Biomimetics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1528325" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1528325" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1528325" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/726/s1?version=1732455361"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1969 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 4541 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/726/pdf?version=1732455360" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Valorization of Selected Biomass-Derived Molecules on Olea Europaea Leaves-Biotemplated TiO2-g-C3N4 Photocatalysts" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/726">Valorization of Selected Biomass-Derived Molecules on <i>Olea Europaea</i> Leaves-Biotemplated TiO<sub>2</sub>-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Photocatalysts</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>M. Carmen Herrera-Beurnio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco J. López-Tenllado</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alejandro Ariza-Pérez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rafael Estevez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juan Martín-Gómez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francisco J. Urbano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alberto Marinas</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 726; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120726">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120726</a> - 24 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biotemplating technique allows the synthesis of catalysts, recreating the sophisticated structure of nature templates. In this work, some biotemplated TiO<sub>2</sub> semiconductors were synthesized using <i>Olea Europaea</i> leaves as templates. Then, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was coupled to materials to later incorporate Pt <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/726/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biotemplating technique allows the synthesis of catalysts, recreating the sophisticated structure of nature templates. In this work, some biotemplated TiO<sub>2</sub> semiconductors were synthesized using <i>Olea Europaea</i> leaves as templates. Then, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> was coupled to materials to later incorporate Pt on the surface or as dopant in the structure to evaluate the efficiency of the solids in two photocatalytic applications to valorize biomass: hydrogen production through glycerol photoreforming, and photoacetalization of cinnamaldehyde with 1,2-propanediol. In glycerol photoreforming, the presence of Pt (superficial or dopant) enhanced hydrogen production, being Pt@AOLCN (a heterojunction containing biotemplated TiO<sub>2</sub>, g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, and Pt) the system that exhibited the highest efficiency (3053.4 µmol·g<sub>cat</sub><sup>−1</sup>·h<sup>−1</sup>). For photoacetalization, while Pt reduced cinnamaldehyde conversion, it improved selectivity when incorporated on TiO<sub>2</sub>. Notably, carbon nitride (CN) exhibited the highest yield after 16 h of testing. The study emphasizes the importance of tailoring catalyst selection to specific reactions, as efficiency is closely tied to the structural and chemical properties of the materials. These findings contribute to the development of efficient photocatalysts for sustainable biomass valorization processes. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/726">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/O73KG3722H ">Smart Materials and Bionic Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/726/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528325"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528325"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528325" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528325" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528325" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-ag-550.jpg?1732455453" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1528325" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g001-550.jpg?1732455435'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g002-550.jpg?1732455438'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g003-550.jpg?1732455444'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g004-550.jpg?1732455446'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g005-550.jpg?1732455449'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g006-550.jpg?1732455451'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1528325-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g007-550.jpg?1732455453'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528325-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-ag-550.jpg?1732455453" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g001-550.jpg?1732455435" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>TGA results of AOL, AOLCN, CN, Pt@AOL, and Pt@AOLCN. For AOL, Pt@AOL, and Pt@AOLCN an insert was included to ease the view of weight loss.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g002-550.jpg?1732455438" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) XRD diffractograms. The asterisk refers to g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> characteristic peaks and dashed lines to anatase ones. (<b>B</b>) Raman spectra of Pt@AOL, Pt/AOL, and AOL. Carbon nitride-containing samples could not be analyzed due to fluorescence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g003-550.jpg?1732455444" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>HRTEM and SEM micrographs of biotemplated systems synthesized in this work. (<b>A</b>) AOL, (<b>B</b>) AOLCN, (<b>C</b>) Pt/AOL, (<b>D</b>) Pt/AOLCN, (<b>E</b>) Pt@AOL, (<b>F</b>) Pt@AOLCN, (<b>G</b>) Fresh olive leaf, (<b>H</b>) Pt/AOL. In (<b>H</b>) the white square marks the replication of the cross section of the fresh leaf in (<b>G</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g004-550.jpg?1732455446" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>XPS of Pt4f region in platinum-containing samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g005-550.jpg?1732455449" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>EPR spectra. The red square marks the region from g-value 2.00–1.95 that is depicted in the lower row to highlight the presence of Ti<sup>3+</sup>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g006-550.jpg?1732455451" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Results in hydrogen production after 3 h of irradiation under UV radiation (λ = 365 nm) in glycerol photoreforming reactions using a 10% (<span class="html-italic">v</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>) solution of this alcohol (<b>A</b>) Accumulated H<sub>2</sub> production values for semiconductors. (<b>B</b>) Average production of hydrogen per hour for the different semiconductors. A picture of the solid is shown above each bar to show the color of the material.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00726/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00726-g007-550.jpg?1732455453" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Conversion (%, dashed column) and yield (%, full-color column) obtained for the photoacetalization of cinnamaldehyde with 1,2-propanediol after 2 h of irradiation using AOL as catalyst and UV radiation (λ = 365 nm). (<b>B</b>) Conversion (%, dashed column), yield (%, full-color column) and selectivity (black square) reached for the photoacetalization of cinnamaldehyde with 1,2-propanediol after 16 h of irradiation using visible light (λ = 450 nm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/726'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 3372 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/725/pdf?version=1732444612" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hybrid Chitosan Biosorbents: Tunable Adsorption at Surface and Micropore Domains" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/725">Hybrid Chitosan Biosorbents: Tunable Adsorption at Surface and Micropore Domains</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Inimfon A. Udoetok</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohamed H. Mohamed</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lee D. Wilson</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 725; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120725">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120725</a> - 24 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Herein, we report a study that provides new insight on the knowledge gaps that relate to the role of biopolymer structure and adsorption properties for chitosan adsorbents that are cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The systematic modification of chitosan cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (CG) and its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/725/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Herein, we report a study that provides new insight on the knowledge gaps that relate to the role of biopolymer structure and adsorption properties for chitosan adsorbents that are cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The systematic modification of chitosan cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (CG) and its quaternized forms (QCG) was studied in relation to the reaction conditions: mole ratios of reactants and pH conditions. Complementary adsorbent characterization employed <sup>13</sup>C NMR/FTIR spectroscopy, TGA and DSC, point-zero-charge (PZC), solvent swelling, and sorption studies using selected dye probes. The spectral and thermal techniques provide complementary evidence that affirm the key role of cross-linker content and quaternization on variation of the physicochemical properties of chitosan. The PZC results reveal a neutral surface charge for the modified materials between pH 6.0 to 6.3 ± 0.3, as compared with pH 8.7 ± 0.4 for pristine chitosan. Solvent swelling in water decreased with greater cross-linking, while the QCG materials had greater swelling over CG materials due to enhanced hydration. The adsorption results reveal variable dye uptake properties according to the cross-linker content. Similarly, surface versus micropore adsorption was demonstrated, according to the nature and ionization state of the dye for the modified adsorbents, where the CG and QCG materials had tunable sorption properties that exceeded that of unmodified chitosan. A key step in tuning the structure and surface chemical properties of cross-linked chitosan involves pH control during synthesis. The facile tunability of the physicochemical properties of the modified biopolymers reported herein means that they possess features of biomimetics that are relevant to advanced drug delivery, antimicrobial materials for wound healing, biosensors, and biosorbents for biomedical applications. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/725">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/8X00R4HH6K ">Chitin and Chitosan Materials for Tomorrow</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/725/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528269"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528269"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528269" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528269" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528269" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-ag-550.jpg?1732528799" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1528269" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g001-550.jpg?1732444682'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g002-550.jpg?1732444684'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g003-550.jpg?1732444687'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g004-550.jpg?1732444688'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g005-550.jpg?1732444691'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g006-550.jpg?1732444693'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g007-550.jpg?1732444694'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1528269-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-sch001-550.jpg?1732444695'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528269-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-ag-550.jpg?1732528799" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g001-550.jpg?1732444682" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of (<b>A</b>) cross-linked chitosan (CG), (<b>B</b>) cross-linked and quaternized chitosan (QCG) and (<b>C</b>) cross-linked chitosan showing the 1660–1800 cm<sup>−1</sup> region (the highlighted section of the spectra shows new IR bands from the cross-linker). The acronyms for sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g002-550.jpg?1732444684" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>). DTG of cross-linked chitosan (<b>A</b>) and cross-linked and quaternized chitosan (<b>B</b>), and DSC thermograms of CH and its modified forms (<b>C</b>). The acronyms for the sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g003-550.jpg?1732444687" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) <sup>13</sup>C CP-MAS solids NMR spectra of chitosan, CG, and (<b>B</b>) QGC materials at variable levels of cross-linking and quaternization. The acronyms for sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g004-550.jpg?1732444688" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>PZC of CG (<b>A</b>) and QCG (<b>B</b>). The acronyms for sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g005-550.jpg?1732444691" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Equilibrium water swelling properties of chitosan, CG, and QGC polymers at ambient pH (pH ca. 6.5). The acronyms for sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g006-550.jpg?1732444693" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Removal efficiency of chitosan (CH), CG, and QGC polymers for methyl orange (MO), reactive black 5 (RB), phenolphthalein (Phth), and methylene blue (MB). (<b>B</b>) Effects of pH on the decolorization of MO by chitosan (CH), CG, and QGC hydrogels. The acronyms for sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-g007-550.jpg?1732444694" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Effect of pH adjustment on (<b>A</b>) swelling properties, (<b>B</b>) thermal stability, and (<b>C</b>) adsorption properties of the CG polymers. The acronyms for the sample names are defined in <a href="#biomimetics-09-00725-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00725/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00725-sch001-550.jpg?1732444695" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic description of the synthesis of CGx and QCGx polymer materials, and. (<b>B</b>) Reaction of chitosan with glutaraldehyde to yield micropore domains that contain solvent (not drawn to scale) that arise due to cross-linking between the biopolymer chains.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/725'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 6487 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/724/pdf?version=1732438129" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Photolithographic Biomimetic Surface Microstructure on Wettability and Droplet Evaporation Process" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/724">Effect of Photolithographic Biomimetic Surface Microstructure on Wettability and Droplet Evaporation Process</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhihao Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuying Yan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 724; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120724">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120724</a> - 24 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In nature, engineering technology and daily life, wetting phenomena are widespread and have essential roles and significance. Bionics is becoming increasingly important nowadays and exploring the mechanism that influences biomimetic surface microstructure on droplet wetting process and heat and mass transfer characteristics is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/724/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In nature, engineering technology and daily life, wetting phenomena are widespread and have essential roles and significance. Bionics is becoming increasingly important nowadays and exploring the mechanism that influences biomimetic surface microstructure on droplet wetting process and heat and mass transfer characteristics is becoming more meaningful. In this paper, based on photolithography technology, SU-8 photoresist was used as raw material to prepare biomimetic surfaces with microstructures in various arrangements. The research results show that the wettability of biomimetic functional surfaces can be regulated by regulating the shape and arrangement of photoresist micro-pillars. At the same time, the effects of surface microstructure configuration and roughness on the heat and mass transfer processes within the droplets were also comprehensively studied. The results show that a biomimetic surface with cylindrical micro-pillars can effectively inhibit the evaporative cooling effect of the liquid–vapour interface. This effect becomes more evident with the increase in roughness, and the interface temperature difference can be reduced by up to 18%. Similarly, the biomimetic surface with cylindrical micro-pillars can also effectively promote the evaporation rate of sessile droplets, which can be increased by about 13%. In addition, the research also shows that regardless of the structure, substrate temperature changes will significantly impact the wetting phenomenon of the biomimetic surface. This study aims to guide the optimal design of biomimetic surfaces prepared based on photoresistance. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/724">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/724/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1528087"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1528087"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1528087" data-cycle-prev="#prev1528087" data-cycle-progressive="#images1528087" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g001-550.jpg?1732438219" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1528087" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g002-550.jpg?1732438220'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g003-550.jpg?1732438220'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g004a-550.jpg?1732438222'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g004b-550.jpg?1732438222'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g005a-550.jpg?1732438223'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g005b-550.jpg?1732438223'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g006a-550.jpg?1732438224'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g006b-550.jpg?1732438225'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g007-550.jpg?1732438226'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g008-550.jpg?1732438229'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g009a-550.jpg?1732438229'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g009b-550.jpg?1732438231'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1528087-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g010-550.jpg?1732438232'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1528087-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g001-550.jpg?1732438219" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Common bionic prototypes in the biomimetic surface design process (<b>b</b>) raw materials used for surface preparation; and (<b>c</b>) schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of photoresist micropillars.