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Christianisme — Wikipédia
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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianisme</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> religion monothéiste abrahamique fondé sur l'enseignement, la personne et la vie de Jésus-Christ </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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</nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Le <b>christianisme</b> est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_abrahamique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion abrahamique">religion abrahamique</a>, originaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proche-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</a>, fondée sur l'enseignement, la personne et la vie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Jésus de Nazareth</a>, tels qu'interprétés à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a>. Il s'agit d'une religion du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salut_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salut (théologie)">salut</a> considérant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Jésus-Christ</a> comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messie">Messie</a> annoncé par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proph%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prophète">prophètes</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foi_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foi chrétienne">foi</a> en la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9surrection_de_J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résurrection de Jésus">résurrection de Jésus</a> est au cœur du christianisme car elle signifie le début d'un espoir d'éternité libéré du mal et de la souffrance.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"> <div class="entete icon universite" style="background-color:#ffcc33;color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000)"> <div> Christianisme <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160407116">.mw-parser-output .entete.universite{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Picto_infobox_book.png")}</style> </div> </div> <div> <div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fichier:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg&lang=fr&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/langfr-150px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/langfr-225px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/langfr-300px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> <small>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_latine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix latine">croix latine</a> est le principal symbole du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> et du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix orthodoxe">croix orthodoxe</a> est différente.</small> </div> </div> <table> <caption style="color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);text-align:center;background-color:#ffcc33"> Présentation </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nom original</th> <td class=""> <div> Religion des Χριστιανοι (<i>Religion des chrétiens</i>) </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nom français</th> <td class=""> <div> Christianisme </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nature</th> <td class=""> <div> Religion distincte </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Lien religieux</th> <td class=""> <div> Apports du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> avec changements majeurs disruptifs </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Principales branches religieuses</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">Catholicisme</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">Protestantisme</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxie">Christianisme orthodoxe</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nom des pratiquants</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrétiens">Chrétiens</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);text-align:center;background-color:#ffcc33"> Croyances </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Type de croyance</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothéisme">Religion monothéiste</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Croyance surnaturelle</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divinit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divinité">Divinité</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ation_(Bible)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Création (Bible)">Création</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (christianisme)">Incarnation</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révélation">Révélation</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Destin">Destin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miracle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miracle">Miracle</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ange">Ange</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%82me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Âme">Âme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diable">Diable</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9demption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rédemption">Rédemption</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enfer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enfer">Enfer</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paradis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paradis">Paradis</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jugement_dernier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jugement dernier">Jugement dernier</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Principales divinités</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ation_(Bible)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Création (Bible)">créateur</a> unique et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">trine</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu_le_P%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu le Père">Dieu le Père</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Jésus-Christ</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Personnages importants</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Jésus-Christ</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre (apôtre)">Pierre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (apôtre)">Paul</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Lieux importants</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre_sainte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre sainte">Terre sainte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a> (premier lieu christianisé), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Principaux ouvrages</th> <td class=""> <div> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);text-align:center;background-color:#ffcc33"> Pratique religieuse </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Date d'apparition</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Lieu d'apparition</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jud%C3%A9e_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judée (province romaine)">Province romaine de Judée</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Aire de pratique actuelle</th> <td class=""> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-globe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Monde"><img alt="Monde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/21px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/32px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/42px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Monde entier</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nombre de pratiquants actuel</th> <td class=""> <div> 2,56 milliards </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Principaux rites</th> <td class=""> <div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite latin">Rite latin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite oriental">rite oriental</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Clergé</th> <td class=""> <div> Clergé dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">christianisme orthodoxe</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);text-align:center;background-color:#ffcc33"> Classification </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_religions_et_traditions_spirituelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification_d'Yves_Lambert" title="Liste des religions et traditions spirituelles">Classification d'Yves Lambert</a></th> <td class=""> <div> Religion de salut universaliste </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #ffcc33"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChristianisme%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DChristianisme%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043" class="extiw" title="d:Q5043">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Religion_v2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></p> </div> <p>Les premières communautés chrétiennes naissent au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre_sainte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre sainte">Terre sainte</a> et dans les grandes villes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora_juive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora juive">diaspora juive</a> telles que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ph%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éphèse">Éphèse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandrie">Alexandrie</a>. Le christianisme se développe à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>, dont il devient la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_officielle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion officielle">religion officielle</a> à la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, mais aussi en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire perse">Perse</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_en_Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme en Inde">Inde</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_en_%C3%89thiopie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme en Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a>. Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen_%C3%82ge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen Âge">Moyen Âge</a>, le christianisme devient majoritaire en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_en_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisme en Europe">Europe</a>, tandis qu'il s'amenuise face à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proche-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proche-Orient">Proche-Orient</a>. Il est devenu la religion la plus importante de la planète en raison de son expansion en Amérique à partir du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> et en Afrique depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Il est actuellement présent dans tous les pays. En 2021, le nombre total de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrétien">chrétiens</a> dans le monde est évalué à 2,546 milliards, ce qui en fait la religion comptant le plus de fidèles, devant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> (avec 1,926 milliard de musulmans) et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindouisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindouisme">hindouisme</a> (avec 1,074 milliard d'hindous)<sup id="cite_ref-auto-généré1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A91-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(institution)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église (institution)">Églises chrétiennes</a> sont regroupées en différentes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branches_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches du christianisme">branches</a>, dont les principales sont le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">christianisme orthodoxe</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a> (avec sa branche <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisme évangélique">évangélique</a>) représentant respectivement 51 %, 11 % et 37 % du total des chrétiens en 2017.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89tymologie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Étymologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Croyances"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Croyances</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nouvelle_lecture_de_l'Ancien_Testament"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nouvelle lecture de l'Ancien Testament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9v%C3%A9lation_de_Dieu_comme_amour"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Révélation de Dieu comme amour</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Morale_chr%C3%A9tienne"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Morale chrétienne</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Doctrine_sociale"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Doctrine sociale</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pratiques_cultuelles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Pratiques cultuelles</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lieux_de_culte"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lieux de culte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sacrements"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sacrements</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bapt%C3%AAme"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Baptême</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eucharistie"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eucharistie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autres_sacrements"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autres sacrements</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Calendrier_liturgique"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Calendrier liturgique</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Minist%C3%A8res"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ministères</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Catholicisme"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Catholicisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Protestantisme"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Protestantisme</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Histoire"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Histoire</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origines_juives_du_christianisme"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origines juives du christianisme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion_de_l'Empire_romain"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion de l'Empire romain</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Premiers_schismes_et_apparition_de_l'islam"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Premiers schismes et apparition de l'islam</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianisme_oriental_et_occidental_au_Moyen_%C3%82ge"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Christianisme oriental et occidental au Moyen Âge</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Expansion_coloniale_et_R%C3%A9forme"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion coloniale et Réforme</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9clin_en_Europe,_foisonnement_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Déclin en Europe, foisonnement aux États-Unis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Essor_dans_les_pays_du_Sud"><span class="tocnumber">5.7</span> <span class="toctext">Essor dans les pays du Sud</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9mographie"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Démographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Population_mondiale"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Population mondiale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9partition_g%C3%A9ographique"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Répartition géographique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_Am%C3%A9rique"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">En Amérique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_Asie"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">En Asie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_Afrique"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">En Afrique</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principales_confessions"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Principales confessions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'%C3%89glise_orthodoxe"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">L'Église orthodoxe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L%E2%80%99%C3%89glise_catholique"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">L’Église catholique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_%C3%89glises_protestantes"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Les Églises protestantes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symboles_chr%C3%A9tiens"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Symboles chrétiens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arts"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Arts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Musique"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Musique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peinture"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Peinture</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Controverses_th%C3%A9ologiques"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Controverses théologiques</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dieu_unique_et_Trinit%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dieu unique et Trinité</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Libre_arbitre_et_exclusivit%C3%A9_du_salut"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Libre arbitre et exclusivité du salut</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dialogue_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Dialogue œcuménique</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Critiques"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Critiques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences_bibliques"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Références bibliques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cat%C3%A9chisme_et_encycliques"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Catéchisme et encycliques</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliographie"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Cross_(PSF).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cross_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Cross_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="549"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cross_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Cross_%28PSF%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cross_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Cross_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cross_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Cross_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix (christianisme)">croix</a> est le principal symbole du christianisme. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le nom <span class="citation">« christianisme »</span> vient du mot <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a> : <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">Χριστός</span>, qui traduit l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9breu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hébreu">hébreu</a> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messie_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messie dans le judaïsme">Messie</a></i>, מָשִׁיחַ - mashia'h (<span class="citation">« celui qui a reçu l'onction »</span>). Ce mot, originellement appliqué à différents personnages de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> (prophètes et rois), désigne, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">judaïsme</a> tardif, un personnage qui viendra à la fin des temps restaurer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Dieu">royauté de Dieu</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israël">Israël</a>. Le nom de Jésus-Christ a été donné par les chrétiens à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_de_Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus de Nazareth">Jésus</a>, qu'ils considèrent comme étant le Messie prophétisé dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a>.</p> <p>Le mot <span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrétien">chrétien</a> »</span> n'est pas utilisé par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Évangiles">Évangiles</a> pour désigner les disciples de Jésus ; ceux-ci sont habituellement appelés les <span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galil%C3%A9ens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galiléens">Galiléens</a> »</span> ou les <span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naz%C3%B4r%C3%A9en_(titre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazôréen (titre)">Nazôréens</a> »</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a> indiquent que le nom de <span class="citation">« chrétien »</span>, dérivé de <span class="citation">« Christ »</span>, signifiant <span class="citation">« partisan du Christ »</span>, fut attribué aux disciples de Jésus de Nazareth à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>B 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levant_(Proche-Orient)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levant (Proche-Orient)">Syrie antique</a> (actuelle <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turquie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turquie">Turquie</a>), qui était à l'époque une ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langue_grecque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue grecque">langue grecque</a>.</p> <p>La référence la plus ancienne connue pour le terme <span class="citation">« christianisme »</span> se trouve dans la lettre d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignace_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignace d'Antioche">Ignace d'Antioche</a> aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sie_du_M%C3%A9andre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnésie du Méandre">Magnésiens</a> à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Croyances">Croyances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Croyances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Le fondement historique du christianisme est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foi">foi</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Jésus-Christ</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messie">Messie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fils_de_Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fils de Dieu">Fils de Dieu</a>, sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifixion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9surrection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résurrection">résurrection</a>, ce qui est appelé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%A9rygme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kérygme">kérygme</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eliade316_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eliade316-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La résurrection est pour les premiers chrétiens le « signe indubitable » de la divinité du Christ<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le christianisme est ainsi la religion de ceux qui croient en la divinité de Jésus, le Christ<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La crucifixion et la résurrection montrent <span class="citation">« la triomphante victoire sur les pouvoirs du mal »</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La résurrection du Christ symbolise l'idée que l'homme peut faire confiance au Bien, s'engager pour le Bien : <span class="citation">« Le Seigneur est venu dans le monde (…) afin de détruire la tyrannie du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mal">mal</a> et de libérer les hommes. (…) Par la mort, Il a détruit la mort, et réduit à rien celui qui avait le pouvoir de tuer »</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La Résurrection signifie aussi que Jésus continue de vivre avec ses disciples qui, par la foi, vivent de sa présence.</p> <p>Le plus ancien témoignage écrit du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%A9rygme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kérygme">kérygme</a>, le noyau de la foi chrétienne, se trouve exprimé dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtres_aux_Corinthiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épîtres aux Corinthiens">lettre aux Corinthiens</a> : <span class="citation">« Christ est mort pour nos <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_dans_le_catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péché dans le catholicisme">péchés</a> selon les Écritures, il a été enseveli, il est ressuscité le troisième jour selon les Écritures, il est apparu à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre (apôtre)">Céphas</a> puis aux douze »</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Des professions de foi (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo (religion)">credo</a>) sont venues préciser la foi chrétienne, la principale étant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbole_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbole de Nicée">symbole de Nicée-Constantinople</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces professions de foi sont divisées en quatre parties. La première confirme la doctrine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothéisme">monothéiste</a> du christianisme en stipulant qu'il n'y a qu'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu_cr%C3%A9ateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieu créateur">un seul Dieu qui est aussi le Créateur</a>. La seconde partie énonce que Jésus-Christ est le fils unique de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a> et qu'il a souffert, est mort, a été enseveli et est ressuscité avant de monter au ciel afin de juger les vivants et les morts. L'expression de <i>fils</i> relève de la continuité de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tradition_biblique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition biblique">tradition biblique</a>, mais les chrétiens proclament que c'est Dieu qui se révèle de façon unique en son fils Jésus-Christ. La troisième partie des professions de foi dit que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Esprit saint</a>, puissance agissante de Dieu, anime et sanctifie l’Église et, finalement, la quatrième partie énonce que Jésus-Christ a institué une Église sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terre">Terre</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nouvelle_lecture_de_l'Ancien_Testament"><span id="Nouvelle_lecture_de_l.27Ancien_Testament"></span>Nouvelle lecture de l'Ancien Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Nouvelle lecture de l'Ancien Testament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livres_deut%C3%A9rocanoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livres deutérocanoniques">Livres deutérocanoniques</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canons_des_%C3%89glises_chr%C3%A9tiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons des Églises chrétiennes">Canons des Églises chrétiennes</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_(Chatsworth_House).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg/220px-Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1629"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg/220px-Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg/330px-Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg/440px-Domenichino_-_La_cacciata_di_Adamo_ed_Eva_%28Chatsworth_House%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_originel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péché originel">péché originel</a> représenté par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Dominiquin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Dominiquin">Le Dominiquin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chatsworth_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chatsworth House">Chatsworth House</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>À la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible hébraïque">Bible hébraïque</a>, qui correspond à ce que les chrétiens nomment l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a>, les premiers siècles du christianisme ont adjoint le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a> ; réunis, ces deux textes constituent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> chrétienne, qui présente quelques variantes selon les confessions, notamment les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livres_deut%C3%A9rocanoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livres deutérocanoniques">Livres deutérocanoniques</a>. Le canon du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a> est composé de 27 écrits : les quatre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangiles_canoniques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Évangiles canoniques">évangiles canoniques</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Épître">épîtres</a> de plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apôtres">apôtres</a> aux premières <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9s_chr%C3%A9tiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communautés chrétiennes">communautés chrétiennes</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocalypse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a><sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade105_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade105-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; il exclut de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apocryphes_bibliques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphes bibliques">textes chrétiens apocryphes</a>, parmi lesquels une douzaine d’évangiles. Il rejette , en particulier, celui de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Thomas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Thomas">Thomas</a>, qualifié de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnosticisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnosticisme">gnostique</a>.</p> <p>Dès le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, le « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Jérusalem">concile de Jérusalem</a> » dut se prononcer sur la continuité de la nouvelle foi avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah">Torah</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche16_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche16-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les chrétiens précisent que le Nouveau Testament ne vient pas remplacer l'« Ancien » mais l'accomplir.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcion">Marcion</a>, vers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/140?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="140">140</a>, rejeta la présence de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Testament">Ancien Testament</a> dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_(Bible)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (Bible)">canon chrétien</a><sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade105_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade105-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcionisme">marcionisme</a> distingue le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu_cr%C3%A9ateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieu créateur">Dieu créateur</a> de l'Ancien Testament du Dieu d'amour des écrits pauliniens. Ces idées furent condamnées par le presbyterium romain présidé par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anicet_(pape)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anicet (pape)">Anicet</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/144?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="144">144</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche47_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche47-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La doctrine de Marcion resta cependant largement répandue dans tout le bassin méditerranéen pendant environ deux siècles. Elle laissera des traces dans les mentalités jusqu'à nos jours<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ir%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_de_Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irénée de Lyon">Irénée de Lyon</a> affirme à la même époque que la Loi a été abrégée et non abrogée. Il bâtit une théologie de l'Histoire qui donne un sens à celle-ci, déterminé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan_de_Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plan de Dieu">plan de Dieu</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cr%C3%A9ation_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Création (christianisme)">Création</a> à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (christianisme)">Incarnation</a> et dans l'attente du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parousie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parousie">retour du Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche64_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche64-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inculturation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> du christianisme dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilisation_gr%C3%A9co-romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilisation gréco-romaine">culture gréco-romaine</a> est l'œuvre des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A8res_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pères de l'Église">Pères de l'Église</a> vers la fin du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche159_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche159-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Nés pour la plupart dans des familles chrétiennes de l'élite locale, ils effectuent un travail de réappropriation de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible hébraïque">Bible hébraïque</a>, dont les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Citation_(litt%C3%A9rature)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Citation (littérature)">citations</a> abondent dans leurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_(document)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre (document)">ouvrages</a>, associée à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophie_grecque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophie grecque">philosophie grecque</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche159_19-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche159-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Révélation_de_Dieu_comme_amour"><span id="R.C3.A9v.C3.A9lation_de_Dieu_comme_amour"></span>Révélation de Dieu comme amour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Révélation de Dieu comme amour" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dilige,_et_quod_vis_fac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dilige, et quod vis fac">Dilige, et quod vis fac</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charité">Charité</a>. </div> </div> <p><span class="citation">« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a> est l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amour">Amour</a> et rien d'autre »</span>. Pour le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Théologien">théologien</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compagnie_de_J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compagnie de Jésus">jésuite</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, cet énoncé constitue le cœur du discours chrétien sur Dieu : <span class="citation">« Dieu interprété comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religions" title="Amour">amour</a> : en cela consiste l'idée chrétienne »</span><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="citation">« En envoyant (…) son Fils unique et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esprit_Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esprit Saint">Esprit d'amour</a>, Dieu révèle son secret le plus intime : il est Lui-même éternellement échange d'amour »</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>C 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="citation">« "Dieu est amour : celui qui demeure dans l'amour demeure en Dieu et Dieu en lui" (1Jn4,16). Ces paroles de la <i>Première lettre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean (apôtre)">saint Jean</a></i> expriment avec une particulière clarté ce qui fait le centre de la foi chrétienne : l'image chrétienne de Dieu, ainsi que l'image de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homme">homme</a> et de son chemin, qui en découle »</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>C 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Selon l'injonction <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_d%27Hippone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin d'Hippone">augustinienne</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dilige,_et_quod_vis_fac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dilige, et quod vis fac">Dilige, et quod vis fac</a></i>, le christianisme reste centré sur l'amour. L'exclamation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominicain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominicain">dominicain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timothy_Radcliffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timothy Radcliffe">T. Radcliffe</a> est représentative : <span class="citation">« Tout ce que j'ai écrit est, en un sens, un commentaire de ce que signifie aimer »</span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Morale_chrétienne"><span id="Morale_chr.C3.A9tienne"></span>Morale chrétienne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Morale chrétienne" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morale_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morale chrétienne">Morale chrétienne</a>. </div> </div> <p>Deux textes du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouveau_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouveau Testament">Nouveau Testament</a> sont fondamentaux pour la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morale_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morale chrétienne">morale chrétienne</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sermon_sur_la_montagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sermon sur la montagne">Sermon sur la montagne</a> dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Matthieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Matthieu">Évangile selon Matthieu</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_de_Paul_aux_Romains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Épître de Paul aux Romains">Épître de Paul aux Romains</a><sup id="cite_ref-pinckaers_24-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pinckaers-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; ils furent longuement commentés par nombre de théologiens tels qu'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_d%27Hippone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin d'Hippone">Augustin d'Hippone</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_d%27Aquin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas d'Aquin">Thomas d'Aquin</a>. Le Sermon assigne au croyant des objectifs de perfection difficilement réalisables<sup id="cite_ref-pinckaers_24-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pinckaers-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péché">péché</a>, honni mais inévitable, est ainsi une notion centrale dans le christianisme<sup id="cite_ref-pinckaers51_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pinckaers51-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En lien avec la morale chrétienne et à sa racine se trouvent les trois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vertus_th%C3%A9ologales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertus théologales">vertus théologales</a> citées par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> que sont la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foi">foi</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A9rance_(vertu)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espérance (vertu)">espérance</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianisme" title="Charité">charité</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Doctrine_sociale">Doctrine sociale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Doctrine sociale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctrine_sociale_de_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctrine sociale de l'Église catholique">Doctrine sociale de l'Église catholique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_social?