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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Middle Ages and Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pars_Fortuna_in_astrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pars_Fortuna_in_astrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pars Fortuna in astrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pars_Fortuna_in_astrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فورتونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فورتونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mifologiya)" title="Fortuna (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fortuna (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ফরচুনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফরচুনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фортуна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фортуна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фартуна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фартуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фортуна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фортуна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(doueez)" title="Fortuna (doueez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fortuna (doueez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mitologia)" title="Fortuna (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fortuna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Φορτούνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φορτούνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Fortuna (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fortuna (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mitologia)" title="Fortuna (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fortuna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فورتونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فورتونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mythologie)" title="Fortuna (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fortuna (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EB%82%98" title="포르투나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ֆորտունա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆորտունա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ोर्तूना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ोर्तूना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ফোর্টুনা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফোর্টুনা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="Fortuna (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fortuna (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פורטונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(dea)" title="Fortuna (dea) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fortuna (dea)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%C5%ABna" title="Fortūna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fortūna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%C5%ABna" title="Fortūna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fortūna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(istenn%C5%91)" title="Fortuna (istennő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fortuna (istennő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Фортуна (божица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фортуна (божица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B4rtona_(andriamanibavy)" title="Fôrtona (andriamanibavy) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fôrtona (andriamanibavy)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فورتونا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فورتونا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mythologie)" title="Fortuna (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fortuna (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A" title="フォルトゥーナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォルトゥーナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mitologia)" title="Fortuna (mitologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fortuna (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фортуна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фортуна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_(mythology)" title="Fortuna (mythology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fortuna (mythology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فۆرتونا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆرتونا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фортуна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фортуна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman goddess of fortune and luck</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fortuna (disambiguation)">Fortuna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Fortuna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of Fortune, Chance, Luck, and Fate</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortuna,_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo,_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg/220px-Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg/330px-Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg/440px-Fortuna%2C_inv._2244_-_Braccio_Nuovo%2C_Museo_Chiaramonti_-_Vatican_Museums_-_DSC00920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3422" data-file-height="5459" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">Wreath</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fortuna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Fortūna</i>, equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a>) is the goddess of fortune and the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">luck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a> who, largely thanks to the Late Antique author <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>, remained popular through the Middle Ages until at least the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The blindfolded depiction of her is still an important figure in many aspects of today's Italian culture, where the dichotomy <i>fortuna / sfortuna</i> (luck / unluck) plays a prominent role in everyday social life, also represented by the very common refrain "La [dea] fortuna è cieca" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>Fortuna caeca est</i>; "Luck [goddess] is blind"). </p><p>Fortuna is often depicted with a <a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">gubernaculum</a> (ship's rudder), a ball or <a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a> (wheel of fortune, first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a> (horn of plenty). She might bring good or bad luck: she could be represented as veiled and blind, as in modern depictions of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a>, except that Fortuna does not hold a balance. Fortuna came to represent life's capriciousness. She was also a goddess of <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">fate</a>: as <i>Atrox Fortuna</i>, she claimed the young lives of the <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' grandsons <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a>, prospective heirs to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In antiquity she was also known as <i>Automatia</i>.)