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g002-550.jpg?1732438220" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Photoresist biomimetic surface production process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g003-550.jpg?1732438220" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Equipment and operation procedures for the evaporation experiment of sessile droplets on bionic surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g004a-550.jpg?1732438222" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Changes in contact angle and contact line of a 1.0 μL droplet on SS-1 and CS-3 surfaces at a substrate temperature of (<b>a</b>) 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) 60 °C; (<b>c</b>) 70 °C; (<b>d</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g004b-550.jpg?1732438222" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Changes in contact angle and contact line of a 1.0 μL droplet on SS-1 and CS-3 surfaces at a substrate temperature of (<b>a</b>) 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) 60 °C; (<b>c</b>) 70 °C; (<b>d</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g005a-550.jpg?1732438223" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Dimensionless height of a 1.0 μL droplet over time for different surfaces and substrate temperatures; (<b>b</b>) initial equilibrium contact angle of a 1.0 μL droplet on different surfaces and substrate temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g005b-550.jpg?1732438223" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Dimensionless height of a 1.0 μL droplet over time for different surfaces and substrate temperatures; (<b>b</b>) initial equilibrium contact angle of a 1.0 μL droplet on different surfaces and substrate temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g006a-550.jpg?1732438224" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Changes in contact angle and contact line of a 1.0 μL droplet on different surfaces at a substrate temperature of (<b>a</b>) 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) 60 °C; (<b>c</b>) 70 °C; (<b>d</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g006b-550.jpg?1732438225" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Changes in contact angle and contact line of a 1.0 μL droplet on different surfaces at a substrate temperature of (<b>a</b>) 50 °C; (<b>b</b>) 60 °C; (<b>c</b>) 70 °C; (<b>d</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g007-550.jpg?1732438226" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The initial equilibrium contact angle of the droplet changes under different surface and substrate temperature conditions; (<b>b</b>) the initial adhesion work of the droplet changes under different surface and substrate temperature conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g008-550.jpg?1732438229" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Temperature distribution in the droplet liquid–vapour interface on the CS-3 and SS-3 surfaces at different periods when the substrate temperature is (<b>a</b>) 50 °C and (<b>b</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g009a-550.jpg?1732438229" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The temperature distribution at the centre-line of the droplet’s liquid–vapour interface at different periods when the substrate temperature of the CS-3 surface is (<b>a</b>) 50 °C, (<b>c</b>) 60 °C, (<b>e</b>) 70 °C or (<b>g</b>) 80 °C; the temperature distribution at the centre line of the droplet’s liquid–vapour interface at different periods when the substrate temperature of the SS-3 surface is (<b>b</b>) 50 °C, (<b>d</b>) 60 °C, (<b>f</b>) 70 °C or (<b>h</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g009b-550.jpg?1732438231" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The temperature distribution at the centre-line of the droplet’s liquid–vapour interface at different periods when the substrate temperature of the CS-3 surface is (<b>a</b>) 50 °C, (<b>c</b>) 60 °C, (<b>e</b>) 70 °C or (<b>g</b>) 80 °C; the temperature distribution at the centre line of the droplet’s liquid–vapour interface at different periods when the substrate temperature of the SS-3 surface is (<b>b</b>) 50 °C, (<b>d</b>) 60 °C, (<b>f</b>) 70 °C or (<b>h</b>) 80 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00724/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00724-g010-550.jpg?1732438232" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Temperature difference at the droplet’s liquid–vapour interface in the initial state under different surface and substrate temperature conditions; (<b>b</b>) variation in the overall average evaporation rate of the droplet with the surface and substrate temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/724'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 4820 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/723/pdf?version=1732687306" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Animals as Architects: Building the Future of Technology-Supported Rehabilitation with Biomimetic Principles" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/723">Animals as Architects: Building the Future of Technology-Supported Rehabilitation with Biomimetic Principles</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno Bonnechère</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120723 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/723/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Rehabilitation science has evolved significantly with the integration of technology-supported interventions, offering objective assessments, personalized programs, and real-time feedback for patients. Despite these advances, challenges remain in fully addressing the complexities of human recovery through the rehabilitation process. Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in the application of biomimetics to inspire technological innovation. This review explores the application of biomimetic principles in rehabilitation technologies, focusing on the use of animal models to help the design of assistive devices such as robotic exoskeletons, prosthetics, and wearable sensors. Animal locomotion studies have, for example, inspired energy-efficient exoskeletons that mimic natural gait, while insights from neural plasticity research in species like zebrafish and axolotls are advancing regenerative medicine and rehabilitation techniques. Sensory systems in animals, such as the lateral line in fish, have also led to the development of wearable sensors that provide real-time feedback for motor learning. By integrating biomimetic approaches, rehabilitation technologies can better adapt to patient needs, ultimately improving functional outcomes. As the field advances, challenges related to translating animal research to human applications, ethical considerations, and technical barriers must be addressed to unlock the full potential of biomimetic rehabilitation. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/723">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/723/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527425"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527425"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527425" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527425" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527425" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g001-550.jpg?1732687467" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527425" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g002-550.jpg?1732687470'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g003-550.jpg?1732687476'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527425-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g004-550.jpg?1732687478'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527425-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g001-550.jpg?1732687467" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Horse running by Muybridge Eadweard. Credit: Wellcome Collection gallery (<a href="https://openartimages.com/search/eadweard-muybridge" target="_blank">https://openartimages.com/search/eadweard-muybridge</a> (accessed on 22 March 2018)), CC-BY-4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/723'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g002-550.jpg?1732687470" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A man walking. Photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge, 1887. Credit: Wellcome Collection gallery (<a href="https://openartimages.com/search/eadweard-muybridge" target="_blank">https://openartimages.com/search/eadweard-muybridge</a> (accessed on 22 March 2018)), CC-BY-4.0.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/723'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g003-550.jpg?1732687476" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Example of animals inspiring research in technology-supported rehabilitation. (<b>A</b>) Mice for motor recovery; (<b>B</b>) cats for robotic assisted gait training; (<b>C</b>) pigs for post-injury muscular recovery; (<b>D</b>) macaques for cognitive training; (<b>E</b>) rabbits for tendinitis and tendon recovery; (<b>F</b>) dogs for physical therapy techniques; (<b>G</b>) zebrafish for nerve regeneration; (<b>H</b>) sheep for osteoarthritis; (<b>I</b>) rats for nerve recovery and sensorimotor function (Photos from Freepik <a href="https://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank">https://www.freepik.com/</a> (accessed on 10 November 2024)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/723'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00723/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00723-g004-550.jpg?1732687478" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparative illustration of elastic and mechanical force models in animal locomotion applied to soft exoskeleton. Top figures show examples of animal movement dynamics: a kangaroo (<b>left</b>) illustrating the role of elastic energy storage and release during hopping, and horses (<b>right</b>) showcasing controlled movement dynamics with muscle forces. Bottom figures represent the simplified biomechanical model of joint forces and elastic components at different stages of the gait cycle, specifically highlighting the knee and ankle forces. During initial contact, the spring (representing elastic tissue) is relaxed as ground reaction forces are absorbed. In mid stance, the spring maintains its original state, supporting joint stability. Terminal stance shows a stretched spring, maximizing energy storage in preparation for the push-off phase. In pre-swing, the spring contracts, converting stored energy into propulsion. Arrows indicate the directions of knee and ankle forces applied during each phase, depicting the interaction between muscle forces and elastic tissue response (Photos from Freepik <a href="https://www.freepik.com/" target="_blank">https://www.freepik.com/</a> (accessed on 10 November 2024)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/723'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2210 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/722/pdf?version=1732279614" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biomimetic Proteoglycans for Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Regeneration" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/722">Biomimetic Proteoglycans for Intervertebral Disc (IVD) Regeneration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Neha Chopra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>James Melrose</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zi Gu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ashish D. Diwan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 722; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120722">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120722</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Intervertebral disc degeneration, which leads to low back pain, is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition worldwide, significantly impairing quality of life and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens on affected individuals. A major impediment to the development of any prospective cell-driven recovery of functional properties <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/722/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Intervertebral disc degeneration, which leads to low back pain, is the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition worldwide, significantly impairing quality of life and imposing substantial socioeconomic burdens on affected individuals. A major impediment to the development of any prospective cell-driven recovery of functional properties in degenerate IVDs is the diminishing IVD cell numbers and viability with ageing which cannot sustain such a recovery process. However, if IVD proteoglycan levels, a major functional component, can be replenished through an orthobiological process which does not rely on cellular or nutritional input, then this may be an effective strategy for the re-attainment of IVD mechanical properties. Furthermore, biomimetic proteoglycans (PGs) represent an established polymer that strengthens osteoarthritis cartilage and improves its biomechanical properties, actively promoting biological repair processes. Biomimetic PGs have superior water imbibing properties compared to native aggrecan and are more resistant to proteolytic degradation, increasing their biological half-life in cartilaginous tissues. Methods have also now been developed to chemically edit the structure of biomimetic proteoglycans, allowing for the incorporation of bioactive peptide modules and equipping biomimetic proteoglycans as delivery vehicles for drugs and growth factors, further improving their biotherapeutic credentials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of prospective orthobiological strategies that leverage engineered proteoglycans, paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions in IVD degeneration and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/722">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/H433RFU61L ">Biomechanics and Biomimetics in Engineering Design</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/722/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527164"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527164"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527164" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527164" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527164" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g001-550.jpg?1732279719" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1527164" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g002-550.jpg?1732279721'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g003-550.jpg?1732279722'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g004-550.jpg?1732279723'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527164-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g005-550.jpg?1732279725'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527164-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g001-550.jpg?1732279719" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic illustrating the major regions of the composite IVD. (<b>b</b>) Macro view of the ovine intervertebral disc bisected horizontally showing the radial collagenous layers surrounding a central proteoglycan-rich region known as the nucleus pulposus. (<b>c</b>) Vertically sectioned mid-sagittal ovine IVD and adjacent superior and inferior vertebral bodies. Toluidine blue-fast green counterstain. Proteoglycans are stained dark blue. (<b>d</b>) Hematoxylin and eosin-stained segment of CEP hyaline cartilage that interfaces with the vertebral bone with chondrocytes distributed throughout the CEP. A blood vessel (BV) penetrating into the CEP is shown with arrows. Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a> (accessed on 13 November 2024).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/722'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g002-550.jpg?1732279721" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic depiction of the structural organization of native aggrecan, a major proteoglycan of cartilaginous tissues including the IVD showing its 3 globular domains (G1, G2, and G3) and KS- and CS-rich glycosaminoglycan regions (<b>a</b>). Details of the CS and KS sidechains of aggrecan (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of cartilage aggrecan showing its 3D bottle-brush type architecture (<b>d</b>), which is well illustrated conceptually by images of the Australian Callistemon bottle-brush shrub (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>). The glycan icons used are standard SFNG (Symbol Nomenclature for Glycans) symbols for glycan components. Sulfate groups are depicted as small round red symbols. Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a> (accessed on 13 November 2024).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/722'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g003-550.jpg?1732279722" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic depiction of the biomimetic proteoglycans mAGC (<b>a</b>) and mLUB (<b>b</b>) designed to mimic aggrecan and lubricin. (<b>c</b>) Assembly of mAGC and mLUB showing cleavage between vicinal hydroxyl groups in the glucuronic acid component of the CS backbone by sodium periodate and attachment of HA and type II collagen binding peptides to the reactive aldehydes so generated using the bifunctional reagent N-β-maleimidopropionic acid hydrazide (BMPH). (<b>d</b>) Key for (<b>c</b>). Figure modified from [<a href="#B67-biomimetics-09-00722" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. Copyright held by Melrose J.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/722'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g004-550.jpg?1732279723" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic portrayal of the structure of small and large BPG biomimetic proteoglycans produced by attachment of CS chains to a poly (acryloyl chloride) backbone using bifunctional reagents (<b>a</b>) to produce BPG 10 consisting of a 10 kDa core structure with 6–8 attached CS side chains with a similar spacing to that found in native aggrecan (<b>b</b>). A large BPG consisting of a 250 kDa core polyacryloyl core structure and 60 attached CS chains was also prepared (<b>c</b>). This polymer had a size of 1.6 MDa. Figure modified from [<a href="#B67-biomimetics-09-00722" class="html-bibr">67</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/722'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00722/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00722-g005-550.jpg?1732279725" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic depiction of native aggrecan–HA aggregates which localize in the chondrocyte pericellular matrix and BPG10 biomimetic proteoglycan that also localizes with them in the pericellular matrix. Figure modified from [<a href="#B127-biomimetics-09-00722" class="html-bibr">127</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/722'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1527135" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1527135" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1527135" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/721/s1?version=1732277700"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 397 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3711 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/721/pdf?version=1732277699" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optical Flow Sensor with Fluorescent-Conjugated Hyperelastic Pillar: A Biomimetic Approach" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/721">Optical Flow Sensor with Fluorescent-Conjugated Hyperelastic Pillar: A Biomimetic Approach</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dongmin Seo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seungmin Yoon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jaemin Park</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sangwon Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seungoh Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sung-Hoon Byun</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sangwoo Oh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 721; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120721">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120721</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Although the Doppler velocity log is widely applied to measure underwater fluid flow, it requires high power and is inappropriate for measuring low flow velocity. This study proposes a fluid flow sensor that utilizes optical flow sensing. The proposed sensor mimics the neuromast <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/721/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Although the Doppler velocity log is widely applied to measure underwater fluid flow, it requires high power and is inappropriate for measuring low flow velocity. This study proposes a fluid flow sensor that utilizes optical flow sensing. The proposed sensor mimics the neuromast of a fish by attaching a phosphor to two pillar structures (A and B) produced using ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. The optical signal emitted by the phosphor is measured using a camera. An experiment was conducted to apply an external force to the reactive part using a push–pull force gauge sensor to confirm the performance of the proposed sensor. The optical signal emitted by the phosphor was obtained using an image sensor, and a quantitative value was calculated using image analysis. A simulation environment was constructed to analyze the flow field and derive the relationship between the flow rate and velocity. The physical properties of the pillar were derived from hysteresis measurement results, and the error was minimized when pillar types A and B were utilized within the ranges of 0–0.1 N and 0–2 N, respectively. A difference in the elastic recovery characteristics was observed; this difference was linear based on the shape of the pillar, and improvement rates of 99.585% and 99.825% were achieved for types A and B, respectively. The proposed sensor can help obtain important information, such as precise flow velocity measurements in the near field, to precisely navigate underwater unmanned undersea vehicles and precisely control underwater robots after applying the technology to the surface of various underwater systems. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/721">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/X8PI2UOR62 ">Biomimetics in Intelligent Sensor</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/721/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1527135"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1527135"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1527135" data-cycle-prev="#prev1527135" data-cycle-progressive="#images1527135" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-ag-550.jpg?1732277877" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1527135" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g001-550.jpg?1732277859'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g002-550.jpg?1732277861'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g003-550.jpg?1732277864'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g004-550.jpg?1732277865'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g005-550.jpg?1732277867'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g006-550.jpg?1732277868'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g007-550.jpg?1732277870'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1527135-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g008-550.jpg?1732277873'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1527135-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-ag-550.jpg?1732277877" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g001-550.jpg?1732277859" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Fluid flow measurement sensor based on optical sensing and mimicking the superficial neuromast in fish. A pillar-shaped structure is used to induce mechanical deformation in response to the fluid flow. Unlike how fish generate electrical signals through mechanical deformation of the neuromast, this sensor measures fluid flow by analyzing the fluorescent signal of the phosphor generated by the mechanical deformation (indicated by the green arrow) of the pillar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g002-550.jpg?1732277861" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Designed form of pillar mechanically deformed by fluid flow in the boundary layer. Phosphor is used as a signal source. (<b>a</b>) The pillar is cylindrical with a hole of 1 mm in diameter. Two types of pillars, with outer diameters of 3 mm (type A) and 5 mm (type B), were manufactured and used in experiments. (<b>b</b>) Phosphor as a transparent bead made of glass and coated with red fluorescence on the surface of the hemisphere. The graph shows the excitation and emission wavelengths of phosphor. In this experiment, phosphor was excited with a wavelength of 470 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> 10 nm, and a bandpass filter was utilized with a wavelength of 607 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mo>±</mo> </mrow> </semantics></math> 36 nm to selectively acquire the emitted fluorescence signal. (<b>c</b>) Attachment of phosphor to the pillar, showing the actual appearance of the type A pillar from the top, appearance after attaching the phosphor, and red fluorescence signal emitted from phosphor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g003-550.jpg?1732277864" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Optical measurement system for measuring the fluorescence signal of phosphors and analysis method of images obtained from the system. (<b>a</b>) Optical measurement system and external force application system for experiment. A push–pull force gauge sensor allows for quantifying the applied external force and is attached to the XYZ stage for precise movement. The enlarged area in the orange box shows the setup of the phosphor-attached pillar and push–pull force gauge sensor. (<b>b</b>) Diagram of experimental setup. The USB camera selectively obtains the fluorescence signal emitted by the phosphor and converts it into an image. (<b>c</b>) Fluorescence image and its analysis. The brightness of the fluorescence image decreases with increasing external force on the pillar. For the analysis, some areas (yellow square box) are selected from the fluorescence image, and the intensity of the pixels in the corresponding area is averaged.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g004-550.jpg?1732277865" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Property value derivation and simulation setup environment for simulating hyperelastic substances. (<b>a</b>) Specimen model for tensile test. The dumbbell type three specimen follows the guidance of the KS standard test method, KS M 6518. (<b>b</b>) Stress intensity–strain ratio curve. As a result of the test, the hardness, strength, and elongation were 74, 15.2 MPa, and 270%, respectively. (<b>c</b>) Parameters of the Mooney–Rivlin model derived from the stress intensity–strain ratio curve employing the ninth model. (<b>d</b>) Shape of chamber in which the flow field was analyzed. Considering the symmetry of the target to be analyzed, the pillar was modeled as a half-symmetric structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g005-550.jpg?1732277867" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flow field analysis of chamber using COMSOL Multiphysics and simulation of mechanical displacement of pillars in line with the applied flow velocity. (<b>a</b>) Simulation of flow field applied to chamber. (<b>b</b>) Simulation results of the flow field with pillars in the chamber. (<b>c</b>) Simulation results for converting applied flow rate into flow velocity, from which the linear function can be derived. It is possible to calculate the flow velocity on the pillar based on the flow rate setting in the chamber. (<b>d</b>) Simulation results of mechanical displacement of pillar in line with applied flow velocity. The pillar shape determines the pattern of the mechanical displacement. The image in the graph shows the mechanical deformation of the pillar when a flow velocity of 45 cm/s is applied to a type A pillar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g006-550.jpg?1732277868" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescence signal analysis results of pillars in line with applied force. (<b>a</b>) Experimental results for type A pillars. (<b>b</b>) Experimental results for type B pillars. Each experiment was repeatedly performed with the same pillar three times. The fluorescence signal was measured while increasing the force applied to the pillar and decreasing the force. The conditions of the optical measurement system were adjusted to match the initial intensity of both types. The solid and dashed lines represent the signal changes for increases and decreases in the force, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g007-550.jpg?1732277870" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Quantitative analysis results of the applied force and resulting elastic recovery of pillars. (<b>a</b>) Experimental results for type A pillars. (<b>b</b>) Experimental results for type B pillars. Three pillars were manufactured, and each was utilized for three repeated experiments. The black square symbols represent the initial fluorescence intensity of the pillar, whereas the other symbols indicate the fluorescence intensity emitted after a constant force was applied to the pillar and then removed. The closer the measured fluorescence intensity is to the black square symbol, the greater is the elastic recovery property of the pillar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00721/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00721-g008-550.jpg?1732277873" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Method for correcting elastic recovery characteristics. (<b>a</b>) Intensities extracted from <a href="#biomimetics-09-00721-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>a. (<b>b</b>) Intensities extracted from <a href="#biomimetics-09-00721-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>b. Each intensity was extracted as the difference between the initial intensity and intensity after elastic recovery. (<b>c</b>) Corrected results for <a href="#biomimetics-09-00721-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>a. (<b>d</b>) Corrected results for <a href="#biomimetics-09-00721-f006" class="html-fig">Figure 6</a>b. After calibration, the overall area is reduced; however, the shape of the graph remains the same.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/721'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3034 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/720/pdf?version=1732267150" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Kinematic and Aerodynamic Analysis of a Coccinella septempunctata Performing Banked Turns in Climbing Flight" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/720">Kinematic and Aerodynamic Analysis of a <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> Performing Banked Turns in Climbing Flight</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lili Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhifei Fang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huichao Deng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 720; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120720">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120720</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Many <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> flights, with their precise positioning capabilities, have provided rich inspiration for designing insect-styled micro air vehicles. However, researchers have not widely studied their flight ability. In particular, research on the maneuverability of <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> using integrated kinematics and aerodynamics is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/720/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Many <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> flights, with their precise positioning capabilities, have provided rich inspiration for designing insect-styled micro air vehicles. However, researchers have not widely studied their flight ability. In particular, research on the maneuverability of <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> using integrated kinematics and aerodynamics is scarce. Using three orthogonally positioned high-speed cameras, we captured the <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i>’s banking turns in the climbing flight in the laboratory. We used the measured wing kinematics in a Navier–Stokes solver to compute the aerodynamic forces acting on the insects in five cycles. <i>Coccinella septempunctata</i> can rapidly climb and turn during phototaxis or avoidance of predators. During banked turning in climbing flight, the translational part of the body, and the distance flown forward and upward, is much greater than the distance flown to the right. The rotational part of the body, through banking and manipulating the amplitude of the insect flapping angle, the stroke deviation angle, and the rotation angle, actively creates the asymmetrical lift and drag coefficients of the left and right wings to generate right turns. By implementing banked turns during the climbing flight, the insect can adjust its flight path more flexibly to both change direction and maintain or increase altitude, enabling it to effectively avoid obstacles or track moving targets, thereby saving energy to a certain extent. This strategy is highly beneficial for insects flying freely in complex environments. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/720">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/TXV652FJW0 ">Bio-Inspired Fluid Flows and Fluid Mechanics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/720/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526866"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526866"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526866" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526866" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526866" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g001-550.jpg?1732267219" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526866" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g002-550.jpg?1732267221'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g003-550.jpg?1732267221'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g004-550.jpg?1732267222'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g005-550.jpg?1732267223'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g006-550.jpg?1732267224'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g007-550.jpg?1732267226'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g008-550.jpg?1732267228'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g009a-550.jpg?1732267231'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g009b-550.jpg?1732267232'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g010-550.jpg?1732267234'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g011-550.jpg?1732267235'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g012-550.jpg?1732267236'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1526866-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g013-550.jpg?1732267237'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526866-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g001-550.jpg?1732267219" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Trinocular Stereo Vision System Model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g002-550.jpg?1732267221" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Videos of <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span> in climbing motion, presented from the perspectives of three cameras. The time notations are non-dimensionalized for the cycle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g003-550.jpg?1732267221" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Reference coordinate system (<span class="html-italic">x</span><sub>E</sub>, <span class="html-italic">y<sub>E</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">z<sub>E</sub></span>) and the body angular velocity components along the three axes of the body-fixed frame (<span class="html-italic">x<sub>b</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">y<sub>b</sub></span>, <span class="html-italic">z<sub>b</sub></span>): <span class="html-italic">p</span> (roll rate), <span class="html-italic">q</span> (pitch rate), <span class="html-italic">r</span> (yaw rate).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g004-550.jpg?1732267222" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Wing kinematics parameters and coordinates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g005-550.jpg?1732267223" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Turning radius of a <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span> on the <span class="html-italic">XY</span> plane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g006-550.jpg?1732267224" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Portions of a computational grid system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g007-550.jpg?1732267226" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Illustrates the temporal evolution of the lift coefficient (CL) during the banked turn in the climbing flight for <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span> across different grid numbers within one cycle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g008-550.jpg?1732267228" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Variations in Euler angles (<b>a</b>) and center of mass displacement (<b>b</b>) of a <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span> during a banking turn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g009a-550.jpg?1732267231" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temporal records of the movements of the <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span>’s body, illustrated as the (<b>a</b>) rates of Euler angles; (<b>b</b>) rates of roll, pitch, and yaw movements; and (<b>c</b>) movement speed of the body’s center of mass, detailing <span class="html-italic">u</span><sub>c</sub>, <span class="html-italic">v</span><sub>c</sub>, and <span class="html-italic">w</span><sub>c</sub> for the translational velocity components and <span class="html-italic">x</span><sub>E</sub>, <span class="html-italic">y</span><sub>E</sub>, <span class="html-italic">z</span><sub>E</sub> for the spatial velocity components of the body’s mass center.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g009b-550.jpg?1732267232" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Temporal records of the movements of the <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span>’s body, illustrated as the (<b>a</b>) rates of Euler angles; (<b>b</b>) rates of roll, pitch, and yaw movements; and (<b>c</b>) movement speed of the body’s center of mass, detailing <span class="html-italic">u</span><sub>c</sub>, <span class="html-italic">v</span><sub>c</sub>, and <span class="html-italic">w</span><sub>c</sub> for the translational velocity components and <span class="html-italic">x</span><sub>E</sub>, <span class="html-italic">y</span><sub>E</sub>, <span class="html-italic">z</span><sub>E</sub> for the spatial velocity components of the body’s mass center.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g010-550.jpg?1732267234" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Instantaneous wing kinematics of <span class="html-italic">Coccinella septempunctata</span>, (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">ϕ</span><sub>w</sub>, the flapping angle; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">θ</span><sub>w</sub>, the deviation angle; and (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">α</span><sub>w,</sub> the pitching angle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g011-550.jpg?1732267235" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Diagram illustrating insects performing inclined turns at the center of mass.