CINXE.COM

Écrivain — Wikipédia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Écrivain — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"99db53ac-d687-4dfd-adce-5cb1c1e6b961","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Écrivain","wgTitle":"Écrivain","wgCurRevisionId":219907522,"wgRevisionId":219907522,"wgArticleId":6966,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata","Page utilisant un modèle Bases inactif","Page utilisant P1417","Page utilisant P5019","Page utilisant P8313","Page utilisant P1296","Page pointant vers des bases externes","Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes","Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité","Portail:Travail et métiers/Articles liés","Portail:Économie/Articles liés","Portail:Société/Articles liés", "Portail:Littérature/Articles liés","Écrivain","Métier de la culture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Écrivain","wgRelevantArticleId":6966,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36180","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Scriptorium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Scriptorium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="960"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Écrivain — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89crivain"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89crivain"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Écrivain rootpage-Écrivain skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l&#039;apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&amp;returnto=%C3%89crivain" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=%C3%89crivain" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&amp;returnto=%C3%89crivain" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&amp;returnto=%C3%89crivain" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-L&#039;écrivain_dans_l&#039;histoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L&#039;écrivain_dans_l&#039;histoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>L'écrivain dans l'histoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L&#039;écrivain_dans_l&#039;histoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section L'écrivain dans l'histoire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L&#039;écrivain_dans_l&#039;histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Premiers_écrivains,_descendants_des_scribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premiers_écrivains,_descendants_des_scribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Premiers écrivains, descendants des scribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premiers_écrivains,_descendants_des_scribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_siècles,_écrivains_contre_auteurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_siècles,_écrivains_contre_auteurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aux <span>XVII</span><sup>e</sup> et <span>XVIII</span><sup>e</sup> siècles, écrivains contre auteurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_siècles,_écrivains_contre_auteurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Au_XIXe_siècle,_le_sacre_des_écrivains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Au_XIXe_siècle,_le_sacre_des_écrivains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Au <span>XIX</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, le sacre des écrivains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Au_XIXe_siècle,_le_sacre_des_écrivains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Au_XXIe_siècle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Au_XXIe_siècle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Au <span>XXI</span><sup>e</sup> siècle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Au_XXIe_siècle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyponymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyponymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hyponymes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyponymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Listes_d&#039;écrivains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Listes_d&#039;écrivains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Listes d'écrivains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Listes_d&#039;écrivains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Écrivain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 147 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrywer" title="Skrywer – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skrywer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteller" title="Schriftsteller – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schriftsteller" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%B8%E1%88%93%E1%8D%8A" title="ጸሓፊ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጸሓፊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81)" title="كاتب (مؤلف) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتب (مؤلف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8" title="كاتب – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95" title="লেখক – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লেখক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хъвадарухъан – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвадарухъан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqiri" title="Qillqiri – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqiri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1%C3%A7%C4%B1" title="Yazıçı – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazıçı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="یازیچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازیچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%99%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Әҙип – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әҙип" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteja" title="Schriftsteja – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schriftsteja" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasurat" title="Parasurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Parasurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Пісьменнік – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Літаратар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Писател – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulis" title="Panulis – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Panulis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95" title="লেখক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেখক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩོམ་པ་པོ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩོམ་པ་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivagner" title="Skrivagner – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skrivagner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escriptor" title="Escriptor – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escriptor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Йаздархо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йаздархо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magsusulat" title="Magsusulat – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Magsusulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1" title="نووسەر – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نووسەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovatel" title="Spisovatel – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spisovatel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Çыравçă – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çыравçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenor" title="Llenor – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenor" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftsteller" title="Schriftsteller – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schriftsteller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C5%9Ftekar" title="Nuştekar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nuştekar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Συγγραφέας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συγγραφέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" title="Writer – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkisto" title="Verkisto – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verkisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjanik" title="Kirjanik – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjanik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazle" title="Idazle – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="نویسنده – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjailija" title="Kirjailija – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjailija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A4nik" title="Kiränik – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kiränik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88criven" title="Ècriven – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ècriven" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrit%C3%B4r" title="Scritôr – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Scritôr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriuwer" title="Skriuwer – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skriuwer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scr%C3%ADbhneoir" title="Scríbhneoir – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scríbhneoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%C3%A8-pal%C3%B2" title="Markè-palò – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Markè-palò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgr%C3%ACobhadair" title="Sgrìobhadair – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sgrìobhadair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor,_escritora" title="Escritor, escritora – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escritor, escritora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screeudeyr" title="Screeudeyr – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Screeudeyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marubuci" title="Marubuci – haoussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Marubuci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haoussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="סופר – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekriven" title="Ekriven – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekriven" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%B3" title="Író – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Író" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Գրող – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A7%D5%BF" title="Գրագէտ – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրագէտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptor" title="Scriptor – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Scriptor" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis" title="Penulis – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannurat" title="Mannurat – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mannurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Йоазонхо – ingouche" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазонхо" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingouche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rith%C3%B6fundur" title="Rithöfundur – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rithöfundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrittore" title="Scrittore – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scrittore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="著作家 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="著作家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/finci%27a" title="finci&#039;a – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="finci&#039;a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulis" title="Panulis – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Panulis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მწერალი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მწერალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaz%C4%B1wsh%C4%B1" title="Jazıwshı – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jazıwshı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaru" title="Amaru – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amaru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Жазушы – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазушы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%88%A0%EA%B0%80" title="저술가 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저술가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%90%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%A0" title="لِکھٲرؠ – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لِکھٲرؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niv%C3%AEskar" title="Nivîskar – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nivîskar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptor" title="Scriptor – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scriptor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABftsteller" title="Schrëftsteller – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëftsteller" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjriever" title="Sjriever – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjriever" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrit%C3%ABur" title="Scritëur – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritëur" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritur" title="Scritur – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scritur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokomi" title="Mokomi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokomi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ytojas" title="Rašytojas – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašytojas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakstnieks" title="Rakstnieks – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstnieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сёрмадысь – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сёрмадысь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Серызе – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Серызе" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panulih" title="Panulih – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panulih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Писател – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писател" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penulis" title="Penulis – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penulis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittieb" title="Kittieb – maltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kittieb" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="စာရေးဆရာ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာရေးဆရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="بنویشت‌کر – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بنویشت‌کر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtlahcuiloh" title="Amoxtlahcuiloh – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtlahcuiloh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriever" title="Schriever – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schriever" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%95" title="लेखक – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेखक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrijver" title="Schrijver – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrijver" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribent_(beskjeftigelse)" title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse) – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrivan" title="Escrivan – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escrivan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjuttai" title="Kirjuttai – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjuttai" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਖਾਰੀ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਖਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisarz" title="Pisarz – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pisarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritor" title="Scritor – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Scritor" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لکھاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لکھاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ليکوال – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليکوال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritor" title="Escritor – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqaq" title="Qillqaq – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriitor" title="Scriitor – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scriitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Писатель – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Писатель" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Писатель – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Писатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Писатель – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Писатель" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="साहित्यकारः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="साहित्यकारः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Суруйааччы – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суруйааччы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscritore" title="Iscritore – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscritore" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" title="Writer – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%DA%AA" title="ليکڪ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليکڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisac" title="Pisac – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pisac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="ලේඛකයා – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලේඛකයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer" title="Writer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisovate%C4%BE" title="Spisovateľ – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spisovateľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisatelj" title="Pisatelj – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisatelj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munyori" title="Munyori – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munyori" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraa" title="Qoraa – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qoraa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrimtari" title="Shkrimtari – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrimtari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Писац – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rfattare_(yrke)" title="Författare (yrke) – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Författare (yrke)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisorz" title="Pisorz – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pisorz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="எழுத்தாளர் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்தாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4" title="రచయిత – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రచయిత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нависанда – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нависанда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="นักเขียน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manunulat" title="Manunulat – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manunulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazar" title="Yazar – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsari" title="Mutsari – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mutsari" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Язучы – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язучы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Чогаалчы – touvain" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чогаалчы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="touvain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Письменник – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Письменник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%81" title="مصنف – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مصنف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuvchi" title="Yozuvchi – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuvchi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%C4%83n" title="Nhà văn – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrijheu" title="Scrijheu – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scrijheu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manunurat" title="Manunurat – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manunurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="作家" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="ჭარუ – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="שרייבער – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שרייבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="作家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chok-ka" title="Chok-ka – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chok-ka" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="作家 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="作家" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbhali" title="Umbhali – zoulou" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbhali" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zoulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89crivain" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:%C3%89crivain" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89crivain"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89crivain"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/%C3%89crivain" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/%C3%89crivain" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;oldid=219907522" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=%C3%89crivain&amp;id=219907522&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%2589crivain"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25C3%2589crivain"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%C3%89crivain"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikinews.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Personnalit%C3%A9_de_la_litt%C3%A9rature" hreflang="fr"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C3%89crivain" hreflang="fr"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36180" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Scriptorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Scriptorium.jpg/150px-Scriptorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Scriptorium.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Moine travaillant dans un <i><a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>écrivain</b>, ou une <b>écrivain</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, est, à l'origine, une personne qui est habile dans l'art d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture" title="Écriture">écrire</a> ou qui en fait son métier (le <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_%C3%A9crivain" title="Maître écrivain">maître écrivain</a>). Par la suite, le terme a désigné l'auteur d'<a href="/wiki/Livre_(document)" title="Livre (document)">ouvrages</a> <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">littéraires</a>, également désigné par l'expression «&#160;homme de lettres&#160;» ou «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Femme_de_lettres" title="Femme de lettres">femme de lettres</a>&#160;». Cette signification est devenue principale de nos jours. Dans la suite de cet article, le mot «&#160;écrivain&#160;» est utilisé pour désigner toute personne qui exerce ce <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tier_(activit%C3%A9)" title="Métier (activité)">métier</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'écrivain_dans_l'histoire"><span id="L.27.C3.A9crivain_dans_l.27histoire"></span>L'écrivain dans l'histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : L&#039;écrivain dans l&#039;histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L&#039;écrivain dans l&#039;histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premiers_écrivains,_descendants_des_scribes"><span id="Premiers_.C3.A9crivains.2C_descendants_des_scribes"></span>Premiers écrivains, descendants des scribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Premiers écrivains, descendants des scribes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Premiers écrivains, descendants des scribes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie" title="Étymologie">Étymologiquement</a>, l'<i>escrivein</i> qui apparaît au <a href="/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a> est le descendant direct du <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>. Il en est de même de sa fonction, qui consiste à mettre par écrit ou recopier ce que d'autres veulent transmettre. Au début du <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a> le définit aussi comme un <span class="citation">«&#160;scribe de sa propre production&#160;»</span>, et dans la seconde partie du <abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, l'écrivain est aussi compris comme celui qui compose des livres<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_siècles,_écrivains_contre_auteurs"><span id="Aux_XVIIe_et_XVIIIe_si.C3.A8cles.2C_.C3.A9crivains_contre_auteurs"></span>Aux <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#32;et&#32;<abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècles, écrivains contre auteurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, écrivains contre auteurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, écrivains contre auteurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, les personnes qualifiées d'«&#160;<span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Auteurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteurs">auteurs</a></span>&#160;» ne sont plus considérées comme les producteurs originaux d'écrits, mais plus des personnes exerçant une autorité morale, et sources de savoir qu'il faut respecter. Dans le même temps, se développent les œuvres dont les qualités jugées importantes sont <span class="citation">«&#160;le bel esprit&#160;»</span>, et les qualités esthétiques. Les rédacteurs de ces œuvres peuvent difficilement alors être qualifiés d'auteurs, et progressivement, ils sont désignés par le mot «&#160;écrivain&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le statut social contemporain d'écrivain, désignés plus couramment comme hommes de lettres, <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage est confus." style="cursor:help;">se dégage</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Style_encyclop%C3%A9dique#Clair" title="Wikipédia:Style encyclopédique">[pas&#160;clair]</a></sup> au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle avec le rayonnement des <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res_(philosophie)" title="Lumières (philosophie)">philosophes des Lumières</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <span class="citation">«&#160;à l'époque où s'accroît le prestige de l'individu qui expose sa subjectivité et qui met ses capacités d'intellect et d'écriture au service de l'opinion publique&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>À cette époque, le souhait des auteurs de vivre de leur œuvre, confronté aux nouveaux défis techniques de l'édition, met en relief l'originalité et la propriété du travail de l'esprit. Le manuscrit autographe devient la preuve d'une telle activité, donc des droits correspondants. Des écrivains se mettent à réfléchir sur la notion d'<a href="/wiki/%C5%92uvre" title="Œuvre">œuvre</a> de leur vie, et être archivistes d'eux-mêmes, par la conservation de leurs manuscrits. