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<span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Blood pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Autoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arteriosclerosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arteriosclerosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Arteriosclerosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arteriosclerosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arteritis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arteritis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Arteritis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arteritis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metarterioles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metarterioles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Metarterioles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metarterioles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arteriole</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="شرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriol" title="Arteriol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arteriol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Артериола – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Артериола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arteriole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arteriole" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriool" title="Arteriool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arteriool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="آرتریول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتریول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%A9riole" title="Artériole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artériole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%A5" title="세동맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세동맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עורקיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עורקיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Артериола – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Артериола" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriol%C4%97" title="Arteriolė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arteriolė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriool" title="Arteriool – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arteriool" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arteriole" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="細動脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細動脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%86%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0" title="ЦӀиэцӀулпха – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀиэцӀулпха" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriol" title="Arteriol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arteriol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriool" title="Arteriool – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Arteriool" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%99tniczka" title="Tętniczka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tętniczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arter%C3%ADola" title="Arteríola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arteríola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Артериола – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Артериола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arteriole" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Артериола – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Артериола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriola" title="Arteriola – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arteriola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriol" title="Arteriol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arteriol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="หลอดเลือดแดงเล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลอดเลือดแดงเล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriyol" title="Arteriyol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arteriyol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Артеріола – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Артеріола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Tiểu động mạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu động mạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="細動脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細動脈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="小動脈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小動脈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q501908#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small arteries in the microcirculation</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Blood vessel</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:pink">Arteriole</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capillaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Capillaries.jpg/300px-Capillaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Capillaries.jpg/450px-Capillaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Capillaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="298" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Types of blood vessels, including an arteriole and artery, as well as capillaries.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg/300px-Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg/450px-Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg/600px-Rabbitarteriole100x1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="747" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Rabbit arteriole at 100X</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>arteriola</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001160">D001160</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/12.0.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A12.0.00.005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3900">3900</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma63182">63182</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501908" class="extiw" title="d:Q501908">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>arteriole</b> is a small-diameter <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a> that extends and branches out from an <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> and leads to <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arterioles have <a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">muscular</a> walls (usually only one to two layers of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle cells">smooth muscle cells</a>) and are the primary site of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries. This function is extremely important because it prevents the thin, one-layer capillaries from exploding upon pressure. The arterioles achieve this decrease in pressure, as they are the site with the highest resistance (a large contributor to total peripheral resistance) which translates to a large decrease in the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a healthy vascular system, the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> lines all blood-contacting surfaces, including arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries, and heart chambers. This healthy condition is promoted by the ample production of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> by the endothelium, which requires a biochemical reaction regulated by a complex balance of <a href="/wiki/Polyphenol" title="Polyphenol">polyphenols</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">nitric oxide synthase</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> and L-<a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>. In addition, there is direct electrical and chemical communication via <a href="/wiki/Gap_junctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gap junctions">gap junctions</a> between the endothelial cells and the vascular smooth muscle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_pressure">Blood pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Blood pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a> in the arteries supplying the body is a result of the work needed to pump the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> (the flow of blood pumped by the heart) through the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>, sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Total_peripheral_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Total peripheral resistance">total peripheral resistance</a>. An increase in the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_media" title="Tunica media">tunica media</a> to luminal diameter ratio has been observed in hypertensive arterioles (<a href="/wiki/Arteriolosclerosis" title="Arteriolosclerosis">arteriolosclerosis</a>) as the vascular wall thickens and/or luminal diameter decreases. </p><p>The up and down fluctuation of the <a href="/wiki/Arterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial">arterial</a> blood pressure is due to the pulsatile nature of the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a> and determined by the interaction of the <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">stroke volume</a> versus the volume and elasticity of the major arteries. </p><p>The decreased velocity of flow in the capillaries increases the blood pressure, due to <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a>. This induces gas and nutrients to move from the blood to the cells, due to the lower <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a> outside the capillary. The opposite process occurs when the blood leaves the capillaries and enters the <a href="/wiki/Venules" class="mw-redirect" title="Venules">venules</a>, where the blood pressure drops due to an increase in flow rate. Arterioles receive <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> innervation and respond to various circulating <a href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</a> in order to regulate their diameter. Retinal vessels lack a functional sympathetic innervation.