CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Thais Elena Font Acuña | Universidad de Carabobo - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="AlxdD8ZMuxJv_UOVWtlVPzto4tVpUtOZvBQrH2mQ5YCNlyyNzQ6KgaESGtfYHtDO8ooeygie-DAU-2brPyhLRw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/figure_carousel-2004283e0948681916eefa74772df54f56cb5c7413d82b160212231c2f474bb3.css" media="all" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s200_thais.font.jpg","sameAs":[]},"dateCreated":"2015-03-28T13:33:28-07:00","dateModified":"2025-03-28T13:56:04-07:00","name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","description":"Profesora titular de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídica y Política de Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela.\nEspecialista en Derecho Procesal y Administrativo. Universidad Católica Andres Bello.\nDoctora en Ciencias Mención Derecho. Universidad Central de Venezuela. \nTema de la tesis doctoral El Secreto empresarial.\nJuez Superior (titular) en lo Civil Mercantil \nProfesora del seminario de Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad de Carabobo.","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s200_thais.font.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s65_thais.font.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s200_thais.font.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" media="all" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" media="all" /> <meta name="author" content="thais elena font acuña" /> <meta name="description" content="Profesora titular de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídica y Política de Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela. Especialista en Derecho Procesal y Administrativo.…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'ac23a5860bb6a0ae282af0b03ed911a865eed8c9'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13886,"monthly_visitors":"31 million","monthly_visitor_count":31300000,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":31,"user_count":286839323,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1744409549000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1744409549000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-e4a11c75ccedf64d34f117b334c28ebf40fe75db593398069c5640435b4cda98.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" media="all" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-7d36841b83a7f1e8e8bee77199e3df42524ded8fb4aae118d9fbe6bb45fb6052.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-a5a92a7d7fd5e806e498818586e171b196d11c9bb64c0c2ba9e0ae84d2893cd5.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-d112106812f05826b6e1ac67f8aecf5b7aa6d66adcb851c0fe972505b86b06d9.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s65_thais.font.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":2682765,"name":"Practicas Jurídicas","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Departments/Practicas_Jur%C3%ADdicas/Documents","university":{"id":5026,"name":"Universidad de Carabobo","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont","location":"/Thaisfont","scheme":"https","host":"uc-ve.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/Thaisfont","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-816da0c1-2e9f-4896-b27f-e349a17bb9d3"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-816da0c1-2e9f-4896-b27f-e349a17bb9d3"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Thais Elena Font Acuña" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/28656090/31795155/29027903/s200_thais.font.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Thais Elena Font Acuña</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/">Universidad de Carabobo</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Departments/Practicas_Jur%C3%ADdicas/Documents">Practicas Jurídicas</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Thais Elena" data-follow-user-id="28656090" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="28656090"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">15</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">15</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-author</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Profesora titular de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídica y Política de Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela.<br />Especialista en Derecho Procesal y Administrativo. Universidad Católica Andres Bello.<br />Doctora en Ciencias Mención Derecho. Universidad Central de Venezuela. <br />Tema de la tesis doctoral El Secreto empresarial.<br />Juez Superior (titular) en lo Civil Mercantil  <br />Profesora del seminario de Propiedad Intelectual de la Universidad de Carabobo.<br /><b>Address: </b>Universidad de Carabobo,  Facultad de Ciencias Juridicas y Politicas<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Suma de Negocios related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/49895937/13113565/16327478/s200_suma_de.negocios.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios">Suma de Negocios</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Fundación Universitaria Konrad lorenz</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NopparatThammawongsa"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Nopparat Thammawongsa related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/21051375/9229675/10290334/s200_nopparat.thammawongsa.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NopparatThammawongsa">Nopparat Thammawongsa</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlosLunaRodr%C3%ADguez"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Carlos Luna Rodríguez related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlosLunaRodr%C3%ADguez">Carlos Luna Rodríguez</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuisGonzalezVaque"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Luis Gonzalez Vaque related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31428799/9273778/37137358/s200_luis.gonzalez_vaque.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuisGonzalezVaque">Luis Gonzalez Vaque</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ucat.academia.edu/MiguelZinguer"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Miguel Zinguer related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/63686831/16533877/16869905/s200_miguel.zinguer.