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> est un précurseur de ce mouvement, et <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, puis Borges, entre autres, se sont souciés de ce qu'était le corpus de leur œuvre. Ce corpus peut également être établi par une autre personne que l'écrivain, après sa mort, par exemple, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Malone" title="Edmond Malone">Edmond Malone</a>, pour <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, fut le premier à vouloir relater la vie d'un écrivain en correspondance avec son œuvre<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En corollaire, la notion de «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur" title="Droit d&#39;auteur">droit d'auteur</a>&#160;» apparaît elle aussi au <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, d'abord dans le domaine de la musique, en particulier avec le cas de <a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haendel" title="Georg Friedrich Haendel">Haendel</a> qui revendique une rémunération pour les interprétations publiques de son œuvre <i><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Le Messie</a></i>. Le concept s'étend alors aux autres domaines de la création artistique, dont la littérature. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>, en 1755, s'indigne dans sa <i><a href="/wiki/Lettre_%C3%A0_Chesterfield" title="Lettre à Chesterfield">Lettre à Chesterfield</a></i> de n'avoir pratiquement pas reçu de rétribution pour son <i>Dictionnaire</i>. En France, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Augustin_Caron_de_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a> fonde la première société d'auteurs en 1777. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Au_XIXe_siècle,_le_sacre_des_écrivains"><span id="Au_XIXe_si.C3.A8cle.2C_le_sacre_des_.C3.A9crivains"></span>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle, le sacre des écrivains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Au XIXe siècle, le sacre des écrivains" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Au XIXe siècle, le sacre des écrivains"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Si le <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle voit l'avènement d'un corps de citoyens reconnus pour leur statut d'écrivain, leur consécration a lieu selon <a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> après la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Révolution française">Révolution</a>, au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle qui voit l'écrivain <span class="citation">«&#160;contraint d'investir les lieux jadis réservés aux ecclésiastiques et d'assumer ainsi une autorité morale&#160;»</span>, avec notamment les <span class="citation">«&#160;<a href="/wiki/Romantisme" title="Romantisme">Romantiques</a> qui réactualisent la notion du sacré désormais vécu dans son rapport avec l'écriture&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Selon Isabelle Diu et Élisabeth Parinet, le nombre d'auteurs en France croît d'environ 3&#160;000 à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle à 15&#160;000, dont 3&#160;500 femmes de lettres en 1914, pour atteindre 40&#160;000 dans les années 1970<sup id="cite_ref-Cantier2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantier2019-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Au_XXIe_siècle"><span id="Au_XXIe_si.C3.A8cle"></span>Au <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Au XXIe siècle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Au XXIe siècle"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sont considérés comme écrivains les personnes qui pratiquent un métier relevant de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_litt%C3%A9raire" title="Écriture littéraire">écriture littéraire</a> et donc particulièrement&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li>les <a href="/wiki/Romancier" title="Romancier">romanciers</a> et romancières&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Essayiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayiste">essayistes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Nouvelliste" title="Nouvelliste">nouvellistes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%A8te" title="Poète">poètes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Fabuliste" title="Fabuliste">fabulistes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturges</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Critique_litt%C3%A9raire" title="Critique littéraire">critiques littéraires</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlétaires</a>.</li></ul> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Exemples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="François Rabelais."><img alt="François Rabelais." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG/73px-Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG/109px-Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG/145px-Rabelais_frontespizio.PNG 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean de La Fontaine."><img alt="Jean de La Fontaine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg/113px-Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg/169px-Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg/226px-Jean_de_La_Fontaine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">Jean de La Fontaine</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line_redux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline."><img alt="Louis-Ferdinand Céline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line_redux.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miguel De Cervantès."><img alt="Miguel De Cervantès." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/91px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/137px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/183px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel De Cervantès</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Villon_Francois_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="François Villon."><img alt="François Villon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Villon_Francois_2.JPG/96px-Villon_Francois_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Villon_Francois_2.JPG/144px-Villon_Francois_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Villon_Francois_2.JPG/192px-Villon_Francois_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">François Villon</a>.</center></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Christine_de_pisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christine de Pisan."><img alt="Christine de Pisan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Christine_de_pisan.jpg/87px-Christine_de_pisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Christine_de_pisan.jpg/130px-Christine_de_pisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Christine_de_pisan.jpg/174px-Christine_de_pisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine de Pisan">Christine de Pisan</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louise Labé."><img alt="Louise Labé." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg/91px-Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg/137px-Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg/183px-Pierre_Woeiriot02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lab%C3%A9" title="Louise Labé">Louise Labé</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Émilie du Châtelet."><img alt="Émilie du Châtelet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg/100px-Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg/150px-Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg/200px-Emilie_Chatelet_portrait_by_Latour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Émilie du Châtelet</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:George_Sand_by_Nadar,_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Sand."><img alt="George Sand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg/95px-George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg/142px-George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg/189px-George_Sand_by_Nadar%2C_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marguerite Audoux."><img alt="Marguerite Audoux." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg/89px-Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg/133px-Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg/178px-Marguerite_Audoux_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_20572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Audoux" title="Marguerite Audoux">Marguerite Audoux</a>.</center></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Shakespeare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Shakespeare."><img alt="William Shakespeare." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shakespeare.jpg/94px-Shakespeare.