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<span>Freedom of religion in the 2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_religion_in_the_2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cheondoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheondoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cheondoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheondoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_shamanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_shamanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Korean shamanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_shamanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Minor religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Minor_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Minor religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Minor_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدين في كوريا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في كوريا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Религия в Северна Корея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Религия в Северна Корея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nordkorea" title="Religion in Nordkorea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Religion in Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Corea_del_Norte" title="Religión en Corea del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Corea del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_en_Nord-Koreio" title="Religio en Nord-Koreio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Religio en Nord-Koreio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord" title="Religion en Corée du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Corée du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90" title="조선민주주의인민공화국의 종교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조선민주주의인민공화국의 종교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="उत्तर कोरिया में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Korea_Utara" title="Agama di Korea Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Corea_del_Nord" title="Religioni in Corea del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Corea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-Korea_vall%C3%A1si_%C3%A9lete" title="Észak-Korea vallási élete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Korea vallási élete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religie_in_Noord-Korea" title="Religie in Noord-Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Religie in Noord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国の宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Coreia_do_Norte" title="Religião na Coreia do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Coreia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A0" title="Религия в КНДР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в КНДР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Koren%C3%AB_e_Veriut" title="Feja në Korenë e Veriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Korenë e Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religija_v_Severni_Koreji" title="Religija v Severni Koreji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Religija v Severni Koreji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ศาสนาในประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาในประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鲜宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1394518#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="View 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style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DodgerBlue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 932.64236482217px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 243.58297171766px; border-left-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 34.58901720319px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:78.239081057659px 62.278778048811px 0 0; border-top-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in North Korea (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_Intelligence_UK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;"> </span> No religion (64.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanism</a> (16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkRed; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Chondoism</a> (13.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (4.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (1.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Religions_by_country" title="Religions by country">Religion by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a 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Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greenland" title="Religion in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a 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title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template talk:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are no known <a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">official statistics</a> of <b>religions in North Korea</b>. Officially, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> is an <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist state</a>, although its constitution guarantees free exercise of religion, provided that religious practice does not introduce foreign forces, harm the state, or harm the existing social order. Based on estimates from the late 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_Intelligence_UK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thearda.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thearda.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> is mostly irreligious, with the main religions being <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chondoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondoism">Chondoism</a>. There are small communities of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>. Chondoism is represented in politics by the <a href="/wiki/Chondoist_Chongu_Party" title="Chondoist Chongu Party">Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regarded by the government as Korea's "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">national religion</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Chondoism,_National_Religion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chondoism,_National_Religion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of its identity as a <i><a href="/wiki/Minjung" title="Minjung">minjung</a></i> (popular)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996110_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996110-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_1945">Before 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient times, most <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> believed in their <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> socially guided by <i><a href="/wiki/Mu_(shaman)" title="Mu (shaman)">mu</a></i> (shamans). <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was introduced from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> state in 372 to the northern Korean state of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea,_300_to_600_CE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed into <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">distinctive Korean forms</a>. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> peninsula was divided into <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">three kingdoms</a>: the aforementioned Goguryeo in the north, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> in the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> in the southeast. Buddhism reached Silla only in the 5th century, but it was made the state religion only in that kingdom in the year 552.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea,_300_to_600_CE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Goguryeo, the Korean <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religion</a> remained dominant, while Buddhism became more widespread in Silla and Baekje (both areas comprehended in modern South Korea). </p><p>In the following unified state of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918–1392), that developed from Goguryeo incorporating the southern kingdoms, Buddhism flourished even becoming a political force.