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id="toc-Ruling_others_by_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_others_by_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ruling others by force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_others_by_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_economic_benefits_from_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_economic_benefits_from_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lower economic benefits from conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_economic_benefits_from_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_arches_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_arches_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> 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economies</a> are less likely to engage in conflict with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">democratic peace theory</a> and institutionalist arguments for peace, the commercial peace forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantian</a> tripod for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent mechanisms for the commercial peace revolve around how capitalism, trade interdependence, and capital interdependence raise the costs of warfare, incentivize groups to lobby against war, make it harder for leaders to go to war, and reduce the economic benefits of conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have debated the empirical and theoretical validity of the commercial peace thesis, as well as the mechanisms behind the theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one review of existing research, the evidence on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">economic interdependence</a> and conflict is inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosophical roots of the commercial peace, closely related to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Doux_commerce" title="Doux commerce">doux commerce</a>, can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical economic theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeriyovych_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeriyovych-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, many of the proponents of the commercial peace were on the political left, seeing free trade as essential to a peaceful and prosperous world order.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1795 essay Perpetual Peace, Immanuel Kant argued, among other things, that "the spirit of commerce . . . sooner or later takes hold of every nation, and is incompatible with war."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valeriyovych_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeriyovych-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early twentieth century Norman Angell reasoned that trade interdependence in modern economies makes war unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Joseph Schumpeter offered the observation that with the advancement of capitalism people form "an unwarlike disposition."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> argues in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i> that the emergence of <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a> was the main contributor to peace in Europe between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_interdependence">Trade interdependence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trade interdependence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interdependent trade theory for the capitalist peace is built on the foundations of classical economic theory. This idea, which can be traced back to Kant, became the original theoretical explanation for the capitalist peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeriyovych_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeriyovych-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Erich Weede tied trade and free markets to development and peace, proposing that trade interdependence caused peace between nations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weede followed this up with what he called the "capitalist peace".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the empirical findings of the link between trade and development have been drawn into question, as one study found that the proportion of GDP to foreign trade is only 0.08, measured by logged GDP per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Gent and Mark Crescenzi have argued that economic interdependence has reduced interstate conflict over <a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">market power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katherine Barbieri has pushed back on the commercial peace thesis, finding only limited empirical support for the thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study in <i>International Security</i> by Mariya Grinberg found that states frequently engage in trade even while they are conducting war against each other, which raises questions about the preventive power of trade interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars argue that asymmetric dependence and relative gains may spur conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Farrell_(political_scientist)" title="Henry Farrell (political scientist)">Henry Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_L._Newman" title="Abraham L. Newman">Abraham Newman</a> argue that interdependence may spur conflict by provoking competition for important nodes in global economic networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dale_C._Copeland" title="Dale C. Copeland">Dale Copeland</a>, trade can have a pacifying effects on interstate relations, but only if states believe that they will reap the rewards of trade into the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Buzan" title="Barry Buzan">Barry Buzan</a> has argued, "Liberal and mercantilist structures each have both positive and negative impacts on the use of force, but these impacts become important only when they are complemented by noneconomic factors governing the use of force."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Outbreak_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak of World War I">outbreak of World War I</a> during a period of unprecedented globalization and economic interdependence has often been cited as an example of how <a href="/wiki/Economic_interdependence" title="Economic interdependence">economic interdependence</a> fails to prevent war or even contributes to it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars dispute that World War I was a failure for liberal theory.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eric Gartzke and Yonatan Lupu argue that there was a lack of trade interdependence between the states that ignited WWI.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patrick McDonald and Kevin McSweeney argue that globalization in the period prior to WWI revolved around reductions in transportation costs, not due to trade liberalization, which means that the pre-WWI period is not a great case for testing the capitalist peace thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 <i>PNAS</i> study found that trade openness considerably reduces the risks of conflict over strategic locations close to maritime choke points.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_norms_theory">Economic norms theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic norms theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mousseau" title="Michael Mousseau">Michael Mousseau</a> has advocated for what he calls "economic norms theory", which entails that leaders of states with advanced market-oriented economies have a strong interest in guarding the principle of self-determination for all states in order to safeguard a robust global marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaders of states with weak internal markets have little regard for protecting the global marketplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic norms theory links the economic conditions of <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a>, which prevail in many lower income societies, and a contract-intensive economy, which prevails in many higher income societies, with divergent political interests and habits.