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shakespeare.jpg/140px-Shakespeare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shakespeare.jpg/187px-Shakespeare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="2489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_(1842).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honoré de Balzac."><img alt="Honoré de Balzac." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg/107px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg/160px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg/214px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Poe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edgar Allan Poe."><img alt="Edgar Allan Poe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poe.jpg/91px-Poe.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poe.jpg/136px-Poe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Poe.jpg/182px-Poe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:A_solzhenitsin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexandre Soljenitsyne."><img alt="Alexandre Soljenitsyne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_solzhenitsin1.jpg/95px-A_solzhenitsin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_solzhenitsin1.jpg/143px-A_solzhenitsin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/A_solzhenitsin1.jpg/191px-A_solzhenitsin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Soljenitsyne" title="Alexandre Soljenitsyne">Alexandre Soljenitsyne</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Victor_Hugo_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victor Hugo."><img alt="Victor Hugo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victor_Hugo_001.jpg/90px-Victor_Hugo_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victor_Hugo_001.jpg/135px-Victor_Hugo_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Victor_Hugo_001.jpg/180px-Victor_Hugo_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><center><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>.</center></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_(15)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marguerite Yourcenar."><img alt="Marguerite Yourcenar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/127px-Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Marguerite_Yourcenar-Bailleul-1982.10.04._Foto-Bernhard_De_Grendel_%2815%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar" title="Marguerite Yourcenar">Marguerite Yourcenar</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marguerite Duras."><img alt="Marguerite Duras." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg/102px-Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg/153px-Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Marguerite_Duras_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Duras" title="Marguerite Duras">Marguerite Duras</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Annie_Ernaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annie Ernaux."><img alt="Annie Ernaux." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Annie_Ernaux.jpg/120px-Annie_Ernaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Annie_Ernaux.jpg/180px-Annie_Ernaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Annie_Ernaux.jpg/240px-Annie_Ernaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Woolf."><img alt="Virginia Woolf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg/88px-George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg/132px-George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg/176px-George_Charles_Beresford_-_Virginia_Woolf_in_1902_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="3994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Manuel_-_Colette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colette."><img alt="Colette." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manuel_-_Colette.jpg/90px-Manuel_-_Colette.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manuel_-_Colette.jpg/135px-Manuel_-_Colette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Manuel_-_Colette.jpg/179px-Manuel_-_Colette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Colette" title="Colette">Colette</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Butler_signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Octavia Butler."><img alt="Octavia Butler." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Butler_signing.jpg/120px-Butler_signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Butler_signing.jpg/180px-Butler_signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Butler_signing.jpg/240px-Butler_signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1055" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia Butler</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Chip_Headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samuel Delany."><img alt="Samuel Delany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chip_Headshot.jpg/120px-Chip_Headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chip_Headshot.jpg/180px-Chip_Headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chip_Headshot.jpg/240px-Chip_Headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel Delany</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Audre_Lorde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Audre Lorde."><img alt="Audre Lorde." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Audre_Lorde.jpg/80px-Audre_Lorde.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Audre_Lorde.jpg/120px-Audre_Lorde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Audre_Lorde.jpg/160px-Audre_Lorde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mariama Bâ."><img alt="Mariama Bâ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg/90px-Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg/135px-Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg/180px-Mariama_B%C3%A2_vers_1958_Unesco_Domaine_public.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mariama_B%C3%A2" title="Mariama Bâ">Mariama Bâ</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:MaryShelley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Shelley."><img alt="Mary Shelley." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaryShelley.jpg/85px-MaryShelley.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaryShelley.jpg/128px-MaryShelley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/MaryShelley.jpg/171px-MaryShelley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Louise-Félicité de Kéralio."><img alt="Louise-Félicité de Kéralio." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png/84px-Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png/127px-Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png/169px-Louise-Felicite_de_Keralio_portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b><a href="/wiki/Louise-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_Keralio" title="Louise-Félicité de Keralio">Louise-Félicité de Kéralio</a>.</b></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Alice_Dunnigan_(13270022973).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alice Allison Dunnigan."><img alt="Alice Allison Dunnigan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg/120px-Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg/180px-Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg/240px-Alice_Dunnigan_%2813270022973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="3536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Allison_Dunnigan" title="Alice Allison Dunnigan">Alice Allison Dunnigan</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Dans le cas où une personne cumule plusieurs de ces activités, on utilise souvent le terme d’«&#160;écrivain&#160;» ou d'«&#160;auteur&#160;». </p><p>Certaines formes d'écriture, ne relevant pas toujours de l’écriture littéraire, sont parfois considérées comme relevant du travail d'un écrivain. C'est le cas notamment pour&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li>les <a href="/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe">philosophes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Journaliste" title="Journaliste">journalistes</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A9nario" title="Scénario">scénaristes</a> pour le cinéma&#160;;</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A9nario_de_bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Scénario de bande dessinée">scénaristes</a> de bandes dessinées&#160;;</li> <li>les auteurs de <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chansons</a>&#160;;</li> <li>les critiques <a href="/wiki/Gastronomie" title="Gastronomie">gastronomiques</a>.</li></ul> </div> <p>D’autre part, l’utilisation grandissante de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dia" title="Média">médias</a> autres que les livres, magazines ou revues de qualité (par exemple de médias hybrides cumulant textes, sons et images) induit à élargir sensiblement l'extension de la notion d'<i>écrivain</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variantes">Variantes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Variantes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Variantes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Un <a href="/wiki/%C3%89crivain_public" title="Écrivain public">écrivain public</a> est une personne qui met à disposition d'un public, souvent illettré ou de faible culture, sa capacité à rédiger des lettres ou des documents. Cette profession, qui n’a pas totalement disparu, s’occupe surtout d’aider les gens dans leurs démarches administratives.