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, the influence of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> penetrated the country and led to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a> that would have become the state ideology and religion of the following <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> state. </p><p>The Joseon kingdom (1392–1910), strictly <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a>, harshly suppressed Buddhism<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudor,_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist monasteries were destroyed and their number dropped from several hundreds to a mere thirty-six; Buddhism was eradicated from the life of towns as monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudor,_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These restrictions lasted until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg/150px-Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg/225px-Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg/300px-Sorae_korea_church_1895.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>A Protestant church at Sorae (now <a href="/wiki/Ryongyon_County" title="Ryongyon County">Ryongyon County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Hwanghae_Province" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae Province</a>) in 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>In this environment, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to rapidly gain foothold since the late 18th century, due to an intense missionary activity that was aided by the endorsement at first by the <i><a href="/wiki/Silhak" title="Silhak">Silhak</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Seohak" title="Seohak">Seohak</a></i> intellectual parties, and then at the end of the following century by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Korea">king of Korea</a> himself and the intellectual elite of the crumbling Joseon state, who were looking for a new social factor to invigorate the Korean nation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, the Joseon state was politically and culturally collapsing.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._155-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> was looking for solutions to invigorate and transform the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._155-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this critical period that they came into contact with Western <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> missionaries who offered a solution to the plight of Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._155-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian communities already existed in Joseon, however it was only by the 1880s that the government allowed a large number of Western missionaries to enter the country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant missionaries set up schools, hospitals and publishing agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Korea">king of Korea</a> and his family tacitly supported Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late nineteenth century, the northwest of Korea, and <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> in particular, became a stronghold of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Pyongyang was called the "Jerusalem of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the dawn of the 20th century, almost the totality of the population of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> believed in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">indigenous shamanic religion</a> and practiced <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> rites and <a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">ancestral worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was nearly dead, reduced to a tiny and weak minority of monks, despite its long history and cultural influence, because of 500 years of suppression by the ruling Neo-Confucian <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also disregarded traditional cults.<sup id="cite_ref-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">absorption of Korea into the Japanese Empire</a> (1910–1945) the already formed link of Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a> was strengthened,<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Japanese tried to impose <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> and Christians refused to take part in Shinto rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, numerous <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism#Branchings" title="Korean shamanism">religious movements</a> that since the 19th century had been trying to reform the Korean indigenous religion, notably <a href="/wiki/Chondoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondoism">Chondoism</a>, flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity became widespread especially in the north of the peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Chondoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondoism">Chondoism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which aimed to counter Christian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korean revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il Sung's</a> writings address religion in the context of the national liberation struggle against Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim argued stated that if a religion "prays for dealing out divine punishment to Japan and blessing the Korean nation" then it is a "patriotic religion" and its believers are patriots and that in the context of a struggle for national salvation against Japan, religionists who share the agenda of liberation must be welcomed into the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim criticized the Protestant Christian creed, stating that while "[t]here is no law preventing religious believers from making the revolution," the lack of action led to "non-resistance" and psalms alone could not block the Japanese guns when "decisive battles" were necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_division">After the division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After the division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_(10390588824).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg/150px-2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg/225px-2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg/300px-2013_Temple_of_Modern_Buddhism_Group_in_North_Korea_%2810390588824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Delegation of the group "Modern American Buddhism", of <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean Americans</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Pohyonsa" title="Pohyonsa">Pohyonsa</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The Korean Peninsula was <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided into two states</a> in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">communist north</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">capitalist south</a>. Most of the Korean Christians, that had been until then in the northern half of the peninsula,<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fled to South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._163_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, most of Korean Chondoists remained in the newly formed North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the partition they were 1.5 million, or 16% of North Korea's population.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They participate to the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">politics of North Korea</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Chondoist_Chongu_Party" title="Chondoist Chongu Party">Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way</a>. </p><p>North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il Sung</a> attributed the relative lack of religious practice the north in part as a result of the bombing campaigns of the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, which destroyed places of worship, crucifixes, icons, and Bibles: "believers were killed and passed into the world beyond."