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile social">Évangile social</a>. </div> </div> <p>Né dans la société romaine reposant sur l'esclavage, le christianisme proclame que les hommes sont frères dans la foi en Christ mais ne remet pas en cause l'ordre établi et prône l'obéissance des esclaves à leur maître<sup id="cite_ref-legasse_27-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-legasse-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le christianisme privilégie la charité envers les pauvres et les malades ; dès le <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, l'organisation de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaconie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaconie">diaconie</a> établit des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matricula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matricula">listes de pauvres</a> et consacre à leur entretien une part des revenus des églises<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche146_28-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche146-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le prêt à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_(finance)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intérêt (finance)">intérêt</a> est donc interdit aux chrétiens par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> comme contraire à cette notion<sup id="cite_ref-Johner_29-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johner-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> remet en cause cet interdit, ce qui le fait parfois qualifier de père du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capitalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capitalisme">capitalisme</a>, mais s'il légitime le prêt d'investissement, il ne remet pas en cause l'obligation de gratuité du prêt d'assistance au prochain dans le besoin<sup id="cite_ref-Johner_29-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Johner-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la même époque, des institutions catholiques fondent les premiers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mont-de-pi%C3%A9t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mont-de-piété">monts-de-piété</a>.</p> <p>Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, les révoltes des ouvriers face à leur misère croissante amènent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Ozanam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Ozanam">Frédéric Ozanam</a> à fonder la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_Saint-Vincent-de-Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul">société de Saint-Vincent-de-Paul</a> pour l'aide aux pauvres<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, début de l'action du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme_social?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme social">catholicisme social</a>. En 1891, l'encyclique <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rerum_novarum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> de <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9on_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léon XIII">Léon XIII</a></span> établit les grands principes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctrine_sociale_de_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctrine sociale de l'Église catholique">doctrine sociale de l'Église catholique</a>.</p> <p>En 1892, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasteur (christianisme)">pasteur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Théologien">théologien</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptisme">baptiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">américain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Rauschenbusch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Rauschenbusch">Walter Rauschenbusch</a> a formé l'association chrétienne <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_non_confessionnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme non confessionnel">non confessionnelle</a> <i>Fraternité du Royaume</i> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglais">anglais</a> : <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Brotherhood of the Kingdom</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des pasteurs et dirigeants rejoindront l'organisation pour débattre et mettre en œuvre l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_social?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile social">évangile social</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1907, il publie le livre <i>Le Christianisme et la Crise sociale</i> (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Christianity and the Social Crisis</span></i>) qui influencera les actions de plusieurs acteurs du mouvement de l'évangile social<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1917, la publication du livre <i>Une théologie pour l'Évangile social</i> (<i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">A Theology for the Social Gospel</span></i>) permettra de rallier à la cause de nombreuses églises protestantes et évangéliques<sup id="cite_ref-r2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-r2-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Depuis les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1960?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1960">années 1960</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie_de_la_lib%C3%A9ration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théologie de la libération">théologie de la libération</a> remet en question cette aide traditionnelle aux pauvres ou charité, pour une « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Option_pr%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentielle_pour_les_pauvres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Option préférentielle pour les pauvres">option préférentielle pour les pauvres</a> » qui participe à leurs démarches d'émancipation<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 2015, en réaction aux problèmes environnementaux rencontrés depuis les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1970">années 1970</a>, et à l'occasion de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_Paris_de_2015_sur_les_changements_climatiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conférence de Paris de 2015 sur les changements climatiques">Conférence de Paris de 2015 sur les changements climatiques</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape_Fran%C3%A7ois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pape François">pape François</a> publie l'encyclique <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laudato_si%27?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i>, « sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sauvegarde_de_la_maison_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauvegarde de la maison commune">sauvegarde de la maison commune</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s'inscrit dans un ensemble d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%92cum%C3%A9nisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sauvegarde_de_la_Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Œcuménisme">initiatives œcuméniques en faveur de la sauvegarde de la Création</a> depuis les années 1980.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Pratiques_cultuelles">Pratiques cultuelles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Pratiques cultuelles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_(16713989324).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg/220px-Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg/220px-Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg/330px-Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg/440px-Interior_of_the_Maputo_Cathedral_%2816713989324%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Service à la cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Immaculée-Conception de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maputo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_au_Mozambique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique au Mozambique">Église catholique au Mozambique</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_(crop).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2233"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Auto_de_P%C3%A1scoa_-_IgrejaDaCidade_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Service à l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_cit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de la cité">Église de la cité</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, affiliée à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Convention_baptiste_br%C3%A9silienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Convention baptiste brésilienne">Convention baptiste brésilienne</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les chrétiens se réunissent principalement le dimanche pour un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Service_(d%E2%80%99%C3%A9glise)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Service (d’église)">service</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">christianisme orthodoxe</a>, le service est appelé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messe">messe</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a>, le service est appelé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_(protestantisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte (protestantisme)">culte</a><i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</i></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lieux_de_culte">Lieux de culte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Lieux de culte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les lieux de culte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholique">catholiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a> et de certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confessions_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confessions du christianisme">confessions</a> chrétiennes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantes">protestantes</a> sont appelés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(%C3%A9difice)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église (édifice)">église</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale">cathédrale</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les lieux de culte <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">protestants</a> sont généralement appelés « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temple">temple</a> » ou « bâtiment (d'église) »<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sacrements">Sacrements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Sacrements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement">Sacrement</a>. </div> </div> <p>Au sein du christianisme, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement">sacrements</a> sont des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite">rites</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culte">cultuels</a>. Deux sont pratiqués par presque toutes les confessions chrétiennes : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême">baptême</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eucharistie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eucharistie">eucharistie</a>, principalement parce que ce sont les deux gestes qui ont été institués par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jésus">Jésus</a> dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cependant, certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confessions_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confessions du christianisme">confessions</a> chrétiennes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantes</a> ne pratiquent aucun sacrement et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">catholiques</a> ainsi que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a> en pratiquent sept<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">chrétiennes évangéliques</a> utilisent majoritairement le terme « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordonnance_(christianisme_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordonnance (christianisme évangélique)">ordonnances</a> », pour parler du baptême et de la communion<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Baptême"><span id="Bapt.C3.AAme"></span>Baptême</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Baptême" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême">Baptême</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/220px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/220px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/330px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG/440px-Christening_celebration_-_Celebraci%C3%B3n_de_bautizo.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_des_enfants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptême des enfants">Baptême des enfants</a> par effusion dans une église catholique, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venezuela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2805"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Baptism_at_Northolt_Park_Baptist_Church_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_du_croyant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême du croyant">Baptême du croyant</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_par_immersion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême par immersion">par immersion</a> à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northolt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northolt">Northolt</a> Park Baptist Church, dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Londres">Grand Londres</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_baptiste_de_Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union baptiste de Grande-Bretagne">Union baptiste de Grande-Bretagne</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le baptême est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rite">rite</a> présent dans la quasi-totalité des Églises chrétiennes, à quelques exceptions près, comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quakers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Quakers">quakers</a>. Baptême d'eau issu des rites de purification juifs, il prend pour modèle celui de Jésus par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_le_Baptiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean le Baptiste">Jean le Baptiste</a> ; il peut être pratiqué par immersion, par effusion ou par aspersion<sup id="cite_ref-musee_51-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-musee-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il symbolise l'entrée du croyant dans la communauté chrétienne ; dans certaines confessions il est pratiqué sur les jeunes enfants (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9dobaptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pédobaptisme">pédobaptisme</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-musee_51-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-musee-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises évangéliques">églises évangéliques</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_du_croyant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême du croyant">baptême du croyant</a> est l'un des principaux signes de distinction d'avec les autres églises protestantes<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En effet, pour la majorité des chrétiens évangéliques, le baptême du croyant, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bapt%C3%AAme_par_immersion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptême par immersion">par immersion</a> dans l'eau, survient après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_naissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle naissance">nouvelle naissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ce sacrement n'est en principe pas réitéré, mais les conditions de reconnaissance mutuelles du baptême entre confessions sont complexes : les Églises trinitaires ne reconnaissent que les baptêmes « au nom du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit »<sup id="cite_ref-COE_54-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-COE-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> tandis que les églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">chrétiennes évangéliques</a> adhérant à la doctrine de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_professants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de professants">Église de professants</a> ne considèrent pas le baptême des enfants comme valide<sup id="cite_ref-musee_51-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-musee-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et pratiquent une cérémonie appelée « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sentation_d%27enfant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Présentation d'enfant">présentation d'enfant</a> » qui « remplace le baptême sans le remplacer »<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> permettant aux parents d'exprimer dans la communauté leur désir d'élever leur enfant dans la foi chrétienne<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Eucharistie">Eucharistie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Eucharistie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eucharistie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eucharistie">Eucharistie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg/220px-Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="714"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg/220px-Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg/330px-Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg/440px-Pietro_Antonio_Novelli_Sakramente_Eucharistie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Distribution de la communion en dehors de la célébration de l'eucharistie (par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pietro_Antonio_Novelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietro Antonio Novelli">Pietro Antonio Novelli</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'eucharistie est le repas sacrificiel qui commémore la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cène">Cène</a><sup id="cite_ref-COE_54-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-COE-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dernière <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A2que?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pâque">Pâque</a> de Jésus. Sa célébration est l'acte central du culte dans les différentes Églises<sup id="cite_ref-COE_54-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-COE-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Autres_sacrements">Autres sacrements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Autres sacrements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Dedizione_religiosa.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dedizione_religiosa.jpg/220px-Dedizione_religiosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="3072"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dedizione_religiosa.jpg/220px-Dedizione_religiosa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dedizione_religiosa.jpg/330px-Dedizione_religiosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dedizione_religiosa.jpg/440px-Dedizione_religiosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9votion_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dévotion catholique">dévotion</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> est une note <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrétienne">chrétienne</a> distinctive. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">catholiques</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a> pratiquent sept sacrements comprenant, en plus du baptême et de l'eucharistie, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confirmation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> (ou la chrismation), l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordre_(sacrement)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre (sacrement)">ordination</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9nitence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pénitence">pénitence</a> (ou la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement_de_p%C3%A9nitence_et_de_r%C3%A9conciliation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement de pénitence et de réconciliation">réconciliation</a>), l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onction_des_malades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onction des malades">onction des malades</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mariage_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mariage chrétien">mariage</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est également le cas des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_trois_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des trois conciles">orthodoxes orientaux</a>, de plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicans</a> et de quelques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luth%C3%A9ranisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luthéranisme">luthériens</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Calendrier_liturgique">Calendrier liturgique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Calendrier liturgique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_liturgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier liturgique">Calendrier liturgique</a>. </div> </div> <p>Pâques est la première fête célébrée dans les calendriers liturgiques chrétiens ; elle est attestée dès le <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Elle commémore la dernière <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cène">Cène</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passion_du_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passion du Christ">Passion</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9surrection_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Résurrection (christianisme)">Résurrection du Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche48_58-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche48-58"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>55<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, événements dont les quatre évangiles situent le déroulement lors des festivités de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pessah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pessah">Pâque juive</a> à Jérusalem, le 14 Nissan du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_juif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendrier juif">calendrier juif</a>. Sa date fut fixée en 325 par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a> au <span class="citation">« dimanche qui suit le <abbr class="abbr" title="Quatorzième">14<sup>e</sup></abbr> jour de la Lune qui atteint cet âge le 21 mars ou immédiatement après »</span>.</p> <p>Le calendrier liturgique se constitua progressivement à partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle autour de la date de célébration de Pâques. C'est tout d'abord le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triduum_pascal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triduum pascal">triduum pascal</a></i>, dont les deux jours qui précèdent le dimanche de Pâques deviennent un temps de jeûne, puis la célébration s'étendit à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semaine_sainte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semaine sainte">semaine sainte</a> dès 389<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche149_59-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche149-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À partir de la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, elle fut précédée des 40 jours de jeûne du carême<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche149_59-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche149-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temps_pascal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temps pascal">temps pascal</a> fut également étendu jusqu'à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentecôte">Pentecôte</a>, sept semaines après Pâques.</p> <p>Le cycle des fêtes à dates fixes lié à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/No%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noël">Noël</a> ne fut instauré qu'au <abbr class="abbr" title="5ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">V</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, après que cette fête eut été fixée au 25 décembre pour remplacer la fête impériale de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sol_invictus_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sol invictus (religion)"><i>Sol Invictus</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche149_59-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche149-59"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>56<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La réforme du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, adoptée pour corriger le décalage progressif du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_julien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier julien">calendrier julien</a> alors en usage, amena une différence dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcul_de_la_date_de_P%C3%A2ques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calcul de la date de Pâques">calcul de la date de Pâques</a> entre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_liturgique_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendrier liturgique catholique">calendrier liturgique catholique</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_liturgique_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier liturgique orthodoxe">calendrier liturgique orthodoxe</a>, qui perdure de nos jours.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ministères"><span id="Minist.C3.A8res"></span>Ministères</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Ministères" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_(chr%C3%A9tien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministère (chrétien)">Ministère (chrétien)</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Catholicisme">Catholicisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Catholicisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a>, le ministère désigne principalement les membres du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerg%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clergé">clergé</a>, soit le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacre_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacre (christianisme)">diacre</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%AAtre_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prêtre catholique">prêtre</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardinal_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardinal (religion)">cardinal</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>57<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais aussi des rôles attribuables à des laïcs tels que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lecteur_(liturgie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lecteur (liturgie)">lecteur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acolyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Protestantisme">Protestantisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Protestantisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dans les Églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantes</a>, et notamment <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_r%C3%A9form%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Églises réformées">réformées</a>, il désigne les fidèles appelés à exercer un <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8res_eccl%C3%A9siastiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministères ecclésiastiques">ministère</a></i>, c'est-à-dire une fonction reconnue au service de l'Église locale ou nationale<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>58<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le ministère d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a> avec des fonctions de surveillance sur un groupe de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur chrétien">pasteurs</a> est présent dans certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confessions_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confessions du christianisme">confessions</a> chrétiennes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantes</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>59<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">christianisme évangélique</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_(chr%C3%A9tien)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministère (chrétien)">ministères</a> évangéliques sont principalement ceux de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur chrétien">pasteur</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacre_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacre (christianisme)">diacre</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chantre_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chantre (christianisme)">chantre</a> et de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisation">évangéliste</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>60<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. D’autres ministères peuvent également être présents, tel que celui d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien (christianisme)">ancien</a> avec des fonctions similaires à celles du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur chrétien">pasteur</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>61<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le ministère d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêque</a> avec des fonctions de surveillance sur un groupe de pasteurs est présent dans certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confessions_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confessions du christianisme">confessions</a> chrétiennes évangéliques<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>62<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans certaines églises du mouvement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_r%C3%A9forme_apostolique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle réforme apostolique">nouvelle réforme apostolique</a>, il y a la présence de cinq ministères : ceux d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apôtre">apôtre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proph%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prophète">prophète</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisation">évangéliste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasteur_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur chrétien">pasteur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enseignant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enseignant">enseignant</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>63<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire du christianisme">Histoire du christianisme</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origines_juives_du_christianisme">Origines juives du christianisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Origines juives du christianisme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racines_juives_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racines juives du christianisme">Racines juives du christianisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_primitif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme primitif">Christianisme primitif</a>. </div> </div> <p>Le christianisme s'est développé à partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle dans le contexte des communautés <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme">juives</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> et en particulier des communautés juives hellénisées : c’est à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a> que se crée la première communauté chrétienne, et à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a> que le nom de « chrétiens » est donné pour la première fois aux disciples de Jésus<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>64<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; ce sont les villes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syrie_(province_romaine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syrie (province romaine)">Syrie romaine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9sar%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Césarée">Césarée</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damas">Damas</a>, qui abritent les premières communautés hors de Jérusalem<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>65<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Jésus est la figure fondatrice du christianisme, certains s'interrogent sur son rôle historique de fondateur. D'après les Évangiles, Jésus « n'est pas venu abolir la Loi, mais l’accomplir<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>66<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ». Sa perspective est donc celle d'un accomplissement de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halakha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halakha">foi juive</a>, dans une interprétation particulière à Jésus lui-même, et non la création d'une nouvelle religion. Si le salut est apporté à tous, c'est d'abord aux siens, « aux brebis perdues d'Israël »<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>B 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qu'il réserve le privilège de son enseignement<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>67<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Jésus et tout le groupe primitif des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C3%B4tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apôtre">apôtres</a> et des femmes, qui le suivaient, étaient juifs ainsi que la plupart de ses interlocuteurs, à quelques exceptions près et désignées comme telles, comme le centurion romain de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capharna%C3%BCm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capharnaüm">Capharnaüm</a> ou la femme samaritaine<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>68<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il apporte aussi une nouveauté radicale au judaïsme : lui-même, se substitue à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torah">Torah</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>69<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Voyage_Paul_3.