3A+Loire-Atlantique+%28s%C3%A9rie+r%C3%A9tropol%C3%A9e+1851%E2%80%931962%29+%E2%80%93+s%C3%A9rie+arr%C3%AAt%C3%A9e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdm.insee.fr%2Fbdm2%2FaffichageSeries.action%3Bjsessionid%3DBF2D6CA8BF8F21D89716B60A229DDC82%3Fidbank%3D000067486%26page%3Dtableau%26codeGroupe%3D28%26recherche%3Didbank%26periodeDebut%3D0%26anneeDebut%3D1851%26periodeFin%3D367%26anneeFin%3D1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambre_de_commerce_et_d'industrie_de_Bretagne" class="citation web cs1">Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Bretagne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209073820/http://www.bretagne.cci.fr/1-22297-Demographie.php">"Données thématiques"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretagne.cci.fr/1-22297-Demographie.php">the original</a> on 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donn%C3%A9es+th%C3%A9matiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretagne.cci.fr%2F1-22297-Demographie.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sondage_CNRS_p._7-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sondage_CNRS_p._7_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sondage_CNRS_p._7_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sondage CNRS, TMO-Ouest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/pdfs/15280_2.pdf">Résultats</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117075109/http://www.agencebretagnepresse.com/pdfs/15280_2.pdf">Archived</a> 17 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> commentés dans <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouest-france.fr/region/bretagne_detail_-Breton-et-Francais-la-double-identite-affirmee-_8619-932595_actu.Htm"><i>Ouest-France</i>, 14-05.2009, page 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIfop_and_Bretons2012" class="citation web cs1">Ifop and Bretons, ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Bretons%2C+les+habitants+de+Loire-Atlantique+et+la+question+r%C3%A9gionale&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifop.com%2Fmedia%2Fpoll%2F2137-1-study_file.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broudic2009-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broudic2009_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%B1ch_Broudic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fañch Broudic">Fañch Broudic</a>, 2009. <i>Parler Breton au XXIe siècle – Le nouveau sondage de TMO-Régions.</i> (including data from 2007: 172,000 speakers in Lower Brittany; slightly under 200,000 in whole Brittany; 206,000 including students in bilingual education)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofis-stats-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ofis-stats_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofis-bzh.org/fr/langue_bretonne/chiffres_cles/index.php">Données clés sur Breton, Ofis ar Brezhoneg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010234849/https://www.epsilon.insee.fr/jspui/bitstream/1/11835/1/oc92_lan.pdf">"Langue bretonne et autres langues: pratique et transmission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. INSEE. January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epsilon.insee.fr/jspui/bitstream/1/11835/1/oc92_lan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bierbreizh+%E2%80%93+Accueil&rft.pub=Bierbreizh.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bierbreizh.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aroundtheyum.com/recipe/recipe-for-crepes/">"Crepes Recipe"</a>. <i>Around The Yum</i>. 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Around+The+Yum&rft.atitle=Crepes+Recipe&rft.date=2024-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faroundtheyum.com%2Frecipe%2Frecipe-for-crepes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105230921/http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10195-125/10680-gros-plan/12801-histoire-et-societe/12803-le-plan-routier-breton/index.html">"Plan routier Breton (2)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10195-125/10680-gros-plan/12801-histoire-et-societe/12803-le-plan-routier-breton/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+routier+Breton+%282%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espace-sciences.org%2Fscience%2F10065-sciences-ouest%2F20109-Annee-1996%2F10195-125%2F10680-gros-plan%2F12801-histoire-et-societe%2F12803-le-plan-routier-breton%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105231028/http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10197-123/10690-gros-plan/15348-histoire-et-societe/15350-le-plan-routier-breton-2/index.html">"Plan routier Breton (3)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10197-123/10690-gros-plan/15348-histoire-et-societe/15350-le-plan-routier-breton-2/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+routier+Breton+%283%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espace-sciences.org%2Fscience%2F10065-sciences-ouest%2F20109-Annee-1996%2F10197-123%2F10690-gros-plan%2F15348-histoire-et-societe%2F15350-le-plan-routier-breton-2%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105231049/http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10196-124/10685-gros-plan/12851-histoire-et-societe/12852-le-plan-routier-breton-3/index.html">"Plan routier Breton (4)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20109-Annee-1996/10196-124/10685-gros-plan/12851-histoire-et-societe/12852-le-plan-routier-breton-3/index.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plan+routier+Breton+%284%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espace-sciences.org%2Fscience%2F10065-sciences-ouest%2F20109-Annee-1996%2F10196-124%2F10685-gros-plan%2F12851-histoire-et-societe%2F12852-le-plan-routier-breton-3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://velo.tourismebretagne.com/">"La Bretagne à vélo: Près de 1500 km d'itinéraires vélos !"</a>. <i>velo.tourismebretagne.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=velo.tourismebretagne.com&rft.atitle=La+Bretagne+%C3%A0+v%C3%A9lo%3A+Pr%C3%A8s+de+1500+km+d%27itin%C3%A9raires+v%C3%A9los+%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvelo.tourismebretagne.