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucat.academia.edu/MiguelZinguer">Miguel Zinguer</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidad Católica del Táchira</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://javeriana.academia.edu/TatianaCardona"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Tatiana Cardona related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://javeriana.academia.edu/TatianaCardona">Tatiana Cardona</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdaPatriciaSorianoOrtiz"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Ada Patricia Soriano Ortiz related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/114673730/27648488/25963846/s200_ada_patricia.soriano_ortiz.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdaPatriciaSorianoOrtiz">Ada Patricia Soriano Ortiz</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://havanauniversity.academia.edu/YeneyAceaValdes"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Yeney Acea Valdes related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/12796558/3664782/37780816/s200_yeney.acea_valdes.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://havanauniversity.academia.edu/YeneyAceaValdes">Yeney Acea Valdes</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Havana</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ucap.academia.edu/AldoFabrizioModicaBareiro"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Aldo Fabrizio Modica Bareiro related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/68833274/18267952/33494183/s200_aldo_fabrizio_modica.bareiro.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucap.academia.edu/AldoFabrizioModicaBareiro">Aldo Fabrizio Modica Bareiro</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidad catolica nuestra señora de la asuncion - paraguay</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StifhenLandaeta"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Stifhen Landaeta related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/13795475/5669650/6450204/s200_stifhen.landaeta.jpg_oh_1ad2128dbe95a4f646cd8882464d19c9_oe_54abb18c___gda___1420743310_e21fc1c33e8f23afda33c3b891d3de03" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StifhenLandaeta">Stifhen Landaeta</a></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Thais Elena Font Acuña</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78453111"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial">La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c0f6a57d35b6861f58a5f7a380cc974a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":85495051,"asset_id":78453111,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78453111"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78453111"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78453111; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78453111]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78453111]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78453111; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78453111']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c0f6a57d35b6861f58a5f7a380cc974a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78453111]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78453111,"title":"La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-04T11:47:26.019-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85495051,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495051/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=gPYsWVx7SnsCqg5gQtx~rpampaXI7oF60a-b3xN9D-MW4D5xGDxJWdNFiHOFQohKRWdnEZXwx4qPmoxakcU7WM~RaGjMwt~P-tUf2kOZ-Hw4wTG0iSPwVrddvObnDeOW3PkL2C~H4EttGskBi-CRCptD8SqADaqxiic5E4sLidTUVgKXK8mEqBLfIsBE~jLVxAKlLSfg-o4HnQV5l8mhObxevdZ5~WL35mJlCRkjIDuut4w6x8yY05xGl0NRbkEgXPcZ~E2-Pp8j-0ojxatsamo0z2u0uLUEVrVHFonKJqJjHNuA8KoJkFdirapgQSEVD~uyOdXqE9IvYxpb1NiDWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protección_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":85495051,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495051/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=gPYsWVx7SnsCqg5gQtx~rpampaXI7oF60a-b3xN9D-MW4D5xGDxJWdNFiHOFQohKRWdnEZXwx4qPmoxakcU7WM~RaGjMwt~P-tUf2kOZ-Hw4wTG0iSPwVrddvObnDeOW3PkL2C~H4EttGskBi-CRCptD8SqADaqxiic5E4sLidTUVgKXK8mEqBLfIsBE~jLVxAKlLSfg-o4HnQV5l8mhObxevdZ5~WL35mJlCRkjIDuut4w6x8yY05xGl0NRbkEgXPcZ~E2-Pp8j-0ojxatsamo0z2u0uLUEVrVHFonKJqJjHNuA8KoJkFdirapgQSEVD~uyOdXqE9IvYxpb1NiDWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":85495050,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495050/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495050/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495050/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=hNwAqKAiNywBae~HV0UnpEk0ZCAqBkCs7Xouig2V1Loczr-IJo1M24oRS2mfnHzg-SevZ7x1QsUCBOSoxKurpvxQeg76PdV2bDhGeLrUJQ542lxRk0OCGeI0PK~uFMWBoa8GNh-rtjtUnkqSXSy8fVUeX9X-XTWiMGOWKOOdM4b5OdkSQeDA0eeeBYOfgNdz32g3jJ6gcMQKKX5CTwz8nSFsaPtlLPzSeHhK9AnJmmo64idxPgtXlE~wc~yifKtcx0QquRmFiet~nukycp5C~~SsbTOn-1tXa2xl7NGCFsWCFo5-78UwP~OuQDufQepvA4cM6vHhzvdTW5FoLdEj3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":11969,"name":"Venezuela","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venezuela"}],"urls":[{"id":20213702,"url":"http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/45106/doctrina3.pdf?isAllowed=y\u0026sequence=1"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-78453111-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266487"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial">Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Anuario</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de<br />seguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha  contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones<br />internas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.<br />Palabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. <br /><br />The corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate<br />holder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.