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voyage_Paul_3.png/260px-Voyage_Paul_3.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="263"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voyage_Paul_3.png/260px-Voyage_Paul_3.png" data-width="260" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Voyage_Paul_3.png/390px-Voyage_Paul_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Voyage_Paul_3.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Carte du voyage missionnaire que <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_de_Tarse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul de Tarse">Paul de Tarse</a> effectue vers 54-58. </figcaption> </figure> <p>À l'exemple de la diversité régnant dans le judaïsme (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sadduc%C3%A9ens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sadducéens">sadducéens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharisiens">pharisiens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ess%C3%A9niens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esséniens">esséniens</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvements_baptistes_antiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvements baptistes antiques">baptistes</a>), le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ochristianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paléochristianisme">paléochristianisme</a> couvre différentes communautés, dont la communauté judéo-chrétienne de Jérusalem autour de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_le_Juste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques le Juste">Jacques, frère de Jésus</a>, appartenant au judaïsme mais reconnaissant le messianisme de Jésus et vivant dans l'attente du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Dieu">Royaume de Dieu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rouche19_74-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche19-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et les communautés fondées par Paul ou Pierre dans le sillage des hellénistes, en Asie, en Grèce et à Rome<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche19_74-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche19-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui permirent l'ouverture aux Gentils (notamment après la rupture entre Paul et l'Église de Jérusalem en 48/49), et un début de divergence théologique (centralité et prééminence de la Croix sur la Loi, et de la Foi sur les Œuvres).</p> <p>Selon une tradition, rapportée par la littérature patristique<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>C 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, à la suite d'un oracle, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de Jérusalem">Église de Jérusalem</a> quitta la Ville Sainte, au moment de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_jud%C3%A9o-romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Première Guerre judéo-romaine">Grande révolte juive</a> de 66, pour s'installer dans la cité païenne de Pella (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tabaqat_Fahil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tabaqat Fahil">Tabaqat Fahil</a> en Jordanie) (cf. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuite_des_Chr%C3%A9tiens_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_%C3%A0_Pella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuite des Chrétiens de Jérusalem à Pella">Fuite des Chrétiens de Jérusalem à Pella</a>). De Pella, ces chrétiens sont retournés plus tard à Jérusalem où ils demeurèrent jusqu’à la révolte de Bar Kokhba (132-135/6)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>71<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans le même temps, le judaïsme évolue vers un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme_rabbinique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaïsme rabbinique">judaïsme rabbinique</a> qui prolonge le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharisiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pharisiens">pharisianisme</a> après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_J%C3%A9rusalem_(70)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Jérusalem (70)">chute du Temple</a> (70)<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche19_74-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche19-74"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>70<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La divergence avec le judaïsme s’accéléra au tournant du <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> siècle ; il n'y a pas d'événement marquant clairement cette séparation. Pour d'aucuns, le christianisme naît avec la reformulation de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birkat_haMinim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birkat haMinim">Birkat haMinim</a> (la <abbr class="abbr" title="Douzième">12<sup>e</sup></abbr> bénédiction de l'<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amida_(juda%C3%AFsme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amida (judaïsme)">Amida</a></i>) ; pour d'autres, il commence dès le tournant du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle avec l'établissement d'un canon pour le Nouveau Testament, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A8res_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_P%C3%A8res_du_IIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Pères de l'Église">pères apologètes</a>, début d'une théologie chrétienne (rencontre entre le mythe chrétien et la philosophie grecque)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>72<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>73<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, les épîtres d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignace_d%27Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignace d'Antioche">Ignace d'Antioche</a> sont précurseurs en Asie Mineure de l'organisation d'un épiscopat monarchique caractérisé par une hiérarchie à trois niveaux (évêque, prêtre, diacre)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>74<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pour <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Pouderon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Pouderon">Bernard Pouderon</a>, les Pères apostoliques qui étaient des évêques ont été reconnus par les premiers chrétiens comme des guides parce qu'ils respectaient le triple critère d'ancienneté, de moralité et d'orthodoxie. La doctrine qui se dégage chez eux peut se décliner de la manière suivante : Un seul Dieu, celui d'Abraham, d'Isaac et de Jacob proclamé en trois figures ou personnes. Un Dieu Père. Un seul Seigneur Jésus-Christ, fils de Dieu incarné dans le sein d'une vierge, mort crucifié et ressuscité, à la fois Dieu et homme, instrument du Père dans la création. Un seul Esprit ayant parlé par les prophètes, par qui s'est réalisée l'incarnation du Fils, et qui habite dans l'homme racheté. Un seul baptême. Une seule règle, l'amour de Dieu et du prochain en retour de l'amour de Dieu pour les hommes. Une seule Église, corps spirituel de Jésus Christ, et en son sein un seul baptême. Une seule espérance, celle de la résurrection et de la vie auprès de Dieu<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>75<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dans l'Empire romain, les autorités ne font pas, au début, une différence très nette entre juifs et chrétiens, ces derniers n'étant qu'une secte juive parmi d'autres<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>76<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, jusqu'à ce qu'ils commencent à être accusés de troubles à l'ordre public<sup id="cite_ref-Rouche16_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rouche16-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion_de_l'Empire_romain"><span id="Religion_de_l.27Empire_romain"></span>Religion de l'Empire romain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Religion de l'Empire romain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentarchie">Pentarchie</a>. </div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/270px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1619"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/270px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/405px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png/540px-Spread_of_Christianity_to_AD_600_-_Atlas_of_World_History.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408543">.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-centre{display:table;margin:0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc ul li{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.5em}.mw-parser-output .legende-bloc-vertical ul li li{list-style:none;margin:1px 0 0 -1.0em}</style> <div class="legende-bloc legende-bloc-vertical"> <ul> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#1F63A7; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Expansion du christianisme en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/325?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="325">325</a>.</li> <li><span class="legende" style="border:1px solid gray; background:#6AB4FF; margin-right:0.3em; vertical-align:middle; webkit-print-color-adjust:exact; color-adjust:exact; display:inline-block; width:1.3em; height:1.3em;"></span>Expansion du christianisme en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/600?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="600">600</a></li> </ul> </div>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le christianisme est né dans la partie orientale de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire romain">Empire romain</a>, où se trouvait le plus grand nombre de chrétiens dans les premiers siècles.</p> <p>Cependant, le christianisme se développa à l'extérieur, dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthes">Empire parthe</a> (Mésopotamie, Perse) mais aussi en Éthiopie et en Inde, où la diaspora juive était présente. En dehors de l'Empire romain, les chrétiens s'organisèrent en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_autoc%C3%A9phale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église autocéphale">Églises indépendantes</a>. Ce fut notamment le cas du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_g%C3%A9orgienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe géorgienne">Catholicossat-Patriarcat de toute la Géorgie</a> et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_apostolique_arm%C3%A9nienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église apostolique arménienne">Église arménienne</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Aucune centralité susceptible de régulation n'existait alors<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>77<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et le débat <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christologie">christologique</a> était la règle<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>78<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Avec la conversion de l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dit_de_Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édit de Milan">édit de Milan</a> en 313, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cutions_des_chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persécutions des chrétiens">persécutions contre les chrétiens</a> s'arrêtèrent. Vers la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, le christianisme devint la religion officielle de l'Empire, remplaçant le culte romain antique et inversant la persécution. Cette date marque symboliquement le début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tient%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrétienté">chrétienté</a>, période de l'histoire de l'Europe où le christianisme imprègne toute la société, y compris les lois et les comportements sociaux.</p> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/330?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="330">330</a>, l'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> transféra la capitale de l'empire de Rome à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (rebaptisée <i>Nea Roma</i>, « Nouvelle Rome »), qui devint un important foyer intellectuel. On aboutit alors à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentarchie">Pentarchie</a> : les cinq centres historiques de Rome, Constantinople, Alexandrie, Antioche et Jérusalem.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Nicaea_icon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/170px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1388"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/170px-Nicaea_icon.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/255px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg/340px-Nicaea_icon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> L'empereur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin</a> (au centre), avec les évêques du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/325?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="325">325</a>), tenant anachroniquement le texte du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbole_de_Nic%C3%A9e-Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbole de Nicée-Constantinople">symbole de Nicée-Constantinople</a> dans la forme adoptée au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Constantinople">premier concile de Constantinople</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/381?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="381">381</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> mais avec <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">πιστεύω</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>pisteúō</i></span>, « je crois » comme premier mot, au lieu de <span class="lang-grc" lang="grc">πιστεύομεν</span> / <span class="lang-grc-latn" lang="grc-latn"><i>pisteúomen</i></span>, « nous croyons ». </figcaption> </figure> <p>Avec la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paix_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paix de l'Église">Paix de l'Église</a> commença la période des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A8res_de_l%27%C3%89glise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pères de l'Église">Pères de l'Église</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>79<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui s'accompagna d'une réinterprétation de la philosophie, notamment celle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platon">Platon</a>, dans le sens de la nouvelle religion, et de l'utilisation de nombreux motifs mythiques du monde ancien pour l'inculturation du christianisme dans le respect de la tradition apostolique. De multiples débats théologiques suscitèrent des controverses passionnées sur la nature du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Christ</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>80<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au fil des siècles et des conciles, le monde chrétien connu ensuite plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controverses_christologiques_pr%C3%A9-chalc%C3%A9doniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Controverses christologiques pré-chalcédoniennes">controverses christologiques</a>, ainsi que des crises et bouleversements idéologiques et politiques.</p> <p>Le christianisme étant devenu l'un des cultes reconnus de l'Empire, le pouvoir politique prit l'initiative de réunir des assemblées d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évêque">évêques</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile">conciles</a>) pour régler les différends. Le premier fut le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a>, qui condamna l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianisme">arianisme</a> en 325. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_d%27%C3%89ph%C3%A8se?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile d'Éphèse">concile d'Éphèse</a> proclama en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/431?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="431">431</a> que le Christ n'avait qu'une seule nature, divine, qui avait absorbé sa nature humaine. Les thèses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nestorianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nestorianisme">nestoriennes</a> affirmant que deux personnes différentes coexistaient en Jésus-Christ (l'une divine et parfaite, l'autre humaine et faillible), furent jugées hérétiques. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/451?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="451">451</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_Chalc%C3%A9doine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Chalcédoine">concile de Chalcédoine</a> proclama l'unique personne du Christ, de nature à la fois divine et humaine, et définit la doctrine sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité chrétienne</a> formalisée par le <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo (religion)">credo</a></i> en 325 à Nicée.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Premiers_schismes_et_apparition_de_l'islam"><span id="Premiers_schismes_et_apparition_de_l.27islam"></span>Premiers schismes et apparition de l'islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Premiers schismes et apparition de l'islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les dogmes proclamés au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_Chalc%C3%A9doine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Chalcédoine">concile de Chalcédoine</a> furent acceptés par la très grande majorité des Églises, tant en Occident qu'en Orient : elles furent donc nommées « chalcédoniennes »<sup id="cite_ref-islam21_88-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam21-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais les christologies déclarées hérétiques ne disparurent pas pour autant. Plusieurs empereurs après <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Ier_(empereur_romain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Ier (empereur romain)">Constantin</a> revinrent à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianisme">arianisme</a>, auquel se convertirent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goths">Goths</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vandales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vandales">Vandales</a> lors de leur rattachement à l'Empire romain.</p> <p>En Occident, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9clin_de_l%27Empire_romain_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déclin de l'Empire romain d'Occident">déclin de l'Empire romain</a> a amené la prépondérance des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wisigoths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisigoths">Wisigoths</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgondes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgondes">Burgondes</a> convertis pour partie au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianisme">christianisme arien</a>, qui s'installèrent dans la Gaule romaine et dans la péninsule ibérique<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>82<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La donne changea avec l'avènement du roi franc <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clovis_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clovis Ier">Clovis</a>, qui opta pour le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_nic%C3%A9en?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme nicéen">christianisme nicéen</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>83<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il noua des alliances successives pour continuer l'expansion de son royaume en chassant les Wisigoths, puis convoqua en 511 le premier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_m%C3%A9rovingien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile mérovingien">concile mérovingien</a> pour commencer à codifier les rapports du roi et de l’Église<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>84<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En Orient, certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme oriental">Églises d'Orient</a> s'en tinrent au concile d'Éphèse, considérant que le Christ n'a qu'une seule nature, divine. Appelées à l'époque « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monophysisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monophysisme">monophysites</a> », elles sont dites aujourd'hui des « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_trois_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des trois conciles">trois conciles</a> » et comptent, entre autres, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coptes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coptes">coptes</a> en Égypte, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A9thiopienne_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église éthiopienne orthodoxe">Éthiopiens</a> et un certain nombre d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_apostolique_arm%C3%A9nienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église apostolique arménienne">Arméniens</a>.</p> <p>Au début du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="7ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, le christianisme au Proche-Orient et en Afrique du Nord restait donc profondément divisé entre chalcédoniens, monophysites et nestoriens<sup id="cite_ref-islam21_88-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam21-88"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>81<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> quand ces régions furent conquises par l'empire Perse à partir de 611 (l'Égypte en 618)<sup id="cite_ref-islam22_92-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam22-92"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>85<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les Églises monophysites sont alors privilégiées par rapport aux chalcédoniens, vus comme alliés de l'Empire Byzantin. Après la reconquête byzantine (de 622 à 630), les divergences s'étant exacerbées, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serge_Ier_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serge Ier de Constantinople">monoénergisme</a> est proposé comme tentative de conciliation des doctrines ; et bientôt imposé aux monophysites par de nouvelles persécutions<sup id="cite_ref-islam23_93-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam23-93"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>86<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>C'est alors qu’apparaît une nouvelle religion <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monoth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monothéisme">monothéiste</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a>, dans les tribus arabes du Hidjaz<sup id="cite_ref-islam25_94-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam25-94"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>87<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui bientôt entament <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expansion_de_l%27islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expansion de l'islam">une guerre de conquête</a> en direction de la Syrie, la Palestine et l'Égypte<sup id="cite_ref-islam26_95-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam26-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Entre 631 et 643, trois des centres du christianisme oriental (Alexandrie, Antioche et Jérusalem) tombent aux mains des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">musulmans</a><sup id="cite_ref-islam26_95-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam26-95"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>88<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les Byzantins pratiquent une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politique_de_la_terre_br%C3%BBl%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politique de la terre brûlée">politique de la terre brûlée</a> et laissent derrière eux une très mauvaise image<sup id="cite_ref-islam31_96-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam31-96"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>89<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La vie chrétienne continue dans les régions conquises, avec le statut de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhimmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a></i> (« protégés »), mais seules <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarcat œcuménique de Constantinople">Constantinople</a> et Rome gardent leur liberté politique.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christianisme_oriental_et_occidental_au_Moyen_Âge"><span id="Christianisme_oriental_et_occidental_au_Moyen_.C3.82ge"></span>Christianisme oriental et occidental au Moyen Âge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Christianisme oriental et occidental au Moyen Âge" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_des_%C3%89glises_d%27Orient_et_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident">Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/220px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/220px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/330px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg/440px-ISR-2013-Jerusalem-Holy_Sepulchre-dome.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosaïque">Mosaïque</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christ_pantocrator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christ pantocrator">Christ pantocrator</a> de l'église <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_(J%C3%A9rusalem)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église du Saint-Sépulcre (Jérusalem)">Saint-Sépulcre</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carolingiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carolingiens">dynastie carolingienne</a> renforça sa légitimé en se faisant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacre_des_rois_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacre des rois de France">sacrer</a> par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a> dès 754 ; la création des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats_pontificaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États pontificaux">États pontificaux</a>, conquis sur les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_lombard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume lombard">Lombards</a>, scella cette alliance avec la papauté<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>90<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, en sacrant <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> comme empereur romain, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioc%C3%A8se_de_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diocèse de Rome">évêques de Rome</a> rompent politiquement avec les empereurs de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> et recherchent la protection des empereurs ou des rois <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francs">Francs</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> poursuivit la conquête et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisation">christianisation</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a> ; les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> furent convertis de force et l'empereur, par de nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartulaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartulaire">cartulaires</a>, réglait la discipline religieuse.</p> <p>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle l'évangélisation des peuples <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slaves">slaves</a> se fit par la conversion de leurs souverains : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Ier_de_Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Ier de Bulgarie">khan Boris</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgarie">Bulgarie</a> pour les slaves occidentaux opta pour un rattachement à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladimir_Ier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladimir Ier">Vladimir de Kiev</a> pour les slaves orientaux (serbes, bulgares et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rus%27_de_Kiev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rus' de Kiev">Rus' de Kiev</a>) à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a><sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade122_98-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade122-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_des_%C3%89glises_d%27Orient_et_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident">1054</a>, après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Querelle_du_Filioque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Querelle du Filioque">querelle du Filioque</a>, Rome et Constantinople se traitent réciproquement de « <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schisme">schismatiques</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anath%C3%A8me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anathème">anathèmes</a></i> ». La première <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croisade">croisade</a> aboutit à l'installation de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_(%C3%89glise)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patriarcat (Église)">patriarcats</a> latins à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioche">Antioche</a>. Sur le plan politique, la rupture a été définitivement consommée en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1204?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1204">1204</a> lorsque les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quatri%C3%A8me_croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quatrième croisade">Croisés latins</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Constantinople_(1204)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège de Constantinople (1204)">ravagèrent Constantinople</a> et déposèrent le patriarche. L'affaiblissement de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_romain_d%27orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire romain d'orient">Empire romain d'orient</a> par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crois%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Croisés">Croisés</a> a permis, deux siècles plus tard, la prise de Constantinople par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Turcs ottomans</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Expansion_coloniale_et_Réforme"><span id="Expansion_coloniale_et_R.C3.A9forme"></span>Expansion coloniale et Réforme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Expansion coloniale et Réforme" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missions_catholiques_aux_XVIe_et_XVIIe_si%C3%A8cles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missions catholiques aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles">Missions catholiques aux <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_de_Religion_(Europe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres de Religion (Europe)">Guerres de Religion (Europe)</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion aux États-Unis">Religion aux États-Unis</a>. </div> </div> <p>En 1455, le pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolas_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolas V">Nicolas V</a> concède au Portugal l'exclusivité du commerce avec l'Afrique et encourage <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_le_Navigateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri le Navigateur">Henri le Navigateur</a> à soumettre en esclavage les <span class="citation">« sarrasins et autres infidèles »</span>, comptant sur les progrès des conquêtes pour obtenir des conversions<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>92<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9couverte_et_exploration_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Découverte et exploration de l'Amérique">découverte de l'Amérique</a> par les Européens en 1492, le pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre VI">Alexandre VI</a> est amené à arbitrer le partage du nouveau monde entre les puissances espagnoles et portugaises<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et leur attribue l'activité de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mission_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mission (christianisme)">mission</a> qui a souvent été considérée par les puissances coloniales comme un instrument permettant d'introduire les intérêts occidentaux, voire de légitimer des interventions politiques ou militaires. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> s'implante aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique">Amériques</a> avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonisation_espagnole_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonisation espagnole de l'Amérique">conquêtes espagnoles</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> avec la conquête de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9rou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pérou">Pérou</a> à la suite de celle de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francisco Pizarro">Pizarre</a><sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade122_98-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade122-98"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>91<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les missions vers l'Asie remportent peu de succès, sauf aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> et à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goa">Goa</a><sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade123_101-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade123-101"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>93<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les bulles pontificales <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sublimis_Deus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sublimis Deus">Sublimus Dei</a></i> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 mai">29 mai</a> 1537) et <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veritas_ipsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veritas ipsa">Veritas ipsa</a></i> du pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul III">Paul III</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> 1537) condamnent l'esclavage des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rindiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amérindiens">Amérindiens</a><sup id="cite_ref-Delacampagne_102-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Delacampagne-102"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>94<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ainsi que <span class="citation">« toute mise en doute de la pleine humanité de ceux-ci »</span>, mais n'évoque pas les Noirs. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controverse_de_Valladolid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Controverse de Valladolid">Controverse de Valladolid</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1550?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1550">1550</a> la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traites_n%C3%A9gri%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traites négrières">traite négrière</a> se généralise.