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic norms theory arose as an alternative explanation to the democratic peace, because it identified the causal relationship between democracy and peace as spurious. Michael Mousseau identified contract-intensive economies as a possible cause of both democracy and peace. He defines contract-intensive economies as those that have high life insurance contracting rates and net immigration rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The explanation is based on two aspects widely accepted in social science: (1) <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">bounded rationality</a>; and (2) divergent hierarchies between clientelism and contract-intensive economies. In contract-intensive societies, individuals have a loyalty towards the state that enforces the contracts between strangers. As a consequence, individuals in these societies expect that their states enforce contracts reliably and impartially, protect individual rights, and make efforts to enhance the general welfare. Moreover, with the assumption of bounded rationality, individuals routinely dependent on trusting strangers in contracts will develop the habits of trusting strangers and preferring universal rights, impartial law, and liberal democratic government. In contrast, individuals in contract-poor societies will develop the habits of abiding by the commands of group leaders, and distrusting those from out-groups. </p><p>According to economic norms theory, the people in contract-rich nations enjoy a permanent and positive peace. As long as their states accede to popular demands and remain reliably impartial, individuals in nations with contract intensive economies have an interest in everyone's rights and material welfare, within and outside the nation. Consequently, contract-intensive nations not only avoid war with each other but engage in intense levels of mutual cooperation specifically aimed at promoting each other's material welfare. Leaders of nations with contract-poor economies, in contrast, pursue the interests of their dominant groups and have no interest in the security or welfare of members of out-groups, whether they are internal or external to the nation. In a 2019 analysis, Mosseau argued that voting patterns at the United Nations General Assembly support economic norms theory.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One concern with Mousseau's theoretical explanation is that he suggests that contracting in life insurance "indicates a highly institutionalized norm of contracting in a society because… to contract in life insurance requires a great deal of trust…";<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In contract-intensive societies ... making contracts with strangers promotes loyalty ... to a state that enforces these contracts with... equal application of the rule of law,";<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And "What distinguishes marketplace societies from others is that property confiscations are carried out with impartiality and in accordance with the rule of law."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the source that Mousseau references for the life insurance data (Beck and Webb) report that "... the rule of law or corruption cannot explain variation of Life Insurance Density across countries."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, they report that "income per capita, inflation, and banking sector development are the most robust predictors of life insurance consumption across countries and over time."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is questionable as to whether life insurance truly "indicates a highly institutionalized norm of contracting in a society..." </p><p>Another concern with Mousseau's explanation of capitalist peace theory is his omission of almost every Latin American intervention between 1816 and 1992, a fact that allows the author to conclude that "joint highly democratic dyads are about 3 times more likely … to resolve their militarized conflicts with mutual concessions’ (Mousseau, 1998, p. 210; see also Bremer, 1993)."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costly_signaling">Costly signaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Costly signaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars argue that nations that have greater trade flows and capital flows are less likely to end up in conflict because they are able to engage in <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_model_of_war" title="Bargaining model of war">costly signaling.</a> When those countries issue explicit threats, their threats are taken seriously because the issuing of the threat leads investors and traders to pull investments and trade from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces the likelihood that crises inadvertently escalate into war.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_and_finance">Capital and finance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Capital and finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen G. Brooks has argued in a number of studies that the globalization of finance and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> have contributed to a more peaceful international system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2005 study, he argues that conquest for economic purposes is pointless and counterproductive in an international system with extensive mobility of capital and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Global_supply_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Global supply chain">global supply chains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2013 study, he argued, "there are no longer any economic actors who will be favorable toward war and who will lobby the government with this preference... the current structure of the global economy now makes it feasible for foreign direct investment to serve as an effective substitute for conquest in a way that was not possible in previous eras."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_of_government">Size of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Size of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patrick J. McDonald<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has argued that smaller governments are more dependent than larger or socialist governments on raising taxes for fighting wars. This makes the commitments of nations with smaller governments more credible than those with larger ones, allowing for nations with smaller governments, and thus "capitalist" economies, to be better positioned for avoiding conflicts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_others_by_force">Ruling others by force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ruling others by force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This theory, adduces that if men want to oppose war, it is <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statism</a> that they must oppose. So long as they hold the tribal notion that the individual is sacrificial fodder for the collective, that some men have the right to rule others by force, and that some (any) alleged "good" can justify it—there can be no peace within a nation and no peace among nations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_economic_benefits_from_conquest">Lower economic benefits from conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lower economic benefits from conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rosecrance" title="Richard Rosecrance">Richard Rosecrance</a>, states can accumulate power and enhance their security through trade and foreign direct investment in an economically open international system, whereas in previous era, states accumulated power through conquest of land.