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g012-550.jpg?1732267236" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Diagram illustrating insects performing inclined turns at the center of mass.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00720/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00720-g013-550.jpg?1732267237" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The progression of the coefficients for wing lift and F force over five cycles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/720'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 36 pages, 12291 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/719/pdf?version=1732527122" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Skill-Learning-Based Trajectory Planning for Robotic Vertebral Plate Cutting: Personalization Through Surgeon Technique Integration and Neural Network Prediction" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/719">Skill-Learning-Based Trajectory Planning for Robotic Vertebral Plate Cutting: Personalization Through Surgeon Technique Integration and Neural Network Prediction</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Heqiang Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiang Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yurui Yin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongqiang Ma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 719; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120719">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120719</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In robotic-assisted laminectomy decompression, stable and precise vertebral plate cutting remains challenging due to manual dependency and the absence of adaptive skill-learning mechanisms. This paper presents an advanced robotic vertebral plate-cutting system that leverages patient-specific anatomical variations and replicates the surgeon’s cutting technique <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/719/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In robotic-assisted laminectomy decompression, stable and precise vertebral plate cutting remains challenging due to manual dependency and the absence of adaptive skill-learning mechanisms. This paper presents an advanced robotic vertebral plate-cutting system that leverages patient-specific anatomical variations and replicates the surgeon’s cutting technique through a trajectory parameter prediction model. A spatial mapping relationship between artificial and patient vertebrae is first established, enabling the robot to mimic surgeon-defined trajectories with high accuracy. The robotic system’s trajectory planning begins with acquiring point cloud data of the vertebral plate, which undergoes preprocessing, Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS) fitting, and parametric discretization. Using the processed data, a spatial mapping method translates the surgeon’s cutting path to the robotic coordinate system, with simulation validating the trajectory’s adherence to surgical requirements. To further enhance the accuracy and stability of trajectory planning, a Backpropagation(BP) neural network is implemented, providing predictive modeling for trajectory parameters. The analysis and training of the neural network confirm its effectiveness in capturing complex cutting trajectories. Finally, experimental validation, involving an artificial vertebral body model and cutting trials on patient vertebrae, demonstrates the proposed method’s capability to deliver enhanced cutting precision and stability. This skill-learning-based, personalized trajectory planning approach offers significant potential for improving the safety and quality of orthopedic robotic surgeries. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/719">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/719/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526580"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526580"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526580" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526580" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526580" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g001-550.jpg?1732527271" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526580" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g002-550.jpg?1732527271'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g003-550.jpg?1732527273'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g004-550.jpg?1732527274'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g005-550.jpg?1732527275'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g006-550.jpg?1732527275'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g007-550.jpg?1732527276'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g008-550.jpg?1732527277'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g009-550.jpg?1732527278'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g010-550.jpg?1732527279'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g011-550.jpg?1732527280'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g012-550.jpg?1732527281'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g013-550.jpg?1732527281'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g014-550.jpg?1732527282'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g015-550.jpg?1732527282'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g016-550.jpg?1732527283'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g017-550.jpg?1732527284'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g018-550.jpg?1732527284'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g019-550.jpg?1732527285'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g020-550.jpg?1732527286'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g021a-550.jpg?1732527287'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g021b-550.jpg?1732527288'><p>Figure 21 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g022-550.jpg?1732527288'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g023-550.jpg?1732527289'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g024-550.jpg?1732527290'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='25' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g025-550.jpg?1732527292'><p>Figure 25</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='26' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g026-550.jpg?1732527294'><p>Figure 26</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='27' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g027-550.jpg?1732527296'><p>Figure 27</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='28' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g028-550.jpg?1732527297'><p>Figure 28</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='29' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g029-550.jpg?1732527298'><p>Figure 29</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='30' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g030-550.jpg?1732527299'><p>Figure 30</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='31' data-target='article-1526580-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g031-550.jpg?1732527300'><p>Figure 31</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526580-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g001-550.jpg?1732527271" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Robotic platform for vertebral plate cutting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g002-550.jpg?1732527271" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Spatial mapping relationship of optical measurement systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g003-550.jpg?1732527273" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Calibration process for position and pose.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g004-550.jpg?1732527274" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Pose calibration process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g005-550.jpg?1732527275" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Tip calibration of surgical instruments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g006-550.jpg?1732527275" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Surgeon cutting the artificial vertebral plate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g007-550.jpg?1732527276" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Transformation of robot motion trajectory, where point 1–5 are just schematic representations of trajectory points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g008-550.jpg?1732527277" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional image for determining the vertebral plate-cutting area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g009-550.jpg?1732527278" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Parameters of the vertebral plate-cutting trajectory.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g010-550.jpg?1732527279" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Determination of the optimal number of nodes for the implicit layer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g011-550.jpg?1732527280" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Network training using combinations of transfer functions in Group 6.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g012-550.jpg?1732527281" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Linear regression plot and corresponding correlation coefficient values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g013-550.jpg?1732527281" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the number of rows.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g014-550.jpg?1732527282" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the number of layers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g015-550.jpg?1732527282" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Mapping relationship of probe acquisition points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g016-550.jpg?1732527283" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Cutting trajectory diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g017-550.jpg?1732527284" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Local trajectory diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g018-550.jpg?1732527284" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of cutting trajectory corner rounding.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g019-550.jpg?1732527285" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Registration of artificial vertebra to patient vertebra.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g020-550.jpg?1732527286" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Positional deviation in the spatial mapping relationship.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g021a-550.jpg?1732527287" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Raw point cloud data and post-filtering point cloud data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g021b-550.jpg?1732527288" title=" <strong>Figure 21 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Raw point cloud data and post-filtering point cloud data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g022-550.jpg?1732527288" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Robotic vertebral plate-cutting simulation trajectory.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g023-550.jpg?1732527289" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of robot and surgeon cutting trajectories.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g024-550.jpg?1732527290" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Robot cutting simulation trajectory.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g025-550.jpg?1732527292" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Cutting effects of the first group of vertebral body models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g026-550.jpg?1732527294" title=" <strong>Figure 26</strong><br/> <p>Cutting effects of the second group of vertebral body models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g027-550.jpg?1732527296" title=" <strong>Figure 27</strong><br/> <p>Cutting effects of the third group of vertebral body models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g028-550.jpg?1732527297" title=" <strong>Figure 28</strong><br/> <p>Experimental platform for robotic vertebral cutting.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g029-550.jpg?1732527298" title=" <strong>Figure 29</strong><br/> <p>Position selection of marking points for vertebrae to be aligned.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g030-550.jpg?1732527299" title=" <strong>Figure 30</strong><br/> <p>Registration results of artificial vertebrae and patient vertebrae.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00719/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00719-g031-550.jpg?1732527300" title=" <strong>Figure 31</strong><br/> <p>Cutting effect of patient vertebral body.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/719'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 393 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/718/pdf?version=1732203512" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Space Telescope Scheduling Approach Combining Observation Priority Coding with Problem Decomposition Strategies" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/12/718">A Space Telescope Scheduling Approach Combining Observation Priority Coding with Problem Decomposition Strategies</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaiyuan Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bao-Lin Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyun Xia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zijia Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xianchao Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hai Jiang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(12), 718; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120718">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120718</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the increasing number of space debris, the demand for telescopes to observe space debris is also constantly increasing. The telescope observation scheduling problem requires algorithms to schedule telescopes to maximize observation value within the visible time constraints of space debris, especially when <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/718/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the increasing number of space debris, the demand for telescopes to observe space debris is also constantly increasing. The telescope observation scheduling problem requires algorithms to schedule telescopes to maximize observation value within the visible time constraints of space debris, especially when dealing with large-scale problems. This paper proposes a practical heuristic algorithm to solve the telescope observation of space debris scheduling problem. In order to accelerate the solving speed of algorithms on large-scale problems, this paper combines the characteristics of the problem and partitions the large-scale problem into multiple sub-problems according to the observation time. In each sub-problem, a coding method based on the priority of the target going into the queue is proposed in combination with the actual observation data, and a decoding method matching the coding method is designed. In the solution process for each sub-problem, an adaptive variable neighborhood search is used to solve the space debris observation plan. When solving all sub-problems is completed, the observation plans obtained on all sub-problems are combined to obtain the observation plan of the original problem. <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/718">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/408I303A4F ">Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms and Designs for Engineering Applications: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/12/718/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526432"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526432"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526432" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526432" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526432" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g001-550.jpg?1732203576" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526432" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g002-550.jpg?1732203577'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g003-550.jpg?1732203578'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g004-550.jpg?1732203579'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g005-550.jpg?1732203581'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g006-550.jpg?1732203582'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g007-550.jpg?1732203584'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g008-550.jpg?1732203585'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g009-550.jpg?1732203586'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g010-550.jpg?1732203587'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g011-550.jpg?1732203587'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g012-550.jpg?1732203588'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1526432-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g013-550.jpg?1732203588'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526432-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g001-550.jpg?1732203576" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Telescope m’s observation queue Gantt chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g002-550.jpg?1732203577" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of observation queue time constraints.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g003-550.jpg?1732203578" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Algorithm’s overall flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g004-550.jpg?1732203579" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of problem decomposition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g005-550.jpg?1732203581" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart of proposed decoding method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g006-550.jpg?1732203582" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Queue head insertion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g007-550.jpg?1732203584" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Insertion in the middle of the queue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g008-550.jpg?1732203585" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Insertion at the end of the queue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g009-550.jpg?1732203586" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Replacement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g010-550.jpg?1732203587" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>AVNS algorithm flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g011-550.jpg?1732203587" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Insertion operator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g012-550.jpg?1732203588" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Commutative operator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00718/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00718-g013-550.jpg?1732203588" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Two-opt Operator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/12/718'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 7868 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/717/pdf?version=1732253825" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework That Incorporates Interpretable CatBoost and Modified Slime Mould Algorithm to Resolve Boiler Combustion Optimization Problem" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/717">A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework That Incorporates Interpretable CatBoost and Modified Slime Mould Algorithm to Resolve Boiler Combustion Optimization Problem</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shan Gao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunpeng Ma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 717; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110717">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110717</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The combustion optimization problem of the circulation fluidized bed boiler is regarded as a difficult multi-objective optimization problem that requires simultaneously improving the boiler thermal efficiency and reducing the NOx emissions concentration. In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, a new multi-objective optimization <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/717/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The combustion optimization problem of the circulation fluidized bed boiler is regarded as a difficult multi-objective optimization problem that requires simultaneously improving the boiler thermal efficiency and reducing the NOx emissions concentration. In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, a new multi-objective optimization framework that incorporates an interpretable CatBoost model and modified slime mould algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the interpretable CatBoost model combined with TreeSHAP is applied to model the boiler thermal efficiency and NOx emissions concentration. Simultaneously, data correlation analysis is conducted based on the established models. Finally, a kind of modified slime mould algorithm is proposed and used to optimize the adjustable operation parameters of one 330 MW circulation fluidized bed boiler. The experimental results show that the proposed framework can effectively improve the boiler thermal efficiency and reduce the NOx emissions concentration, where the average optimization ratio for thermal efficiency reaches +0.68%, the average optimization ratio for NOx emission concentration reaches −37.55%, and the average optimization time is 6.40 s. In addition, the superiority of the proposed method is demonstrated by ten benchmark testing functions and two constrained optimization problems. Therefore, the proposed framework is an effective artificial intelligence approach for the modeling and optimization of complex systems. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/717">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/717/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525374"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525374"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525374" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525374" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525374" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g001-550.jpg?1732253924" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525374" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g002-550.jpg?1732253924'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g003-550.jpg?1732253926'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g004a-550.jpg?1732253928'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g004b-550.jpg?1732253929'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g005-550.jpg?1732253930'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g006-550.jpg?1732253930'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g007-550.jpg?1732253931'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g008-550.jpg?1732253932'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g009-550.jpg?1732253932'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g010-550.jpg?1732253934'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g011-550.jpg?1732253935'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g012-550.jpg?1732253937'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525374-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g013-550.jpg?1732253938'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525374-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g001-550.jpg?1732253924" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The flow chart of the proposed framework.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g002-550.jpg?1732253924" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The fitness value evaluation graph of slime mould.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g003-550.jpg?1732253926" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The flow chart of MSMA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g004a-550.jpg?1732253928" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The convergence curves of six algorithms on 30, 50 and 100 dimensional functions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g004b-550.jpg?1732253929" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The convergence curves of six algorithms on 30, 50 and 100 dimensional functions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g005-550.jpg?1732253930" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The convergence curve of six algorithms on the optimal design of three-bar truss problem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g006-550.jpg?1732253930" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The convergence curve of six algorithms on the optimal design of tension–compression spring problem.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g007-550.jpg?1732253931" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The fitting diagram and error diagram of the interpretable CatBoost model for modeling the thermal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g008-550.jpg?1732253932" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The fitting diagram and error diagram of the interpretable CatBoost model for modeling the NOx emissions concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g009-550.jpg?1732253932" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The feature analysis importance diagram and summary diagram of thermal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g010-550.jpg?1732253934" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The feature analysis dependency diagram of thermal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g011-550.jpg?1732253935" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The feature analysis importance diagram and summary diagram of NOx emission concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g012-550.jpg?1732253937" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The feature analysis dependency diagram of thermal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00717/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00717-g013-550.jpg?1732253938" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The optimization curves of MSMA for thermal efficiency and NOx emission concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/717'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 6321 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/716/pdf?version=1732109124" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sodium Alginate–Starch Capsules for Enhanced Stability of Metformin in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/716">Sodium Alginate–Starch Capsules for Enhanced Stability of Metformin in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roxana Gheorghita</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ioan-Ovidiu Sirbu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrei Lobiuc</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mihai Covasa</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 716; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110716">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110716</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The use of biopolymers in pharmaceuticals is well established, particularly for encapsulating biologically active compounds due to their beneficial properties. Alginate, widely recognized for its excellent encapsulation abilities, is the most commonly used biopolymer, while starch, typically known as insoluble dietary fiber, also <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/716/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The use of biopolymers in pharmaceuticals is well established, particularly for encapsulating biologically active compounds due to their beneficial properties. Alginate, widely recognized for its excellent encapsulation abilities, is the most commonly used biopolymer, while starch, typically known as insoluble dietary fiber, also serves as an effective agent for trapping and protecting compounds during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal transit. Sodium alginate–starch capsules with varying compositions were analyzed to develop metformin hydrochloride (MET) containing capsules with adequate physicochemical properties. In vitro testing with simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed that after 1 h, capsules with equal amounts of alginate and starch had a higher swelling ratio and better drug release behavior, despite lower MET entrapment efficiency compared to other formulations. Microstructural analysis revealed stability in simulated gastric fluids and solubility in simulated intestinal fluids, key factors in drug development. The results suggest that these biopolymeric compositions are highly resistant to gastric fluids and minimally soluble in the intestines, making them suitable for extended drug release. This research evaluates key technological parameters of a cost-effective encapsulation method for the controlled release of active substances, providing a versatile solution for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/716">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/402KBZCZQZ ">Advances in Biomaterials, Biocomposites and Biopolymers 2024</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/716/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525279"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525279"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525279" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525279" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525279" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g001-550.jpg?1732109240" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525279" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g002-550.jpg?1732109241'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g003-550.jpg?1732109243'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g004-550.jpg?1732109244'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g005-550.jpg?1732109246'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g006a-550.jpg?1732109253'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g006b-550.jpg?1732109256'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525279-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g007-550.jpg?1732109257'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525279-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g001-550.jpg?1732109240" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow diagram of the biopolymer-based capsule preparation process: The biopolymers and water are homogenized under stirring at 60 °C for 30 min. Subsequently, the MET solution is added, and the mixture is stirred for an additional 5 min. The resulting biopolymeric solution is then used for capsule formation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g002-550.jpg?1732109241" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Calibration curve for dissolution study of MET 100 mg tested; y = absorbance; x = concentration in µg/mL.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g003-550.jpg?1732109243" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The diameter (<b>A</b>), production yield (<b>B</b>), drug loading (<b>C</b>), and encapsulation efficiency (<b>D</b>) of MET-containing capsules. A–E represent capsule formulations, according to <a href="#biomimetics-09-00716-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Boxes represent the 25th–75th percentiles, with small squares indicating the mean ± SD. Values with differing letters are statistically different (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Bars are means ± SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g004-550.jpg?1732109244" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>In vitro time-course profile of MET (100 mg) release. (A, 2500 mg sodium alginate, 500 mg starch); B, 2000 mg sodium alginate, 1000 mg starch; C, 1500 mg sodium alginate, 1500 mg starch). * indicates statistical difference compared to 0.5 h, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g005-550.jpg?1732109246" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>In vitro time-course swelling ratio of MET-loaded capsule formulations ((<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>), composition type).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g006a-550.jpg?1732109253" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic images of capsules exposed to various gastric and intestinal conditions. (<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) represents the sample composition and testing conditions: (1) fresh capsules; (2) 1 h in simulated gastric fluids; (3) 1 h in simulated intestinal media; (4) 1 h in simulated gastric fluids and 1 h in simulated gastric media.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g006b-550.jpg?1732109256" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic images of capsules exposed to various gastric and intestinal conditions. (<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) represents the sample composition and testing conditions: (1) fresh capsules; (2) 1 h in simulated gastric fluids; (3) 1 h in simulated intestinal media; (4) 1 h in simulated gastric fluids and 1 h in simulated gastric media.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00716/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00716-g007-550.jpg?1732109257" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Behavior of the conventionally coated capsule in simulated gastric fluids: (<b>a</b>) complete dissolution of the tablet after one hour of immersion, as confirmed by the filtration of the resulting suspension (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/716'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 6091 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/715/pdf?version=1732151114" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Neurofeedback Technology Reduces Cortisol Levels in Bruxismitle Patients: Assessment of Cerebral Activity and Anxiolytic Effects of Origanum majorana Essential Oil" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/715">Neurofeedback Technology Reduces Cortisol Levels in Bruxismitle Patients: Assessment of Cerebral Activity and Anxiolytic Effects of <i>Origanum majorana</i> Essential Oil</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>José Joaquín Merino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>José María Parmigiani-Izquierdo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adolfo Toledano Gasca</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María Eugenia Cabaña-Muñoz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 715; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110715">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110715</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cerebral activities were measured during 21 essions in NeurOptimal (NO)-trained patients with bruxism. Salivary cortisol levels were quantified for each six training sessions (session 1, 6, 12, 18, 21) in 12 patients with bruxism after performing their pre- and post-NeurOptimal sessions. Their cortisol <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/715/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cerebral activities were measured during 21 essions in NeurOptimal (NO)-trained patients with bruxism. Salivary cortisol levels were quantified for each six training sessions (session 1, 6, 12, 18, 21) in 12 patients with bruxism after performing their pre- and post-NeurOptimal sessions. Their cortisol levels were compared with controls (without stress). We evaluated whether NO overtraining could reduce stress in bruxism after 21 repeated sessions with/without <i>Origanum majorana</i> inhalation by using nasal impregned filters with this essential oil (<i>n</i> = 12). This study enrolled 89 participants (590 salivary samples for cortisol assessment by ELISA ng/mL). Salivary samples were collected at several NO learning sessions (session 1, 6, 12, 18, and 21). In the present study, we assessed whether <i>Origanum majorana</i> essential oil exposure during 21 NO training sessions can promote anxiolytic effects by reducing cortisol levels in Bruxismitle patients or modulate their brain activities. The experimental design also included control subjects without NO training (<i>n</i> = 30) and unstressed participants without bruxism, as well as trained NeurOptimal (<i>n</i> = 5) participants during the 21 sessions, also including control subjects without stress. In our study, NeurOptimal post-training decreased cortisol levels in Bruxismitle patients, reducing stress scores on the Hamilton II scale after 21 NO sessions; finally, <i>Origanum majorana</i> essential oil exposure during NO training could enhance anxiolytic effects of repeated NO in Bruxismitle patients. The parameter divergence as an index of cerebral activity evaluates the reached difference between cerebral activity at pre-learning (PRE) minus post-training (POST) values in Bruxismitle participants with/without <i>Origanum majorana</i> odor exposure during each NO training sessions. As a consequence of NO overtraining, these cerebral activities fluctuate reaching a calm state while anxious states are associated with high divergences. The reduction in divergences when they are close to zero by habituation means a final calm state is reached by NO overtraining, while higher divergences mean anxiogenic states. Collectively, <i>Origanum majorana</i> essential oil inhalation during NO training could decrease salivary cortisol levels after 21 NO training sessions in Bruxismitle. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/715">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/IAN75772AF ">Dentistry and Craniofacial District: The Role of Biomimetics—Second Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/715/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525124"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525124"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525124" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525124" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525124" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g001-550.jpg?1732151369" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525124" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g002-550.jpg?1732151371'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g003-550.jpg?1732151374'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g004-550.jpg?1732151376'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g005-550.jpg?1732151378'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g006-550.jpg?1732151380'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- 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13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g014-550.jpg?1732151395'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1525124-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g015-550.jpg?1732151397'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525124-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g001-550.jpg?1732151369" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Chromatographic profile.