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Reformation_Wall,_Geneva,_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG/220px-Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG/220px-Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG/330px-Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG/440px-Reformation_Wall%2C_Geneva%2C_Switzerland_-_20130715-02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De gauche à droite : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guillaume_Farel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guillaume Farel">Guillaume Farel</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Calvin">Jean Calvin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_B%C3%A8ze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Théodore de Bèze">Théodore de Bèze</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Knox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monument_international_de_la_R%C3%A9formation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monument international de la Réformation">Monument international de la Réformation</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genève">Genève</a>). Les quatre réformateurs, associés au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christogramme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christogramme">christogramme</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IHS_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IHS (religion)">IHS</a>, portent la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robe_pastorale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robe pastorale">robe pastorale</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>À la même époque, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a> tire son origine dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme protestante">Réforme</a> instaurée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et proposant une réinterprétation de la foi chrétienne fondée sur un retour à la Bible. Les protestants refusent l'idée d'une hiérarchie ecclésiale instituée par Dieu : pour eux le clergé est une émanation du peuple chrétien. Ils refusent donc toute autorité au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a>. Dans un premier temps, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicanisme</a> ne refuse que la juridiction pontificale. Puis très vite, sous l'influence de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme protestante">Réforme</a>, il refuse aussi la primauté en matière de foi et de mœurs.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contre-R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contre-Réforme">Contre-Réforme</a> catholique précise ses dogmes lors du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_de_Trente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concile de Trente">concile de Trente</a> et impose en 1582 le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passage_du_calendrier_julien_au_calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Passage du calendrier julien au calendrier grégorien">passage du calendrier julien au calendrier grégorien</a>. Elle s'engage dans la lutte contre les hérésies, d'une part par l'éducation – l'ordre des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compagnie_de_J%C3%A9sus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compagnie de Jésus">Jésuites</a> est créé à cet effet –, d'autre part par la répression de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.</p> <p>À l'issue des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_de_Religion_(Europe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres de Religion (Europe)">guerres de religion</a> qui opposèrent catholiques et protestants en Europe, les royaumes méditerranéens restèrent catholiques. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paix_d%27Augsbourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paix d'Augsbourg">paix d'Augsbourg</a>, qui promulguait le principe « un prince, une religion », permit <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">de facto</span></i> une certaine tolérance dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique">Saint-Empire romain germanique</a><sup id="cite_ref-Léonard_103-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L%C3%A9onard-103"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a> connurent une division politique et religieuse : au sud, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas_espagnols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas espagnols">Pays-Bas espagnols</a> catholiques, au nord les Pays-Bas indépendants, dirigés par des protestants<sup id="cite_ref-Léonard_103-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-L%C3%A9onard-103"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>95<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dès le <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treize_colonies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Treize colonies">colonies anglaises d'Amérique</a> offrirent un asile à ceux qui fuyaient l'intolérance religieuse en Europe. Alors que le Nord-Est restait <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puritanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puritanisme">puritain</a> et les États du Sud <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicans</a>, dans les États du centre l'arrivée des immigrants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anabaptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anabaptisme">anabaptistes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pi%C3%A9tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piétisme">piétistes</a> allemands, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A8res_moraves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frères moraves">frères moraves</a> tchèques, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presbyt%C3%A9rianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presbytérianisme">presbytériens</a> écossais et nord-irlandais, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huguenot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huguenot">huguenots</a> français, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thodisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthodisme">méthodistes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptisme">baptistes</a> anglais notamment provoquèrent le foisonnement religieux du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_r%C3%A9veil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand réveil">grand réveil</a>. Des prédicateurs itinérants parcoururent alors le territoire.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Déclin_en_Europe,_foisonnement_aux_États-Unis"><span id="D.C3.A9clin_en_Europe.2C_foisonnement_aux_.C3.89tats-Unis"></span>Déclin en Europe, foisonnement aux États-Unis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Déclin en Europe, foisonnement aux États-Unis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Hagelkreuz.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hagelkreuz.jpg/220px-Hagelkreuz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hagelkreuz.jpg/220px-Hagelkreuz.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hagelkreuz.jpg/330px-Hagelkreuz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hagelkreuz.jpg/440px-Hagelkreuz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_naturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre naturelle">pierre</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En Europe, à partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> perdit son statut privilégié dans plusieurs États. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution française">Révolution française</a> avait supprimé la dîme et confisqué les biens du clergé, qui subit des persécutions jusqu'à la signature du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordat">Concordat</a> en 1801<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>96<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Après les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerres_napol%C3%A9oniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerres napoléoniennes">guerres napoléoniennes</a>, l'Europe était profondément changée, et, malgré ses efforts, l’Église catholique ne retrouva jamais la position qu’elle occupait pendant l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>.</p> <p>À la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, l'Église catholique confrontée au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rationalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rationalisme">rationalisme</a> réagit par la publication du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syllabus_de_Pie_IX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syllabus de Pie IX">syllabus de Pie IX</a> pour dénoncer les erreurs « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crise_moderniste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crise moderniste">modernes</a> »<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>97<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; le concile <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_du_Vatican?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile œcuménique du Vatican">Vatican I</a> proclama l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infaillibilit%C3%A9_pontificale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infaillibilité pontificale">infaillibilité papale</a> avant d'être interrompu par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_franco-allemande_de_1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre franco-allemande de 1870">guerre de 1870</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chiron229_106-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chiron229-106"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats_pontificaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États pontificaux">États pontificaux</a>, dernier vestige du pouvoir temporel de la papauté, furent absorbés par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Risorgimento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Risorgimento">unification des États italiens</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1870">1870</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chiron229_106-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chiron229-106"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>98<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>À la même époque, le christianisme connaît un nouveau foisonnement sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amérique">continent américain</a>, avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_grand_%C3%A9veil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second grand éveil">Second grand éveil</a> qui conduit à l'apparition de nouveaux groupes comme les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mormons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormons">mormons</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adventistes_du_septi%C3%A8me_jour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventistes du septième jour">adventistes du septième jour</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moins_de_J%C3%A9hovah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoins de Jéhovah">témoins de Jéhovah</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4tistes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecôtistes">pentecôtistes</a> ainsi que le mouvement du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_Gospel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Salut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée du Salut">Armée du Salut</a><sup id="cite_ref-Laurentin_107-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Laurentin-107"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>99<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>100<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1917, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_de_Moscou_et_de_toute_la_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarcat de Moscou et de toute la Russie">Église orthodoxe de Russie</a> put se réorganiser lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution russe">révolution russe</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>101<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais connut des persécutions dès la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_d%27Octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolution d'Octobre">révolution d'Octobre</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>102<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui l'amenèrent à plusieurs schismes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Essor_dans_les_pays_du_Sud">Essor dans les pays du Sud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Essor dans les pays du Sud" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Au cours du XXe siècle, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> a été le continent à avoir connu la plus forte expansion de chrétiens<sup id="cite_ref-afrique_111-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-afrique-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>103<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le nombre de chrétiens dans cette région a été multiplié par plus de 60, passant de 8 millions en 1910 à 516 millions en 2010. De même, alors que la population chrétienne en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique_subsaharienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique subsaharienne">Afrique subsaharienne</a> ne s'élevait qu'à 9 % en 1910, elle est aujourd'hui majoritaire avec 63 %<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>104<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En 1900, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Africains">Africains</a> ne formaient que 2 % (10 millions) de la population chrétienne mondiale. Ils sont aujourd'hui 20 % (500 millions). Cet essor est dû en partie au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pros%C3%A9lytisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosélytisme">prosélytisme</a> des protestants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9liques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Évangéliques">évangéliques</a>, mais aussi à l'émergence de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_d%27institution_africaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église d'institution africaine">nouvelles Églises d'institution africaine</a>. Les plus importantes - le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kimbanguisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbanguisme">Kimbanguisme</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République démocratique du Congo">République démocratique du Congo</a>, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_harriste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église harriste">Église harriste</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> ou le mouvement <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aladura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aladura">Aladura</a> issu du Nigeria - ont été fondées dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entre-deux-guerres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entre-deux-guerres">entre-deux-guerres</a> et ont joué un rôle lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9colonisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décolonisation">décolonisation</a>, mais il en existe de nombreuses autres<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>105<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> dont la plupart sont totalement inconnues en Occident<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>106<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Le développement de ces Églises pourrait conduire à revoir les classifications traditionnelles et à établir de nouvelles typologies<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>107<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Démographie"><span id="D.C3.A9mographie"></span>Démographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Démographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/260px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="261"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/260px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/390px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg/520px-Percent_of_Christians_by_Country%E2%80%93Pew_Research_2011.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Pourcentage de chrétiens par pays en 2011, toutes tendances confondues (chiffres du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>). </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Population_mondiale">Population mondiale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Population mondiale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le christianisme est la première religion du monde en nombre de fidèles devant l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islam</a> (qui compte 1,926 milliard de fidèles). Selon une estimation pour mi-2021, le christianisme compterait environ 2,546 milliards de fidèles<sup id="cite_ref-auto-généré1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-auto-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A91-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Les chrétiens se répartissent dans de multiples confessions, dans des Églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_autoc%C3%A9phale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église autocéphale">autocéphales</a> dès l'origine, ou issues des nombreux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schisme">schismes</a> qui ont agité l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire du christianisme">histoire du christianisme</a>.</p> <p>On classe les Églises chrétiennes en trois grands groupes : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">catholique</a>, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_orthodoxes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises orthodoxes">orthodoxes</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_protestantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises protestantes">protestantes</a> :</p> <ul> <li>Catholiques : 1,345 milliard<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>108<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Protestants : 863,9 millions<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>109<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orthodoxes : 293,6 millions<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>110<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <p>Le christianisme a une croissance légèrement supérieure à celle de la population mondiale, ce qui fait que le christianisme est la religion d'une part toujours plus importante de la population mondiale avec, à la mi-2021, 32,3 % de chrétiens.</p> <p>Ce que les médias ont appelé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiff%C3%A9rence_religieuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indifférence religieuse">indifférence religieuse</a>, étudiée par différentes personnalités de l'Église catholique<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>111<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> concerne surtout les confessions historiques majoritaires, tandis que les religions nouvelles et minoritaires semblent progresser.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Répartition_géographique"><span id="R.C3.A9partition_g.C3.A9ographique"></span>Répartition géographique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Répartition géographique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="En_Amérique"><span id="En_Am.C3.A9rique"></span>En Amérique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En Amérique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Sur les cinq pays comptant le plus grand nombre de chrétiens au monde, trois sont situés dans les Amériques : les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brésil">Brésil</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> (les deux autres étant la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>112<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>).</p> <p>Le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-13" data-sort-value="2013-03-13">13 mars 2013</time>, a lieu à Rome l'élection du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_(pape)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François (pape)">pape François</a> : il s'agit du premier pape issu du continent américain et du premier pape non Européen depuis le <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle. Le dernier pape non européen remontait a l'an <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/741?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="741">741</a> ; il s'agissait du Syrien <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grégoire III">Grégoire III</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>113<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="En_Asie">En Asie</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En Asie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG/220px-JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4246" data-file-height="3256"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG/220px-JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG/330px-JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG/440px-JfStAugustineChurchBaliuag4121Bfvf_06.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messe">Messe</a> aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asie">Asie</a>, le christianisme était jusque-là peu présent, excepté au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moyen-Orient?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moyen-Orient">Moyen-Orient</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inde">Inde</a>. Aujourd'hui, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timor_oriental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timor oriental">Timor oriental</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> représentent les seuls pays d'Asie à majorité chrétienne, avec respectivement 99,1 % et 81,4 % de fidèles (en troisième place le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liban">Liban</a> avec plus de 45 % de chrétiens). Toutefois, bien que minoritaires sur le continent, les chrétiens sont de plus en plus nombreux en Asie<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>114<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou, comme le souligne Régis Anouil, « le christianisme est associé aux valeurs de modernité, de démocratie et de liberté, alors que le bouddhisme, l'hindouisme et le confucianisme apparaissent moins en prise avec la réalité »<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>115<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La proportion de chrétiens en Asie est passée de 4,5 % en 1910 à 13,1 % en 2010<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>116<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corée du Sud">Corée du Sud</a> abrite près de 20 % de fidèles du christianisme, tandis que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">Chine</a> et l'Inde sont tous deux parmi les 10 pays comptant le plus de chrétiens. Le cas de la Chine est particulièrement représentatif de la croissance du christianisme en Asie : non seulement il s'agit déjà du troisième pays avec le plus grand nombre de chrétiens (67 millions) mais en plus, la Chine pourrait devenir le pays le plus chrétien de la planète<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>117<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, comme en témoigne une étude de Fenggang Yang, un chercheur américain. En effet, en 2050 la population chrétienne en Chine devrait dépasser les 247 millions, soit plus que n'importe quel autre pays du monde<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>118<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En outre, un nombre croissant d'écrivains dissidents, d'intellectuels critiques, de journalistes et d'avocats chinois revendiquent le christianisme, dans lequel ils voient un symbole dans leur lutte pour la démocratie<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>119<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="En_Afrique">En Afrique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En Afrique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_en_Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme en Afrique">Christianisme en Afrique</a>. </div> </div> <p>Au cours du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrique">Afrique</a> a été le continent à avoir connu la plus forte expansion de chrétiens<sup id="cite_ref-afrique_111-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-afrique-111"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>103<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, qui sont désormais aussi nombreux que les musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>120<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : environ 400 à 500 millions de fidèles pour les deux confessions (sur une population d'environ 1 milliard d'habitants<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>121<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). D'après les chiffres livrés en 2012 lors d’une conférence organisée à l’université d’El Jadida au Maroc, les chrétiens seraient même récemment devenus plus nombreux que les musulmans : 46,53 % des Africains se rattachent au christianisme contre 40,64 % à l’islam<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>122<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les Africains constituent 20 % (500 millions) de la population chrétienne mondiale.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Principales_confessions">Principales confessions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principales confessions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branches_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches du christianisme">Branches du christianisme</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'Église_orthodoxe"><span id="L.27.C3.89glise_orthodoxe"></span>L'Église orthodoxe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L'Église orthodoxe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">Christianisme orthodoxe</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe">Église orthodoxe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodoxie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodoxie">Orthodoxie</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/220px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/220px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/330px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg/440px-Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Novgorod.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Sainte-Sophie_de_Novgorod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cathédrale Sainte-Sophie de Novgorod">Cathédrale Sainte-Sophie de Novgorod</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe">Église orthodoxe</a> réunit les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe">Églises des sept conciles</a>, liées les unes aux autres par la confession d'une foi commune et une reconnaissance réciproque ; elles adoptent un classement selon un rang honorifique traditionnel.</p> <p>Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle on dénombre 283,1 millions d'orthodoxes, soit environ 12 % des chrétiens<sup id="cite_ref-Pew28_131-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew28-131"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>123<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Numériquement les pays qui comptent le plus d'orthodoxes sont la Russie et l'Éthiopie<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, mais dans des pays plus petits comme la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldavie">Moldavie</a>, la Roumanie, la Grèce ou la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9orgie_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géorgie (pays)">Géorgie</a>, ils représentent plus de 87 % de la population<sup id="cite_ref-Pew31_133-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew31-133"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>124<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En l'an 2021, les chrétiens orthodoxes seraient au nombre de 293,6 millions.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L’Église_catholique"><span id="L.E2.80.99.C3.89glise_catholique"></span>L’Église catholique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : L’Église catholique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">Catholicisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Composition_de_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Composition de l'Église catholique">Composition de l'Église catholique</a>. </div> </div> <p>L'Église catholique revendique depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Constantinople">premier concile de Constantinople</a> une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primaut%C3%A9_pontificale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primauté pontificale">primauté pontificale</a> qui ne soit pas seulement d'honneur mais aussi de juridiction. Après la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_des_%C3%89glises_d%27Orient_et_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident">séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident</a>, l'Église de Rome, appelée « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> », eut encore 14 conciles qui fixèrent des dogmes comme le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purgatoire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purgatoire">purgatoire</a>, l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immacul%C3%A9e_Conception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immaculée Conception">Immaculée Conception</a> ou l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infaillibilit%C3%A9_pontificale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infaillibilité pontificale">infaillibilité pontificale</a>. Ces conciles accentuèrent la rupture avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_sept_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des sept conciles">Églises des sept conciles</a> et provoquèrent de nouveaux schismes. Ainsi, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_vieille-catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église vieille-catholique">Église vieille-catholique</a> est née du rejet du dogme de l'infaillibilité papale<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-134"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>125<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'écart entre « catholiques » et « orthodoxes » tend cependant à se réduire depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_Vatican_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concile Vatican II">concile Vatican II</a>.</p> <p>Plus de la moitié des chrétiens sont catholiques, soit 1,345 milliard<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-135"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>126<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Parmi eux, 48 % sont Américains (Brésil, Mexique et États-Unis) et 24 % européens<sup id="cite_ref-Pew25_136-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Pew25-136"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>127<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Les_Églises_protestantes"><span id="Les_.C3.89glises_protestantes"></span>Les Églises protestantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les Églises protestantes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">Protestantisme</a>. </div> </div> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_protestante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réforme protestante">Réforme protestante</a> instaurée par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Calvin">Calvin</a> au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle a donné naissance à de nombreuses Églises protestantes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luth%C3%A9ranisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luthéranisme">luthériennes</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvinisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calvinisme">réformées</a> ainsi qu'à de nombreuses églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">chrétienne évangéliques</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptisme">baptisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentec%C3%B4tisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentecôtisme">pentecôtisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_charismatique_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement charismatique évangélique">mouvement charismatique évangélique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_non_confessionnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme non confessionnel">christianisme non confessionnel</a>) ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme_lib%C3%A9ral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme libéral">libérales</a>.</p> <p>En 2011, l'ensemble de ces Églises regroupent environ 37 % des chrétiens, soit 800 millions de protestants<sup id="cite_ref-pewforum1_137-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pewforum1-137"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>128<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Symboles_chrétiens"><span id="Symboles_chr.C3.A9tiens"></span>Symboles chrétiens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Symboles chrétiens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Le principal symbole chrétien est la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix (christianisme)">croix</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-138"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>129<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Celle-ci représente la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucifixion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> et est utilisée depuis Constantin comme symbole des chrétiens.</p> <p>Dans les années 1970, l’usage de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ichthus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ichthus">ichthus</a> s’est répandu aux États-Unis avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jesus Movement">Jesus Movement</a> auprès des chrétiens, et spécialement chez les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">chrétiens évangéliques</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>130<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Ce symbole est utilisé principalement sur les pendentifs, les épingles ou sur les voitures, en signe d'appartenance à la foi chrétienne<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>131<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>132<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Christian_cross.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Croix latine."> <noscript> <img alt="Croix latine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/86px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/86px-Christian_cross.svg.png" data-alt="Croix latine." data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/129px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/172px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix (christianisme)">Croix latine</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Croix orthodoxe."> <noscript> <img alt="Croix orthodoxe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg/81px-Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="580"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 81px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg/81px-Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg.png" data-alt="Croix orthodoxe." data-width="81" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg/121px-Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg/161px-Symbol_of_Orthodoxy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croix_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croix orthodoxe">Croix orthodoxe</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Ichthys.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ichthus."> <noscript> <img alt="Ichthus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/120px-Ichthys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 53px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/120px-Ichthys.svg.png" data-alt="Ichthus." data-width="120" data-height="53" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/180px-Ichthys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ichthys.svg/240px-Ichthys.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ichthus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ichthus">Ichthus</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Ichthys_symbol.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ichthus contemporain."> <noscript> <img alt="Ichthus contemporain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ichthys_symbol.svg/120px-Ichthys_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 48px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ichthys_symbol.svg/120px-Ichthys_symbol.svg.png" data-alt="Ichthus contemporain." data-width="120" data-height="48" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ichthys_symbol.svg/180px-Ichthys_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ichthys_symbol.svg/240px-Ichthys_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ichthus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ichthus">Ichthus</a> contemporain. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Chirho.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Le Chrisme représente les deux lettres grecques par lesquelles commence le nom Khristòs (Christ)."> <noscript> <img alt="Le Chrisme représente les deux lettres grecques par lesquelles commence le nom Khristòs (Christ)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chirho.svg/99px-Chirho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 99px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chirho.svg/99px-Chirho.svg.png" data-alt="Le Chrisme représente les deux lettres grecques par lesquelles commence le nom Khristòs (Christ)." data-width="99" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chirho.svg/148px-Chirho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chirho.svg/197px-Chirho.