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_cult">Ancient cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/170px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/255px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg/340px-CarminaBurana_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption>Fortuna governs the circle of the four stages of life, the Wheel of Fortune, in a manuscript of <i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg/220px-DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg/330px-DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg/440px-DEU_Gl%C3%BCckstadt_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Heraldic Fortuna in the arms of <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%BCckstadt" title="Glückstadt">Glückstadt</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortuna's father was said to be <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> and like him, she could also be bountiful (<i>Copia</i>). As <i>Annonaria</i> she protected grain supplies. June 11 was consecrated to her: on June 24 she was given cult at the festival of <i>Fors Fortuna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortuna's name seems to derive from <i>Vortumna</i> (she who revolves the year).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman writers disagreed whether her cult was introduced to Rome by <a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two earliest temples mentioned in Roman Calendars were outside the city, on the right bank of the Tiber (in Italian <a href="/wiki/Trastevere" title="Trastevere">Trastevere</a>). The first temple dedicated to Fortuna was attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Etrusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Etrusca">Etruscan</a> Servius Tullius, while the second is known to have been built in 293 BC as the fulfilment of a Roman promise made during later <a href="/wiki/Roman-Etruscan_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Etruscan Wars">Etruscan wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The date of dedication of her temples was 24 June, or Midsummer's Day, when celebrants from Rome annually floated to the temples downstream from the city. After undisclosed rituals they then rowed back, garlanded and inebriated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also Fortuna had a temple at the <a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a>. Here Fortuna was twinned with the cult of <a href="/wiki/Mater_Matuta" title="Mater Matuta">Mater Matuta</a> (the goddesses shared a festival on 11 June), and the paired temples have been revealed in the excavation beside the church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Omobono" title="Sant'Omobono">Sant'Omobono</a>: the cults are indeed archaic in date.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortuna Primigenia of <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a> was adopted by Romans at the end of 3rd century BC in an important cult of <i>Fortuna Publica Populi Romani</i> (the <i>Official Good Luck of the Roman People</i>) on the <a href="/wiki/Quirinalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinalis">Quirinalis</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Porta Collina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No temple at Rome, however, rivalled the magnificence of the Praenestine sanctuary. </p><p>Fortuna's identity as personification of chance events was closely tied to <i><a href="/wiki/Virtus_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtus (virtue)">virtus</a></i> (strength of character). Public officials who lacked virtues invited ill-fortune on themselves and Rome: <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a> uses the infamous <a href="/wiki/Catiline" title="Catiline">Catiline</a> as illustration – "Truly, when in the place of work, idleness, in place of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">spirit of measure and equity</a>, caprice and pride invade, fortune is changed just as with morality".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Primigenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuna Primigenia">Temple of Fortuna Primigena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Praeneste" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeneste">Praeneste</a> used a form of divination in which a small boy picked out one of various futures that were written on <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> rods. Cults to Fortuna in her many forms are attested throughout the Roman world. Dedications have been found to <i>Fortuna Dubia</i> (doubtful fortune), <i>Fortuna Brevis</i> (fickle or wayward fortune) and <i>Fortuna Mala</i> (bad fortune). </p><p>Fortuna is found in a variety of domestic and personal contexts. During the early Empire, an amulet from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Menander" title="House of Menander">House of Menander</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> links her to the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, as Isis-Fortuna.