<br />Key words: secret, business, legal protection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="123638120cd7813eb4cb9af5090fd14f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60502057,"asset_id":40266487,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266487"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266487"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266487; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266487]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266487; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266487']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "123638120cd7813eb4cb9af5090fd14f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266487]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266487,"title":"Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"volume":"37","abstract":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","page_numbers":"185-208","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Anuario"},"translated_abstract":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T21:37:58.161-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60502057,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60502057/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc-libre.pdf?1567744928=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRequisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=R6agCRY5DoikprHiPhsm7PTKWoTMSIdGhPpH-BG1dHDG7V45q0lWm-7K1loBXazB~819FWA4IenT7WWzc5PJaYb~3DSUr0OsXP4O-xmkDEtnpEEfkovVZsO6HbchwIK6mqoRVCHryelarlfGA6v57bKBKWs9DHCXM-oAWFRk2c3Rhl408KJlTvWAU3XosgGjVFW2FRrH-Wu6sMX5TQtXa34Kkv7-96nMI5K4hx09~Y2Afdh7CxpLmvi3MhA7BmLkENTeZme8WTNlEEidWuPioi175W0RdUfdIByOZY16ikE0sdKTEq9upZk1zRhzNF7of3aMdM2QMefA1oUUmcyT0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protección_jurídica_del_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60502057,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60502057/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc-libre.pdf?1567744928=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRequisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=R6agCRY5DoikprHiPhsm7PTKWoTMSIdGhPpH-BG1dHDG7V45q0lWm-7K1loBXazB~819FWA4IenT7WWzc5PJaYb~3DSUr0OsXP4O-xmkDEtnpEEfkovVZsO6HbchwIK6mqoRVCHryelarlfGA6v57bKBKWs9DHCXM-oAWFRk2c3Rhl408KJlTvWAU3XosgGjVFW2FRrH-Wu6sMX5TQtXa34Kkv7-96nMI5K4hx09~Y2Afdh7CxpLmvi3MhA7BmLkENTeZme8WTNlEEidWuPioi175W0RdUfdIByOZY16ikE0sdKTEq9upZk1zRhzNF7of3aMdM2QMefA1oUUmcyT0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266487-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266332"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial">La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Propiedad Intelectual</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Resumen El secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Resumen <br />El secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. <br />The reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d7ca14e5aab665102e3c40c3a2524c5a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60501890,"asset_id":40266332,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266332"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266332"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266332; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266332]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266332]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266332; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266332']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d7ca14e5aab665102e3c40c3a2524c5a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266332]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266332,"title":"La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Propiedad Intelectual"},"translated_abstract":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T21:10:49.538-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60501890,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501890/La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr-libre.pdf?1567743835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=dlBxLDGp6lNEkEMZS2ngN1TqZbCbwIUla8QVitSEQ7zdqyiARgqQ7xDXVmhdCiFx5-3tIczOYZTIq3ialFK4Mi0um6iBQ9zeNnGdWvH19CFMhY1Cg6pbJwEDUuDjx5DTrYftpLGJLG2LmRMfXxhkTXb8DMxfWhySqiE1ydIs7evVtWTYRfRjq9PIDAa80dpWD9-t78aDse~tpDtMC-z-CxyB9Uyz3ymjrUaHIOKIskmx9z3agpuEcz2XULDEQYoqIkEchTNgoMp9FsMnkt2wLe4iTud5uKmudzI8akgSFrNRr3YxLhYxBeo9v-B2bJ-JN9w6di3a9Fpg89M8wQ-~Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protección_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60501890,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501890/La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr-libre.pdf?1567743835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=dlBxLDGp6lNEkEMZS2ngN1TqZbCbwIUla8QVitSEQ7zdqyiARgqQ7xDXVmhdCiFx5-3tIczOYZTIq3ialFK4Mi0um6iBQ9zeNnGdWvH19CFMhY1Cg6pbJwEDUuDjx5DTrYftpLGJLG2LmRMfXxhkTXb8DMxfWhySqiE1ydIs7evVtWTYRfRjq9PIDAa80dpWD9-t78aDse~tpDtMC-z-CxyB9Uyz3ymjrUaHIOKIskmx9z3agpuEcz2XULDEQYoqIkEchTNgoMp9FsMnkt2wLe4iTud5uKmudzI8akgSFrNRr3YxLhYxBeo9v-B2bJ-JN9w6di3a9Fpg89M8wQ-~Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266332-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela">Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Venezolana de Legislación y Jurisprudencia </span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionale...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f29e2cc0e5072c811cdd1699eea5c362" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60501704,"asset_id":40266151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f29e2cc0e5072c811cdd1699eea5c362" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266151,"title":"Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Venezolana de Legislación y Jurisprudencia "},"translated_abstract":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T20:44:19.052-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60501704,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501704/Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2-libre.pdf?1567741725=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=dxtg0szqfCe93jwQdUSAB3h7FG4PmRXxgMT3F-1JU5fwSrhwKv1KnFHEZtyzxj6dwRxM943sfycFoaDd2r7y8JdGiCofP1NLDEJR01kxhh-YciqOA1h-Zb5uvgvniwyrMlFSLLFyR2WTxm9Af94VuIt7q6-xsWtqCUWoGIT~OwjX5w8eB~H9nBBjBrURU990CenTEr18rV-zS-SAqumeEVN-jYAeVhetwHNpix4dAzQXqt2ZXHx~Xaz04l7REyVeJ8gWJKr2vYfybRQhw3litLtifKbEhq8PDQEo2Rq9I-JcpEoW1HOUYdVhvwhU3gJsFxosqCa0hqPoj3KCEByZ9g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60501704,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501704/Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2-libre.pdf?1567741725=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=dxtg0szqfCe93jwQdUSAB3h7FG4PmRXxgMT3F-1JU5fwSrhwKv1KnFHEZtyzxj6dwRxM943sfycFoaDd2r7y8JdGiCofP1NLDEJR01kxhh-YciqOA1h-Zb5uvgvniwyrMlFSLLFyR2WTxm9Af94VuIt7q6-xsWtqCUWoGIT~OwjX5w8eB~H9nBBjBrURU990CenTEr18rV-zS-SAqumeEVN-jYAeVhetwHNpix4dAzQXqt2ZXHx~Xaz04l7REyVeJ8gWJKr2vYfybRQhw3litLtifKbEhq8PDQEo2Rq9I-JcpEoW1HOUYdVhvwhU3gJsFxosqCa0hqPoj3KCEByZ9g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266151-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40068220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation">El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont">Thais Elena Font Acuña</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios">Suma de Negocios</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Suma de Negocios</span><span>, Jan 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.