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chrisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chrisme">Chrisme</a> représente les deux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettres_grecques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettres grecques">lettres grecques</a> par lesquelles commence le nom <i>Khristòs</i> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Christ</a>). </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Arts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Musique">Musique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Musique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chant_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chant chrétien">chant chrétien</a>, accompagné d'instruments de musique et basé sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livre_des_Psaumes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livre des Psaumes">livre des Psaumes</a> est un des premiers styles de musique chrétienne<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>133<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Puis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chant_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chant grégorien">chant grégorien</a> s'est installé dans les églises<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>134<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, le <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle voit apparaître le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negro_spiritual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negro spiritual">negro spiritual</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gospel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gospel">gospel</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>135<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 1964, la Gospel Music Association est fondée à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nashville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nashville">Nashville</a><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>136<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_chr%C3%A9tienne_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique chrétienne contemporaine">musique chrétienne contemporaine</a> regroupe divers styles de musique qui se sont développés aussi bien à l’extérieur de ces communautés qu'à l’intérieur de celles-ci. Les artistes chrétiens pratiquent aujourd'hui tous les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Style_de_musique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Style de musique">styles de musique</a> : de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_chr%C3%A9tienne_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique chrétienne contemporaine">pop chrétienne</a>, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock chrétien">rock chrétien</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hip-hop_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hip-hop chrétien">hip-hop chrétien</a> en passant par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punk_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punk chrétien">punk chrétien</a> ou encore <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metal_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metal chrétien">métal chrétien</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>137<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans les années 1980 et 1990, la musique chrétienne contemporaine a pris une place considérable dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culte_(%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Culte (évangélisme)">cultes</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tiens_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9liques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrétiens évangéliques">chrétiens évangéliques</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>138<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>139<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une grande variété de styles musicaux a développé la louange traditionnelle<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>140<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peinture">Peinture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Peinture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture chrétienne">Peinture chrétienne</a>. </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:God2-Sistine_Chapel.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/God2-Sistine_Chapel.png/310px-God2-Sistine_Chapel.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="1463"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/God2-Sistine_Chapel.png/310px-God2-Sistine_Chapel.png" data-width="310" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/God2-Sistine_Chapel.png/465px-God2-Sistine_Chapel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/God2-Sistine_Chapel.png/620px-God2-Sistine_Chapel.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Cr%C3%A9ation_d%27Adam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="La Création d'Adam">La Création d'Adam</a></i>, détail du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plafond_de_la_chapelle_Sixtine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plafond de la chapelle Sixtine">plafond de la chapelle Sixtine</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholique">catholiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a> et certaines églises protestantes (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luth%C3%A9ranisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luthéranisme">luthériennes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anglicanisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anglicanisme">anglicanes</a>) utilisent la peinture pour des représentations divine ou humaine dans les lieux de culte<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>141<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-151"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>142<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En raison de leur compréhension du deuxième des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9calogue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décalogue">dix commandements</a>, la majorité des églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantes">protestantes</a> et toutes les églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vang%C3%A9lisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangélisme">chrétiennes évangéliques</a> n’ont pas de représentation matérielle religieuse comme des statues, des icônes ou des tableaux dans leurs lieux de culte<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>143<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Controverses_théologiques"><span id="Controverses_th.C3.A9ologiques"></span>Controverses théologiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Controverses théologiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Controverses_christologiques_pr%C3%A9-chalc%C3%A9doniennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Controverses christologiques pré-chalcédoniennes">Controverses christologiques pré-chalcédoniennes</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Querelle_du_Filioque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Querelle du Filioque">Querelle du Filioque</a>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dieu_unique_et_Trinité"><span id="Dieu_unique_et_Trinit.C3.A9"></span>Dieu unique et Trinité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dieu unique et Trinité" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/220px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1619"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/220px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="274" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/330px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg/440px-Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ic%C3%B4ne_de_la_Trinit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icône de la Trinité">Icône de la Trinité</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andre%C3%AF_Roublev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andreï Roublev">Andreï Roublev</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trinit%C3%A9_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trinité (christianisme)">Trinité</a> est un concept chrétien remontant à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tertullien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tertullien">Tertullien</a>, qui présente le Dieu unique sous forme d'une trinité de trois « personnes » (Tertullien<sup id="cite_ref-:0_153-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-153"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>144<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) divines, ou de trois « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hypostase_(m%C3%A9taphysique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hypostase (métaphysique)">hypostases »</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orig%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origène">Origène</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_153-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-153"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>144<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>), fondamentalement distinctes : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu_le_P%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu le Père">Père</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jésus-Christ">Fils</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a>, ce qui peut faire écho<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>145<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> à une formule trinitaire de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vangile_selon_Matthieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évangile selon Matthieu">évangile selon Matthieu</a>. Celle-ci renvoie au baptême de Jésus-Christ<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>146<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : « au nom du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit »<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>B 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette notion donne lieu à de multiples approches et vigoureux débats dès le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>. Le terme de « personne » a prêté à de nombreuses interprétations et, par exemple, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_d%27Hippone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin d'Hippone">Augustin d'Hippone</a> précise que ce terme, humain, ne définit qu'imparfaitement la Trinité.</p> <p>Une majorité d'évêques chrétiens – au terme des grands conciles du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IVe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> – s'accordent sur une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Profession_de_foi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Profession de foi">profession de foi</a> connue sous le nom de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_de_Nic%C3%A9e-Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo de Nicée-Constantinople">Credo de Nicée-Constantinople</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/325?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="325">325</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/381?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="381">381</a>) qui devient un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dogmes_chr%C3%A9tiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmes chrétiens">dogme</a>. Nombre des chrétiens définissent leur foi par ce <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Credo_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Credo (religion)">Credo</a></i>, socle de foi commun affirmant l'unicité de Dieu, la vie, la mort et la résurrection de Jésus, « la résurrection des morts, et la vie du monde à venir »<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>n 5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais différents courants refusent cette approche, considérant que le Fils n'est pas pleinement divin : parmi les courants qualifiés d'« <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianisme">ariens</a> », on trouve des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homoiousisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homoiousisme">homoiousiens</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hom%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homéisme">homéiens</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anom%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anoméisme">anoméens</a>… en plus d'une première difficulté entre l'Occident chrétien, plutôt <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchianisme">monarchianiste</a> et l'Orient, tenant de trois hypostases plus ou moins égales<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>147<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des chrétiens refusent ainsi les conciles postérieurs, formant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_deux_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des deux conciles">Églises des deux conciles</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_trois_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des trois conciles">trois conciles</a> ou des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glises_des_sept_conciles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Églises des sept conciles">sept conciles</a>.</p> <p>Aux alentours du <abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, apparait en Espagne, en réaction à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arianisme">arianisme</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_wisigoth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume wisigoth">wisigoth</a>, une notion qui entend s'ajouter au Credo de Nicée et s'étend dans certaines portions de la chrétienté occidentale, celle du <i>Filioque :</i> le Saint-Esprit dépend désormais à la fois du fils et du Père et non plus seulement de ce dernier<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-159"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>148<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Pendant plusieurs siècles, l'Église occidentale refuse le <i>Filioque</i> pour ne pas altérer la profession auxquels l'essentiel de la chrétienté avait souscrit et que les conciles œcuméniques avaient expressément interdit de changer, sauf par la tenue d'un autre concile<sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-159"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>148<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_159-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-159"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>148<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, elle finit par l'adopter et, par là, se coupe de ses racines orientales en insistant sur l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation_(christianisme)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation (christianisme)">incarnation du Christ</a> et de l'Église dans l'histoire, au détriment du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a> dans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_salut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie du salut">l'économie du Salut</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-160"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>149<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Si le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Esprit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Esprit">Saint-Esprit</a> découle aussi du Christ, et pas seulement de Dieu, une âme ne peut être sauvée que si la personne est chrétienne, ce qui change le rapport aux autres croyances et aux incroyants<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_%C3%A0_confirmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence à confirmer">[réf. à confirmer]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>150<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Cette controverse contribue, parmi d'autres différends séculaires, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_des_%C3%89glises_d%27Orient_et_d%27Occident?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Séparation des Églises d'Orient et d'Occident">schisme de 1054</a> entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholiques</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a>. Quelques siècles plus tard, d'autres controverses ont conduit, dans le monde orthodoxe, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bogomilisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bogomilisme">bogomilisme</a>, et dans le monde catholique au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catharisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catharisme">catharisme</a> et au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantisme</a>.</p> <p>De plus, certains chrétiens tels que les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unitarisme_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unitarisme (théologie)">unitaristes</a>, certains groupes adventistes, les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9moins_de_J%C3%A9hovah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Témoins de Jéhovah">Témoins de Jéhovah</a> et l'Église de Dieu (Septième Jour) n'admettent pas le dogme de la Trinité. Ces derniers sont appelés « antitrinitaires ».</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Libre_arbitre_et_exclusivité_du_salut"><span id="Libre_arbitre_et_exclusivit.C3.A9_du_salut"></span>Libre arbitre et exclusivité du salut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Libre arbitre et exclusivité du salut" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La doctrine chrétienne du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_originel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Péché originel">péché originel</a> est en grande partie issue de la pensée d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_d%27Hippone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin d'Hippone">Augustin d'Hippone</a>. S’il affirme, dans le traité <i>De libero arbitrio</i>, l’existence du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libre_arbitre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libre arbitre">libre arbitre</a> contre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manich%C3%A9isme_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manichéisme (religion)">manichéens</a> qui attribuaient au divin la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Responsabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Responsabilité">responsabilité</a> du mal, il tend, contre les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9lagianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pélagianisme">pélagiens</a>, à en minimiser le rôle dans l'œuvre du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salut_(th%C3%A9ologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salut (théologie)">salut</a>, arguant que l’homme a, par le péché originel, perdu l’usage de cette faculté<sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade131_162-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade131-162"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>151<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Seule la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ce_(religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grâce (religion)">grâce</a>, gratuitement octroyée par Dieu, peut alors accomplir l'œuvre du salut.</p> <p>Augustin aborde également la doctrine de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9destination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prédestination">prédestination</a>, selon laquelle Dieu aurait déterminé de toute éternité qui serait sauvé.</p> <p>Pour l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> la théologie du salut était centrée sur le principe « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">Hors de l'Église point de salut</a> », c'est-à-dire que ce sont ses <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacrement">sacrements</a> qui permettent aux fidèles de participer à la vie de Dieu et par là d'accéder au salut.</p> <p>Le débat autour de cette question, au centre des préoccupations de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>, fut relancé lors des débats théologiques de la Réforme<sup id="cite_ref-DicoEliade131_162-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DicoEliade131-162"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>151<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Luther estime que « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sola_fide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sola fide">seule la foi</a> » apporte le salut, et donc que les bonnes œuvres ne peuvent pas y contribuer.</p> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinq_points_du_calvinisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinq points du calvinisme">cinq points du calvinisme</a> posent le principe de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lection_inconditionnelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élection inconditionnelle">élection inconditionnelle</a> selon laquelle avant que Dieu ait créé le monde, il a choisi de sauver certains pour ses propres raisons et en dehors de toute condition liée à ces personnes.</p> <p>En 1965, par la déclaration <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dignitatis_Humanae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dignitatis Humanae">Dignitatis Humanae</a></i> du concile Vatican II, l'Église catholique déclare que « Dieu a Lui-même fait connaître au genre humain la voie par laquelle, en Le servant, les hommes peuvent obtenir le salut dans le Christ et parvenir à la béatitude. Cette unique vraie religion, nous croyons qu’elle subsiste dans l’Église catholique et apostolique ».</p> <p>Un rapprochement entre l'Église catholique et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_luth%C3%A9rienne_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fédération luthérienne mondiale">Fédération luthérienne mondiale</a> sur ces questions a amené en 1999 à une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_commune_sur_la_justification_par_la_foi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déclaration commune sur la justification par la foi">déclaration commune sur la justification par la foi</a> qui professe « Nous confessons ensemble que la personne humaine est, pour son salut, entièrement dépendante de la grâce salvatrice de Dieu ».</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dialogue_œcuménique"><span id="Dialogue_.C5.93cum.C3.A9nique"></span>Dialogue œcuménique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Dialogue œcuménique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%92cum%C3%A9nisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Œcuménisme">Œcuménisme</a>. </div> </div> <p>C'est généralement à la <i>Conférence Internationale des Missions</i> qui s'est tenue à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89dimbourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édimbourg">Édimbourg</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1910?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1910">1910</a><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>152<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, présidée par le laïc américain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Mott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mott">John Mott</a>, que l'on fait remonter le départ de l'œcuménisme moderne<sup id="cite_ref-Tavard_2010,_p.1105-1106_164-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tavard_2010,_p.1105-1106-164"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>153<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La version unioniste de l'œcuménisme est la volonté de bâtir une Église unique. Ce fut un temps la pensée de l'archevêque luthérien d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uppsala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>154<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, prix Nobel de la Paix en 1929. Mais ce fut d'abord la nécessité d'une meilleure coopération entre les sociétés bibliques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantes</a> qui amena, à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, les premières tentatives de dialogue inter-confessionnel. En 1948, ces dialogues ont donné naissance au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_des_%C3%89glises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil œcuménique des Églises">Conseil œcuménique des Églises</a> (COE).</p> <p>En 1927<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>155<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, plusieurs Églises <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">orthodoxes</a> ont participé au travail œcuménique de la conférence mondiale <i>Foi et Constitution</i>. Elles ont rejoint en 1961 le COE.</p> <p>En 1928, le pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pie_XI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pie XI">Pie XI</a> avait dénoncé avec véhémence dans l’encyclique <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mortalium_Animos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mortalium Animos">Mortalium Animos</a></i> les « panchrétiens qui cherchent à fédérer les Églises ». Pour lui, l’unité des chrétiens ne pouvait être assurée que par le « retour des dissidents à la seule véritable Église du Christ ». Dans la même ligne, l’<i>Instruction sur le mouvement œcuménique</i>, promulguée par le Saint-Office le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1949-12-20" data-sort-value="1949-12-20">20 décembre 1949</time>, avait affirmé que « l’Église catholique possède la plénitude du Christ » et n’a pas à se perfectionner par des apports venant d'autres confessions<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-167"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>156<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Par conséquent, l’Église catholique avait refusé de participer aux premières assemblées du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conseil_%C5%93cum%C3%A9nique_des_%C3%89glises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conseil œcuménique des Églises">Conseil œcuménique des Églises</a> à Amsterdam (1948) et Evanston (1954) et n’entretenait aucune relation officielle avec les autres Églises chrétiennes<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-168"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>157<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concile_Vatican_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Concile Vatican II">concile Vatican II</a>, en 1962, l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> a infléchi sa position sur le dialogue œcuménique. La réconciliation et la levée des anathèmes entre catholiques et orthodoxes intervinrent en 1965, au dernier jour du concile, avec les déclarations du pape <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> et du patriarche <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ath%C3%A9nagoras_Ier_de_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Athénagoras Ier de Constantinople">Athenagoras <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-169"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>158<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Toutefois, après une quinzaine d'années de « détente », les relations entre les deux Églises se sont à nouveau progressivement tendues, surtout après l'an 2000, avec le recadrage de l'Église catholique par les papes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Paul_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Paul II">Jean-Paul II</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benoît XVI">Benoît XVI</a>, et avec l'interdiction de tout prosélytisme catholique dans leur juridiction par des patriarcats comme ceux d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_de_Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église orthodoxe de Grèce">Athènes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_serbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église orthodoxe serbe">Belgrade</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarcat_de_Moscou_et_de_toute_la_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarcat de Moscou et de toute la Russie">Moscou</a>.</p> <p>L'Église catholique n'est pas membre du COE pour des raisons doctrinales et parce que, tout en représentant à elle seule plus de fidèles que l'ensemble des autres membres du COE, elle n'aurait droit qu'à une seule voix, comme les autres Églises.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Critiques">Critiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Critiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Article détaillé : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique du christianisme">Critique du christianisme</a>. </div> </div> <p>Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critiques_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critiques du christianisme">critiques du christianisme</a> incluent des critiques portées contre les religions en général et d'autres qui lui sont propres, ainsi que des critiques spécifiques portées contre les différentes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(institution)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église (institution)">Églises chrétiennes</a>. Elles portent sur les doctrines, les pratiques ainsi que sur le rôle historique de la religion chrétienne.</p> <p>D'un point de vue historique, les reproches émanent parfois des croyants eux-mêmes, qui soulignent le contraste entre une doctrine qui prêche officiellement l'amour du prochain, et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_(institution)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Église (institution)">institutions</a> qui ont au fil des siècles soutenu l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esclavagisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esclavagisme">esclavagisme</a><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>159<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, créé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inquisition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, lancé les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croisade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croisade">croisades</a><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>160<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et propagé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antisémitisme">antisémitisme</a>.</p> <p>Du point de vue théologique, les interprétations chrétiennes de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible hébraïque">Bible hébraïque</a> sont inconcevables pour les autres <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peuples_du_Livre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples du Livre">peuples du Livre</a>, qui considèrent comme du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polyth%C3%A9isme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polythéisme">polythéisme</a> la Trinité, l'idée d'un Dieu incarné en homme ou le culte de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_(m%C3%A8re_de_J%C3%A9sus)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie (mère de Jésus)">Marie</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholicisme">catholicisme</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_orthodoxe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme orthodoxe">christianisme orthodoxe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-islam34_172-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-islam34-172"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>161<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les critiques philosophiques de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morale_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morale chrétienne">morale chrétienne</a> portent sur sa culpabilisation de la sexualité et sa glorification de la souffrance et de la soumission<sup id="cite_ref-Huma_173-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Huma-173"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>162<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ainsi que les scandales liés aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abus_sexuels_sur_mineurs_dans_l%27%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abus sexuels sur mineurs dans l'Église catholique">abus sexuels</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reference-cadre" tabindex="0"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-généré1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A91_1-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-auto-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A91_1-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/center-for-global-christianity/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2021.pdf">Status of Global Christianity, 2021, in the Context of 1900–2050</a>, consulté le 27 septembre 2021.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Levieils2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_Levieils2007">Xavier Levieils, <cite class="italique">Contra Christianos : la critique sociale et religieuse du christianisme des origines au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_concile_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier concile de Nicée">concile de Nicée</a> (45-325)</cite>, Walter de Gruyter, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">139-140</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Christianos+%3A+la+critique+sociale+et+religieuse+du+christianisme+des+origines+au+concile+de+Nic%C3%A9e+%2845-325%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.aulast=Levieils&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=139-140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Lettre d'Ignace d'Antioche aux Magnésiens, note 14, dans <i>Les Pères apostoliques</i>, Coll. Foi vivante, Cerf, 1998 <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 174.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2010, p. 634-635</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Schubert M. Ogden, <i>The Understanding of Christian Faith</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2010, p. 74</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Eliade316-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eliade316_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliade"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mircea_Eliade"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mircea_Eliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des croyances et des idées religieuses</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr> 2, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 316<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+croyances+et+des+id%C3%A9es+religieuses&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.pages=316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pierre Liégé et Encyclopédie Universalis, <i>Christianisme</i>, dans : Encyclopédie Universalis, Paris, 1988.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_Encyclop%C3%A9die_Larousse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande Encyclopédie Larousse">Grande Encyclopédie Larousse</a>, Christianisme</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Timothy Ware, <i>L'orthodoxie, L'Église des sept conciles</i>, Desclée de Brouwer, Bruges, 1968, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 309.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Timothy Ware, <i>L'orthodoxie, L'Église des sept conciles</i>, Desclée de Brouwer, Bruges, 1968, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 307.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jacques Guillet, <i>Jésus dans la foi des premiers disciples, </i>Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1995, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">216-217</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anthony Towey, <i>An Introduction to Christian Theology</i>, T&T Clark, UK, 2013, p. 202-203.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DicoEliade105-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade105_14-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade105_14-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliade1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mircea_Eliade1994"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mircea_Eliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des religions</cite>, Paris, Pocket, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Agora », <time>1994</time>, 364 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-266-05012-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-266-05012-5"><span class="nowrap">2-266-05012-5</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 105<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+religions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=105&rft.tpages=364&rft.isbn=2-266-05012-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche16-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche16_15-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche16_15-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 16.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=16.