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim recounted that believers saw their places of worship destroyed by Christians, and that Koreans in the north found their faith "powerless in shaping the destiny of human beings."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his analysis, Kim stated that Koreans in the north focused on rebuilding the country rather than churches, and additionally that the younger generation simply did not believe paradise could be obtained through worship and simply chose not to embrace religion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, Christians generally organized in house churches or small congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, the government permitted two hundred informal congregations in former centers of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some estimates<sup id="cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religious_Intelligence_UK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thearda.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thearda.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2005 in North Korea there are 3,846,000 (16% of the total population) believers of <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanists</a>, 3,245,000 (13.5%) <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Chondoists</a>, 1,082,000 (4.5%) <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, and 406,000 (1.7%) <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. </p><p>In 1994 the Central Guidance Committee of the Korean Chondoist Association organised an impressive ceremony at the newly constructed Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a> (mythical founder of the Korean nation) near <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 there were approximately 800 Chondoist churches throughout the country and a large central building in Pyongyang, 60 Buddhist temples (maintained more as cultural relics than places of worship), and 5 Christian churches—three Protestant churches, one Catholic church, and one Russian Orthodox church, all of which located in Pyongyang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Korea Conference of Religions for Peace held an inter-Korean meeting at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kumgang" title="Mount Kumgang">Mount Kumgang</a>, North Korea, and another took place in 2017 in Pyongyang.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_politics">Religion and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">Freedom of religion in North Korea</a></div> <p>Although its constitution guarantees freedom of religion in Article 68, the principle is limited by the requirement that religion may not be used as a pretext to harm the state, introduce foreign forces, or harm the existing social order.<sup id="cite_ref-naenara_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naenara-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_anti-religion_campaigns_and_contrary_views">North Korean anti-religion campaigns and contrary views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North Korean anti-religion campaigns and contrary views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_North_Korea##" title="Talk:Religion in North Korea">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22">"Religion in North Korea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religion+in+North+Korea%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is very difficult for outside observers to know what has happened to North Korean religious bodies over the past 60 years due to the extreme isolation of the state. One interpretation has held that all open religious activity in North Korea was persecuted and eradicated after Kim Il-sung took power, only to be revived in the present as part of a political show.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interpretation has held that religion survived and has genuinely been revived in the past few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kim Il-sung criticized religion in his writings, and North Korean propaganda in literature, movies and other media have presented religion in a negative light. Kim Il-sung's attack on religion was strongly based on the idea that religion had been used as a tool for imperialists in the Korean peninsula. He criticized Christians for collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' forces against him during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, although he praised Christians who supported him. </p><p>Accounts from the Korean War speak of harsh persecution of religion by Kim Il-sung in the areas he controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the war, the Christian population of the Korean peninsula was most heavily concentrated in the north; during the war, many of these Christians fled to the South. Some interpretations have considered that the Christian community was often of a higher socio-economic class than the rest of the population, which may have prompted its departure for fear of persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large-scale destruction caused by the massive air raids and the suffering experienced by North Koreans during the Korean War helped foster hatred of Christianity as being the American religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was seen by many Koreans in the north as the religion of the imperialists.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study by Ryu Dae Young, however:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Contrary to the common western view, it appears that North Korean leaders exhibited toleration to Christians who were supportive of Kim Il-sung and his version of socialism. Presbyterian minister <a href="/wiki/Kang_Ryang-uk" title="Kang Ryang-uk">Gang Ryang Uk</a> served as vice president of the DPRK from 1972 until his death in 1982, and Kim Chang Jun, an ordained Methodist minister, became vice chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly. They were buried in the exalted Patriots' Cemetery, and many other church leaders received national honors and medals. It appears that the government allowed the house churches in recognition of the Christians' contribution to the building of the socialist nation.</p></blockquote> <p>Religion was attacked in the ensuing years as an obstacle to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and many people abandoned their former religions in order to conform to the new reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of accounts from the Korean War as well as information from defectors, an interpretation has held that the North Korea was the second country (after <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>) to have completely eradicated religion by the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other interpretations have thought that they do represent genuine faith communities that survived the persecutions. An interpretation has considered that these religious communities may have been believers who genuinely adhered to Marxism–Leninism and the leadership of Kim Il-sung, thus ensuring their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation has been supported by recent evidence gathered that has shown that the North Korean government may have tolerated the existence of up to 200 pro-communist Christian congregations during the 1960s, and by the fact that several high-ranking people in the government were Christians and they were buried with high honours (for instance <a href="/wiki/Kang_Yang_Wook" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Yang Wook">Kang Yang Wook</a> was a Presbyterian minister who served as vice president of North Korea from 1972 to 1982, and Kim Chang Jun was a Methodist minister who served as vice chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Differing interpretations often agree on the disappearance of religion under Kim Il-sung in the first few decades of his rule. The government never made an open public policy statement about religion, leading to unresolved speculation among scholars as to what exactly the government's position was at any point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_of_religion_in_the_2020s">Freedom of religion in the 2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freedom of religion in the 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of