<br />RESUMEN<br />Hay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1499e5eb7984c56303386039e6a1c4c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60271509,"asset_id":40068220,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40068220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40068220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40068220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40068220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40068220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40068220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40068220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1499e5eb7984c56303386039e6a1c4c0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40068220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40068220,"title":"El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.14349/sumneg/2019.V10.N21.A3","issue":"21","volume":"10","abstract":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","journal_name":"Revista Suma de Negocios","page_numbers":"17-24","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":1,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Suma de Negocios"},"translated_abstract":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-12T10:27:31.524-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":49895937,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32898652,"work_id":40068220,"tagging_user_id":49895937,"tagged_user_id":28656090,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***t@gmail.com","affiliation":"Universidad de Carabobo","display_order":-1,"name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","title":"El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60271509,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60271509/3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj-libre.pdf?1565632466=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEl_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=bhtoVpO~I0jSl2k-N~upVHbpIoFpl8H-PkbKiBPg7GGQMQgMXCUx~gKC6g~isyWGklOShENrZcJTcn~AxqEnlt~oXPoxFOWUHlRAKEJlTXL1jvM1tY8LzLILNB2OWz92~G-biTplavy9J6EgQBizFbaSe1Uc3qIYAXf~3NQIQFXuBH0hg8t8bp9i~oE2YJgVFPYkzQprCJlNr19RdgL8-J87AQANrPrqzIj0wYsT8N3fMmwd54RoJWhpRuEwzGr52BRiOtTiYV5HNJHkxv0UxGFnvqo3CeGIyaIsBQBHhd~z8PV80P1p3rpYNQLCw1bxc~qECRZOaOpiMvWbt7~QDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovación_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":49895937,"first_name":"Suma","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Negocios","page_name":"SumadeNegocios","domain_name":"fukl","created_at":"2016-06-10T08:05:59.721-07:00","display_name":"Suma de Negocios","url":"https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios"},"attachments":[{"id":60271509,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60271509/3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj-libre.pdf?1565632466=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEl_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=bhtoVpO~I0jSl2k-N~upVHbpIoFpl8H-PkbKiBPg7GGQMQgMXCUx~gKC6g~isyWGklOShENrZcJTcn~AxqEnlt~oXPoxFOWUHlRAKEJlTXL1jvM1tY8LzLILNB2OWz92~G-biTplavy9J6EgQBizFbaSe1Uc3qIYAXf~3NQIQFXuBH0hg8t8bp9i~oE2YJgVFPYkzQprCJlNr19RdgL8-J87AQANrPrqzIj0wYsT8N3fMmwd54RoJWhpRuEwzGr52BRiOtTiYV5HNJHkxv0UxGFnvqo3CeGIyaIsBQBHhd~z8PV80P1p3rpYNQLCw1bxc~qECRZOaOpiMvWbt7~QDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology"},{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property"},{"id":7686,"name":"Trade Secrets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Secrets"},{"id":7831,"name":"Management of Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_of_Innovation"},{"id":32866,"name":"Intangible assets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intangible_assets"},{"id":91101,"name":"Innovación","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovaci%C3%B3n"},{"id":96041,"name":"Propiedad Intelectual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propiedad_Intelectual"},{"id":100381,"name":"Tecnologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tecnologia"},{"id":137109,"name":"Competitividad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitividad"},{"id":145147,"name":"Competitiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitiveness"},{"id":772398,"name":"Competencia Desleal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competencia_Desleal"},{"id":998752,"name":"Unfair Competition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfair_Competition"},{"id":2379491,"name":"Activos intangibles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activos_intangibles"}],"urls":[{"id":8829682,"url":"https://editorial.konradlorenz.edu.co/2019/01/el-secreto-empresarial-herramienta-de-valor-para-la-competitividad-y-la-innovacion.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40068220-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9666723" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78453111"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial">La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c0f6a57d35b6861f58a5f7a380cc974a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":85495051,"asset_id":78453111,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78453111"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78453111"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78453111; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78453111]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78453111]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78453111; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78453111']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c0f6a57d35b6861f58a5f7a380cc974a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78453111]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78453111,"title":"La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78453111/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-05-04T11:47:26.019-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85495051,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495051/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=gPYsWVx7SnsCqg5gQtx~rpampaXI7oF60a-b3xN9D-MW4D5xGDxJWdNFiHOFQohKRWdnEZXwx4qPmoxakcU7WM~RaGjMwt~P-tUf2kOZ-Hw4wTG0iSPwVrddvObnDeOW3PkL2C~H4EttGskBi-CRCptD8SqADaqxiic5E4sLidTUVgKXK8mEqBLfIsBE~jLVxAKlLSfg-o4HnQV5l8mhObxevdZ5~WL35mJlCRkjIDuut4w6x8yY05xGl0NRbkEgXPcZ~E2-Pp8j-0ojxatsamo0z2u0uLUEVrVHFonKJqJjHNuA8KoJkFdirapgQSEVD~uyOdXqE9IvYxpb1NiDWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protección_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":85495051,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495051/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495051/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495051/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=gPYsWVx7SnsCqg5gQtx~rpampaXI7oF60a-b3xN9D-MW4D5xGDxJWdNFiHOFQohKRWdnEZXwx4qPmoxakcU7WM~RaGjMwt~P-tUf2kOZ-Hw4wTG0iSPwVrddvObnDeOW3PkL2C~H4EttGskBi-CRCptD8SqADaqxiic5E4sLidTUVgKXK8mEqBLfIsBE~jLVxAKlLSfg-o4HnQV5l8mhObxevdZ5~WL35mJlCRkjIDuut4w6x8yY05xGl0NRbkEgXPcZ~E2-Pp8j-0ojxatsamo0z2u0uLUEVrVHFonKJqJjHNuA8KoJkFdirapgQSEVD~uyOdXqE9IvYxpb1NiDWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":85495050,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85495050/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"doctrina3.