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Lieberman has rebutted Rosecrance, arguing that states have reaped benefits from conquest in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Golden_arches_theory">Golden arches theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Golden arches theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas L. Friedman">Thomas L. Friedman</a>'s 1999 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lexus_and_the_Olive_Tree" title="The Lexus and the Olive Tree">The Lexus and the Olive Tree</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the following statement was presented: "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's". He supported his belief, as a theory, by stating that when a country has reached an <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> where it has a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> strong enough to support a McDonald's network, it would become a "McDonald's country", and will not be interested in fighting wars anymore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the book was published, <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombed Yugoslavia</a>. On the first day of the bombing, McDonald's restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> were demolished by angry protesters and were rebuilt only after the bombing ended. In the 2000 edition of the book, Friedman argued that this exception proved the rule: the war ended quickly, he argued, partly because the Serbian population did not want to lose their place in a global system "symbolised by McDonald's" (Friedman 2000: 252–253). </p><p>In 2022, the rule was violated again with the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Both Ukraine and Russia had a substantial amount of McDonald's locations in both countries before the invasion. McDonald's later sold all the locations in Russia to a Siberian licensee.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, in response to Israel attacking Lebanon<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a>, Professor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Musgrave" title="Paul Musgrave">Paul Musgrave</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> stated that “We’re in a post-‘Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention’ world now for sure.”<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dell_theory">Dell theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dell theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention</b>, or <b>Dell theory</b>, was presented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a> in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Flat" title="The World Is Flat">The World Is Flat</a></i>. It is an updated version of his previous <a href="#Golden_arches_theory">golden arches theory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dd>"The Dell Theory stipulates: No two countries that are both part of a major global supply chain, like <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>’s, will ever fight a war against each other as long as they are both part of the same global supply chain."<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman,_421_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman,_421-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_2">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dell theory failed when Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2014, seizing Crimea and cutting off Russia from essential military and civil components, including jet turbines for helicopters and aircraft, which were manufactured in Ukraine. The restricted supply of these items has negatively impacted Russia's later continuation of its war against Ukraine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Award" title="American Peace Award">American Peace Award</a>, 1924 contest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mac_Index" title="Big Mac Index">Big Mac Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doux_commerce" title="Doux commerce">Doux commerce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Flat" title="The World Is Flat">The World Is Flat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_death" title="Merchants of death">Merchants of death</a>, idea that financiers & munitions industry started World War I</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberal International relations theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-imperialism" title="Ultra-imperialism">Ultra-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_durch_Handel" title="Wandel durch Handel">Wandel durch Handel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2021" class="citation web cs1">Mansfield, Edward D. 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"Coming to Terms with the Capitalist Peace". <i>International Interactions</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 185–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050621003785074">10.1080/03050621003785074</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36588941">36588941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Interactions&rft.atitle=Coming+to+Terms+with+the+Capitalist+Peace&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-192&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050621003785074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36588941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mousseau&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentCrescenzi2021" class="citation book cs1">Gent, Stephen E.; Crescenzi, Mark J. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036004006">"How Could Trade Affect Conflict?"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 481–489. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343399036004006">10.1177/0022343399036004006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108818972">108818972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=How+Could+Trade+Affect+Conflict%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-489&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108818972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343399036004006&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F0022343399036004006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2005" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Stephen G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aEl7fBYd6osC"><i>Producing Security: Multinational Corporations, Globalization, and the Changing Calculus of Conflict</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13031-6"><bdi>978-0-691-13031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Producing+Security%3A+Multinational+Corporations%2C+Globalization%2C+and+the+Changing+Calculus+of+Conflict&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13031-6&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaEl7fBYd6osC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks, Stephen G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/economic-actors-lobbying-influence-on-the-prospects-for-war-and-peace/2BDFA439A7FCD8D620DF8C9D8598454E">"Economic Actors' Lobbying Influence on the Prospects for War and Peace"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 863–888. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818313000283">10.1017/S0020818313000283</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8183">0020-8183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154735220">154735220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Economic+Actors%27+Lobbying+Influence+on+the+Prospects+for+War+and+Peace&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=863-888&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154735220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818313000283&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-organization%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Feconomic-actors-lobbying-influence-on-the-prospects-for-war-and-peace%2F2BDFA439A7FCD8D620DF8C9D8598454E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick J. McDonald, "The Purse Strings of Peace," <i>American Journal of Political Science</i>, 51:569-582 (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._McDonald2010" class="citation journal cs1">Patrick J. McDonald (2010). "Capitalism, Commitment, and Peace". <i>International Interactions</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 146–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03050621003784911">10.1080/03050621003784911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154947013">154947013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Interactions&rft.atitle=Capitalism%2C+Commitment%2C+and+Peace&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-168&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03050621003784911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154947013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Patrick+J.+McDonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayn Rand (1966). "The Roots of War," <a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_The_Unknown_Ideal" title="Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal">Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosecrance1987" class="citation book cs1">Rosecrance, Richard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lv937M9-wSYC"><i>Rise Trading State</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-07036-7"><bdi>978-0-465-07036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+Trading+State&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-465-07036-7&rft.aulast=Rosecrance&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlv937M9-wSYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman1998" class="citation book cs1">Liberman, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWQjE7Y0yVUC"><i>Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00242-2"><bdi>978-0-691-00242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+Conquest+Pay%3F%3A+The+Exploitation+of+Occupied+Industrial+Societies&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00242-2&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWQjE7Y0yVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Thomas. (2000) <i>The Lexus and the Olive Tree</i>. New York: Anchor Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFagencies2022" class="citation web cs1">agencies, Guardian staff and (2022-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/may/19/govor-agrees-to-buy-all-mcdonalds-in-russia-and-rebrand-them">"Govor agrees to buy all McDonald's in Russia and rebrand them"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Govor+agrees+to+buy+all+McDonald%27s+in+Russia+and+rebrand+them&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.aulast=agencies&rft.aufirst=Guardian+staff+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2022%2Fmay%2F19%2Fgovor-agrees-to-buy-all-mcdonalds-in-russia-and-rebrand-them&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFagencies2022" class="citation web cs1">agencies, Guardian staff and (2022-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/10/20/mcdonalds-franchises-in-middle-east-at-odds-over-israel-hamas-war">"McDonald's franchises in Middle East at odds over Israel-Hamas war"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=McDonald%27s+franchises+in+Middle+East+at+odds+over+Israel-Hamas+war&rft.date=2022-05-19&rft.aulast=agencies&rft.aufirst=Guardian+staff+and&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2023%2F10%2F20%2Fmcdonalds-franchises-in-middle-east-at-odds-over-israel-hamas-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalist+peace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman,_421-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman,_421_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The World is Flat</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59397-668-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59397-668-2">1-59397-668-2</a>), Thomas L. Friedman, pg 421</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both Israel and Lebanon have McDonald's restaurants.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_peace&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gartzke, Erik. "The capitalist peace." <i>American journal of political science</i> 51.1 (2007): 166-191. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.ucsd.edu/~egartzke/publications/gartzke_ajps_07-1.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gat, Azar. <i>The causes of war and the spread of peace: but will war rebound?</i> (Oxford University Press, 2017).</li> <li>Gill-Tiney, Patrick. "A Liberal Peace?: The Growth of Liberal Norms and the Decline of Interstate Violence." <i>Journal of Conflict Resolution</i> (2021): 00220027211035554. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00220027211035554">online</a></li> <li>Kulnazarova, Aigul, and Vesselin Popovski, eds. <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2019)</li> <li>Schneider, Gerald, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. "The capitalist peace: The origins and prospects of a liberal idea." <i>International Interactions</i> 36.2 (2010): 107-114. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/4165/schneider_gleditsch_ii_capitalist_peace.pdf;sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Shea, Patrick E. "Money Talks: Finance, War, and Great Power Politics in the Nineteenth Century." <i>Social Science History</i> 44.2 (2020): 223-249; argues the Rothschilds helped Europe avert war in several episodes.</li> <li>Smith, Andrew D., and Laurence B. Mussio. "Canadian Entrepreneurs and the Preservation of the Capitalist Peace in the North Atlantic Triangle in the Civil War Era, 1861–1871." <i>Enterprise & Society</i> 17.3 (2016): 515-545. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C27&q=Canadian+Entrepreneurs+and+the+Preservation+of+the+Capitalist+Peace+in+the+North+Atlantic+Triangle+in+the+Civil+War+Era%2C+1861-1871&btnG=#d=gs_cit&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3AfpMlSE5vUEUJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Den">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_enforcement" title="Peace enforcement">Peace enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_peace" title="Separate peace">Separate peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_termination" title="War termination">War termination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_system_approach_to_peace_and_armed_conflict" title="Complex system approach to peace and armed conflict">Complex system approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">Conflict continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_peacebuilding" title="Environmental peacebuilding">Environmental peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_for_Peace" title="Infrastructure for Peace">Infrastructure for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional peacebuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">Arab–Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israel–Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%932004_Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_peace_initiatives" title="1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives">Kurdish/Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals" title="List of Middle East peace proposals">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_negotiations_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_peace_process" title="Yemeni peace process">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periods_of_regional_peace" title="List of periods of regional peace">List of periods of regional peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace mechanisms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="post-WWII_Europe" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">post-WWII Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li>human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Mechanism" title="Moscow Mechanism">Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms</a> (1989/1991)</li></ul></li> <li>military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Document" title="Vienna Document">Vienna Document</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Open_Skies" title="Treaty on Open Skies">Treaty on Open Skies</a> (1992)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties" title="Category:Peace treaties">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_by_country" title="Category:Peace treaties by country">Index by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li></ul> 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