</li> <li>Un <a href="/wiki/Scripteur_(communication)" title="Scripteur (communication)">scripteur</a> est la personne qui a écrit de sa main un message ou un document sans en être forcément l'auteur.</li> <li>Péjorativement, on trouvera parfois <i>écrivaillon</i> ou <i>scribouillard</i>. Le terme <i>littérateur</i> peut parfois aussi être péjoratif. De même <i>plumitif</i>.</li> <li>Les termes <i>écrivant</i> et <i>écrivante</i>, qui sont d'un usage très récent dans le milieu de l'enseignement, sont plutôt employés pour désigner quelqu'un qui participe à un atelier d’écriture, et n’est généralement pas considéré comme écrivain. Ils sont employés par <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> et par Paul Désalmand dans son <i>Guide de l’écrivain</i> pour désigner spécifiquement ceux qui pratiquent l’écriture de documentation (ouvrages techniques, ouvrages de référence) et les distinguer de l’écriture de création ou écriture littéraire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hyponymes">Hyponymes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Hyponymes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Hyponymes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Un <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%AAte-plume" title="Prête-plume">prête-plume</a>, ou nègre littéraire, est une personne qui écrit pour le compte d’une autre, sans être mentionnée.</li> <li>Inversement, un <i><a href="/wiki/Apocryphe_(litt%C3%A9rature_et_art)" title="Apocryphe (littérature et art)">écrivain apocryphe</a></i> est celui «&#160;dont l'autorité est suspecte&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et à qui l’on attribue faussement ou douteusement un ouvrage.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Pour la féminisation, voir la section «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Femme_de_lettres#Mots_«_écrivaine_»_et_«_autrice_»" title="Femme de lettres">Mots «&#160;écrivaine&#160;» et «&#160;autrice&#160;»</a>&#160;dans l'article <a href="/wiki/Femme_de_lettres" title="Femme de lettres">Femme de lettres</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Informations <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/écrivain/0">lexicographiques</a> et <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/écrivain/0">étymologiques</a> de «&#160;écrivain&#160;» dans le <i><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9sor_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_informatis%C3%A9" title="Trésor de la langue française informatisé">Trésor de la langue française informatisé</a></i>, sur le site du <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">José Luis Diaz, «&#160;La Notion d'auteur - 1750-1850&#160;», <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;169 et s., <span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques-LefèvreRegard2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicole_Jacques-LefèvreFrédéric_Regard2001">Nicole Jacques-Lefèvre et Frédéric Regard, <cite class="italique">Une histoire de la "fonction-auteur" est-elle possible?&#160;: actes du colloque organisé par le Centre de recherche LiDiSa (Littérature et Discours du Savoir) ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud, 11-13 mai 2000</cite>, Université de Saint-Étienne, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=OQaJWz2MErMC&amp;pg=PA1699">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+la+%22fonction-auteur%22+est-elle+possible%3F&amp;rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Saint-%C3%89tienne&amp;rft.stitle=actes+du+colloque+organis%C3%A9+par+le+Centre+de+recherche+LiDiSa+%28Litt%C3%A9rature+et+Discours+du+Savoir%29+ENS+Fontenay-Saint-Cloud%2C+11-13+mai+2000&amp;rft.aulast=Jacques-Lef%C3%A8vre&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Regard&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chartier2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roger_Chartier2012">Roger Chartier, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Qu’est-ce qu’un livre&#160;? Métaphores anciennes, concepts des lumières et réalités numériques</cite>&#160;», <i>Le français aujourd'hui</i>, Armand Colin, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;178,&#8206; <time>2012</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">11-26</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782200927820" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782200927820"><span class="nowrap">9782200927820</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lfa.178.0011">10.3917/lfa.178.0011</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-francais-aujourd-hui-2012-3-page-11.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Qu%E2%80%99est-ce+qu%E2%80%99un+livre+%3F+M%C3%A9taphores+anciennes%2C+concepts+des+lumi%C3%A8res+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s+num%C3%A9riques&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+aujourd%27hui&amp;rft.issue=178&amp;rft.aulast=Chartier&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.pages=11-26&amp;rft.isbn=9782200927820&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Flfa.178.0011&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Zawisza_2013">Zawisza 2013</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bénichou1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Bénichou1973"><a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a>, <cite class="italique">Le Sacre de l'écrivain</cite>, Corti, <time>1973</time>, 492&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Sacre+de+l%27%C3%A9crivain&amp;rft.pub=Corti&amp;rft.aulast=B%C3%A9nichou&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.tpages=492&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Halsberghe2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christophe_Halsberghe2006">Christophe Halsberghe, <cite class="italique">La fascination du commandeur&#160;: le sacré et l'écriture en France à partir du débat-Bataille</cite>, Rodopi, <time>2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;91<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+fascination+du+commandeur+%3A+le+sacr%C3%A9+et+l%27%C3%A9criture+en+France+%C3%A0+partir+du+d%C3%A9bat-Bataille&amp;rft.pub=Rodopi&amp;rft.aulast=Halsberghe&amp;rft.aufirst=Christophe&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pages=91&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantier2019-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Cantier2019_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Cantier2019">Cantier 2019</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Dictionnaire <a href="/wiki/Littr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Littré">Littré</a>, article «&#160;<i>Apocryphe</i>&#160;»</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writers?uselang=fr">Écrivain</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9crivain" class="extiw" title="wikt:écrivain">écrivain</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Zawisza_2013">Elisabeth Zawisza, <cite class="italique">L'âge d'or du péritexte&#160;: Titres et préfaces dans les romans du <abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_(%C3%A9ditions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann (éditions)">Hermann</a>, <time>2013</time>, 362&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A2ge+d%27or+du+p%C3%A9ritexte&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Hermann&amp;rft.stitle=Titres+et+pr%C3%A9faces+dans+les+romans+du+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%2218%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EXVIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&amp;rft.au=Elisabeth+Zawisza&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.tpages=362&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques-LefèvreRegard2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicole_Jacques-LefèvreFrédéric_Regard2001">Nicole Jacques-Lefèvre et Frédéric Regard, <cite class="italique">Une histoire de la "fonction-auteur" est-elle possible&#160;?&#160;: actes du colloque organisé par le Centre de recherche LiDiSa (Littérature et Discours du Savoir) ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud, 11-13 mai 2000</cite>, Université de Saint-Étienne, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=OQaJWz2MErMC&amp;pg=PA89">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Une+histoire+de+la+%22fonction-auteur%22+est-elle+possible+%3F&amp;rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Saint-%C3%89tienne&amp;rft.stitle=actes+du+colloque+organis%C3%A9+par+le+Centre+de+recherche+LiDiSa+%28Litt%C3%A9rature+et+Discours+du+Savoir%29+ENS+Fontenay-Saint-Cloud%2C+11-13+mai+2000&amp;rft.aulast=Jacques-Lef%C3%A8vre&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicole&amp;rft.au=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Regard&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Viala1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Viala1985"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Viala" title="Alain Viala">Alain Viala</a>, <cite class="italique">Naissance de l'écrivain. Sociologie de la littérature à l'âge classique</cite>, Éditions de minuit, <time>1985</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Naissance+de+l%27%C3%A9crivain.