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85495050/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85495050/doctrina3-libre.pdf?1651690745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=hNwAqKAiNywBae~HV0UnpEk0ZCAqBkCs7Xouig2V1Loczr-IJo1M24oRS2mfnHzg-SevZ7x1QsUCBOSoxKurpvxQeg76PdV2bDhGeLrUJQ542lxRk0OCGeI0PK~uFMWBoa8GNh-rtjtUnkqSXSy8fVUeX9X-XTWiMGOWKOOdM4b5OdkSQeDA0eeeBYOfgNdz32g3jJ6gcMQKKX5CTwz8nSFsaPtlLPzSeHhK9AnJmmo64idxPgtXlE~wc~yifKtcx0QquRmFiet~nukycp5C~~SsbTOn-1tXa2xl7NGCFsWCFo5-78UwP~OuQDufQepvA4cM6vHhzvdTW5FoLdEj3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science"},{"id":11969,"name":"Venezuela","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venezuela"}],"urls":[{"id":20213702,"url":"http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/45106/doctrina3.pdf?isAllowed=y\u0026sequence=1"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-78453111-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266487"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial">Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Anuario</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de<br />seguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha  contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones<br />internas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.<br />Palabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. <br /><br />The corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate<br />holder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.<br />Key words: secret, business, legal protection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="123638120cd7813eb4cb9af5090fd14f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60502057,"asset_id":40266487,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266487"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266487"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266487; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266487]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266487]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266487; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266487']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "123638120cd7813eb4cb9af5090fd14f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266487]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266487,"title":"Requisitos que determinan la protección jurídica del secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"volume":"37","abstract":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","page_numbers":"185-208","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Anuario"},"translated_abstract":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266487/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protecci%C3%B3n_jur%C3%ADdica_del_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T21:37:58.161-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60502057,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60502057/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc-libre.pdf?1567744928=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRequisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=R6agCRY5DoikprHiPhsm7PTKWoTMSIdGhPpH-BG1dHDG7V45q0lWm-7K1loBXazB~819FWA4IenT7WWzc5PJaYb~3DSUr0OsXP4O-xmkDEtnpEEfkovVZsO6HbchwIK6mqoRVCHryelarlfGA6v57bKBKWs9DHCXM-oAWFRk2c3Rhl408KJlTvWAU3XosgGjVFW2FRrH-Wu6sMX5TQtXa34Kkv7-96nMI5K4hx09~Y2Afdh7CxpLmvi3MhA7BmLkENTeZme8WTNlEEidWuPioi175W0RdUfdIByOZY16ikE0sdKTEq9upZk1zRhzNF7of3aMdM2QMefA1oUUmcyT0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_protección_jurídica_del_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"El secreto empresarial a lo largo de la historia ha coexistido con la empresa, la industria y el comercio. En la pretensión de conquistar al cliente, el empresario necesita de unas estrategias que le permitan distinguir su producto del que ofrecen los demás para así atraer la atención del consumidor y una de estas estrategias lo constituye el secreto empresarial como instrumento competitivo. Se trata pues de informaciones de carácter empresarial que brindan beneficios económicos en la medida en que se mantengan en secreto mediante la aplicación de medidas de\nseguridad a fin de que aquellos que se encuentran realizando actividades similares no la conozcan y pueda así continuar generando ganancias. La literatura ha considerado que son cuatro los requisitos que lo determinan: a) información empresarial y b) reservada c) que proporciona una ventaja competitiva d) a la que el poseedor legitimo aplica medidas razonables de protección para su no divulgación. Estos requisitos se han estandarizados al punto que son recogido por documentos internacionales como el ADPIC y la Decisión 486 de la CAN. Por su parte, la doctrina del Derecho comparado ha realizado todo un examen pormenorizado de cada uno de ellos, lo que ha contribuido a que muchos Estados los establezcan en sus legislaciones\ninternas convirtiéndose, en consecuencia, en requisitos legales. En Venezuela, la situación es compleja porque si bien el tema se regula por normas aisladas no existe una legislación sistematizada que lo desarrolle adecuadamente no obstante su importancia como instrumento generador de competitividad, desarrollo y riqueza.