May 2021, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Worldwide" title="Christian Solidarity Worldwide">Christian Solidarity Worldwide</a> estimated that almost 200,000 people were held in prison camps, mainly due to their Christian beliefs. </p><p>In the same year, the country was ranked as the worst place in the world to be a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_religions">Main religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Main religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cheondoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></div> <p>Chondoism (천도교 <i>Ch'ŏndogyo</i>) or Cheondoism (<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea#Cheondoism" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korean spelling</a>) is a religion with roots in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianised</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">indigenous shamanism</a>. It is the religious dimension of the <i><a href="/wiki/Donghak" title="Donghak">Donghak</a></i> ("Eastern Learning") movement that was founded by <a href="/wiki/Choe_Je-u" title="Choe Je-u">Choe Je-u</a> (1824–1864), a member of an impoverished <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> (aristocratic) family,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996109_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1860 as a counter-force to the rise of "foreign religions",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in his view included Buddhism and Christianity (part of <i><a href="/wiki/Seohak" title="Seohak">Seohak</a></i>, the wave of Western influence that penetrated Korean life at the end of the 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choe Je-u founded Chondoism after having been allegedly healed from illness by an experience of <i>Sangje</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Haneullim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haneullim">Haneullim</a></i>, the god of the universal Heaven in traditional shamanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Donghak movement became so influential among common people that in 1864 the Joseon government sentenced Choe Je-u to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement grew and in 1894 the members gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a> against the royal government. With the division of Korea in 1945, most of the Chondoist community remained in the north, where the majority of them dwelled.<sup id="cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chondoism is the sole religion to be favoured by the North Korean government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has political representation as the <a href="/wiki/Chondoist_Chongu_Party" title="Chondoist Chongu Party">Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is regarded by the government as Korea's "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">national religion</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Chondoism,_National_Religion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chondoism,_National_Religion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of its identity as a <i><a href="/wiki/Minjung" title="Minjung">minjung</a></i> (popular)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996110_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996110-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_shamanism">Korean shamanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Korean shamanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></div> <p>Korean shamanism, also known as "Muism" (무교 <i>Mugyo</i>, "<i>mu</i> [shaman] religion")<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Sinism" (신교 <i>Singyo</i>, "religion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">shin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:神">神</a></span></span>) [gods]"),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the ethnic religion of Korea and the Koreans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19814_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19814-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although used synonymously, the two terms are not identical:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19814_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19814-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jung Young Lee describes Muism as a form of Sinism – the <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> tradition within the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19815_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19815-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names for the religion are "Sindo" (신도 "Way of the Gods") or "Sindoism" (신도교 <i>Sindogyo</i>, "religion of the Way of the Gods").<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary Korean language the shaman-priest or <i><a href="/wiki/Mu_(shaman)" title="Mu (shaman)">mu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B7%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:巫">巫</a></span></span>) is known as a <i>mudang</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">무당</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">巫堂</span></span>) if female or <i>baksu</i> if male, although other names and locutions are used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19814_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19814-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean <i>mu</i> "shaman" is synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">wu</a></i>, which defines priests both male and female.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19815_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19815-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of the <i>mudang</i> is to act as intermediary between the spirits or <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a>, and the human plain, through <i><a href="/wiki/Gut_(ritual)" title="Gut (ritual)">gut</a></i> (rituals), seeking to resolve problems in the patterns of development of human life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to the faith is the belief in <i><a href="/wiki/Haneullim" class="mw-redirect" title="Haneullim">Haneullim</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hwanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwanin">Hwanin</a></i>, meaning "source of all being",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198118_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198118-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of all gods of nature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19815_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19815-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">utmost</a> <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> or the supreme mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198117_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198117-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>mu</i> are <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythically</a> described as descendants of the "Heavenly King", son of the "Holy Mother [of the Heavenly King]", with investiture often passed down through female princely lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19815–12_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19815–12-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other myths link the heritage of the traditional faith to <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, male son of the Heavenly King and initiator of the Korean nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198113_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198113-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Korean Muism has similarities with Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Wuism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198121_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198121-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, and with the <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchurian</a> religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198121_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198121-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As highlighted by anthropological studies, the Korean ancestral god Dangun is related to the <a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural-Altaic">Ural-Altaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a> "Heaven", the shaman and the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198117–18_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198117–18-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>mudang</i> is similar to the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">miko</a></i> and the Ryukyuan <i><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion#Yuta" title="Ryukyuan religion">yuta</a></i>. Muism has exerted an influence on some Korean new religions, such as Chondoism in North Korea. According to various <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological studies</a>, many Christian churches in Korea make use of practices rooted in shamanism as the Korean shamanic theology has affinity to that of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s, the twilight years of the Joseon kingdom, Protestant missionaries gained significant influence, and led a <a href="/wiki/Demonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonisation">demonisation</a> of the traditional religion through the press, and even carried out campaigns of physical suppression of local cults.