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is functionally related to the god <a href="/wiki/Bonus_Eventus" title="Bonus Eventus">Bonus Eventus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is often represented as her counterpart: both appear on <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> and intaglio <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a> across the Roman world. In the context of the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> account of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a>, in around 488 BC the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Roman senate</a> dedicated a temple to Fortuna on account of the services of the matrons of Rome in saving the city from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of Fortuna worship has been found as far north as <a href="/wiki/Castlecary" title="Castlecary">Castlecary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an altar and statue can now be viewed at the <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterian Museum">Hunterian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest reference to the <a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota Fortunae">Wheel of Fortune</a>, emblematic of the endless changes in life between prosperity and disaster, is from 55 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>'s tragedy <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon_(Seneca)" title="Agamemnon (Seneca)"><i>Agamemnon</i></a>, a chorus addresses Fortuna in terms that would remain almost proverbial, and in a high heroic ranting mode that Renaissance writers would emulate: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O Fortune, who dost bestow the throne's high boon with mocking hand, in dangerous and doubtful state thou settest the too exalted. Never have sceptres obtained calm peace or certain tenure; care on care weighs them down, and ever do fresh storms vex their souls. ... great kingdoms sink of their own weight, and Fortune gives way 'neath the burden of herself. Sails swollen with favouring breezes fear blasts too strongly theirs; the tower which rears its head to the very clouds is beaten by rainy <a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Auster</a>. ... Whatever Fortune has raised on high, she lifts but to bring low. Modest estate has longer life; then happy he whoe'er, content with the common lot, with safe breeze hugs the shore, and, fearing to trust his skiff to the wider sea, with unambitious oar keeps close to land.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s description is typical of Roman representations: in a letter from exile<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he reflects ruefully on the "goddess who admits by her unsteady wheel her own fickleness; she always has its apex beneath her swaying foot." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg/220px-HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg/330px-HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg/440px-HumiliationValerianusHolbein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The humiliation of <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Emperor Valerian</a> by king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapur I of Persia">Shapur I of Persia</a> (260) passed into <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> cultural memory as an instance of the reversals of <i>Fortuna</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a>'s pen-and-ink drawing (1521), the universal lesson is brought home by its contemporary setting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortuna did not disappear from the popular imagination with the ascendancy of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> took a stand against her continuing presence, in the <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">City of God</a></i>: "How, therefore, is she good, who without discernment comes to both the good and to the bad?...It profits one nothing to worship her if she is truly <i>fortune</i>... let the bad worship her...this supposed deity".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 6th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>, by statesman and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Manlius_Severinus_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius">Boethius</a>, written while he faced execution, reflected the Christian theology of <i>casus</i>, that the apparently random and often ruinous turns of Fortune's Wheel are in fact both inevitable and providential, that even the most coincidental events are part of God's hidden plan which one should not resist or try to change. Fortuna, then, was a servant of God,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and events, individual decisions, the <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">influence of the stars</a> were all merely vehicles of Divine Will. In succeeding generations Boethius' <i>Consolation</i> was required reading for scholars and students. Fortune crept back into popular acceptance, with a new iconographic trait, "two-faced Fortune", <i>Fortuna bifrons</i>; such depictions continue into the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ubiquitous image of the Wheel of Fortune found throughout the Middle Ages and beyond was a direct legacy of the second book of <a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Boethius's <i>Consolation</i></a>. The Wheel appears in many renditions from tiny miniatures in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">manuscripts</a> to huge stained glass windows in cathedrals, such as at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>. Lady Fortune is usually represented as larger than life to underscore her importance. The wheel characteristically has four shelves, or stages of life, with four human figures, usually labeled on the left <i>regnabo</i> (I shall reign), on the top <i>regno</i> (I reign) and is usually crowned, descending on the right <i>regnavi</i> (I have reigned) and the lowly figure on the bottom is marked <i>sum sine regno</i> (I have no kingdom). Medieval representations of Fortune emphasize her duality and instability, such as two faces side by side like <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>; one face smiling the other frowning; half the face white the other black; she may be blindfolded but without scales, blind to justice. She was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a>, ship's rudder, the ball and the wheel. The cornucopia is where plenty flows from, the Helmsman's rudder steers fate, the globe symbolizes chance (who gets good or bad luck), and the wheel symbolizes that luck, good or bad, never lasts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg/170px-Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg/255px-Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg/340px-Allegory_of_Fortune_mg_0010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="3635" /></a><figcaption>Fortuna lightly balances the <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">orb</a> of sovereignty between thumb and finger in a Dutch painting of <i>ca</i> 1530 (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg">Musée des Beaux-Arts de Strasbourg</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortune would have many influences in cultural works throughout the Middle Ages. In <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roman_de_la_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roman de la Rose">Le Roman de la Rose</a></i>, Fortune frustrates the hopes of a lover who has been helped by a personified character "Reason". In Dante's <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy#Inferno" title="Divine Comedy">Inferno</a></i> (vii.67-96), <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> explains the nature of Fortune, both a devil and a ministering angel, subservient to God. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <i>De Casibus Virorum Illustrium</i> ("The Fortunes of Famous Men"), used by <a href="/wiki/John_Lydgate" title="John Lydgate">John Lydgate</a> to compose his <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Princes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Princes">Fall of Princes</a></i>, tells of many where the turn of Fortune's wheel brought those most high to disaster, and Boccaccio essay <i>De remedii dell'una e dell'altra Fortuna</i>, depends upon Boethius for the double nature of Fortuna. Fortune makes her appearance in <i><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a></i> (see image). The Christianized Lady Fortune is not autonomous: illustrations for Boccaccio's <i>Remedii</i> show Fortuna enthroned in a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumphal car">triumphal car</a> with reins that lead to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fortuna also appears in chapter 25 of Machiavelli's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>, in which he says Fortune only rules one half of men's fate, the other half being of their own will. Machiavelli reminds the reader that Fortune is a woman, that she favours a strong, ambitious hand, and that she favours the more aggressive and bold young man than a timid elder. Monteverdi's opera <i><a href="/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a></i> features Fortuna, contrasted with the goddess Virtue. Even <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> was no stranger to Lady Fortune: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes<br />I all alone beweep my outcast state...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sonnet_29" title="Sonnet 29">Sonnet 29</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ignatius J Reilly, the protagonist in the famous <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i>, identifies Fortuna as the agent of change in his life. A verbose, preposterous medievalist, Ignatius is of the mindset that he does not belong in the world and that his numerous failings are the work of some higher power. He continually refers to Fortuna as having spun him downwards on her wheel of luck, as in "Oh, Fortuna, you degenerate wanton!" The Wheel of Fortune also has concerns with <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pars_Fortuna_in_astrology">Pars Fortuna in astrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pars Fortuna in astrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg/220px-Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg/330px-Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg/440px-Lunar_phases_al-Biruni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>illustration by Al-Biruni (973-1048) of different phases of the Moon, from the Persian <i>Kitab al-tafhim</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, the term <i>Pars Fortuna</i> represents a mathematical point in the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> derived by the longitudinal positions of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascendant" title="Ascendant">Ascendant</a> (Rising sign) in the birth chart of an individual. It represents an especially beneficial point in the horoscopic chart. In <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in medieval Islam">Arabic astrology</a>, this and similar points are called <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Parts">Arabian Parts</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (973 – 1048), an 11th-century mathematician, astronomer, and scholar, who was the greatest proponent of this system of prediction, listed a total of 97 Arabic Parts, which were widely used for astrological consultations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortune_wheel_(15c.,_French).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/220px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/330px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg/440px-Fortune_wheel_%2815c.%2C_French%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1291" /></a><figcaption>Lady Fortune in a <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a> manuscript</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Fortuna Annonaria</b> brought the luck of the harvest.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Primigenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortuna Primigenia">Fortuna Primigenia</a></b> directed the fortune of a firstborn child at the moment of birth.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Virilis" title="Fortuna Virilis">Fortuna Virilis</a></b> ("Luck in person's"), a person's luck in marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Redux" title="Fortuna Redux">Fortuna Redux</a></b> brought one safely home.</li> <li><b>Fortuna Respiciens</b> The fortune of the provider.</li> <li><b>Fortuna Muliebris</b> The luck of a person.</li> <li><b>Fortuna Balnearis</b> The fortune of the baths.<sup id="cite_ref-Pars_Fortuna_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Conservatrix</b> The fortune of the preserver.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Equestris</b> The fortune of the knights.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Huiusce_Diei" title="Fortuna Huiusce Diei">Fortuna Huiusce Diei</a></b> The fortune of the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Obsequens</b> The fortune of indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Privata</b> The fortune of the private individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Publica</b> The fortune of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Romana</b> The fortune of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Virgo</b> The fortune of the virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fortuna Faitrix</b> The fortune of life.</li> <li><b>Fortuna Barbata</b> The fortune of adolescents becoming adults.