\nPalabras clave: secreto, empresa, protección jurídica. \n\nThe corporate secrets throughout history have coexisted with the company, industry and trade. The aim of conquering the client, the employer need strategies that allow you to distinguish your product from others offered in order to attract the attention of consumers and of these strategies constitutes the corporate secrets as a competitive tool. This is because information of a business nature that provide economic benefits to the extent they are kept secret by applying security measures to ensure that those who are doing similar activities not know so he can continue to generate profits. The literature has considered that there are four requirements that determine: a) business information b) reserved c) providing a competitive advantage d) that the legitimate\nholder applies reasonable protections for non-disclosure. These requirements have been standardized to the point they are picked up by international documents such as TRIPS and the Decision 486 of the CAN. For its part, the doctrine of comparative law has made a detailed examination of all each of them, which has helped many States provide in their domestic legislation becoming therefore legal requirements. In Venezuela, the situation is complex because while the subject is regulated by isolated rules there is no systematic legislation implementing it properly despite its importance as a generator tool for competitiveness, development and wealth.\nKey words: secret, business, legal protection. \n\n\n","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60502057,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60502057/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60502057/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60502057/Requisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion_juridica_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-25585-1grfexc-libre.pdf?1567744928=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRequisitos_que_determinan_la_proteccion.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=R6agCRY5DoikprHiPhsm7PTKWoTMSIdGhPpH-BG1dHDG7V45q0lWm-7K1loBXazB~819FWA4IenT7WWzc5PJaYb~3DSUr0OsXP4O-xmkDEtnpEEfkovVZsO6HbchwIK6mqoRVCHryelarlfGA6v57bKBKWs9DHCXM-oAWFRk2c3Rhl408KJlTvWAU3XosgGjVFW2FRrH-Wu6sMX5TQtXa34Kkv7-96nMI5K4hx09~Y2Afdh7CxpLmvi3MhA7BmLkENTeZme8WTNlEEidWuPioi175W0RdUfdIByOZY16ikE0sdKTEq9upZk1zRhzNF7of3aMdM2QMefA1oUUmcyT0g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266487-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266332"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial">La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Propiedad Intelectual</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Resumen El secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Resumen <br />El secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. <br />The reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d7ca14e5aab665102e3c40c3a2524c5a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60501890,"asset_id":40266332,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266332"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266332"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266332; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266332]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266332]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266332; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266332']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d7ca14e5aab665102e3c40c3a2524c5a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266332]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266332,"title":"La razonabilidad de las medidas de protección en el secreto empresarial","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Propiedad Intelectual"},"translated_abstract":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266332/La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protecci%C3%B3n_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T21:10:49.538-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60501890,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501890/La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr-libre.pdf?1567743835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=dlBxLDGp6lNEkEMZS2ngN1TqZbCbwIUla8QVitSEQ7zdqyiARgqQ7xDXVmhdCiFx5-3tIczOYZTIq3ialFK4Mi0um6iBQ9zeNnGdWvH19CFMhY1Cg6pbJwEDUuDjx5DTrYftpLGJLG2LmRMfXxhkTXb8DMxfWhySqiE1ydIs7evVtWTYRfRjq9PIDAa80dpWD9-t78aDse~tpDtMC-z-CxyB9Uyz3ymjrUaHIOKIskmx9z3agpuEcz2XULDEQYoqIkEchTNgoMp9FsMnkt2wLe4iTud5uKmudzI8akgSFrNRr3YxLhYxBeo9v-B2bJ-JN9w6di3a9Fpg89M8wQ-~Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_protección_en_el_secreto_empresarial","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"Resumen \nEl secreto empresarial, como técnica de competencia mercantil, exige el cumplimiento de una serie de requisitos a los fines de su tutela; uno de ellos es la adopción de medidas de protección. En este orden, se pudieron constatar diferentes criterios para la apreciación de la razonabilidad en la escogencia de dichas medidas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo examinar la tesis española de las dos esferas de protección del secreto. La metodología usada fue la investigación jurídica documental descriptiva, a partir de la técnica del análisis crítico. En el trabajo, se concluye que la tesis en cuestión exhibe una solución basada en los fundamentos del secreto empresarial, el cual puede estandarizarse como una guía orientadora. Palabras clave: secreto empresarial, criterio de razonabilidad, medidas de protección, protección del secreto. \nThe reasonableness the protective measures in the trade secret Abstract The trade secret as a technique of commercial competence demands the fulfillment of a series of requirements in order to supervise it. One of them is the adoption of protective measures. For this purpose, different criteria were established for the appreciation of the reasonableness in the choice of such measures. The objective of this study was to examine the Spanish thesis of the two spheres of protection of secret. The methodology used was the descriptive documentary juridical research using the technique of critical analysis. In this work it is concluded that the thesis in question exhibits a solution based on the fundamentals of trade secret that can be standardized as a guideline.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60501890,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501890/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501890/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"La_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501890/La_ranonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_proteccion_en_el_secreto_empresarial20190905-81173-1kw2uvr-libre.pdf?1567743835=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLa_razonabilidad_de_las_medidas_de_prote.