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche47-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche47_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 47<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Béatrice de Varine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DhfL3CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT83%26lpg%3DPT83%26dq%3Dmarcionisme%2B%2522bassin%2Bm%25C3%25A9diterran%25C3%25A9en%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D65EBCe4xRB%26sig%3DMaimkeR1akN4ueEKj1buFDqx90g%26hl%3Dfr%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwie_pavpcTYAhUKchQKHT0HDsQQ6AEIWjAP%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmarcionisme%2520%2522bassin%2520m%25C3%25A9diterran%25C3%25A9en%2522%26f%3Dfalse">Juifs et chrétiens, repères pour dix-neuf siècles d'histoire</a>, Desclée de Brouwer</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche64-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche64_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">64-66</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=64-66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche159-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche159_19-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche159_19-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">159-160</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=159-160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pascal_Ide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pascal Ide">Pascal Ide</a>, <i>Une théologie de l'amour</i>. <i>L'amour centre de la </i>Trilogie <i>de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></i>, Lessius, Bruxelles, 2012, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 45.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Timothy Radcliffe, <i>Pourquoi donc être chrétien? </i>(Traduit de l'anglais par D. Barrios Delgado), Les éditions du Cerf, Paris, 2006, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 14.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pinckaers-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pinckaers_24-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pinckaers_24-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pinckaers1986"><span class="ouvrage" id="Servais_Pinckaers1986"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servais_Pinckaers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Servais Pinckaers">Servais Pinckaers</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://doctrinesocialeeglise.org/IMG/pdf/LA_FOI_AU_CHRIST_REDEMPTEUR_COMME_PREMIERE_SOURCE_DE_LA_MORALE_CHRETIENNE.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La foi au Christ rédempteur comme première source de la morale chrétienne</cite></a> », <time>1986</time></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pinckaers51-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pinckaers51_25-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pinckaers2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Servais_Pinckaers2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servais_Pinckaers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Servais Pinckaers">Servais Pinckaers</a>, <cite class="italique">Les sources de la morale chrétienne : sa méthode, son contenu, son histoire</cite>, Cerf, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 51<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sources+de+la+morale+chr%C3%A9tienne&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.stitle=sa+m%C3%A9thode%2C+son+contenu%2C+son+histoire&rft.aulast=Pinckaers&rft.aufirst=Servais&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Tarse"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_de_Tarse">Paul de Tarse, <cite class="italique">Première Épître aux Corinthiens</cite>, Chapitre 13, verset 13<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premi%C3%A8re+%C3%89p%C3%AEtre+aux+Corinthiens&rft.au=Paul+de+Tarse&rft.pages=Chapitre+13%2C+verset+13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-legasse-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-legasse_27-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Légasse1980"><span class="ouvrage" id="Simon_Légasse1980">Simon Légasse, « <cite style="font-style:normal">L’épître à Philémon ou Paul et l’esclavage</cite> », <i>Cahiers Évangile</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 33, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1980-09" data-sort-value="1980-09">septembre 1980</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.portstnicolas.org/phare/etudes-specialisees/article/l-epitre-a-philemon-ou-paul-et-l-esclavage">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%E2%80%99%C3%A9p%C3%AEtre+%C3%A0+Phil%C3%A9mon+ou+Paul+et+l%E2%80%99esclavage&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+%C3%89vangile&rft.issue=33&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9gasse&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portstnicolas.org%2Fphare%2Fetudes-specialisees%2Farticle%2Fl-epitre-a-philemon-ou-paul-et-l-esclavage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche146-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche146_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">146-147</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=146-147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Johner-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johner_29-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Johner_29-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Johner2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Johner2007">Michel Johner, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La liberté et l’argent : calvinisme et économie</cite> », <i>La Revue réformée</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-10" data-sort-value="2007-10">octobre 2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://larevuereformee.net/articlerr/n244/la-liberte-et-largent-calvinisme-et-economie">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+libert%C3%A9+et+l%E2%80%99argent+%3A+calvinisme+et+%C3%A9conomie&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+r%C3%A9form%C3%A9e&rft.aulast=Johner&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarevuereformee.net%2Farticlerr%2Fn244%2Fla-liberte-et-largent-calvinisme-et-economie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Gérard Cholvy, <i>Frédéric Ozanam, l'engagement d'un intellectuel catholique au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">162-168</span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Madeleine des Rivières, <i>Ozanam, un savant chez les pauvres</i>, Les Éditions Bellarmin, Montréal et Les Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 1984, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 38.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Donald K. Gorrell, <i>The age of social responsibility: the social gospel in the progressive era, 1900-1920</i>, Mercer University Press, USA, 1988, p. 18.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hans Schwarz, <i>Theology in a Global Context: The Last Two Hundred Years</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 145.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Christopher H. Evans, <i>The Social Gospel in American Religion: A History</i>, NYU Press, USA, 2017, p. 78.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Randall Herbert Balmer, <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition</i>, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 638</span></li> <li id="cite_note-r2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-r2_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Walter A. Elwell, <i>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</i>, Baker Academic, USA, 2001, p. 1119.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Löwy2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michael_Löwy2013"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Löwy">Michael Löwy</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">La vraie Église des pauvres</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-30" data-sort-value="2013-03-30">30 mars 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2013/03/30/la-vraie-eglise-des-pauvres_3150919_3232.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+vraie+%C3%89glise+des+pauvres&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fidees%2Farticle%2F2013%2F03%2F30%2Fla-vraie-eglise-des-pauvres_3150919_3232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">LOUZEAU Père Frédéric, « Sciences environnementales et théologie : le cas exemplaire de l’encyclique Laudato Si’ », Annales des Mines - Responsabilité et environnement, 2016/3 (N° 83), p. 82-86. DOI : 0.3917/re1.083.0082., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cairn.info/revue-responsabilite-et-environnement-2016-3-page-82.htm">lire en ligne</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Geoffrey Wainwright, <i>The Oxford History of Christian Worship</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2006, p. 667</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> William J. Collinge, <i>Historical Dictionary of Catholicism</i>, Scarecrow Press, USA, 2012, p. 280</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Michael Prokurat, Alexander Golitzin, Michael D. Peterson, <i>The A to Z of the Orthodox Church</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2010, p. 200</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Gerald R. McDermott, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology</i>, Oxford University Press, UK, 2013, p. 311.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jeanne Halgren Kilde, <i>Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, p. 60, 112.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D._A._Carson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D. A. Carson">D. A. Carson</a>, <i>Worship: Adoration and Action: Adoration and Action</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2002, p. 161</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Jörg Stolz, Olivier Favre, Caroline Gachet, Emmanuelle Buchard, <i> Le phénomène évangélique: analyses d'un milieu compétitif</i>, Labor et Fides, Suisse, 2013, p. 99.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LovelandWheeler2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne_C._LovelandOtis_B._Wheeler2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anne C. <span class="nom_auteur">Loveland</span> et Otis B. <span class="nom_auteur">Wheeler</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History</cite>, USA, University of Missouri Press, <time>2003</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 149<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Meetinghouse+to+Megachurch%3A+A+Material+and+Cultural+History&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.aulast=Loveland&rft.aufirst=Anne+C.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Otis+B.&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Harold W. Turner, <i>From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship</i>, Walter de Gruyter, Allemagne, 1979, p.258.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ruth C. Duck, <i>Worship for the Whole People of God: Vital Worship for the 21st Century</i>, Westminster John Knox Press, USA, 2013, p. 144.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Robert S. Ellwood, Gregory D. Alles, <i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>, Infobase Publishing, USA, 2007, p. 400.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Robert Paul Lightner, <i>Handbook of Evangelical Theology</i>, Kregel Academic, USA, 1995, p. 234</span></li> <li id="cite_note-musee-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-musee_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-musee_51-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-musee_51-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brice"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ernst_Brice">Ernst Brice, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.museeprotestant.org/notice/le-bapteme-chez-les-protestants-reformes-lutheriens-et-evangeliques-baptistes/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le baptême chez les protestants : Réformés, Luthériens et Evangéliques Baptistes</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Musée virtuel du Protestantisme</span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Michael J. Meiring, <i>Preserving Evangelical Unity: Welcoming Diversity in Non-Essentials</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers , USA, 2009, p. 128.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Randall Herbert Balmer, <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition</i>, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 54.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-COE-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-COE_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-COE_54-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-COE_54-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oikoumene.org/fr/resources/documents/commissions/faith-and-order/i-unity-the-church-and-its-mission/baptism-eucharist-and-ministry-faith-and-order-paper-no-111-the-lima-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Baptême, Eucharistie, Ministère (document de Foi et constitution n° 111, « texte de Lima »)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Conseil œcuménique des Églises</span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denimal2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Éric_Denimal2013">Éric <span class="nom_auteur">Denimal</span>, <cite class="italique">Le Protestantisme pour les nuls</cite>, Edi8/First, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7540-5550-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7540-5550-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7540-5550-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3DteGRAAAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, PT433<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Protestantisme+pour+les+nuls&rft.pub=Edi8%2FFirst&rft.aulast=Denimal&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=PT433&rft.isbn=978-2-7540-5550-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="LandDuke"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_LandBarret_Duke"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richard Land et Barret Duke, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Fatherhood in the Evangelical Tradition »</cite>, dans Don E.Eberly, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Faith Factor in Fatherhood : Renewing the Sacred Vocation of Fathering</cite>, Lexington Books <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780739100806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780739100806"><span class="nowrap">9780739100806</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 103<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Faith+Factor+in+Fatherhood&rft.atitle=Fatherhood+in+the+Evangelical+Tradition&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.stitle=Renewing+the+Sacred+Vocation+of+Fathering&rft.aulast=Land&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Barret+Duke&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=103&rft.isbn=9780739100806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cross/Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. p. 1435f.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche48-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche48_58-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme 30-451</cite>, Hachette, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 48<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme+30-451&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche149-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche149_59-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche149_59-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche149_59-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme 30-451</cite>, Hachette, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 149<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme+30-451&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Frank K. Flinn, <i>Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i>, Infobase Publishing, USA, 2007, p. 351.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Hans J. Hillerbrand, <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set</i>, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2016, p. 1825.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton, <i>Encyclopedia of Protestantism</i>, Infobase Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 91.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Elwell2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_A._Elwell2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Walter A. <span class="nom_auteur">Elwell</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</cite>, Baker Academic, <time>2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 778<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Elwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 370.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Elwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 171.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Karl Inge Tangen, <i>Ecclesial Identification beyond Late Modern Individualism?: A Case Study of Life Strategies in Growing Late Modern Churches</i>, BRILL, Leiden, 2012, p. 27.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actes_des_Ap%C3%B4tres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actes des Apôtres">Actes des Apôtres</a>, XI, 29.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sartre2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maurice_Sartre2003"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Sartre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Sartre">Maurice Sartre</a>, <cite class="italique">D’Alexandre à Zénobie : Histoire du Levant antique, <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> - <abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">III</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="après Jésus-Christ">apr. J.-C.</abbr></cite>, Fayard, <time>2003</time>, 1200 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 949.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%E2%80%99Alexandre+%C3%A0+Z%C3%A9nobie&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.stitle=Histoire+du+Levant+antique%2C+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%224%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle%26nbsp%3B%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+nowrap%22+title%3D%22avant+J%C3%A9sus-Christ%22+%3Eav.+J.-C.%3C%2Fabbr%3E+-+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%223%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr+nowrap%22+title%3D%22apr%C3%A8s+J%C3%A9sus-Christ%22+%3Eapr.+J.-C.%3C%2Fabbr%3E&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=949.&rft.tpages=1200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matthieu_(ap%C3%B4tre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matthieu (apôtre)">Matthieu</a>, 5, 17-18.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lenoir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Lenoir">Lenoir, Frédéric</a>, <i>Comment Jésus est devenu Dieu</i>, éd. Le Livre de poche, 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Lenoir, Frédéric, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socrate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socrate">Socrate</a>, Jésus, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bouddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bouddha">Bouddha</a>. Trois maîtres de vie</i>, éd. Le Livre de poche, 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Neusner1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacob_Neusner1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Neusner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Neusner">Jacob Neusner</a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">A Rabbi Talks with Jésus</cite>, Doubleday, <time>1993</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/147421?fr%3Dy%26refresh_ce">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DeI7lR3rleYYC%26pg%3DPA111%26dq%3DA%2BRabbi%2BTalks%2Bwith%2BJ%25C3%25A9sus">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 113<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rabbi+Talks+with+J%C3%A9sus&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rouche19-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche19_74-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche19_74-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rouche19_74-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 19<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bourgel2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jonathan_Bourgel2015">Jonathan Bourgel, <cite class="italique">D'une identité à l'autre ? : la communauté judéo-chrétienne de Jérusalem : 66 - 135, préface de Dan Jaffé,</cite>, Paris, Cerf, <time>2015</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%27une+identit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+l%27autre+%3F+%3A+la+communaut%C3%A9+jud%C3%A9o-chr%C3%A9tienne+de+J%C3%A9rusalem+%3A+66+-+135%2C+pr%C3%A9face+de+Dan+Jaff%C3%A9%2C&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir <i>Le Judéo-christianisme dans tous ses états, Actes du colloque de Jérusalem</i>, 6-10 juillet 1998, ouvrage collectif publié au CERF ; voir Adam H. Becker, Annette Yoshiko Reed (éds.) <i>The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</i>, Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr 2003 (Colloque Oxford Princeton). De même Dan Jaffé dans <i>Le judaïsme et l'avènement du christianisme, orthodoxie et hétérodoxie dans la littérature talmudique <abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ siècle"><span class="romain">I</span><sup style="font-size:72%">er</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">II</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles </i>, CERF, montre que l'introduction de la Birkhat Ha Minim n'est pas déterminant.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Philippe Bobichon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.academia.edu/7279733/Pers%25C3%25A9cutions_calomnies_birkat_ha_Minim_et_%25C3%25A9missaires_juifs_de_propagande_antichr%25C3%25A9tienne_dans_le_Dialogue_avec_Tryphon_de_Justin_Martyr">"Persécutions, calomnies, ‘birkat ha-Minim’, et émissaires juifs de propagande antichrétienne dans le Dialogue avec Tryphon de Justin Martyr"</a>, Revue des Études Juives 162 /3-4, 2003, pp. 403-419.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mayeur_et_al.2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Marie_Mayeur_et_al.2000">Jean-Marie Mayeur et al., <cite class="italique">Le nouveau peuple (des origines à 250) : Histoire du Christianisme</cite>, Desclée, <time>2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DIa30AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA426">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+nouveau+peuple+%28des+origines+%C3%A0+250%29&rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e&rft.stitle=Histoire+du+Christianisme&rft.au=Jean-Marie+Mayeur+et+al.&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pouderon2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Pouderon2016"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_Pouderon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard Pouderon">Bernard Pouderon</a>, <cite class="italique">In Premiers écrits chrétiens. Introduction</cite>, Paris, Gallimard. La Pléiade, <time>2016</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> XLIV<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Premiers+%C3%A9crits+chr%C3%A9tiens.+Introduction&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gallimard.+La+Pl%C3%A9iade&rft.aulast=Pouderon&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2016&rft.pages=XLIV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 8<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quand_notre_monde_est_devenu_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien">Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien</a> (312-394)</i>, Paris, Albin Michel, 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie-%C3%89mile_Boismard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie-Émile Boismard">Marie-Émile Boismard</a>, <i>À l'aube du christianisme, avant la naissance des dogmes</i>, éd. Cerf, 1998.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, Hachette, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 158<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, Hachette, <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 125<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam21-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam21_88-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam21_88-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Troupeau2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Troupeau2009">Gérard Troupeau, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « La situation religieuse au Proche-Orient à l'aube de l'islam », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 21<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=La+situation+religieuse+au+Proche-Orient+%C3%A0+l%27aube+de+l%27islam&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Troupeau&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 141<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+origines+du+christianisme&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.pages=141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Helvétius2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne-Marie_Helvétius2018">Anne-Marie Helvétius, <cite class="italique">Église et société au Moyen Âge</cite>, Hachette, <time>2018</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">22-23</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89glise+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.aulast=Helv%C3%A9tius&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=22-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pontal1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Odette_Pontal1989">Odette Pontal, <cite class="italique">Histoire des conciles mérovingiens</cite>, Cerf, <time>1989</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 52<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+conciles+m%C3%A9rovingiens&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.aulast=Pontal&rft.aufirst=Odette&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam22-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam22_92-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Troupeau2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Troupeau2009">Gérard Troupeau, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « La situation religieuse au Proche-Orient à l'aube de l'islam », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 22<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=La+situation+religieuse+au+Proche-Orient+%C3%A0+l%27aube+de+l%27islam&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Troupeau&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam23-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam23_93-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Troupeau2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Troupeau2009">Gérard Troupeau, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « La situation religieuse au Proche-Orient à l'aube de l'islam », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">23-24</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=La+situation+religieuse+au+Proche-Orient+%C3%A0+l%27aube+de+l%27islam&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Troupeau&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=23-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam25-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam25_94-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Troupeau2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Troupeau2009">Gérard Troupeau, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « La situation religieuse au Proche-Orient à l'aube de l'islam », <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 25<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=La+situation+religieuse+au+Proche-Orient+%C3%A0+l%27aube+de+l%27islam&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Troupeau&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam26-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam26_95-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam26_95-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kaegi2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_Kaegi2009">Walter Kaegi, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « Les défaites de Byzance en Orient », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">26-27</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9faites+de+Byzance+en+Orient&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=26-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam31-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam31_96-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kaegi2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter_Kaegi2009">Walter Kaegi, <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « Les défaites de Byzance en Orient », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">31-32</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=Les+d%C3%A9faites+de+Byzance+en+Orient&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=31-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MelmouxMitzinmacker2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_MelmouxDavid_Mitzinmacker2004">Emmanuel Melmoux et David Mitzinmacker, <cite class="italique">100 personnages qui ont fait l'histoire de France</cite>, Éditions Bréal, <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">32-33</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+personnages+qui+ont+fait+l%27histoire+de+France&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Br%C3%A9al&rft.aulast=Melmoux&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=David+Mitzinmacker&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=32-33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DicoEliade122-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade122_98-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade122_98-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliade1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mircea_Eliade1994"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mircea_Eliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des religions</cite>, Paris, Pocket, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Agora », <time>1994</time>, 364 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-266-05012-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-266-05012-5"><span class="nowrap">2-266-05012-5</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 122<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+religions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=122&rft.tpages=364&rft.isbn=2-266-05012-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Quenum2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alphonse_Quenum2008">Alphonse Quenum, <cite class="italique">Les Églises chrétiennes et la traite atlantique du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Karthala éditions, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1994_num_86_1_1443_t1_0303_0000_3">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">72-73</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%89glises+chr%C3%A9tiennes+et+la+traite+atlantique+du+XVe+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%A9ditions&rft.aulast=Quenum&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=72-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DicoEliade123-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade123_101-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliade1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mircea_Eliade1994"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mircea_Eliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des religions</cite>, Paris, Pocket, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Agora », <time>1994</time>, 364 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-266-05012-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-266-05012-5"><span class="nowrap">2-266-05012-5</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 123<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+religions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=123&rft.tpages=364&rft.isbn=2-266-05012-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Delacampagne-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Delacampagne_102-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Delacampagne2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_Delacampagne2002"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Delacampagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Delacampagne">Christian Delacampagne</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'esclavage. De l'Antiquité à nos jours</cite>, Paris, Le livre de poche, <time>2002</time>, 319 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-253-90593-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-253-90593-3"><span class="nowrap">2-253-90593-3</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 144<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27esclavage.+De+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Le+livre+de+poche&rft.aulast=Delacampagne&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.date=2002&rft.pages=144&rft.tpages=319&rft.isbn=2-253-90593-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Léonard-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L%C3%A9onard_103-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-L%C3%A9onard_103-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Emile G Léonard, <i>Histoire générale du protestantisme</i>, PUF.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_Montclos2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_de_Montclos2009">Xavier de Montclos, <cite class="italique">Brève histoire de l'Église de France</cite>, Cerf, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 109<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Br%C3%A8ve+histoire+de+l%27%C3%89glise+de+France&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.au=Xavier+de+Montclos&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chiron2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Chiron2011"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yves_Chiron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yves Chiron">Yves Chiron</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des conciles</cite>, Perrin, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 207<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+conciles&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.aulast=Chiron&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Chiron229-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chiron229_106-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chiron229_106-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chiron2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Chiron2011"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yves_Chiron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yves Chiron">Yves Chiron</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des conciles</cite>, Perrin, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 229<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+conciles&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.aulast=Chiron&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Laurentin-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Laurentin_107-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emmanuel_Laurentin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emmanuel Laurentin">Emmanuel Laurentin</a>, « Religion et société aux États-Unis depuis les années 1890 », émission <i>La Fabrique de l'histoire</i> sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France Culture">France Culture</a>, 18 septembre 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dericquebourg2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Régis_Dericquebourg2009"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_Dericquebourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régis Dericquebourg">Régis Dericquebourg</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.regis-dericquebourg.com/2009/03/23/les-groupes-religieux-minoritaires-chretiens-nes-au-xix%25C2%25B0-siecle-et-leurs-destins/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les groupes religieux minoritaires chrétiens nés au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle et leurs destins</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">site de Régis Dericquebourg</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-23" data-sort-value="2009-03-23">23 mars 2009</time></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meyendorff1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Meyendorff1995"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Meyendorff">Jean Meyendorff</a>, <cite class="italique">L'Église orthodoxe hier et aujourd'hui</cite>, Seuil, <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">99-100</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89glise+orthodoxe+hier+et+aujourd%27hui&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=99-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meyendorff1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Meyendorff1995"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Meyendorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Meyendorff">Jean Meyendorff</a>, <cite class="italique">L'Église orthodoxe hier et aujourd'hui</cite>, Seuil, <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">102-104</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89glise+orthodoxe+hier+et+aujourd%27hui&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=102-104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-afrique-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-afrique_111-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-afrique_111-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013">« <cite style="font-style:normal">De plus en plus de catholiques en Afrique</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Figaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-05-13" data-sort-value="2013-05-13">13 mai 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/05/13/97001-20130513FILWWW00447-de-plus-en-plus-de-catholiques-en-afrique.