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_favours_the_bold" title="Fortune favours the bold">Fortune favours the bold</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Fortes fortuna adiuvat</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana" title="Carmina Burana">Carmina Burana</a>, medieval poems, and <a href="/wiki/Carmina_Burana_(Orff)" title="Carmina Burana (Orff)"><i>Carmina Burana</i></a>, a symphony by Carl Orff famously addressing Fortuna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goths" title="Column of the Goths">Column of the Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_Fortuna" title="19 Fortuna">19 Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietas (goddess)">Piety</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pietas</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Spes_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spes (goddess)">Hope</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Spes</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Fides_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fides (goddess)">Faithfulness</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Fides</i></span>), other concepts worshipped by the Romans as goddesses</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marguerite Kretschmer, "Atrox Fortuna" <i>The Classical Journal</i> <b>22</b>.4 (January 1927), 267 - 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Homer" (1827), p.577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFV._Canarache1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">V. Canarache, A. Aricescu, V. Barbu, A. Rădulescu (1963). <i>Tezaurul de Sculpturi de la Tomis</i> (in Romanian). Editura Științifică. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tezaurul+de+Sculpturi+de+la+Tomis&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=V.+Canarache&rft.aufirst=A.+Aricescu%2C+V.+Barbu%2C+A.+R%C4%83dulescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.html">Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,</i>; (London: Oxford University Press) 1929: on-line text</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i> VI. 773‑786.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>, <i>De Lingua Latina</i> VI.17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Fors_Fortuna.html">Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, <i>A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome,</i>; (London: Oxford University Press) 1929: on-line text</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, '<a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a>', 2.40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billington, S., Green, M. 'The Concept of the Goddess' (London, New York, 1996), 133-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A., 'The Oxford Classical Dictionary' (Oxford, New York), 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornblower, S., Spawforth, A. 'The Oxford Classical Dictionary' (Oxford, New York), 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Verum ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et aequitate lubido atque superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur</i>, Sallust, <i>Catilina</i>, ii.5. His view of <i>fortuna</i> is discussed in Etienne Tiffou, "Salluste et la Fortuna", <i>Phoenix</i>, 31.4 (Winter 1977), 349 - 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allison, P., 2006, <i>The Insula of Menander at Pompeii</i>: Vol.III, The Finds; A Contextual Study, Oxford: Clarendon Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, E.M., "The Intaglios", in Birley, A. and Blake, J., 2005, Vindolanda: The Excavations of 2003-2004, Bardon Mill: Vindolanda Trust, pp187-193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 2:40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoninewall.org/visiting-the-wall/things-to-see-and-do/site-by-site/castlecary">"Castlecary"</a>. <i>The Antonine Wall</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Antonine+Wall&rft.atitle=Castlecary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antoninewall.org%2Fvisiting-the-wall%2Fthings-to-see-and-do%2Fsite-by-site%2Fcastlecary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gla.ac.uk/hunterian/collections/permanentdisplays/theantoninewall/">"The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier"</a>. <i>The Hunterian</i>. University of Glasgow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hunterian&rft.atitle=The+Antonine+Wall%3A+Rome%27s+Final+Frontier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fhunterian%2Fcollections%2Fpermanentdisplays%2Ftheantoninewall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>In Pisonem</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Agamemnon</i>, translation by Frank Justus Miller (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/SenecaAgamemnon.html">on-line text</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i>Ex Ponto</i>, iv, epistle 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard R. Patch, <i>The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature</i>, 1927 is the basic study.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <i>City of God</i>, iv.18-18; v.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selma Pfeiffenberger, "Notes on the Iconology of Donatello's Judgment of Pilate at San Lorenzo" <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i> <b>20</b>.4 (Winter 1967:437-454) p 440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.getty.edu/iris/the-wars-to-come-game-of-thrones-and-medieval-art/">"Rise and Fall of Fortune"</a>. 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+Fortune&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.getty.edu%2Firis%2Fthe-wars-to-come-game-of-thrones-and-medieval-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Pfeiffenberger observes, citing A. Laborde, <i>Les manuscrits à peintures de la Cité de Dieu</i>, Paris, 1909: vol. III, pls 59, 65; Pfeiffenberger notes that there are no depictions of a <i>Fortuna bifrons</i> in Roman art.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by Pfeiffenberger 1967:441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://occult-world.com/10-wheel-fortune/">"The Wheel of Fortune"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140330212740/https://occult-world.com/10-wheel-fortune/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+of+Fortune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foccult-world.com%2F10-wheel-fortune%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/muliebris.php">"Fortuna Muliebris"</a>. <i>www.thaliatook.com/</i>. Thalia Took<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thaliatook.com%2F&rft.atitle=Fortuna+Muliebris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaliatook.com%2FOGOD%2Fmuliebris.