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g002-550.jpg?1732151371" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effect of NeurOptimal training on cerebral activities at pre-learning and post-training during 21 sessions in Bruxismitle participants with <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> stimulation (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 12, 252 measurements) as well as in Bruxismitle participants without exposure to this essential oil (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 12, 252 measurements). <b><span style="color:#00204F">PRE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities at pre-learning sessions in Bruxismitle patients (blue line). <b><span style="color:#005E00">POST</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities at post-training sessions in Bruxismitle patients (green line). <b><span style="color:#0D0D0D">PRE-AE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants at pre-learning exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor during NO training (black line). <b><span style="color:#ED0000">POST-AE</span></b>: Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor at post-training (red line).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g003-550.jpg?1732151374" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Divergences in all participants. <b><span style="color:#00204F">F</span><span style="color:#00204F">PRE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle patients at pre-learning sessions (blue column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>). <b><span style="color:#005E00">POST</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle patients at post-training sessions (green column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>). <b><span style="color:#0D0D0D">PRE NF + AE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor at pre-learning sessions (black column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>). <b><span style="color:#ED0000">POST</span><span style="color:#ED0000">NF + AE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor at post-training in (red column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g004-550.jpg?1732151376" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Mean cerebral activities at NeurOptimal training (PRE-TEST) in Bruxismitle patients with/without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor exposure. <span style="color:#004E9A"><b>PRE-NF</b></span> (blue column): brain activities in Bruxismitle patients at 21 pre-learning sessions (PRE) without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> inhalation. <span style="color:#B9357A"><b>PRE-NF AE</b></span>: Brain activities at 21 pre-learning (PRE) sessions in Bruxismitle patients with <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> exposure (red column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 vs. session 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g005-550.jpg?1732151378" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Divergences in all participants: brain activities after POST training without/with Origanum majorana odor stimulation during 21 NeurOptimal training sessions<span style="color:#C00000">.</span> <span style="color:#004E9A"><b>POST-NF</b></span> (blue column): Brain activities during 21 neurofeedback (NeurOptimal) sessions (PRE) in Bruxismitle patients without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> exposure during 21 NO sessions. <span style="color:#660033"><b>POST-NF AE:</b></span> Brain activities at 21 pre-learning (PRE) sessions in Bruxismitle patients without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> exposure during each NeurOptimal session (red column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 vs. session 1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g006-550.jpg?1732151380" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Example of divergences in a patient: representative brain activities at pre-/post-training (PRE and POST) in Bruxismitle participant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g007-550.jpg?1732151383" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Examples of low, moderate, and high divergences (DIV).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g008-550.jpg?1732151385" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Examples of low, moderate, and high divergences (DIV).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g009-550.jpg?1732151388" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Several brain activities (DIV) in Bruxismitle participant at pre- and post-training with/without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> exposure during NO session. These color lines are representative of each NO session (total 21).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g010-550.jpg?1732151391" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Negative divergence (DIV) in NeurOptimal training with/without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor exposure during 21 NO sessions. <b><span style="color:#005E00">DIV Total NF: </span></b> brain activities (total divergence—positive and negative—in Bruxismitle patients after 21 NeurOptimal sessions exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor in each session (green line, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>). <b><span style="color:#ED0000">DIV negative NF</span></b><span style="color:#ED0000">: </span>negative brain activities in Bruxismitle participants with <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor exposure during 21 sessions (red line, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g011-550.jpg?1732151393" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor reduces cerebral activities by repeated NeurOptimal overtraining in Bruxismitle participants as compared to Bruxismitle participants without exposure to this odor during each NO session. <b><span style="color:#004E9A">NF: </span></b> Total brain divergences (positive and negative) were evaluated in Bruxismitle patients after 21 NeurOptimal sessions (blue color) with a significant decrements on cerebral activity at session 8 (S-8, see left panel). <b><span style="color:#660033">NF + AE:</span></b> Brain divergences (total Divergence—positive and negative) in Bruxismitle patients expose to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> essential oil exposure session 16 (S-16).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g012-550.jpg?1732151393" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Reduced Hamilton scores after 21 NO post-training (POST) sessions in Bruxismitle patients as compare their pre-learning sessions (PRE).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g013-550.jpg?1732151394" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Anxiolytic effects of <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> essential oil in Bruxismitle participants after 21 NeurOptimal sessions by decreasing salivary cortisol levels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g014-550.jpg?1732151395" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Mean salivary cortisol levels (ng/mL) in Bruxismitle participants with/without <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> exposure during 21 NO sessions (S-1 + S-6 + S-21 + S-16 + S-21).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00715/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00715-g015-550.jpg?1732151397" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Per<span style="color:#00204F">centage of cortisol levels vs controls. <b>PRE</b>: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle patients at pre-learning sessions (blue column). <b><span style="color:#005E00">POST</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle patients at post-training sessions (green column). <b><span style="color:#7030A0">PRE-AE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants during 21 NeurOptimal sessions at pre-learning session with <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> essential oil (purpura column, <a href="#biomimetics-09-00715-f015" class="html-fig">Figure 15</a>). <b><span style="color:#ED0000">POST-AE</span></b><span style="color:#00204F">: </span>Brain activities in Bruxismitle participants exposed to <span class="html-italic">Origanum majorana</span> odor at post-training (red column).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/715'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 12806 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/714/pdf?version=1732175187" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="3D Printing and Property of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Scaffold" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/714">3D Printing and Property of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Scaffold</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xueni Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lingna Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaoyang Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haotian Xing</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zexin Gu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 714; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110714">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110714</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The 3D printing of a biomimetic scaffold with a high hydroxyapatite (HA) content (>80%) and excellent mechanical property is a serious challenge because of the difficulty of forming and printing, insufficient cohesion, and low mechanical property of the scaffold. In this study, hydroxyapatite <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/714/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The 3D printing of a biomimetic scaffold with a high hydroxyapatite (HA) content (>80%) and excellent mechanical property is a serious challenge because of the difficulty of forming and printing, insufficient cohesion, and low mechanical property of the scaffold. In this study, hydroxyapatite whiskers (HAWs), with their superior mechanical property, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, were used to reinforce spherical HA scaffolds by 3D printing. The compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of HAW-reinforced spherical HA (HAW/HA) scaffolds increased when the HAW/HA ratio increased from 0:10 to 4:6 and then dropped with any further increases in the HAW/HA ratio. Bioceramic content (HAWs and spherical HA) in the scaffolds reached 83%, and the scaffold with a HAW/HA ratio of 4:6 (4-HAW/HA) exhibited an optimum compressive strength and energy absorption capacity. The scaffold using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an additive possessed a good bonding between HA and PVA as well as a higher strength, which allowed the scaffold to bear a higher stress at the same strain. The compressive strength and toughness of the 4-HAW/HA-PVA scaffold were 1.96 and 1.63 times that of the 4-HAW/HA scaffold with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), respectively. The mechanical property and inorganic components of the biomimetic HAW/HA scaffold were similar to those of human bone, which would make it ideal for repairing bone defects. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/714">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/714/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525030"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525030"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525030" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525030" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525030" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g001-550.jpg?1732175309" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525030" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g002-550.jpg?1732175312'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g003-550.jpg?1732175316'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g004-550.jpg?1732175319'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g005-550.jpg?1732175320'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g006-550.jpg?1732175323'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g007-550.jpg?1732175325'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g008-550.jpg?1732175327'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1525030-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g009-550.jpg?1732175329'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525030-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g001-550.jpg?1732175309" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of HAWs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g002-550.jpg?1732175312" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Morphology of (<b>A</b>) 0-HAW/HA, (<b>B</b>) 1-HAW/HA, (<b>C</b>) 2-HAW/HA, (<b>D</b>) 3-HAW/HA, (<b>E</b>) 4-HAW/HA, and (<b>F</b>) 5-HAW/HA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g003-550.jpg?1732175316" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology and roughness of (<b>A</b>) 0-HAW/HA, (<b>B</b>) 1-HAW/HA, (<b>C</b>) 2-HAW/HA, (<b>D</b>) 3-HAW/HA, (<b>E</b>) 4-HAW/HA, and (<b>F</b>) 5-HAW/HA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g004-550.jpg?1732175319" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) 0-HAW/HA, (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) 1-HAW/HA, (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) 2-HAW/HA, (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) 3-HAW/HA, (<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>) 4-HAW/HA, and (<b>K</b>,<b>L</b>) 5-HAW/HA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g005-550.jpg?1732175320" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Compressive stress–strain curve of HAW/HA scaffolds and (<b>B</b>) compressive strength of HAW/HA scaffolds with different HAW content. (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g006-550.jpg?1732175323" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional morphologies of (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) 0-HAW/HA, (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) 1-HAW/HA, (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) 2-HAW/HA, (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) 3-HAW/HA, (<b>I</b>,<b>J</b>) 4-HAW/HA, and (<b>K</b>,<b>L</b>) 5-HAW/HA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g007-550.jpg?1732175325" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Rheological property of 4-HAW/HA ink, (<b>B</b>) FTIR, (<b>C</b>) EDS, and (<b>D</b>) XRD pattern of 4-HAW/HA scaffold. Vertical lines represent HA standards according to JCPDS # 72-1243.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g008-550.jpg?1732175327" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) SEM images, (<b>C</b>) rheological property, (<b>D</b>) FTIR, (<b>E</b>) EDS, and (<b>F</b>) XRD pattern of 4-HAW/HA-PVA scaffold. The yellow arrows represents the bonding location of PVA, HAWS and spherical HA. Vertical lines represent HA standards according to JCPDS # 72-1243.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00714/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00714-g009-550.jpg?1732175329" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Compressive stress–strain curves, (<b>B</b>) compressive strength of 4-HAW/HA and 4-HAW/HA-PVA scaffolds (** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01), (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) cross-sectional morphologies of 4 -HAW/HA-PVA, (<b>E</b>) the reinforcing toughing mechanism of PVA and hydroxyapatite bonding, (<b>F</b>) crack deflection and whisker bridging, and (<b>G</b>) whisker pullout. In the figure (<b>E</b>–<b>G</b>), the gray represents the 4 -HAW/HA-PVA matrix, the blue dot represents spherical HA, the yellow bars represents HA whisker.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/714'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 3256 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/713/pdf?version=1732157016" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Application of Real-Time Palm Imaging with Nelder–Mead Particle Swarm Optimization/Regression Algorithms for Non-Contact Blood Pressure Detection" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/713">Application of Real-Time Palm Imaging with Nelder–Mead Particle Swarm Optimization/Regression Algorithms for Non-Contact Blood Pressure Detection</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Te-Jen Su</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ya-Chung Hung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei-Hong Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wen-Rong Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qian-Yi Zhuang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan-Xiang Fei</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shih-Ming Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 713; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110713">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110713</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In response to the rising prevalence of hypertension due to lifestyle changes, this study introduces a novel approach for non-contact blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Recognizing the “silent killer” nature of hypertension, this research focuses on developing accessible, non-invasive BP measurement methods. This study <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/713/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In response to the rising prevalence of hypertension due to lifestyle changes, this study introduces a novel approach for non-contact blood pressure (BP) monitoring. Recognizing the “silent killer” nature of hypertension, this research focuses on developing accessible, non-invasive BP measurement methods. This study compares two distinct non-contact BP measurement approaches: one combining the Nelder–Mead simplex method with particle swarm optimization (NM-PSO) and the other using machine learning regression analysis. In the NM-PSO method, a standard webcam captures continuous images of the palm, extracting physiological data through light wave reflection and employing independent component analysis (ICA) to remove noise artifacts. The NM-PSO achieves a verified root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.71 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 3.42 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Alternatively, the regression method derives BP values through machine learning-based regression formulas, resulting in an RMSE of 2.88 mmHg for SBP and 2.60 mmHg for DBP. Both methods enable fast, accurate, and convenient BP measurement within 10 s, suitable for home use. This study demonstrates a cost-effective solution for non-contact BP monitoring and highlights each method’s advantages. The NM-PSO approach emphasizes optimization in noise handling, while the regression method leverages formulaic efficiency in BP estimation. These results offer a biomimetic approach that could replace traditional contact-based BP measurement devices, contributing to enhanced accessibility in hypertension management. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/713">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/VIJ8C0FT78 ">Bio-Inspired Data-Driven Methods and Their Applications in Engineering Control, Optimization and AI</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/713/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524932"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524932"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524932" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524932" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524932" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g001-550.jpg?1732157161" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524932" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g002-550.jpg?1732157162'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g003-550.jpg?1732157163'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g004-550.jpg?1732157164'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g005-550.jpg?1732157165'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g006-550.jpg?1732157166'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g007-550.jpg?1732157167'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g008-550.jpg?1732157169'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g009-550.jpg?1732157170'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g010-550.jpg?1732157172'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524932-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g011-550.jpg?1732157173'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524932-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g001-550.jpg?1732157161" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of MediaPipe hand node model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g002-550.jpg?1732157162" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of the area of interest.