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=De+plus+en+plus+de+catholiques+en+Afrique&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-actu%2F2013%2F05%2F13%2F97001-20130513FILWWW00447-de-plus-en-plus-de-catholiques-en-afrique.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Un tiers de l'humanité est chrétienne</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Figaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12-23" data-sort-value="2011-12-23">23 décembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2011/12/23/01016-20111223ARTFIG00479-un-tiers-de-l-humanite-est-chretienne.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Un+tiers+de+l%27humanit%C3%A9+est+chr%C3%A9tienne&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.date=2011-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Factualite-france%2F2011%2F12%2F23%2F01016-20111223ARTFIG00479-un-tiers-de-l-humanite-est-chretienne.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Barrett1968"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_B._Barrett1968">David B. Barrett, <cite class="italique">Schism and Renewal in Africa : an analysis of six thousand contemporary religious movements</cite>, Oxford University, <time>1968</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schism+and+Renewal+in+Africa&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.stitle=an+analysis+of+six+thousand+contemporary+religious+movements&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bonk2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jonathan_J._Bonk2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jonathan J. Bonk, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Ecclesiastical Cartography and the Invisible Continent</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">International Bulletin of Missionary Research</span></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-10" data-sort-value="2004-10">octobre 2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dacb.org/xnmaps.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Cartography+and+the+Invisible+Continent&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.aulast=Bonk&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+J.&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dacb.org%2Fxnmaps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="Fath2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sébastien_Fath2015"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Fath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sébastien Fath">Sébastien Fath</a>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Les nouveaux christianismes en Afrique</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Monde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-07-06" data-sort-value="2015-07-06">6 juillet 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2015/07/06/nouveaux-christianismes-2-5-en-afrique-le-pape-francois-est-dans-une-strategie-d-alliance-avec-les-evangeliques_4672720_3212.html">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+nouveaux+christianismes+en+Afrique&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.aulast=Fath&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft.date=2015-07-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/vatican/news/2021-03/statistiques-eglise-catholique-annuaire-pontifical-2021.html">Annuaire pontifical 2021 | VATICAN NEWS</a>, consulté le 27 septembre 2021.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cathobel.be/2016/03/08/141-de-catholiques-dans-le-monde/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Annuaire pontifical 2016</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-06-09" data-sort-value="2016-06-09">9 juin 2016</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/center-for-global-christianity/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2020/12/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2021.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Status of Global Christianity, 2021, in the Context of 1900–2050</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-09-27" data-sort-value="2021-09-27">27 septembre 2021</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="Monseigneur">M<sup>gr</sup></abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Dagens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claude Dagens">Claude Dagens</a>, <i>Entre épreuves et renouveaux : La Passion de L’Évangile - Indifférence religieuse, Visibilité de l'Église et évangélisation</i>, Paris, Bayard / Cerf / Fleurus-Mame, 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.therichest.com/rich-list/the-biggest/the-10-most-christian-countries/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The 10 Most Christian Countries</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">therichest.com</span>, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.notredamedesaussens.fr/content/pape-francois"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Jorge Mario Bergoglio</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">notredamedesaussens.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Actualite/L-Asie-terre-d-avenir-du-christianisme-2014-07-10-1177236"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’Asie, terre d’avenir du christianisme ?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">la-croix.com</span>, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2013">« <cite style="font-style:normal">L'Asie, terre catholique fertile</cite> », <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Figaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-03-04" data-sort-value="2013-03-04">4 mars 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2013/03/04/01016-20130304ARTFIG00477-l-asie-terre-catholique-fertile.php">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%27Asie%2C+terre+catholique+fertile&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Factualite-france%2F2013%2F03%2F04%2F01016-20130304ARTFIG00477-l-asie-terre-catholique-fertile.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Actualite/Plus-de-deux-milliards-de-chretiens-dans-le-monde-_NG_-2011-12-20-749002"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Plus de deux milliards de chrétiens dans le monde</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">la-croix.com</span>, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2014/08/12/005-chine-chretiens-nombre-augmente.shtml"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Le nombre de chrétiens explose en Chine</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">radio-canada.ca</span>, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lavie.fr/religion/la-chine-bientot-le-plus-grand-pays-chretien-du-monde-22-04-2014-52213_10.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La Chine, bientôt le plus grand pays chrétien du monde ?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lavie.fr</span>, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lexpress.fr/monde/asie/les-chretiens-s-eveillent_479156.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les chrétiens s'éveillent</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lexpress.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12-06" data-sort-value="2006-12-06">6 décembre 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-afrique/20140406.RUE3122/musulmans-et-chretiens-la-carte-d-afrique-de-la-division-religieuse.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Musulmans et chrétiens, la carte d’Afrique de la division religieuse</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">nouvelobs.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-04-06" data-sort-value="2014-04-06">6 avril 2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201004/15/01-4270822-musulmans-et-chretiens-a-egalite-en-afrique.php"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Musulmans et chrétiens à égalité en Afrique</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">ouest-france.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-04-15" data-sort-value="2010-04-15">15 avril 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2012">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cath.ch/detail/afrique-les-chr%25C3%25A9tiens-d%25C3%25A9sormais-plus-nombreux-que-les-musulmans"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Afrique: Les chrétiens désormais plus nombreux que les musulmans</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">cath.ch</span>, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-03" data-sort-value="2014-11-03">3 novembre 2014</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pew28-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pew28_131-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Research_Center2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pew_Research_Center2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Global Christianity : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">pewforum.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12" data-sort-value="2011-12">décembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09" data-sort-value="2014-09">septembre 2014</time>)</small></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 28.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pew31-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pew31_133-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Research_Center2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pew_Research_Center2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Global Christianity : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">pewforum.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12" data-sort-value="2011-12">décembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09" data-sort-value="2014-09">septembre 2014</time>)</small></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 31.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-134">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chiron2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Chiron2011"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yves_Chiron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yves Chiron">Yves Chiron</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des conciles</cite>, Perrin, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 230<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+conciles&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.aulast=Chiron&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-135">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.zenit.org/2021/04/01/statistiques-de-leglise-plus-de-pretres-et-de-diacres-permanents/">Annuaire pontifical 2021 : plus de prêtres et de diacres permanents| ZENIT</a>, consulté le 27 septembre 2021.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Pew25-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Pew25_136-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Research_Center2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pew_Research_Center2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Global Christianity : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">pewforum.org</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12" data-sort-value="2011-12">décembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-09" data-sort-value="2014-09">septembre 2014</time>)</small></span></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 25.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum1-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pewforum1_137-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-traditions/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Christian Traditions</cite></a> » [Web], sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pew_Research_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-12-19" data-sort-value="2011-12-19">19 décembre 2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-11-29" data-sort-value="2018-11-29">29 novembre 2018</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-138">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Micah Issitt, Carlyn Main, <i>Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2014, p. 41</span></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Randall Herbert Balmer, <i>Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and expanded edition</i>, Baylor University Press, USA, 2004, p. 350.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Larry Eskridge, <i>God's Forever Family: The Jesus People Movement in America</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2013, p. 91.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Yannick Fer, <i>L'offensive évangélique. Voyage au cœur des réseaux militants de Jeunesse en Mission</i>, Labor et Fides, Suisse, 2010, p. 170.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Frederick B. Artz, <i>The Mind of the Middle Ages: An Historical Survey</i>, University of Chicago Press, USA, 2014, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 92.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Encyclopedia of Christianity">The Encyclopedia of Christianity</a>, Volume 2</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1999, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 469</span></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Elizabeth M. Dowling, W. George Scarlett, <i>Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development</i>, SAGE Publications, USA, 2006, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 183.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-145">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Don Cusic, <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 223.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-146">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Don Cusic, <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music: Pop, Rock, and Worship: Pop, Rock, and Worship</i>, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2009, p. 77</span></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Suzel Ana Reily, Jonathan M. Dueck, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities</i>, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 443.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Mathew Guest, <i>Evangelical Identity and Contemporary Culture: A Congregational Study in Innovation</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2007, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 42</span></li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Thomas_Kurian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Thomas Kurian">George Thomas Kurian</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_A._Lamport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark A. Lamport">Mark A. Lamport</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Christianity_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States">Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States</a>, Volume 5</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 629</span></li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Joanne O'Brien, Sandra Palmer, <i>Instant Expert: World Religions</i>, Lion Books, USA, 2013, p. 31</span></li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-151">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Gesa Elsbeth Thiessen, <i>Theological Aesthetics: A Reader</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 125</span></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cameron J. Anderson, <i>The Faithful Artist: A Vision for Evangelicalism and the Arts</i>, InterVarsity Press, USA, 2016, p. 124.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_153-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_153-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MaravalMimouni2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_MaravalSimon_Claude_Mimouni2006">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Maraval</span> et Simon Claude <span class="nom_auteur">Mimouni</span>, <cite class="italique">Le Christianisme des origines à Constantin</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2006</time>, 680 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-063900-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-063900-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-063900-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3D7JEKCwAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">465-466</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Christianisme+des+origines+%C3%A0+Constantin&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Maraval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Mimouni%2C+Simon+Claude&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=465-466&rft.tpages=680&rft.isbn=978-2-13-063900-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bidwell2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kevin_J._Bidwell2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Kevin J. <span class="nom_auteur">Bidwell</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Church as the Image of the Trinity : A Critical Evaluation of Miroslav Volf's Ecclesial Model</cite>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, <time>2011</time>, 280 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-62189-274-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-62189-274-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-62189-274-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3DWWJJAwAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 194<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+as+the+Image+of+the+Trinity+%3A+A+Critical+Evaluation+of+Miroslav+Volf%27s+Ecclesial+Model&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.aulast=Bidwell&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=194&rft.tpages=280&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-274-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FocantMarguerat2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Camille_FocantDaniel_Marguerat2013">Camille <span class="nom_auteur">Focant</span> et Daniel <span class="nom_auteur">Marguerat</span>, <cite class="italique">Le Nouveau Testament commenté</cite>, Bayard, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-227-48708-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-227-48708-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-227-48708-6</span></a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://worldcat.org/fr/title/881017720">881017720</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881017720">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">150-151</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Nouveau+Testament+comment%C3%A9&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.aulast=Focant&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft.au=Marguerat%2C+Daniel&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=150-151&rft.isbn=978-2-227-48708-6&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881017720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MaravalMimouni2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_MaravalSimon_Claude_Mimouni2006">Pierre <span class="nom_auteur">Maraval</span> et Simon Claude <span class="nom_auteur">Mimouni</span>, <cite class="italique">Le christianisme des origines à Constantin</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2006</time>, 680 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-063900-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-063900-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-063900-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3D7JEKCwAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 468<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+christianisme+des+origines+%C3%A0+Constantin&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Maraval&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Mimouni%2C+Simon+Claude&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=468&rft.tpages=680&rft.isbn=978-2-13-063900-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_159-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_159-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_159-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lonergan2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernard_Lonergan2011">Bernard <span class="nom_auteur">Lonergan</span>, <cite class="italique">La Trinité</cite>, Artège Éditions, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-36040-560-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-36040-560-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-36040-560-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.be/books?id%3DWWLSDQAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 285<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Trinit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Art%C3%A8ge+%C3%89ditions&rft.aulast=Lonergan&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=285&rft.isbn=978-2-36040-560-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-160">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Étienne Fouilloux : article « Catholicisme » dans le Dictionnaire des faits religieux de Régine Azria et Danièle Hervieu-Léger (dir.), Paris, PUF, Quadrige Dicos poche, 2010, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-054576-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-054576-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-054576-7</span></a>)</small>, p.112</span></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_XVI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benoît XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a>, <i>Les principes de la théologie catholique, esquisse et matériaux</i>, éd. Paris Téqui, 2005, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-7403-1197-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-7403-1197-4"><span class="nowrap">2-7403-1197-4</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DicoEliade131-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade131_162-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DicoEliade131_162-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eliade1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mircea_Eliade1994"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mircea_Eliade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire des religions</cite>, Paris, Pocket, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Agora », <time>1994</time>, 364 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-266-05012-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-266-05012-5"><span class="nowrap">2-266-05012-5</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 131<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+religions&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Pocket&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=131&rft.tpages=364&rft.isbn=2-266-05012-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.museeprotestant.org/notice/la-conference-missionnaire-mondiale-edimbourg-1910/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La conférence missionnaire mondiale d'Édimbourg (1910)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Musée protestant</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-09-25" data-sort-value="2019-09-25">25 septembre 2019</time>)</small></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Tavard_2010,_p.1105-1106-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Tavard_2010,_p.1105-1106_164-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tavard2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Tavard2010">Georges <span class="nom_auteur">Tavard</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal">« De l’œcuménisme au renouveau de la visibilité »</cite>, dans Jean-Robert Armogathe et Yves-Marie Hilaire (dirs.), <cite class="italique">Histoire générale du christianisme</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2 : <span class="italique">Du <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle à nos jours</span>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2010</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">1105-106</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+du+christianisme&rft.atitle=De+l%E2%80%99%C5%93cum%C3%A9nisme+au+renouveau+de+la+visibilit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Tavard&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=1105-106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1930/soderblom-bio.html">Nathan Söderblom - Biography</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Concrètement des discussions sont engagées depuis le congrès des Sociétés bibliques, le colloque de Chicago en 1893 qui crée le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Parlement_International_des_religions&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Parlement International des religions (page inexistante)">Parlement International des religions</a>, à Chicago, organisé par un chrétien unitarien, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jenkin_Lloyd_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jenkin Lloyd Jones (page inexistante)">Jenkin Lloyd Jones</a>, et Swami <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vivekananda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-167">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">R. Amerio, <i>Iota unum : étude des variations de l'Église catholique au <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</i>, Nouvelles éditions latines, 1987, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 452.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-168">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chenaux2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Chenaux2012"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippe_Chenaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippe Chenaux">Philippe Chenaux</a>, <cite class="italique">Le Temps de Vatican II. Une introduction à l'histoire du concile</cite>, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, <time>2012</time>, 227 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-220-06478-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-220-06478-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-220-06478-9</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 134<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Temps+de+Vatican+II.+Une+introduction+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+du+concile&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Descl%C3%A9e+de+Brouwer&rft.aulast=Chenaux&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=134&rft.tpages=227&rft.isbn=978-2-220-06478-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-169">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chiron2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Chiron2011"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yves_Chiron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yves Chiron">Yves Chiron</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire des conciles</cite>, Perrin, <time>2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 266<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+conciles&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.aulast=Chiron&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Quenum2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alphonse_Quenum2008">Alphonse Quenum, <cite class="italique">Les Églises chrétiennes et la traite atlantique du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Karthala éditions, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1994_num_86_1_1443_t1_0303_0000_3">présentation en ligne</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.fr/books?id%3DPpTrwZn36OAC%26pg%3DPA73">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">72-73</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%89glises+chr%C3%A9tiennes+et+la+traite+atlantique+du+XVe+au+XIXe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%A9ditions&rft.aulast=Quenum&rft.aufirst=Alphonse&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=72-73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peña-Ruiz1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Peña-Ruiz1998"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Peña-Ruiz">Henri Peña-Ruiz</a>, <cite class="italique">La Laïcité</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Dominos », <time>1998</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">36-37</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a-Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=36-37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-islam34-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-islam34_172-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="UrvoyTroupeau_(dir)2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dominique_UrvoyGérard_Troupeau_(dir)2009">Dominique Urvoy et Gérard Troupeau (dir), <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, « Premières controverses théologiques », <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">34-35</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=Premi%C3%A8res+controverses+th%C3%A9ologiques&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.aulast=Urvoy&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Troupeau+%28dir%29&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=34-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Huma-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Huma_173-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2010">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.humanite.fr/12_11_2010-comment-le-christianisme-est-devenu-une-vaste-machine-de-coercition-457587"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Comment le christianisme est devenu une vaste machine de coercition</cite></a> », <i>L'Humanité</i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-11-13" data-sort-value="2010-11-13">13 novembre 2010</time></span> Extrait du livre <i>La Religion des seigneurs</i>, d’Éric Stemmelen <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84186-543-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84186-543-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84186-543-7</span></a>)</small>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Références_bibliques"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences_bibliques"></span>Références bibliques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références bibliques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_Segond_1910/Actes_des_Ap%25C3%25B4tres%23Actes_des_Ap%25C3%25B4tres_11" class="extiw" title="s:Bible Segond 1910/Actes des Apôtres">Ac 11,26</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_Segond_1910/%25C3%2589vangile_selon_Matthieu%23Matthieu_10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible Segond 1910/Évangile selon Matthieu">Mt 10,6</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_Segond_1910/%25C3%2589vangile_selon_Matthieu%23Matthieu_28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible Segond 1910/Évangile selon Matthieu">Mt 28,19</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Catéchisme_et_encycliques"><span id="Cat.C3.A9chisme_et_encycliques"></span>Catéchisme et encycliques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Catéchisme et encycliques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9chisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catéchisme">Catéchisme</a> de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a></i>, Centurion/Cerf/Fleurus-Mame/Librairie éditrice vaticane, Paris, 1998, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 58.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Benoit XVI, <i>Dieu est Amour.</i> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lettre_encyclique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lettre encyclique">Lettre encyclique</a> <i>Deus caritas est</i>, Pierre Tequi, Paris, 2006, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 3.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><cite class="italique">Eusèbe, Histoire Ecclésiastique 3, 5, 3; Épiphane, Panarion 29, 7, 7 ; 30, 2, 7 ; De Mensuris et Ponderibus 15.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eus%C3%A8be%2C+Histoire+Eccl%C3%A9siastique+3%2C+5%2C+3%3B+%C3%89piphane%2C+Panarion+29%2C+7%2C+7+%3B+30%2C+2%2C+7+%3B+De+Mensuris+et+Ponderibus+15.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dès <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/301?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="301">301</a> (ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/314?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="314">314</a>) l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arménie">Arménie</a> s'était convertie au christianisme. Ainsi, ce pays devint le premier État officiellement chrétien, avant même l'Empire romain.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbole_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Comparaison_entre_le_texte_de_325_et_celui_de_381" title="Symbole de Nicée">Différences entre les textes de 325 et 381</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Tordesillas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Tordesillas">traité de Tordesillas</a>, signé le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1494-06-16" data-sort-value="1494-06-16">7 juin 1494</time> institue une ligne de partage qui passe à cent lieues à l'ouest des Açores.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">101 milliions en Russie et 36 en Éthiopie.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Derniers mots du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbole_de_Nic%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbole de Nicée">Symbole de Nicée</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/christianisme" class="extiw" title="wikt:christianisme">christianisme</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Christianisme" class="extiw" title="v:Christianisme">Christianisme</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:Christianisme" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:Christianisme">Christianisme</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> <li class="wikiquote"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christianisme" class="extiw" title="q:Christianisme">Christianisme</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiquote</span></span></li> <li class="wikinews"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:Christianisme" class="extiw" title="n:Catégorie:Christianisme">Christianisme</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikinews</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"> Une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Christianisme">Christianisme</a></i>. </div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> : document utilisé comme source pour la rédaction de cet article.</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pascal-Rapha%C3%ABl_Ambrogi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pascal-Raphaël Ambrogi">Pascal-Raphaël Ambrogi</a>, <i>Dictionnaire culturel du christianisme</i>, éditions Honoré Champion, Paris, 2021, 1040 p.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie-Fran%C3%A7oise_Baslez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie-Françoise Baslez">Marie-Françoise Baslez</a>, <i>Comment notre monde est devenu chrétien</i>, Paris, éd. CLD, 2009</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Chavot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Chavot">Pierre Chavot</a>, <i>Le Dictionnaire de Dieu - 620 mots pour connaître et comprendre le judaïsme, le christianisme et l'islam</i>, Dervy, 2023.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._S._Lewis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, <i>Les Fondements du christianisme</i>, La Ligue 2006 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-85031-311-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-85031-311-4"><span class="nowrap">2-85031-311-4</span></a>)</small></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Pasqua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hervé Pasqua">Hervé Pasqua</a>, <i>Qu'est-ce que le christianisme ?</i>, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 2004.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">Jaroslav Pelikan</a> <i>À qui appartient la Bible ? Le livre des livres à travers les âges</i>, La Table Ronde, coll. Religions, 2005</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Pinckaers2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Servais_Pinckaers2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servais_Pinckaers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Servais Pinckaers">Servais Pinckaers</a>, <cite class="italique">Les sources de la morale chrétienne : sa méthode, son contenu, son histoire</cite>, Cerf, <time>2007</time>, 529 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-204-08369-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-204-08369-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-204-08369-0</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sources+de+la+morale+chr%C3%A9tienne&rft.pub=Cerf&rft.stitle=sa+m%C3%A9thode%2C+son+contenu%2C+son+histoire&rft.aulast=Pinckaers&rft.aufirst=Servais&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=529&rft.isbn=978-2-204-08369-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span> <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Collectif2009">Collectif (<abbr class="abbr" title="directeur de publication">dir.