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall,_2010._pp._4-7_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall,_2010._pp._4-7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant discourse would have had an influence on all further attempts to uproot Muism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall,_2010._pp._4-7_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall,_2010._pp._4-7-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no knowledge about the survival of Korean shamanism in contemporary North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many northern shamans, displaced by war and politics, migrated to South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shamans in North Korea were (or are) of the same type of those of northern and central areas of South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Mu_(shaman)#Kangshinmu—initiated_or_chosen_priests" title="Mu (shaman)"><i>kangshinmu</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter,_Fridman._2004._p._654-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_religions">Minor religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Minor religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_(10390584455).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg/150px-Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg/225px-Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg/300px-Pohyun_Temple_Myohyang_Mountain_-_North_Korea_%2810390584455%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist service at <a href="/wiki/Pohyonsa" title="Pohyonsa">Pohyon Temple</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Myohyang" title="Mount Myohyang">Mount Myohyang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyangsan_County" title="Hyangsan County">Hyangsan County</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province" title="North Pyongan Province">North Pyongan Province</a>. Note that the lay participants are members of a Korean American Buddhist group visiting the temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhism (불교 <i>Pulgyo</i>) entered Korea from China during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">period of the three kingdoms</a> (372, or the 4th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea,_300_to_600_CE-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism was the dominant religious and cultural influence in the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> (668–935) and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (918–1392) states. <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> was also brought to Korea from China in early centuries, and was formulated as <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a> in Goryeo. However, it was only in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> kingdom (1392–1910) that Korean Confucianism was established as the state ideology and religion, and Korean Buddhism underwent 500 years of suppression,<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudor,_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which it began to recover only in the 20th century. </p><p>Buddhists are a minority in North Korea, and their traditions have developed differently from those of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea#Buddhism" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korean Buddhists</a> after the division of the country. Buddhism in North Korea is practiced under the auspices of the official <a href="/wiki/Korea_Buddhist_Federation" title="Korea Buddhist Federation">Korea Buddhist Federation</a>, an organ of the North Korean state apparatus. North Korean Buddhist monks are entirely dependent on state wages for their livelihood as well as state authorization to practice.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, the leader of the Korean Buddhist Federation is Yu Yong-sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddhist_leader_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddhist_leader-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are only 60 Buddhist temples in the country, and they are viewed as cultural relics from Korea's past rather than places of active worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, there is a three-year college for training <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist clergy</a>. A limited revival of Buddhism is apparently taking place. This includes the establishment of an academy for Buddhist studies and the publication of a twenty-five-volume translation of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Tripitaka">Korean Tripitaka</a>, or Buddhist scriptures, which had been carved on 80,000 wooden blocks and kept in the Buddhist temple, <a href="/wiki/Pohyonsa" title="Pohyonsa">Pohyonsa</a> which is located at <a href="/wiki/Myohyangsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Myohyangsan">Myohyangsan</a> in central North Korea. Recently, South Korean Buddhist leaders have been allowed to travel to North Korea and participate in religious ceremonies or give aid to civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the North Korean government's official stance on religion, Buddhism along with <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Confucianism</a> both still have an effect on cultural life in North Korea as they are traditional religions of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">traditional Korean culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity in Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">Catholic Church in North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">Persecution of Christians in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jangchung_Catholic_Church_(15524500676).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg/220px-Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg/330px-Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg/440px-Jangchung_Catholic_Church_%2815524500676%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changchung_Cathedral" title="Changchung Cathedral">Changchung Cathedral</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pyongyang" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pyongyang">Roman Catholic Diocese of Pyongyang</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg/220px-2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg/330px-2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg/440px-2011_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Pyongyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_(Pyongyang)" title="Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)">Church of the Life-Giving Trinity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongsu_Church_(15549074452).