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bretonbikes.com/cycling-holidays-FAQ.html#canal">"Cycling holidays in france FAQ page for all your questions"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+holidays+in+france+FAQ+page+for+all+your+questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretonbikes.com%2Fcycling-holidays-FAQ.html%23canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHusband" class="citation web cs1">Husband, Geoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bretonbikes.com/homepage/cycling-article-blog/cycling-holidays-in-france-how-to-diy-it/137-countryside-and-regions-of-france">"Cycling holiday destinations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+holiday+destinations&rft.aulast=Husband&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bretonbikes.com%2Fhomepage%2Fcycling-article-blog%2Fcycling-holidays-in-france-how-to-diy-it%2F137-countryside-and-regions-of-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Favereau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Favereau (page does not exist)">Francis Favereau</a>, <i>Bretagne contemporaine – Culture, langue, identité</i>? page 210, Skol Vreizh, Morlaix, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-911447-72-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-911447-72-7">2-911447-72-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwenc'hlan Le Scouëzec, <i>Guide de la Bretagne</i>, page 40, Coop Breizh, Spézet, 1987; and <i>Le Journal de la Bretagne des origines à nos jours</i>, page 106, Larousse, Paris, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jopdf/common/jo_pdf.jsp?numJO=0&dateJO=19670707&numTexte=&pageDebut=06810&pageFin=">"Fac-similé JO du 07/07/1967, page 06810 – Legifrance"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domainesinfo.fr/english/136/brittany-s-bzh-the-next-regional-domain.php">the original</a> on 7 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+domain+www.domainesinfo.fr+is+registered+by+NetNames&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domainesinfo.fr%2Fenglish%2F136%2Fbrittany-s-bzh-the-next-regional-domain.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings">"Delegated Strings – ICANN New gTLDs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delegated+Strings+%E2%80%93+ICANN+New+gTLDs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewgtlds.icann.org%2Fen%2Fprogram-status%2Fdelegated-strings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrittany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittany&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bretagne" class="extiw" title="commons:Bretagne"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Brittany</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts31" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture7" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_hat" title="Welsh hat">Welsh hat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Template talk:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_provinces_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic provinces of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kingdom_of_France&#124;link=Kingdom_of_France_Historical_provinces_of_France290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/60px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">Historical provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Alsace" title="Province of Alsace">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoumois" title="Angoumois">Angoumois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou#Province_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry,_France" title="Berry, France">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Flanders" title="French Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Foix" title="County of Foix">Foix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franche-Comté (province)">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Hainaut" title="French Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="History of Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_and_Barrois" title="Lorraine and Barrois">Lorraine and Barrois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonnais" title="Lyonnais">Lyonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_La_Marche" title="County of La Marche">Marche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivernais" title="Nivernais">Nivernais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais" title="Orléanais">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perche" title="Perche">Perche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saintonge" title="County of Saintonge">Saintonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touraine" title="Touraine">Touraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Trois-Évêchés</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_France_(numered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provinces of France before the revolution"><img alt="Provinces of France before the revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/80px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/120px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg/160px-Provinces_of_France_%28numered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor provinces and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais_(province)" title="Beaujolais (province)">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bresse" title="Bresse">Bresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugey" title="Bugey">Bugey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambr%C3%A9sis" title="Cambrésis">Cambrésis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9vennes" title="Cévennes">Cévennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couserans" title="Couserans">Couserans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombes" title="Dombes">Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forez" title="Forez">Forez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2tinais" title="Gâtinais">Gâtinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9vaudan" title="Gévaudan">Gévaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Gex" class="mw-redirect" title="Pays de Gex">Gex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouergue" title="Rouergue">Rouergue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valromey" class="mw-redirect" title="Valromey">Valromey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velay" title="Velay">Velay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivarais" title="Vivarais">Vivarais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign territories in 1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Kriechingen" title="County of Kriechingen">Créhange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Dagsburg" title="County of Dagsburg">Dabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cities_of_Menton_and_Roquebrune" title="Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune">Menton and Roquebrune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Montb%C3%A9liard" title="County of Montbéliard">Montbéliard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mulhouse" title="Republic of Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm-Salm" title="Salm-Salm">Salm-Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Saarwerden" title="County of Saarwerden">Sarrewerden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tende" title="Tende">Tende</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Tende" class="extiw" title="fr:Comté de Tende">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">Comtat Venaissin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>107 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-11T05:15:21Z","dateModified":"2025-03-22T02:51:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/18\/Satellite_picture_of_Brittany_-_NASA%2C_2002.jpg","headline":"cultural area located in northwestern France"}</script> </body> </html>