</abbr>), <cite class="italique">Chrétiens face à l'Islam : premiers temps, premières controverses</cite>, Paris, Bayard, <time>2009</time>, 206 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-227-47832-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-227-47832-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-227-47832-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chr%C3%A9tiens+face+%C3%A0+l%27Islam&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Bayard&rft.stitle=premiers+temps%2C+premi%C3%A8res+controverses&rft.au=Collectif&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=206&rft.isbn=978-2-227-47832-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span> <span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Rouche2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Rouche2007"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Rouche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Rouche">Michel Rouche</a>, <cite class="italique">Les Origines du christianisme : 30-451</cite>, Paris, Hachette, <time>2007</time>, 208 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-145755-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-145755-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-145755-4</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Origines+du+christianisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.stitle=30-451&rft.aulast=Rouche&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=208&rft.isbn=978-2-01-145755-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AChristianisme"></span></span></span><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" data-alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Sachot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Sachot">Maurice Sachot</a>, <i>L'Invention du Christ. Genèse d'une religion</i>, Éditions Odile Jacob, « Le champ médiologique », 1998.</li> <li>Maurice Sachot, <i>Quand le christianisme a changé le monde : La subversion chrétienne du monde antique</i>, Éditions Odile Jacob, 2007.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Veyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Veyne">Paul Veyne</a>, <i>Quand notre monde est devenu chrétien (312-394)</i>, Albin Michel, Paris, 2007. Bibliothèque des idées.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christianisme&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dieu">Dieu</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Christian literature"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Christian literature »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique chrétienne">Musique chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_du_christianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Critique du christianisme">Critique du christianisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mythologie_chr%C3%A9tienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mythologie chrétienne">Mythologie chrétienne</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianisme_par_pays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianisme par pays">Christianisme par pays</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occident_chr%C3%A9tien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occident chrétien">Occident chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tats_chr%C3%A9tiens&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="États chrétiens (page inexistante)">États chrétiens</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_state" class="extiw" title="en:Christian state"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Christian state »">(en)</span></a> (États où la/une religion chrétienne est officielle, ou d'État)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominionisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominionisme">Dominionisme</a>, <a 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class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="GF38storic" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1732492783"> <span>Dernière modification le 25 novembre 2024, à 00:59</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D2%259B%25D1%258C%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Ақьырсианра – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақьырсианра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Чыристан дин – adyguéen" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чыристан дин" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyguéen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum" title="Christentum – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D2%25A5" title="Христиан јаҥ – altaï du Sud" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Христиан јаҥ" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="altaï du Sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%2589%25B5%25E1%258A%2593" title="ክርስትና – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክርስትና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C4%25ABstend%25C5%258Dm" title="Crīstendōm – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Crīstendōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristien" title="Kiristien – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kiristien" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="المسيحية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A1%25DC%25AB%25DC%259D%25DC%259A%25DC%259D%25DC%2598%25DC%25AC%25DC%2590" title="ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="مسيحية – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مسيحية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="مسيحيه – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8_%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খ্ৰীষ্টান ধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismu" title="Cristianismu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cristianismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25B1_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Насранияб дин – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Насранияб дин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristeva" title="Kristeva – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kristeva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristianl%25C4%25B1q" title="Xristianlıq – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مسیحیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%25A1" title="Христианлыҡ – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Христианлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Kristen" title="Agama Kristen – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Agama Kristen" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristndum" title="Kristndum – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kristndum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C4%2597k%25C5%25A1tiuon%25C4%25ABb%25C4%2597" title="Krėkštiuonībė – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Krėkštiuonībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – batak toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="batak toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismo" title="Kristianismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kristianismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Хрысціянства – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Хрысьціянства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрысьціянства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Християнство – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Християнство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaniti" title="Kristaniti – bichelamar" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kristaniti" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bichelamar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karistin" title="Karistin – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Karistin" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2582%258F" title="ခရိယာန်ႏဘာႏသာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိယာန်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2596%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE" title="খ্রিস্টধর্ম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A1%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A4%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡེ་ཤུའི་ཆོས་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristeniezh" title="Kristeniezh – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kristeniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstvo" title="Kršćanstvo – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karisten" title="Karisten – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Karisten" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Христосой шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Христосой шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C4%25AD-d%25C3%25B3k-g%25C3%25A1u" title="Gĭ-dók-gáu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭ-dók-gáu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Насаралла – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Насаралла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA" title="مەسیحییەت – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەسیحییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisimu" title="Cristianisimu – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cristianisimu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianl%25C4%25B1q" title="Hristianlıq – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C5%2599es%25C5%25A5anstv%25C3%25AD" title="Křesťanství – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D1%2597%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Хрїстїаньство – slavon d’église" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Хрїстїаньство" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavon d’église" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25C4%2583%25D1%2585" title="Христианлăх – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Христианлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristnogaeth" title="Cristnogaeth – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cristnogaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristatali" title="Kristatali – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kristatali" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum" title="Christentum – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25ABr%25C3%25ABth%25C3%25A4nu%25C9%2594%25C9%2594i" title="Kërëthänuɔɔi – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kërëthänuɔɔi" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%25C4%25B1ristiyaniye" title="Xıristiyaniye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xıristiyaniye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C5%259Bes%25C4%2587ija%25C5%2584stwo" title="Kśesćijaństwo – bas-sorabe" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kśesćijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="bas-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Kristian" title="Agama Kristian – dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Agama Kristian" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2590%25DE%25A9%25DE%2580%25DE%25A9%25DE%258B%25DE%25A9%25DE%2582%25DE%25B0" title="މަސީހީދީން – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަސީހީދީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25BC%25CF%258C%25CF%2582" title="Χριστιανισμός – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Christianity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanismo" title="Kristanismo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristlus" title="Kristlus – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristautasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismu" title="Cristianismu – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cristianismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مسیحیت – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristanci" title="Kiristanci – peul" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Kiristanci" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="peul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko" title="Kristinusko – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristiusk" title="Ristiusk – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ristiusk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristind%25C3%25B3mur" title="Kristindómur – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kristindómur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krastendoom" title="Krastendoom – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krastendoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesim" title="Cristianesim – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cristianesim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chr%25C3%25ADosta%25C3%25ADocht" title="An Chríostaíocht – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chríostaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianl%25C4%25B1k" title="Hristianlık – gagaouze" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Hristianlık" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaouze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="基督教 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristyanism" title="Kristyanism – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kristyanism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%25C3%25ACosdaidheachd" title="Crìosdaidheachd – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Crìosdaidheachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesu_rape" title="Hesu rape – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesu rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanvponn" title="Kristanvponn – konkani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Kristanvponn" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="konkani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%2596%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AB%2580_%25E0%25AA%25A7%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE" title="ખ્રિસ્તી ધર્મ – goudjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખ્રિસ્તી ધર્મ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="goudjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chreestiaght" title="Yn Chreestiaght – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chreestiaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristanci" title="Kiristanci – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kiristanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25AE-tuk-kau" title="Kî-tuk-kau – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kî-tuk-kau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA" title="נצרות – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isai_Dharam" title="Isai Dharam – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Isai Dharam" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstvo" title="Kršćanstvo – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C5%2599es%25C4%2587anstwo" title="Křesćanstwo – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Křesćanstwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisyanis" title="Krisyanis – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Krisyanis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%25C3%25A9nys%25C3%25A9g" title="Kereszténység – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Քրիստոնեություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A7%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25AB%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Քրիստոնէութիւն – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քրիստոնէութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianismo" title="Christianismo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Christianismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kristian" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan" title="Kekristenan – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efefe_Kra%25E1%25BB%258Bst" title="Efefe Kraịst – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Efefe Kraịst" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukpiqtuaq" title="Ukpiqtuaq – inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ukpiqtuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianidad" title="Kristianidad – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kristianidad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2596%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8" title="ЖӀаргахой ди – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаргахой ди" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanismo" title="Kristanismo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kristanismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AD%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2583%2588%25E6%2595%2599" title="キリスト教 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キリスト教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianiti" title="Kristianiti – créole jamaïcain" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kristianiti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="créole jamaïcain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xi%2527ojda" title="xi'ojda – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xi'ojda" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="ქრისტიანობა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტიანობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamasi%25E1%25B8%25A5it" title="Tamasiḥit – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamasiḥit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B3%25D1%258A%25D1%258D" title="Чыристэныгъэ – kabarde" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Чыристэныгъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C9%25A9stiyaniism" title="Krɩstiyaniism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krɩstiyaniism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwikristi" title="Khwikristi – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwikristi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyesu" title="Kiyesu – kikongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kiyesu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kikongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%25A8kristiano" title="Ũkristiano – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkristiano" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D2%259B" title="Христиандық – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Христиандық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%25B6" title="គ្រិស្តសាសនា – khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គ្រិស្តសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%2588%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A4_%25E0%25B2%25A7%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE" title="ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೈಸ್ತ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B8%25B0%25EB%258F%2585%25EA%25B5%2590" title="기독교 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A" title="Христианлыкъ – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Христианлыкъ" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25DB%258C%25D9%2596%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B2%25DB%258C%25D9%2590%25DB%258C%25D9%258E%25D8%25AA%25DA%25BE" title="عیٖسٲیِیَتھ – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عیٖسٲیِیَتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiristiyan%25C3%25AE" title="Xiristiyanî – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xiristiyanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoneth" title="Kristoneth – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kristoneth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Машаякчылык – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Машаякчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Christiana" title="Religio Christiana – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religio Christiana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianizmo" title="Kristianizmo – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kristianizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%25C3%25ABschtentum" title="Chrëschtentum – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chrëschtentum" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Ххачпарас дин – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ххачпарас дин" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Хашпара дин – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Хашпара дин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christend%25C3%25B3m" title="Christendóm – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Christendóm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestian%25C3%25AAximo" title="Crestianêximo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Crestianêximo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianejim" title="Cristianejim – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cristianejim" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesim" title="Cristianesim – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cristianesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokl%25C3%25ADsto" title="Boklísto – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boklísto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%2584%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BA%2595%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%259C%25E0%25BA%25B2" title="ຄິດຕະສາສະໜາ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສາສະໜາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dionyb%25C4%2597" title="Krikščionybė – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krikščionybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiet%25C4%25ABba" title="Kristietība – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristietība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ईसाई धर्म – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ईसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8" title="Кристозши – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кристозши" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma" title="Kristianisma – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Христианлык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Христианлык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakapono_Karaitiana" title="Whakapono Karaitiana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whakapono Karaitiana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen" title="Kristen – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kristen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Христијанство – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Христијанство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ക്രിസ്തുമതം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്തുമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582_%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B3%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Христ итгэл – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Христ итгэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ခရေတ်ယာန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ခရေတ်ယာန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2596%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="ख्रिश्चन धर्म – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ख्रिश्चन धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian" title="Kristian – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristjane%25C5%25BCmu" title="Kristjaneżmu – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kristjaneżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristandade" title="Cristandade – mirandais" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cristandade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC" title="ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရစ်ယာန်ဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8" title="Кристаньчи – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кристаньчи" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="مسیحی دین – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مسیحی دین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianoyotl" title="Cristianoyotl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cristianoyotl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestianesemo" title="Crestianesemo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Crestianesemo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE" title="इसाई धर्म – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इसाई धर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banua_Niha_Keriso" title="Banua Niha Keriso – niha" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Banua Niha Keriso" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="niha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendommen" title="Kristendommen – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristendommen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristanisme" title="Kristanisme – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kristanisme" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258C%25DF%259B%25DF%259F%25DF%258A%25DF%259E%25DF%25A6%25DF%258A" title="ߌߛߟߊߞߦߊ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߛߟߊߞߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%25C3%25AAtchiennet%25C3%25A9" title="Chrêtchienneté – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chrêtchienneté" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekriste" title="Sekriste – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sekriste" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristianskoi_usko" title="Hristianskoi usko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hristianskoi usko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristaanummaa" title="Kiristaanummaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kiristaanummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%2596%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%2580%25E0%25AC%25B7%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%259F_%25E0%25AC%25A7%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE" title="ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଧର୍ମ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଖ୍ରୀଷ୍ଟ ଧର୍ମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A7%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD" title="Чырыстон дин – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чырыстон дин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2587%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2588_%25E0%25A8%25A7%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE" title="ਇਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਾਈ ਧਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismu" title="Kristianismu – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kristianismu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianismo" title="Kristianismo – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kristianismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiannime" title="Cristiannime – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cristiannime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreschenitii" title="Kreschenitii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kreschenitii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%25C5%259Bcija%25C5%2584stwo" title="Chrześcijaństwo – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%25C3%25A9sim" title="Cristianésim – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cristianésim" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مسیحیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA" title="مسيحيت – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسيحيت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo" title="Cristianismo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiristuyuyay_i%25C3%25B1iy" title="Kiristuyuyay iñiy – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kiristuyuyay iñiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianissem" title="Cristianissem – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cristianissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%25C8%2599tinism" title="Creștinism – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%25C8%2599tinismu" title="Criștinismu – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Criștinismu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Христианство – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Хрістіанство – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хрістіанство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubukirisitu" title="Ubukirisitu – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubukirisitu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D" title="क्रैस्तमतम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्रैस्तमतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Христианство – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Христианство" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25AD_%25E1%25B1%25AB%25E1%25B1%25B7%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%259A%25E1%25B1%25A2" title="ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%25C3%25A8simu" title="Cristianèsimu – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cristianèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%25C3%25A8simu" title="Cristianèsimu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cristianèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Christianity" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25AA" title="عيسائيت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عيسائيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risttala%25C5%25A1vuohta" title="Risttalašvuohta – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Risttalašvuohta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hri%25C5%25A1%25C4%2587anstvo" title="Hrišćanstvo – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hrišćanstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2581%25B6%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2589" title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၶရိတ်ႉ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇသၼႃႇၶရိတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592_%25E0%25B6%2586%25E0%25B6%259C%25E0%25B6%25B8" title="ක්රිස්තියානි ආගම – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්රිස්තියානි ආගම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christianity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%25C5%25A5anstvo" title="Kresťanstvo – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مسیحیت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Danstvo" title="Krščanstvo – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krščanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerisiano" title="Kerisiano – samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kerisiano" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitendero_chechiKristu" title="Chitendero chechiKristu – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitendero chechiKristu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masiixiyad" title="Masiixiyad – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Masiixiyad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisht%25C3%25ABrimi" title="Krishtërimi – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Krishtërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D1%259B%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Хришћанство – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhristu" title="Bukhristu – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bukhristu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendum" title="Kristendum – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kristendum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%25C3%25A9sten" title="Karésten – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karésten" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recommandé"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukristo" title="Ukristo – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukristo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krze%25C5%259Bcij%25C5%258D%25C5%2584stwo" title="Krześcijōństwo – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krześcijōństwo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B1%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D" title="கிறிஸ்தவம் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறிஸ்தவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B6%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25A7%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE" title="ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮ – toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಶ್ಚಿಯನ್ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259A%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2594%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2591%25E1%25A5%25A3_%25E1%25A5%2598%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%2596%25E1%25A5%25B3_%25E1%25A5%2595%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25A2%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣ ᥘᥤᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥢᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣ ᥘᥤᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥢᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2588%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25B5_%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%2582" title="క్రైస్తవ మతం – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్రైస్తవ మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D2%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2582" title="Масеҳият – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Масеҳият" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ศาสนาคริสต์ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาคริสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%2589%25B5%25E1%258A%2593" title="ክርስትና – tigrigna" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ክርስትና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrigna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristiyanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacp%25C9%2599r%25C9%2599st%25C9%2599ti" title="Xacpərəstəti – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xacpərəstəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekeresete" title="Sekeresete – tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Sekeresete" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotu_Kristen" title="Lotu Kristen – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lotu Kristen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyanl%25C4%25B1k" title="Hristiyanlık – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyanlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukreste" title="Vukreste – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vukreste" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Христианлык – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Христианлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristosom" title="Kristosom – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kristosom" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2589%25D9%2586%25D9%2589" title="خرىستىئان دىنى – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خرىستىئان دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Християнство – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25AD%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مسیحیت – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xristianlik" title="Xristianlik – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xristianlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité, bon article, article recommandé"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%25C3%25A8zemo" title="Cristianèzemo – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cristianèzemo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristanuskond" title="Hristanuskond – vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hristanuskond" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%25C3%25B4_gi%25C3%25A1o" title="Kitô giáo – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kitô giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christndom" title="Christndom – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Christndom" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krit" title="Krit – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Krit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustinnisse" title="Crustinnisse – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Crustinnisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristohanon" title="Kristohanon – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kristohanon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599" title="基督宗教 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督宗教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590" title="ქირსიანობა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქირსიანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%259D" title="קריסטנטום – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטנטום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25BA%25B8%25CC%2580s%25C3%25ACn_Kr%25C3%25ADst%25C3%25AC" title="Ẹ̀sìn Krístì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀sìn Krístì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geidoekgauq" title="Geidoekgauq – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Geidoekgauq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissendom" title="Chrissendom – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Chrissendom" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B5%259C%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%2599%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%2583%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%259C" title="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ – amazighe standard marocain" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazighe standard marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="基督教 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="基督教 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-tok-k%25C3%25A0u" title="Ki-tok-kàu – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-tok-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259F%25BA%25E7%259D%25A3%25E6%2595%2599" title="基督教 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基督教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 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