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg/220px-Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg/330px-Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg/440px-Bongsu_Church_%2815549074452%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Attendees at the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Bongsu_Church" title="Bongsu Church">Bongsu Church</a> in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">그리스도교</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Kurisudogyo</i></span>) became very popular in northern Korea from the late 18th century to the 19th century. The first Catholic missionaries arrived in 1794, a decade after the return of <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sung-hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Sung-hun">Yi Sung-hun</a>, a diplomat who was the first baptised Korean in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a grassroots lay Catholic movement in the peninsula. However, the writings of the Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, who was resident at the imperial court in Beijing, had been already brought to Korea from China in the 17th century. Scholars of the <i><a href="/wiki/Silhak" title="Silhak">Silhak</a></i> ("Practical Learning"), were attracted to Catholic doctrines, and this was a key factor for the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penetration of Western ideas and Christianity in Korea became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Seohak" title="Seohak">Seohak</a></i> ("Western Learning"). A study of 1801 found that more than half of the families that had converted to Catholicism were linked to the Silhak school.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely because converts refused to perform Confucian ancestral rituals, the Joseon government prohibited the proselytisation of Christianity. Some Catholics were executed during the early 19th century, but the restrictive law was not strictly enforced. </p><p>Protestant missionaries entered Korea during the 1880s and, along with Catholic priests, converted a remarkable number of Koreans, this time with the tacit support of the royal government.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> missionaries were especially successful. They established schools, universities, hospitals, and orphanages and played a significant role in the modernisation of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Japanese colonial occupation, Christians were in the front ranks of the struggle for independence. Factors contributing to the growth of Catholicism and Protestantism included the decayed state of Korean Buddhism, the support of the intellectual elite, and the encouragement of self-support and self-government among members of the Korean church, and finally the identification of Christianity with Korean nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of Christians lived in the northern half of the peninsula (it was part of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Manchurian_revival" title="Manchurian revival">Manchurian revival</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Confucian influence was not as strong as in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1948, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> was an important Christian center: The city was known as the "Jerusalem of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Korean Communists came from a Christian background; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a>'s mother, <a href="/wiki/Kang_Pan-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Pan-sok">Kang Pan-sok</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> deaconess. He attended a mission school and played the organ in church. In his memoir <i><a href="/wiki/With_the_Century" title="With the Century">With the Century</a></i>, he wrote: "I do not think the spirit of Christianity that preaches universal peace and harmony contradicts my idea advocating an independent life for man".<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_and_Revival:_Ideology_and_Faith_in_North_Korea_|_Sino-NK_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution_and_Revival:_Ideology_and_Faith_in_North_Korea_|_Sino-NK-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, with the establishment of the communist regime in the north, however, most Christians fled to South Korea to escape persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._163_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity came to be discouraged by the North Korean government because of its association with America.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, North Korea produced its own translation of the Bible, which has since been used by Southern missionaries attempting to evangelize the North.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1980s, it became apparent that Christians were active in the governmental elite.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those years, three new churches, two Protestant and one Catholic, were opened in Pyongyang.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of churchgoing North Korean Christians more than doubled between the 1980s and the early 2000s, with a total of thirty ministers and 300 church officials.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proselytizing is prohibited based on the theory that it opens North Korea to impermissible foreign influence and the increase in churchgoing Christians is attributable to an active search for North Koreans who previously practiced privately or in small home congregations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other signs of the regime's changing attitude towards Christianity included holding the "International Seminar of Christians of the North and South for the Peace and Reunification of Korea" in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 1988, allowing papal representatives to attend the opening of the Changchung Cathedral of Pyongyang in that same year, and sending two North Korean novice priests to study in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. A Protestant seminary in Pyongyang taught future leaders of the North Korean government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new association of Roman Catholics was established in June 1988. A North Korean Protestant <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a> reported at a 1989 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> in Washington that his country had 10,000 Protestants and 1,000 Catholics who worshiped in 500 home churches. Today, the total number of Christians in North Korea is liberally estimated to be no more than somewhere between 12,000 and 15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 and 1994, American evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> visited North Korea. He met Kim Il-sung, giving him a Bible, and preached at <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung University">Kim Il-sung University</a>. In 2008, his son <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a> visited the country.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revolution_and_Revival:_Ideology_and_Faith_in_North_Korea_|_Sino-NK_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution_and_Revival:_Ideology_and_Faith_in_North_Korea_|_Sino-NK-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, North Korea invited the Pope to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the government invited <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> to visit.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2018, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Hilarion Alfeyev</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> visited North Korea, meeting with officials and leading a service at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_(Pyongyang)" title="Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)">Church of the Life-Giving Trinity</a> in Pyongyang.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korean Christians are officially represented by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Christian_Federation" title="Korean Christian Federation">Korean Christian Federation</a>, a state-controlled body responsible for contacts with churches and governments abroad. In Pyongyang there are five church buildings:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Changchung_Cathedral" title="Changchung Cathedral">Changchung Cathedral</a>, three Protestant churches inaugurated in 1988 in the presence of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> church officials, and a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> church consecrated in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internationally supported <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Pyongyang University of Science and Technology">Pyongyang University of Science and Technology</a>, which opened in 2010, operates with a Christian ethos.