+Sociologie+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+classique&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+minuit&amp;rft.aulast=Viala&amp;rft.aufirst=Alain&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bénichou1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paul_Bénichou1973"><a href="/wiki/Paul_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Paul Bénichou">Paul Bénichou</a>, <cite class="italique">Le Sacre de l'écrivain 1750-1780&#160;: Essai sur l'avènement d'un pouvoir spirituel laïque dans la France moderne</cite>, Paris, Joseph Corti, <time>1973</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Le+Sacre+de+l%27%C3%A9crivain+1750-1780&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Joseph+Corti&amp;rft.stitle=Essai+sur+l%27av%C3%A8nement+d%27un+pouvoir+spirituel+la%C3%AFque+dans+la+France+moderne&amp;rft.aulast=B%C3%A9nichou&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Thiesse2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne-Marie_Thiesse2019">Anne-Marie Thiesse, <cite class="italique">La fabrique de l'écrivain national&#160;: Entre littérature et politique</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Éditions Gallimard</a>, <time>2019</time><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+fabrique+de+l%27%C3%A9crivain+national&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&amp;rft.stitle=Entre+litt%C3%A9rature+et+politique&amp;rft.aulast=Thiesse&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Cantier2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Cantier2019"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cantier" title="Jacques Cantier">Jacques Cantier</a>, <cite class="italique">Lire sous l'occupation</cite>, Paris, CNRS éditions, <time>2019</time>, 381&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782271093325" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782271093325"><span class="nowrap">9782271093325</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lire+sous+l%27occupation&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=CNRS+%C3%A9ditions&amp;rft.aulast=Cantier&amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.tpages=381&amp;rft.isbn=9782271093325&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89crivain"></span></span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Listes_d'écrivains"><span id="Listes_d.27.C3.A9crivains"></span>Listes d'écrivains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Listes d&#039;écrivains" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Listes d&#039;écrivains"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Par genre</b>&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27auteurs_de_litt%C3%A9rature_de_jeunesse" title="Liste d&#39;auteurs de littérature de jeunesse">Liste d'auteurs de littérature de jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27auteurs_de_litt%C3%A9rature_fantastique" title="Liste d&#39;auteurs de littérature fantastique">Liste d'auteurs de littérature fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturges_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramaturges par ordre alphabétique">Dramaturges par ordre alphabétique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur_gastronomique" title="Auteur gastronomique">Auteur gastronomique</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Par langue</b>&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_allemande_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue allemande par ordre chronologique">Allemand (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_anglais_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains anglais par ordre alphabétique">Anglais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain_de_langue_arabe" title="Catégorie:Écrivain de langue arabe">Arabe (catégorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_catalane" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue catalane">Catalan (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_espagnole" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue espagnole">Espagnol (par nationalité et par ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue française par ordre alphabétique">Français (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue française par ordre chronologique">Français (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_grecs_antiques" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains grecs antiques">Grec antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_po%C3%A8tes_de_langue_grecque" title="Liste de poètes de langue grecque">Grec moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteurs_latins_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteurs latins par ordre chronologique">Latin (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteurs_latins_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Auteurs latins par ordre alphabétique">Latin (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27auteurs_russophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;auteurs russophones">Russe (par siècle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_tch%C3%A8que" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue tchèque">Tchèque (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_de_langue_ukrainienne" class="mw-disambig" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains de langue ukrainienne">Ukrainien (ordre alphabétique)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Par nationalité</b>&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_alg%C3%A9riens" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains algériens">Algérien (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_am%C3%A9ricains_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains américains par ordre chronologique">Américain (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_am%C3%A9ricains_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains américains par ordre alphabétique">Américain (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_anglais" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains anglais">Liste d'écrivains anglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_belges_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains belges par ordre alphabétique">Belge (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_br%C3%A9siliens_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains brésiliens par ordre alphabétique">Brésilien (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_chinois" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_%C3%A9cossais" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains écossais">Écossais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_finlandais_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains finlandais par ordre alphabétique">Finlandais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_hongrois" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains hongrois">Hongrois (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_de_po%C3%A8tes_irlandais" title="Liste de poètes irlandais">Poètes irlandais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_en_langue_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains en langue hébraïque">Israélien (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_alphab%C3%A9tique_d%27%C3%A9crivains_italiens" title="Liste alphabétique d&#39;écrivains italiens">Italien (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_italiens_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains italiens par ordre chronologique">Italien (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain_malien" title="Catégorie:Écrivain malien">malien (catégorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_n%C3%A9erlandais" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains néerlandais">Néerlandais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_alphab%C3%A9tique_d%27%C3%A9crivains_polonais" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste alphabétique d&#39;écrivains polonais">Polonais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_portugais_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains portugais par ordre alphabétique">Portugais (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain_russe" title="Catégorie:Écrivain russe">Russe (catégorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_tunisiens" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains tunisiens">Tunisiens (ordre alphabétique)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Selon d'autres critères géographiques et linguistiques</b>&#160;: </p> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_canadienne_francophone_hors_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Littérature canadienne francophone hors Québec">Littérature canadienne francophone hors Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27auteurs_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_par_ordre_chronologique" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste d&#39;auteurs québécois par ordre chronologique">Québécois (ordre chronologique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9crivains_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_par_ordre_alphab%C3%A9tique_(A)" title="Liste d&#39;écrivains québécois par ordre alphabétique (A)">Québécois (ordre alphabétique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain_suisse" title="Catégorie:Écrivain suisse">Suisse Allemand (catégorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain_suisse" title="Catégorie:Écrivain suisse">Suisse Romand (catégorie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_%C3%A9crivains_morts_pour_la_France" title="Liste des écrivains morts pour la France">Liste des écrivains morts pour la France</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Voir la catégorie&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain" title="Catégorie:Écrivain">Écrivain</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature">Littérature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_litt%C3%A9raire" title="Écriture littéraire">Écriture littéraire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frise_chronologique_des_auteurs" title="Frise chronologique des auteurs">Frise chronologique des auteurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techniques_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Techniques d&#39;écriture">Techniques d'écriture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_de_lettres" title="Femme de lettres">Femme de lettres</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36180?