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413148\u0026Signature=dlBxLDGp6lNEkEMZS2ngN1TqZbCbwIUla8QVitSEQ7zdqyiARgqQ7xDXVmhdCiFx5-3tIczOYZTIq3ialFK4Mi0um6iBQ9zeNnGdWvH19CFMhY1Cg6pbJwEDUuDjx5DTrYftpLGJLG2LmRMfXxhkTXb8DMxfWhySqiE1ydIs7evVtWTYRfRjq9PIDAa80dpWD9-t78aDse~tpDtMC-z-CxyB9Uyz3ymjrUaHIOKIskmx9z3agpuEcz2XULDEQYoqIkEchTNgoMp9FsMnkt2wLe4iTud5uKmudzI8akgSFrNRr3YxLhYxBeo9v-B2bJ-JN9w6di3a9Fpg89M8wQ-~Rg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266332-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40266151"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela">Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Venezolana de Legislación y Jurisprudencia </span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionale...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f29e2cc0e5072c811cdd1699eea5c362" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60501704,"asset_id":40266151,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40266151"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40266151"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266151; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266151]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40266151]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40266151; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40266151']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f29e2cc0e5072c811cdd1699eea5c362" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40266151]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40266151,"title":"Fundamento constitucional del secreto empresarial en Venezuela","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Venezolana de Legislación y Jurisprudencia "},"translated_abstract":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40266151/Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-05T20:44:19.052-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":28656090,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60501704,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501704/Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2-libre.pdf?1567741725=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=dxtg0szqfCe93jwQdUSAB3h7FG4PmRXxgMT3F-1JU5fwSrhwKv1KnFHEZtyzxj6dwRxM943sfycFoaDd2r7y8JdGiCofP1NLDEJR01kxhh-YciqOA1h-Zb5uvgvniwyrMlFSLLFyR2WTxm9Af94VuIt7q6-xsWtqCUWoGIT~OwjX5w8eB~H9nBBjBrURU990CenTEr18rV-zS-SAqumeEVN-jYAeVhetwHNpix4dAzQXqt2ZXHx~Xaz04l7REyVeJ8gWJKr2vYfybRQhw3litLtifKbEhq8PDQEo2Rq9I-JcpEoW1HOUYdVhvwhU3gJsFxosqCa0hqPoj3KCEByZ9g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial_en_Venezuela","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"Sumario Introducción 1. El secreto empresarial. Concepto. Requisitos. Instrumentos internacionales 2. Bases constitucionales del secreto empresarial en Venezuela 2.1. Derecho a la confiden-cialidad (artículo 60) 2.2. Propiedad intelectual (artículo 98) 2.3. Principio de libertad económica o libre empresa (artículo 112) 2.4. Principio de la libre competencia (artículo 299). Conclusiones Introducción El secreto empresarial se ha considerado tradicionalmente una manifestación de la propiedad industrial, disciplina que junto a la de derechos de autor integran la propiedad intelectual. Es una técnica de competencia mercantil que consiste en una serie de informaciones reservadas que aportan una ventaja competitiva. En Venezuela, no son comunes las demandas de naturaleza civil o mercantil por violación de secreto empresarial. Básicamente, estas se limitan al sector farmacéutico, ya que los «datos de pruebas» repercuten en un tema de interés nacional, como lo es la salud pública, por lo que cualquier reclamo en este sen-tido se tramita ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. *","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":28656090,"first_name":"Thais Elena","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Font Acuña","page_name":"Thaisfont","domain_name":"uc-ve","created_at":"2015-03-28T13:33:28.350-07:00","display_name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","url":"https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont"},"attachments":[{"id":60501704,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60501704/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60501704/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Fundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60501704/Revista-No.-10-lI-129-141_Fundamento_Constitucional_del_secreto_empresarial20190905-96176-11jg6o2-libre.pdf?1567741725=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFundamento_constitucional_del_secreto_em.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=dxtg0szqfCe93jwQdUSAB3h7FG4PmRXxgMT3F-1JU5fwSrhwKv1KnFHEZtyzxj6dwRxM943sfycFoaDd2r7y8JdGiCofP1NLDEJR01kxhh-YciqOA1h-Zb5uvgvniwyrMlFSLLFyR2WTxm9Af94VuIt7q6-xsWtqCUWoGIT~OwjX5w8eB~H9nBBjBrURU990CenTEr18rV-zS-SAqumeEVN-jYAeVhetwHNpix4dAzQXqt2ZXHx~Xaz04l7REyVeJ8gWJKr2vYfybRQhw3litLtifKbEhq8PDQEo2Rq9I-JcpEoW1HOUYdVhvwhU3gJsFxosqCa0hqPoj3KCEByZ9g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40266151-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40068220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation">El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont">Thais Elena Font Acuña</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios">Suma de Negocios</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Revista Suma de Negocios</span><span>, Jan 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.<br />RESUMEN<br />Hay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1499e5eb7984c56303386039e6a1c4c0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60271509,"asset_id":40068220,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40068220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40068220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40068220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40068220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40068220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40068220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40068220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1499e5eb7984c56303386039e6a1c4c0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40068220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40068220,"title":"El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.14349/sumneg/2019.V10.N21.A3","issue":"21","volume":"10","abstract":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","journal_name":"Revista Suma de Negocios","page_numbers":"17-24","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":1,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Revista Suma de