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian aid groups, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Central_Committee" title="Mennonite Central Committee">Mennonite Central Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Bell_Foundation" title="Eugene Bell Foundation">Eugene Bell Foundation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="World Vision">World Vision</a>, are able to operate in the country, but not allowed to proselytize.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Christmas was celebrated in North Korea, but with the religious overtones downplayed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the North Korean Council of Religionists sent a Christmas message to South Korea that expressed the wish that believers on both sides "go hand in hand towards peace and unification, filled with blessings by <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korea is number one on Open Doors’ 2023 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea#Islam_in_North_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Islam in Korea § Islam in North Korea</a></div> <p>The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 3,000 Muslims in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> in 2010, an increase from the 1,000 Muslims in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Pew_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pew-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in the Iranian embassy in Pyongyang called <a href="/wiki/Ar-Rahman_Mosque_(Pyongyang)" title="Ar-Rahman Mosque (Pyongyang)">Ar-Rahman Mosque</a>, the only mosque in the country. The mosque was likely built for the embassy staff, but visits by other foreigners are deemed possible, too.<sup id="cite_ref-nkne_Iran_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nkne_Iran-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cognates of Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></i> and Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Shendao</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another term is <i>dangol</i> (Korean: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">당골</span></span>). The word <i>mudang</i> is mostly associated, though not exclusively, to female shamans due to their prevalence in the Korean tradition in recent centuries. Male shamans are named <i>baksu mudang</i> ("healer <i>mudang</i>"), shortened <i>baksu</i>, in Pyongyang shamanism. It is reasonable to believe that the word <i>baksu</i> is an ancient authentic designation for male shamans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee19813–4_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee19813–4-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Religious_Intelligence_UK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religious_Intelligence_UK_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alton, 2013. p. 79. As of 2005 the agency "Religious Intelligence UK" estimated 3,846,000 believers of Korean shamanism, 3,245,000 Chondoists, 1,082,888 Buddhists, 406,000 Christians, and the rest non-believers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chryssides,_Geaves._2007._p._110_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chryssides, Geaves. 2007. p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thearda.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thearda.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thearda.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Association of Religion Data Archives: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_123_2.asp">North Korea: Religious Adherents, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116061455/http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_123_2.asp">Archived</a> 2018-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Data from the World Christian Database.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008146_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chondoism,_National_Religion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chondoism,_National_Religion_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chondoism,_National_Religion_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">KCNA: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2007/05/23/chondoism-national-religion/">Chondoism, National Religion</a></i>. North Korea Economy Watch 23 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996110-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996110_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996110_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1996">Lee 1996</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korea,_300_to_600_CE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korea,_300_to_600_CE_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asia For Educators: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/300ce_ko.htm#buddhism">Korea, 300 to 600 CE</a></i>. Columbia University, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeersch, Sem. (2008). <i>The Power of the Buddhas: the Politics of Buddhism during the Koryŏ Dynasty (918–1392)</i>. p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._120-138_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. pp. 120–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudor,_2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudor,_2012_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tudor, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joon-sik_Choi,_2006._p._15_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joon-sik Choi, 2006. p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. pp. 155–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._155-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._155_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._157-158_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael E (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi"><i>Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey</i></a></span>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreastwentieth00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2005" class="citation web cs1">Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318052905/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html">"North Korea's missionary position"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+missionary+position&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FGC16Dg03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pyong_Gap_Min,_2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pyong Gap Min, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._pp._158-161_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. pp. 158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carl_Young_2013._pp._51-66_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Young. <i>Into the Sunset: Ch’ŏndogyo in North Korea, 1945–1950</i>. On: <i>Journal of Korean Religions</i>, Volume 4, Number 2, October 2013. pp. 51–66 / 10.1353/jkr.2013.0010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1996105-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1996105_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee1996">Lee 1996</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. pp. 218–229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=218-229&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uri Tours: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uritours.com/blog/entry/buddhist-temple-tour-in-north-korea">Exclusive Buddhist Temple Tour of North Korea</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._158,_p._162_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 158, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grayson,_2002._p._163-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._163_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grayson,_2002._p._163_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, 2002. p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, 2009. p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corfield, 2013. p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2008145–146_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2008">Baker 