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pars_Fortuna-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pars_Fortuna_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/augusta.html">"Fortuna Augusta, Roman Goddess of the Luck of the Emperor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortuna+Augusta%2C+Roman+Goddess+of+the+Luck+of+the+Emperor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaliatook.com%2FOGOD%2Faugusta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Par_fortune-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Par_fortune_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911014030/http://mlahanas.de/RomanEmpire/Mythology/Fortuna.html">"Fortuna"</a>. Mlahanas.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlahanas.de/RomanEmpire/Mythology/Fortuna.html">the original</a> on 2013-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortuna&rft.pub=Mlahanas.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlahanas.de%2FRomanEmpire%2FMythology%2FFortuna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120104.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: City of God, Book IV (St. Augustine)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+City+of+God%2C+Book+IV+%28St.+Augustine%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F120104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscript.co.uk/fortune.html">David Plant, "Fortune, Spirit and the Lunation Cycle"</a></li> <li>"Homer" (1827) <i>Classical Manual; or, a mythological, historical, and geographical commentary on Pope's Homer and Dryden's Æneid of Virgil, with a copious index</i>. (Longman).</li> <li>Howard Rollin Patch (1923), <i>Fortuna in Old French Literature</i></li> <li>Lesley Adkins, Roy A. Adkins (2001) <i>Dictionary of Roman Religion</i></li> <li>Howard Rollin Patch (1927, repr. 1967), <i>The Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Literature</i></li> <li>Howard Rollin Patch (1922), <i>The Tradition of the Goddess Fortuna in Medieval Philosophy and Literature</i></li> <li>J. Champeaux, <i>Fortuna. Vol. I. Recherches sur le culte de la Fortuna à Rome et dans le monde romaine des origines à la mort de César; Vol. II. Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le République</i> (Rome, École Française de Rome, 1982-1987).</li> <li>Narducci, Emanuele, Sergio Audano and Luca Fezzi (edd.), <i>Aspetti della Fortuna dell'Antico nella Cultura Europea: atti della quarta giornata di studi, Sestri Levante, 16 marzo 2007</i> (Pisa: ETS, 2008) (Testi e studi di cultura classica, 41).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Chiaruzzi" title="Michele Chiaruzzi">Michele Chiaruzzi</a> (2016), <i>Martin Wight on Fortune and Irony in Politics</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortuna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Fortuna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fortuna">"Fortuna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fortuna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427025329/http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLTnoframes/drama/medievaltragedy.html">Michael Best, "Medieval tragedy"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArya2006" class="citation book cs1">Arya, Darius Andre (January 27, 2006) [2002]. <i>The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text</i>. Theses and Dissertations from The University of Texas at Austin. Austin: University of Texas at Austin. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F152">2152/152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+Fortuna+in+Imperial+Rome%3A+Cult%2C+Art%2C+Text&rft.place=Austin&rft.series=Theses+and+Dissertations+from+The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F152&rft.aulast=Arya&rft.aufirst=Darius+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span> (login required) or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/438/aryada026.pdf">Darius Andre Arya, "The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Fortuna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Fortuna">"Fortuna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fortuna&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Fortuna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Fortuna">"Fortuna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fortuna&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFortuna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RfCB4rik7MC&dq=Templum+Fortuna+Fortis&pg=PA129">Fors Fortuna in Ancient Rome</a> // S. Billington - The Concept of the Goddess, 1996</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a><br />(<i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenoria_(mythology)" title="Agenoria (mythology)">Agenoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Perenna" title="Anna Perenna">Anna Perenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux" title="Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacina" title="Cloacina">Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dies_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies (deity)">Dies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egeria_(mythology)" title="Egeria (mythology)">Egeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_(deity)" title="Fauna (deity)">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunus" title="Faunus">Faunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora (deity)">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mythology)" title="Genius (mythology)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_in_ancient_Rome" title="Hercules in ancient Rome">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time in religion and mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_in_religion_and_mythology38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a> in <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">religion and mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeon" title="Aeon">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heortology" title="Heortology">Heortology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/933052/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Fortuna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534467">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014070334">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810578008205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007405732205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058618251206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118534467">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027592995">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output 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