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g003-550.jpg?1732157163" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>NM-PSO flow chart [<a href="#B21-biomimetics-09-00713" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g004-550.jpg?1732157164" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>NM-PSO method blood pressure measurement system flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g005-550.jpg?1732157165" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Regression method blood pressure measurement system flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g006-550.jpg?1732157166" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Non-contact blood pressure measurement flow chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g007-550.jpg?1732157167" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Normalized waveform analysis chart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g008-550.jpg?1732157169" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>SBP data line chart using the NM-PSO method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g009-550.jpg?1732157170" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>DBP data line chart using the NM-PSO method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g010-550.jpg?1732157172" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>SBP data line chart using the regression method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00713/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00713-g011-550.jpg?1732157173" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>DBP data line chart using the regression method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/713'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 7503 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/712/pdf?version=1732092414" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Integrating Historical Learning and Multi-View Attention with Hierarchical Feature Fusion for Robotic Manipulation" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/712">Integrating Historical Learning and Multi-View Attention with Hierarchical Feature Fusion for Robotic Manipulation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gaoxiong Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zeyu Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jianing Luo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 712; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110712">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110712</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Humans typically make decisions based on past experiences and observations, while in the field of robotic manipulation, the robot’s action prediction often relies solely on current observations, which tends to make robots overlook environmental changes or become ineffective when current observations are suboptimal. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/712/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Humans typically make decisions based on past experiences and observations, while in the field of robotic manipulation, the robot’s action prediction often relies solely on current observations, which tends to make robots overlook environmental changes or become ineffective when current observations are suboptimal. To address this pivotal challenge in robotics, inspired by human cognitive processes, we propose our method which integrates historical learning and multi-view attention to improve the performance of robotic manipulation. Based on a spatio-temporal attention mechanism, our method not only combines observations from current and past steps but also integrates historical actions to better perceive changes in robots’ behaviours and their impacts on the environment. We also employ a mutual information-based multi-view attention module to automatically focus on valuable perspectives, thereby incorporating more effective information for decision-making. Furthermore, inspired by human visual system which processes both global context and local texture details, we have devised a method that merges semantic and texture features, aiding robots in understanding the task and enhancing their capability to handle fine-grained tasks. Extensive experiments in RLBench and real-world scenarios demonstrate that our method effectively handles various tasks and exhibits notable robustness and adaptability. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/712">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/712/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524890"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524890"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524890" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524890" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524890" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g001-550.jpg?1732092498" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524890" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g002-550.jpg?1732092498'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g003-550.jpg?1732092499'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g004-550.jpg?1732092501'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g005-550.jpg?1732092503'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524890-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g006-550.jpg?1732092505'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524890-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g001-550.jpg?1732092498" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Part (<b>a</b>) is the trajectory processing modules. Demonstrations are manually collected using a gamepad, and then macro steps are extracted based on keypoint analysis and genetic algorithms. Part (<b>b</b>) extract the hierarchical feature from visual inputs and fuse them by transfusion. The fused visual feature are then processed in the part (<b>c</b>), using mutual information to reduce visual feature redundancy and calculate the weight of each viewpoint. Then the multi-view information is weighted and fused. In part (<b>d</b>), the fused multi-view features are passed through a spatio-temporal attention network, which then output the actions for the robot to execute. The output actions are composed of the 3D pose of the end-effector, positional offsets and gripper state.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g002-550.jpg?1732092498" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The yellow curve represents the original trajectory, with blue points indicating the original trajectory points. The green points are key points identified by detecting moments when the robotic arm pauses or the gripper state changes. The orange point is a key point selected through the genetic algorithm, which further optimizes the key points to minimize the trajectory error.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g003-550.jpg?1732092499" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>RGB images are processed by both PANet and CLIP models to obtain local texture features (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="italic">FR</mi> <mi>l</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>) and global semantic features (<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="italic">FR</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>). These features are combined with the 2D projection of the end-effector pose to form the RGB-A feature (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="italic">FR</mi> </semantics></math>). Simultaneously, multi-view point cloud data is processed using the Set Abstraction (SA) module of PointNet++ to extract point cloud features (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="italic">FP</mi> </semantics></math>). The fusion of these visual and point cloud features enhances the robot’s ability to interact with complex environments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g004-550.jpg?1732092501" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The double-head arrow connects the viewpoints before (red box) and after (green box) the view shift. In the task inserting peg, the perspective shifts from the left shoulder view to the front view at the 2nd step as the robot arm blocks the target object from the left shoulder view. In the task item in drawer, the multi-view attention module considers the front viewpoint more valuable at the 4th and 5th steps. In the task stacking blocks, there are no changes in viewpoint.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g005-550.jpg?1732092503" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>During the testing phase, experiments are conducted with colors and shapes that were not presented during the training phase based on the picking and lifting task.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00712/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00712-g006-550.jpg?1732092505" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>We designed two viewpoints using front and wrist cameras. The viewpoint marked with a green star in the diagram indicates the viewpoint that contains more valuable information. Additionally, the action prediction at each step is based on the observations at the current step, as well as the observations and actions from the past several steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/712'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 11023 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/711/pdf?version=1732087694" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Online Traffic Crash Risk Inference Method Using Detection Transformer and Support Vector Machine Optimized by Biomimetic Algorithm" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/711">Online Traffic Crash Risk Inference Method Using Detection Transformer and Support Vector Machine Optimized by Biomimetic Algorithm</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bihui Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhuqi Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bingjie Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingbo Zhan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Songtao Deng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yi Fang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 711; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110711">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110711</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Despite the implementation of numerous interventions to enhance urban traffic safety, the estimation of the risk of traffic crashes resulting in life-threatening and economic costs remains a significant challenge. In light of the above, an online inference method for traffic crash risk based <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/711/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Despite the implementation of numerous interventions to enhance urban traffic safety, the estimation of the risk of traffic crashes resulting in life-threatening and economic costs remains a significant challenge. In light of the above, an online inference method for traffic crash risk based on the self-developed TAR-DETR and WOA-SA-SVM methods is proposed. The method’s robust data inference capabilities can be applied to autonomous mobile robots and vehicle systems, enabling real-time road condition prediction, continuous risk monitoring, and timely roadside assistance. First, a self-developed dataset for urban traffic object detection, named TAR-1, is created by extracting traffic information from major roads around Hainan University in China and incorporating Russian car crash news. Secondly, we develop an innovative Context-Guided Reconstruction Feature Network-based Urban Traffic Objects Detection Model (TAR-DETR). The model demonstrates a detection accuracy of 76.8% for urban traffic objects, which exceeds the performance of other state-of-the-art object detection models. The TAR-DETR model is employed in TAR-1 to extract urban traffic risk features, and the resulting feature dataset was designated as TAR-2. TAR-2 comprises six risk features and three categories. A new inference algorithm based on WOA-SA-SVM is proposed to optimize the parameters (C, g) of the SVM, thereby enhancing the accuracy and robustness of urban traffic crash risk inference. The algorithm is developed by combining the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Simulated Annealing (SA), resulting in a Hybrid Bionic Intelligent Optimization Algorithm. The TAR-2 dataset is inputted into a Support Vector Machine (SVM) optimized using a hybrid algorithm and used to infer the risk of urban traffic crashes. The proposed WOA-SA-SVM method achieves an average accuracy of 80% in urban traffic crash risk inference. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/711">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/MZ16ZI58KT ">Optimal Design Approaches of Bioinspired Robots</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/711/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524519"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524519"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524519" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524519" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524519" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g001-550.jpg?1732087770" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524519" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g002-550.jpg?1732087776'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g003-550.jpg?1732087778'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g004-550.jpg?1732087781'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g005-550.jpg?1732087786'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g006-550.jpg?1732087788'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g007-550.jpg?1732087790'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g008-550.jpg?1732087791'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g009-550.jpg?1732087792'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g010-550.jpg?1732087794'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g011-550.jpg?1732087796'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g012-550.jpg?1732087798'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g013-550.jpg?1732087799'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g014-550.jpg?1732087804'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g015-550.jpg?1732087806'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g016-550.jpg?1732087807'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g017-550.jpg?1732087809'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g018-550.jpg?1732087812'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1524519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g019-550.jpg?1732087815'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524519-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g001-550.jpg?1732087770" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Example of TAR-1 dataset and recording data area. (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Example images; (<b>g</b>) recording data area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g002-550.jpg?1732087776" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Example of TAR-2. (<b>a</b>–<b>i</b>) Example collision images.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g003-550.jpg?1732087778" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>MixUp technology implementation process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g004-550.jpg?1732087781" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Methods for extracting distances between targets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g005-550.jpg?1732087786" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Traffic crash risk inference framework: data acquisition, object detection, and automatic inference.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g006-550.jpg?1732087788" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The overall network framework of TAR-DETR encompasses four principal modules: the Rectangular Self-Calibration Module, the Dynamic Interpolation Fusion Module, the Fuse Block Multi-Module, and the Pyramid Context Extraction Module. A mechanism for coordinated attention is incorporated into the backbone network. P<sub>3</sub>, P<sub>4</sub>, and P<sub>5</sub> represent feature maps derived from disparate levels of the backbone network.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g007-550.jpg?1732087790" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The overall network framework of CGRFN.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g008-550.jpg?1732087791" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The network framework of the PCE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g009-550.jpg?1732087792" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The network framework of RCM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g010-550.jpg?1732087794" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The network framework of FBM and DIF modules. (<b>a</b>) FBM; (<b>b</b>) DIF module.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g011-550.jpg?1732087796" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The framework of WOA-SA-SVM. (<b>a</b>) SA algorithm; (<b>b</b>) WOA; (<b>c</b>) SVM algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g012-550.jpg?1732087798" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Training and validation convergence curve. (<b>a</b>) Train GIoU loss curve; (<b>b</b>) Train IoU loss curve; (<b>c</b>) precision curve; (<b>d</b>) recall curve; (<b>e</b>) Val GIoU loss curve; (<b>f</b>) Val IoU loss curve; (<b>g</b>) mAP<sub>50</sub> curve; and (<b>h</b>) mAP<sub>50–90</sub> curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g013-550.jpg?1732087799" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Compared to previously advanced real-time object detectors, our TAR-DETR achieves state-of-the-art performance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g014-550.jpg?1732087804" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Object detection results of TAR-DETR. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Small number of objects; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) large number of objects; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) different traffic crash objects.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g015-550.jpg?1732087806" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of TAR–2 traffic crash risk dataset. (<b>a</b>) Correlation matrix for TAR–2 dataset; (<b>b</b>) percentage of different categories in TAR–2 dataset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g016-550.jpg?1732087807" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>WOA-SA solution results for four typical test functions. (<b>a</b>) Sphere; (<b>b</b>) Rosenbrock; (<b>c</b>) Rastrigin; (<b>d</b>) Ackley.