<sup id="cite_ref-Riva_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riva-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoregulation">Autoregulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autoregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arteriole diameter varies according to autoregulation of organs or tissues to maintain sufficient blood flow despite changes in pressure via metabolic or <a href="/wiki/Myogenic_regulatory_factors" title="Myogenic regulatory factors">myogenic factors</a> which include stretch, carbon dioxide, and oxygen among other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, norepinephrine and epinephrine (hormones produced by sympathetic nerves and the adrenal gland medulla) are vasoconstrictive acting on alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. However, the arterioles of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and pulmonary circulation vasodilate in response to these hormones when they act on beta-adrenergic receptors. Generally, stretch and high oxygen tension increase tone, and carbon dioxide and low pH promote vasodilation. Pulmonary arterioles are a noteworthy exception as they vasodilate in response to high oxygen. Brain arterioles are particularly sensitive to pH with reduced pH promoting vasodilation. A number of hormones influence arteriole tone such as angiotensin II (vasoconstrictive), endothelin (vasoconstrictive), bradykinin (vasodilation), atrial natriuretic peptide (vasodilation), and prostacyclin (vasodilation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arteriole diameters decrease with age and with exposure to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdarMESA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdarMESA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Louwies_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louwies-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disease">Disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arteriole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arteriole.jpg/299px-Arteriole.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arteriole.jpg/449px-Arteriole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Arteriole.jpg/598px-Arteriole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Decreased diameter of arteriole.</figcaption></figure> <p>Any pathology which constricts blood flow, such as <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, will increase total peripheral resistance and lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arteriosclerosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">Arteriosclerosis</a></div> <p>Arteriolosclerosis is the term specifically used for the hardening of arteriole walls. This can be due to decreased elastic production from fibrinogen, associated with <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> or pathological conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arteritis">Arteritis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Arteritis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arteritis" title="Arteritis">Arteritis</a></div><p>Arteritis of the arterioles occurs when the arteriole walls become <a href="/wiki/Inflamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflamed">inflamed</a> as a result of either an immune response to infection or an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> response.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style></p><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The muscular contraction of arterioles is targeted by drugs that lower blood pressure (<a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a>), for example the <a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">dihydropyridines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">nifedipine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">nicardipine</a>), which block the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">calcium conductance</a> in the muscular layer of the arterioles, causing relaxation. </p><p>This decreases the resistance to flow into peripheral vascular beds, lowering overall systemic pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metarterioles">Metarterioles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Metarterioles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "<a href="/wiki/Metarteriole" title="Metarteriole">metarteriole</a>" is an arteriole which bypasses capillary circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article uses <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terminology</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_microvasculature" title="Surface chemistry of microvasculature">Surface chemistry of microvasculature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">Microcirculation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. 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Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.59.5.483">https://doi.org/10.1161/01.res.59.5.483</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdarMESA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdarMESA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdarKleinKleinSzpiro2010" class="citation journal cs1">Adar, SD; Klein, R; Klein, BE; Szpiro, AA; Cotch, MF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994677">"Air Pollution and the microvasculature: a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)"</a>. <i>PLOS Med</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e1000372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000372">10.1371/journal.pmed.1000372</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994677">2994677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21152417">21152417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Med&rft.atitle=Air+Pollution+and+the+microvasculature%3A+a+crosssectional+assessment+of+in+vivo+retinal+images+in+the+population+based+multiethnic+study+of+atherosclerosis+%28MESA%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1000372&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2994677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21152417&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000372&rft.aulast=Adar&rft.aufirst=SD&rft.au=Klein%2C+R&rft.au=Klein%2C+BE&rft.au=Szpiro%2C+AA&rft.au=Cotch%2C+MF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2994677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArteriole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louwies-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Louwies_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouwiesInt_PanisKicinskiDe_Boever2013" class="citation journal cs1">Louwies, T; Int Panis, L; Kicinski, M; De Boever, P; Nawrot, Tim S (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102175011/http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205721/">"Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short-Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>121</b> (9): 1011–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.1205721">10.1289/ehp.1205721</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764070">3764070</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23777785">23777785</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/1205721/">the original</a> on 2013-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Retinal+Microvascular+Responses+to+Short-Term+Changes+in+Particulate+Air+Pollution+in+Healthy+Adults&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1011-6&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3764070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23777785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1205721&rft.aulast=Louwies&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Int+Panis%2C+L&rft.au=Kicinski%2C+M&rft.au=De+Boever%2C+P&rft.au=Nawrot%2C+Tim+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehp.niehs.nih.gov%2F1205721%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArteriole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNosek" class="citation book cs1">Nosek, Thomas M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124828/http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section3/3ch9/s3ch9_2.htm">"Section 3/3ch9/s3ch9_2"</a>. <i>Essentials of Human Physiology</i>. 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_artery" title="Nutrient artery">Nutrient artery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arteriole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metarteriole" title="Metarteriole">Metarteriole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_artery" title="Elastic artery">Elastic artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Fenestrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinusoid (blood vessel)">Sinusoidal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precapillary_sphincter" title="Precapillary sphincter">Precapillary sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precapillary_resistance" title="Precapillary resistance">Precapillary resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vena_comitans" title="Vena comitans">Vena comitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">Superficial vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">Deep vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforator_vein" title="Perforator vein">Perforator vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissary_veins" title="Emissary veins">Emissary veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venous_plexus" title="Venous plexus">Venous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a> → <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> → <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arterioles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venules</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a> → <a href="/wiki/Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">Vena cava</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary arteries</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lungs</a> → <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary vein</a> → (<a href="/wiki/Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Microanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvessel">Microvessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">Microcirculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_intima" title="Tunica intima">Tunica intima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_elastic_lamina" title="Internal elastic lamina">Internal elastic lamina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_media" title="Tunica media">Tunica media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_externa" title="Tunica externa">Tunica externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_vasorum" title="Vasa vasorum">Vasa vasorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_nervorum" title="Vasa nervorum">Vasa nervorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_nerves" title="Vascular nerves">Vascular nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">Rete mirabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_anastomosis" title="Circulatory anastomosis">Circulatory anastomosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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