Negocios"},"translated_abstract":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40068220/El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovaci%C3%B3n_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-12T10:27:31.524-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":49895937,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32898652,"work_id":40068220,"tagging_user_id":49895937,"tagged_user_id":28656090,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***t@gmail.com","affiliation":"Universidad de Carabobo","display_order":-1,"name":"Thais Elena Font Acuña","title":"El secreto empresarial herramienta de valor para la competitividad y la innovación - The trade secret as a value tool for competitiveness and innovation"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60271509,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60271509/3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj-libre.pdf?1565632466=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEl_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=bhtoVpO~I0jSl2k-N~upVHbpIoFpl8H-PkbKiBPg7GGQMQgMXCUx~gKC6g~isyWGklOShENrZcJTcn~AxqEnlt~oXPoxFOWUHlRAKEJlTXL1jvM1tY8LzLILNB2OWz92~G-biTplavy9J6EgQBizFbaSe1Uc3qIYAXf~3NQIQFXuBH0hg8t8bp9i~oE2YJgVFPYkzQprCJlNr19RdgL8-J87AQANrPrqzIj0wYsT8N3fMmwd54RoJWhpRuEwzGr52BRiOtTiYV5HNJHkxv0UxGFnvqo3CeGIyaIsBQBHhd~z8PV80P1p3rpYNQLCw1bxc~qECRZOaOpiMvWbt7~QDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_valor_para_la_competitividad_y_la_innovación_The_trade_secret_as_a_value_tool_for_competitiveness_and_innovation","translated_slug":"","page_count":8,"language":"es","content_type":"Work","summary":"There are companies that use the trade secret in order to achieve a competitive advantage in the market. This technique, in times of technology, acquires an immeasurable value and therefore requires a legal system that, in addition to sanctioning illicit behaviors, promotes healthy competition, innovation and the transfer of knowledge. The study addresses the state of the art of the trade secret in Venezuela. The methodology used was theoretical, explanatory and bibliography. The reality in universities, state entities and the business sector of the country show that even its main stakeholders who ignore its value and how to protect it do not know the trade secret. Furthermore, there is no legal system that develops it according to an international law. It is concluded that this reality can be reversed if the sectors involved converge in regulating the subject adequately.\nRESUMEN\nHay empresas que utilizan el secreto empresarial con el fin de lograr una ventaja competitiva en el mercado. Esta técnica, en tiempos de tecnología, adquiere un inmensurable valor y por ello requiere de un régimen jurídico que además de sancionar las conductas ilícitas promueva la sana competencia, la innovación y la transferencia de conocimientos. El estudio aborda el estado de la técnica del secreto empresarial en Venezuela. La metodología utilizada fue teórica, explicativa y documental bibliográfica. La realidad en universidades, entes del Estado y el sector empresarial del país demuestran que el secreto empresarial no es conocido ni siquiera por sus principales interesados quienes ignoran su valor y forma de protegerlo. Además, no existe un sistema de normas que lo desarrolle de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales. Se concluye que esta realidad puede revertirse si los sectores involucrados convergen en normar adecuadamente la materia. ","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":49895937,"first_name":"Suma","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"de Negocios","page_name":"SumadeNegocios","domain_name":"fukl","created_at":"2016-06-10T08:05:59.721-07:00","display_name":"Suma de Negocios","url":"https://fukl.academia.edu/SumadeNegocios"},"attachments":[{"id":60271509,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60271509/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60271509/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"El_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60271509/3._RSN_1021_Font_Acuna20190812-98054-10pjorj-libre.pdf?1565632466=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEl_secreto_empresarial_herramienta_de_va.pdf\u0026Expires=1744413149\u0026Signature=bhtoVpO~I0jSl2k-N~upVHbpIoFpl8H-PkbKiBPg7GGQMQgMXCUx~gKC6g~isyWGklOShENrZcJTcn~AxqEnlt~oXPoxFOWUHlRAKEJlTXL1jvM1tY8LzLILNB2OWz92~G-biTplavy9J6EgQBizFbaSe1Uc3qIYAXf~3NQIQFXuBH0hg8t8bp9i~oE2YJgVFPYkzQprCJlNr19RdgL8-J87AQANrPrqzIj0wYsT8N3fMmwd54RoJWhpRuEwzGr52BRiOtTiYV5HNJHkxv0UxGFnvqo3CeGIyaIsBQBHhd~z8PV80P1p3rpYNQLCw1bxc~qECRZOaOpiMvWbt7~QDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology"},{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property"},{"id":7686,"name":"Trade Secrets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Secrets"},{"id":7831,"name":"Management of Innovation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Management_of_Innovation"},{"id":32866,"name":"Intangible assets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intangible_assets"},{"id":91101,"name":"Innovación","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovaci%C3%B3n"},{"id":96041,"name":"Propiedad Intelectual","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propiedad_Intelectual"},{"id":100381,"name":"Tecnologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tecnologia"},{"id":137109,"name":"Competitividad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitividad"},{"id":145147,"name":"Competitiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitiveness"},{"id":772398,"name":"Competencia Desleal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competencia_Desleal"},{"id":998752,"name":"Unfair Competition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfair_Competition"},{"id":2379491,"name":"Activos intangibles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activos_intangibles"}],"urls":[{"id":8829682,"url":"https://editorial.konradlorenz.edu.co/2019/01/el-secreto-empresarial-herramienta-de-valor-para-la-competitividad-y-la-innovacion.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40068220-figures'); } }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "b2f17914544998ea1db8cc074a2ebe20cc98565e62bc1bb8a2f11f4c54fc5952", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="dJi0PdSumWI7npwFOAUrFZeTEsRIu39FfpixNyXppdD7U8W_3-yo8fVxxUe6wq7kXnHu2yl3VOzWd_zDc1ELFw" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://uc-ve.academia.edu/Thaisfont" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="toGOR5JRae9tPGBJfIbcy26ehhtnCyuRhMbvaZvV9AQ5Sv_FmRNYfKPTOQv-QVk6p3x6BAbHADgsKaKdzW1aww" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/content_policy">Content Policy</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>