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/author"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/schriftsteller"><i>Brockhaus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//forfatter/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0104855.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l&#39;information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36180?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936327s">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936327s">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4053309-8">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573673">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX526944">Espagne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph125910">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weblettres.net/sommaire.php?entree=20&amp;rubrique=46">Sites sur des auteurs (WebLettres)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siefar.org/la-guerre-des-mots/bibliographie/">Bibliographie</a></li> <li>Le <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnf.libguides.com/content.php?pid=481031&amp;sid=5377525#&amp;panel1-1">Portail des Métiers du livre</a> organise et met à jour les informations générales au sujet du métier d'auteur, notamment la formation et les nouvelles publications, et relaie les principaux événements et débats en France sur le sujet</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Travail_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Portail du travail et des métiers"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/M%C3%A9tier.png/29px-M%C3%A9tier.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/M%C3%A9tier.png/44px-M%C3%A9tier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/M%C3%A9tier.png/58px-M%C3%A9tier.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="74" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Travail_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Portail:Travail et métiers">Portail du travail et des métiers</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Portail de la littérature"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/VictorHugosmallColor.png/24px-VictorHugosmallColor.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/VictorHugosmallColor.png 1.5x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Portail:Littérature">Portail de la littérature</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐67876799fc‐9n2qz Cached time: 20241127162807 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.677 seconds Real time usage: 0.956 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3640/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45816/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6656/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32751/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.424/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7570917/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 814.347 1 -total 54.54% 444.145 1 Modèle:Liens 12.06% 98.182 2 Modèle:Références 9.27% 75.456 9 Modèle:Ouvrage 5.23% 42.572 1 Modèle:Portail 5.11% 41.648 1 Modèle:Autres_projets 3.60% 29.355 1 Modèle:Catégorie_détaillée 3.30% 26.833 1 Modèle:Site_officiel 3.23% 26.288 1 Modèle:Article_détaillé 2.76% 22.480 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_section --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:6966:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241127162807 and revision id 219907522. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de «&#160;<a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Écrivain&amp;oldid=219907522">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Écrivain&amp;oldid=219907522</a>&#160;».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C3%89crivain" title="Catégorie:Écrivain">Écrivain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:M%C3%A9tier_de_la_culture" title="Catégorie:Métier de la culture">Métier de la culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Cat%C3%A9gorie_Commons_avec_lien_local_identique_sur_Wikidata" title="Catégorie:Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata">Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_un_mod%C3%A8le_Bases_inactif" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant un modèle Bases inactif">Page utilisant un modèle Bases inactif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1417" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1417">Page utilisant P1417</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P5019" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P5019">Page utilisant P5019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P8313" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P8313">Page utilisant P8313</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_utilisant_P1296" title="Catégorie:Page utilisant P1296">Page utilisant P1296</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_bases_externes" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des bases externes">Page pointant vers des bases externes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Page_pointant_vers_des_dictionnaires_ou_encyclop%C3%A9dies_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralistes" title="Catégorie:Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes">Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_avec_notice_d%27autorit%C3%A9" title="Catégorie:Article de Wikipédia avec notice d&#039;autorité">Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Travail_et_m%C3%A9tiers/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Travail et métiers/Articles liés">Portail:Travail et métiers/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:%C3%89conomie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Économie/Articles liés">Portail:Économie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Société/Articles liés">Portail:Société/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Litt%C3%A9rature/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Littérature/Articles liés">Portail:Littérature/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 31 octobre 2024 à 15:27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a>&#160;: les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a>&#160;; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/%C3%89crivain" title="Spécial:Citer/Écrivain">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89crivain&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-bw6jw","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.677","walltime":"0.956","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3640,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":45816,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6656,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":32751,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 814.347 1 -total"," 54.54% 444.145 1 Modèle:Liens"," 12.06% 98.182 2 Modèle:Références"," 9.27% 75.456 9 Modèle:Ouvrage"," 5.23% 42.572 1 Modèle:Portail"," 5.11% 41.648 1 Modèle:Autres_projets"," 3.60% 29.355 1 Modèle:Catégorie_détaillée"," 3.30% 26.833 1 Modèle:Site_officiel"," 3.23% 26.288 1 Modèle:Article_détaillé"," 2.76% 22.480 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_section"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.424","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7570917,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-67876799fc-9n2qz","timestamp":"20241127162807","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u00c9crivain","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%89crivain","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36180","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36180","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-28T17:36:44Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T14:27:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1b\/Scriptorium.jpg","headline":"personne qui r\u00e9dige des ouvrages litt\u00e9raires ou scientifiques"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10