2008</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJH_Ahn2017" class="citation web cs1">JH Ahn (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2017/06/june-15-committee-granted-permission-to-contact-north-korea/">"June 15 Committee granted permission to contact North Korea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=June+15+Committee+granted+permission+to+contact+North+Korea&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft.au=JH+Ahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2017%2F06%2Fjune-15-committee-granted-permission-to-contact-north-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naenara-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naenara_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815120128/http://www.naenara.com.kp/index.php/Main/index/en/politics?arg_val=constitution">"DPRK Socialist Constitution"</a>. <i>www.naenara.com.kp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naenara.com.kp/index.php/Main/index/en/politics?arg_val=constitution">the original</a> on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.naenara.com.kp&rft.atitle=DPRK+Socialist+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naenara.com.kp%2Findex.php%2FMain%2Findex%2Fen%2Fpolitics%3Farg_val%3Dconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ryu,_Dae_Young_2006_39-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyu2006" class="citation cs2">Ryu, Dae Young (2006), "Fresh wineskins for new wine: a new perspective on North Korean Christianity", <i>Journal of Church and State</i>, <b>48</b> (3): 659–675, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F48.3.659">10.1093/jcs/48.3.659</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Fresh+wineskins+for+new+wine%3A+a+new+perspective+on+North+Korean+Christianity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=659-675&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F48.3.659&rft.aulast=Ryu&rft.aufirst=Dae+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745"><i>Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</i></a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ryu, D. Y. (2006-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/48.3.659">"Fresh Wineskins for New Wine: A New Perspective on North Korean Christianity"</a>. <i>Journal of Church and State</i>. <b>48</b> (3): 659–675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F48.3.659">10.1093/jcs/48.3.659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-969X">0021-969X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Fresh+Wineskins+for+New+Wine%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+North+Korean+Christianity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=659-675&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F48.3.659&rft.issn=0021-969X&rft.aulast=Ryu&rft.aufirst=D.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F48.3.659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-korea/freedom-world/2022">Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103043132/https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/north-korea/">"Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/north-korea/">the original</a> on 2023-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=Iran+Build%27s+Pyongyang%27s+First+Mosque&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft.au=Chad+O%27Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2013%2F01%2Firan-buillds-pyongyangs-first-mosque%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alton, David. <i>Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea?</i>. Lion Hudson, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745955983" title="Special:BookSources/0745955983">0745955983</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2008" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Donald L. (2008). <i>Korean Spirituality</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824832575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824832575"><bdi>978-0824832575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Spirituality&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0824832575&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Choi, Joon-sik . <i>Folk-Religion: The Customs in Korea</i>. Ewha Womans University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8973006282" title="Special:BookSources/8973006282">8973006282</a></li> <li>Chryssides, George D.; Geaves, Ron. <i>The Study of Religion: An Introduction to Key Ideas and Methods</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826464491" title="Special:BookSources/0826464491">0826464491</a></li> <li>Corfield, Justin. <i>Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang</i>. Anthem Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0857282344" title="Special:BookSources/0857282344">0857282344</a></li> <li>Grayson, James H. <i>Korea – A Religious History</i>. Routledge, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/070071605X" title="Special:BookSources/070071605X">070071605X</a></li> <li>Kendall, Laurel. <i>Shamans, Nostalgias, and the IMF: South Korean Popular Religion in Motion</i>. University of Hawaii Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824833988" title="Special:BookSources/0824833988">0824833988</a></li> <li>Lee, Chi-ran. Chief Director, Haedong Younghan Academy. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124433/http://manak.org.in/wp-content/uploads/pdf-manak/The%20Emergence%20of%20National%20Religions%20in%20Korea.pdf">The Emergence of National Religions in Korea</a></i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1981" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jung Young (1981). <i>Korean Shamanistic Rituals</i>. Mouton De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027933782" title="Special:BookSources/9027933782"><bdi>9027933782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Shamanistic+Rituals&rft.pub=Mouton+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9027933782&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jung+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Sang Taek (1996). <i>Religion and Social Formation in Korea: Minjung and Millenarianism</i>. Walter de Gruyter & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110147971" title="Special:BookSources/3110147971"><bdi>3110147971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Social+Formation+in+Korea%3A+Minjung+and+Millenarianism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3110147971&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang+Taek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Park, Young. <i>Korea and the Imperialists: In Search of a National Identity</i>. Author House, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438931409" title="Special:BookSources/1438931409">1438931409</a></li> <li>Min, Pyong Gap. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aatfweb.org/2014/10/31/development-of-protestantism-in-south-korea-positive-and-negative-elements/">Development of Protestantism in South Korea: Positive and Negative Elements</a></i>. On: <i>Asian American Theological Forum</i> (<i>AATF</i>) 2014, VOL. 1 NO. 3, ISSN 2374-8133</li> <li>Sorensen, Clark W. University of Washington. <i>The Political Message of Folklore in South Korea's Student Demonstrations of the Eighties: An Approach to the Analysis of Political Theater</i>. Paper presented at the conference "Fifty Years of Korean Independence", sponsored by the Korean Political Science Association, Seoul, Korea, July 1995.</li> <li>Tudor, Daniel. <i>Korea: The Impossible Country</i>. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804842523" title="Special:BookSources/0804842523">0804842523</a></li> <li>Walter, Mariko N.; Eva J. Neumann Fridman. <i>Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture</i>. ABC-CLIO, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576076458" title="Special:BookSources/1576076458">1576076458</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/religious-beliefs-in-north-korea.html">World Atlas: Religious Beliefs in North Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dprk360.com/inside-north-korea/religion-in-north-korea/243/">Religion and Superstition in North Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion 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Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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