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g017-550.jpg?1732087809" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The inference results of TAR-2. (<b>a</b>) The precision of inference for each of the three categories; (<b>b</b>) the confusion matrix for WOA-SA-SVM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g018-550.jpg?1732087812" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>The instances of wrong inference (“Collision” to “Dangerous”). (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Collision instances are inferred as dangerous in various environments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00711/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00711-g019-550.jpg?1732087815" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The instances of wrong inference (“Collision” to “Safe”). (<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Collision instances are inferred as safe in various environments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/711'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4963 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/710/pdf?version=1732016316" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Methods for Snake-like Robots Based on Gait Adjustment" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/710">Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Methods for Snake-like Robots Based on Gait Adjustment</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chaoquan Tang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhipeng Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Meng Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Menggang Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongwei Tang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Deen Bai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 710; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110710">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110710</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Snake robots require autonomous localization and mapping capabilities for field applications. However, the characteristics of their motion, such as large turning angles and fast rotation speeds, can lead to issues like drift or even failure in positioning and map building. In response to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/710/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Snake robots require autonomous localization and mapping capabilities for field applications. However, the characteristics of their motion, such as large turning angles and fast rotation speeds, can lead to issues like drift or even failure in positioning and map building. In response to this situation, this paper starts from the gait motion characteristics of the snake robot itself, proposing an improved gait motion method and a tightly coupled method based on IMU and visual information to solve the problem of poor algorithm convergence caused by head-shaking in snake robot SLAM. Firstly, the adaptability of several typical gaits of the snake robot to SLAM methods was evaluated. Secondly, the serpentine gait was selected as the object of gait improvement, and a head stability control method for the snake robot was proposed, thereby reducing the interference of the snake robot’s motion on the sensors. Thirdly, a visual–inertial tightly coupled SLAM method for the snake robot’s serpentine gait and Arc-Rolling gait was proposed, and the method was verified to enhance the robustness of the visual SLAM algorithm and improve the positioning and mapping accuracy of the snake robot. Finally, experiments proved that the methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of positioning and map building for snake robots. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/710">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/710/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524268"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524268"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524268" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524268" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524268" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g001-550.jpg?1732016411" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524268" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g002-550.jpg?1732016412'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g003-550.jpg?1732016412'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g004-550.jpg?1732016413'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g005-550.jpg?1732016415'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g006-550.jpg?1732016415'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g007-550.jpg?1732016416'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g008-550.jpg?1732016417'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524268-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g009-550.jpg?1732016418'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524268-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g001-550.jpg?1732016411" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Principle of head stability control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g002-550.jpg?1732016412" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Angular differential variation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g003-550.jpg?1732016412" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of SLAM simulation under the serpentine gait.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g004-550.jpg?1732016413" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of SLAM simulation under the arc-rolling gait.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g005-550.jpg?1732016415" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The experimental system of the snake robot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g006-550.jpg?1732016415" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of localization and mapping under the serpentine gait.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g007-550.jpg?1732016416" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of localization and mapping under the two methods.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g008-550.jpg?1732016417" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of localization and mapping under the arc-rolling gait.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00710/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00710-g009-550.jpg?1732016418" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Localization and mapping results under the arc-rolling gait.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/710'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1524144" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1524144" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1524144" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/709/s1?version=1732010473"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 620 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 6112 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/709/pdf?version=1732010472" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Self-Exfoliated Guanidinium Covalent Organic Nanosheets as High-Capacity Curcumin Carrier" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/709">Self-Exfoliated Guanidinium Covalent Organic Nanosheets as High-Capacity Curcumin Carrier</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Archita Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dhavan Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hengyu Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongcai (Joe) Zhou</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Feng Zhao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 709; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110709">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110709</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Drug administration is commonly used to treat chronic wounds but faces challenges such as poor bioavailability, instability, and uncontrollable release. Existing drug delivery platforms are limited by chemical instability, poor functionality, complex synthesis, and toxic by-products. Presently, research efforts are focused on developing <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/709/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Drug administration is commonly used to treat chronic wounds but faces challenges such as poor bioavailability, instability, and uncontrollable release. Existing drug delivery platforms are limited by chemical instability, poor functionality, complex synthesis, and toxic by-products. Presently, research efforts are focused on developing novel drug carriers to enhance drug efficacy. Guanidinium Covalent Organic Nanosheets (gCONs) offer promising alternatives due to their high porosity, surface area, loading capacity, and ability to provide controlled, sustained, and target-specific drug delivery. Herein, we successfully synthesized self-exfoliated gCONs using a Schiff base condensation reaction and embedded curcumin (CUR), a polyphenolic pleiotropic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, via the wet impregnation method. The BET porosimeter exhibited the filling of gCON pores with CUR. Morphological investigations revealed the formation of sheet-like structures in gCON. Culturing human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) on gCON demonstrated cytocompatibility even at a concentration as high as 1000 µg/mL. Drug release studies demonstrated a controlled and sustained release of CUR over an extended period of 5 days, facilitated by the high loading capacity of gCON. Furthermore, the inherent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of CUR were preserved after loading into the gCON, underscoring the potential of CUR-loaded gCON formulation for effective therapeutic applications. Conclusively, this study provides fundamental information relevant to the performance of gCONs as a drug delivery system and the synergistic effect of CUR and CONs addressing issues like drug bioavailability and instability. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/709">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/8G4G85E6B0 ">Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems 2024</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/709/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524144"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524144"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524144" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524144" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524144" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-ag-550.jpg?1732010709" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1524144" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g001-550.jpg?1732010689'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g002-550.jpg?1732010694'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g003-550.jpg?1732010697'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g004-550.jpg?1732010701'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g005-550.jpg?1732010701'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-sch001-550.jpg?1732010704'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524144-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-ag-550.jpg?1732010709" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g001-550.jpg?1732010689" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>G</b>): <b>Material characterization of pristine gCON:</b> (<b>A</b>) FTIR Spectra depicting characteristic functional groups on the surface of gCON, confirming its chemical composition and successful synthesis. (<b>B</b>) N<sub>2</sub> adsorption isotherm analyzed via BET determining gCON’s porosity. (<b>C</b>) PXRD pattern displays the crystallinity of the gCON. (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>) FE-SEM (scale bar: 100 μm) and TEM (scale bar: 100 nm) exhibit gCON’s marginally rippled sheet-like surface topography. (<b>F</b>) EDS for compositional analysis, revealing the elemental distribution of gCON. (<b>G</b>) A 3D AFM image depicting the multi-layer stacked morphology of self-exfoliated gCON layers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g002-550.jpg?1732010694" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Cytocompatibility testing of pristine gCON:</b> Live/Dead assay of hDFs exposed to 1000 µg/mL of pristine gCON for 48 h and 72 h. Fewer dead cells (red fluorescence) and increased cell density (green fluorescence) at 72 h indicating low toxicity and biocompatibility even at higher concentrations. DMSO-treated cells serve as positive control. Scale bar: 200 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g003-550.jpg?1732010697" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><b>FTIR spectra of pristine CUR, pristine gCON, and CUR@gCON formulations.</b> The spectrum confirms the successful loading of CUR into gCON. The distinct peaks for each component and CUR@gCON formulations indicate the interactions between CUR and gCON, verifying effective loading.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g004-550.jpg?1732010701" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>): <b>Material characterization pristine CUR and CUR@gCON formulations:</b> (<b>A</b>) N<sub>2</sub> adsorption isotherm via BET showing almost complete filling of gCON pores after CUR loading, indicating successful incorporation; (<b>B</b>) Particle size analysis indicating increased hydrodynamic diameter incorporation of CUR into the gCON; (<b>C</b>) Zeta potential measurements reveal the near-neutral surface charge of CUR@gCON due to charge neutralization effects; (<b>D</b>) PXRD spectra illustrating changes in the crystalline structures upon CUR loading onto gCON; (<b>E</b>) FE-SEM image of pristine CUR shows spherical morphology with an average diameter of 17 μm. Scale bar: 1 μm, and (<b>F</b>) FE-SEM image of CUR@gCON (80%) displays altered gCON topography due to pore saturation and CUR loading, highlighting differences in structure, post-loading. Scale bar: 10 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-g005-550.jpg?1732010701" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>): <b>Bioactivity testing of pristine gCON, pristine CUR, and CUR@gCON formulation:</b> (<b>A</b>) Release rate profiles of CUR from CUR@gCON (80%) at two different pH levels, 7.2 and 5.0, illustrating the pH-dependent release behavior of CUR in different biological environments; (<b>B</b>) Antioxidant activity assessment via DPPH assay comparing the relative scavenging effects of each formulation in neutralizing free radicals; and (<b>C</b>) Anti-inflammatory activity evaluation via the Griess reagent reaction, measuring nitric oxide production as a marker of inflammatory response. CUR@gCON exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties compared to pristine gCON (**** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00709/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00709-sch001-550.jpg?1732010704" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>): <b>Diagrammatic representation of the synthesis and incorporation method of CUR onto gCON:</b> (<b>A</b>) Step-by-step synthesis of gCON via the Schiff base condensation method. This schematic outlines the key stages of the reaction process, including reactants, intermediates, and final product, illustrating how gCON is formed through the condensation of amine and aldehyde precursors. (<b>B</b>) Incorporation of CUR into gCON via the wet impregnation method. This schematic illustrates the process by which CUR is introduced into the gCON, detailing the steps involved in ensuring effective loading and distribution of CUR within the gCON structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/709'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 8003 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/708/pdf?version=1731998572" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research on Fine-Tuning Optimization Strategies for Large Language Models in Tabular Data Processing" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/708">Research on Fine-Tuning Optimization Strategies for Large Language Models in Tabular Data Processing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyong Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingxin Leng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ningning Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 708; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110708">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110708</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have been significantly driven by the development of large language models (LLMs). Despite their impressive performance across various language tasks, these models still encounter challenges when processing tabular data. This study investigates the optimization of fine-tuning <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/708/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP) have been significantly driven by the development of large language models (LLMs). Despite their impressive performance across various language tasks, these models still encounter challenges when processing tabular data. This study investigates the optimization of fine-tuning strategies for LLMs specifically in the context of tabular data processing. The focus is on the effects of decimal truncation, multi-dataset mixing, and the ordering of JSON key–value pairs on model performance. Experimental results indicate that decimal truncation reduces data noise, thereby enhancing the model’s learning efficiency. Additionally, multi-dataset mixing improves the model’s generalization and stability, while the random shuffling of key–value pair orders increases the model’s adaptability to changes in data structure. These findings underscore the significant impact of these strategies on model performance and robustness. The research provides novel insights into improving the practical effectiveness of LLMs and offers effective data processing methods for researchers in related fields. By thoroughly analyzing these strategies, this study aims to establish theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the future optimization of LLMs across a broader range of application scenarios. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/708">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/708/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523879"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523879"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523879" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523879" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523879" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g001-550.jpg?1731998707" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1523879" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g002-550.jpg?1731998708'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g003-550.jpg?1731998710'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523879-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g004-550.jpg?1731998712'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523879-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g001-550.jpg?1731998707" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Performance comparison of models with and without decimal truncation across different datasets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/708'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g002-550.jpg?1731998708" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Impact of multi-dataset mixing on model generalization across various datasets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/708'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g003-550.jpg?1731998710" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparative analysis of fixed vs. random key–value pair orders on model performance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/708'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00708/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00708-g004-550.jpg?1731998712" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of Phi-3 model performance with various data preprocessing techniques.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/708'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 9208 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/707/pdf?version=1732009631" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Perspectives of Insulating Biodegradable Composites Derived from Agricultural Lignocellulosic Biomass and Fungal Mycelium: A Comprehensive Study of Thermal Conductivity and Density Characteristics" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/9/11/707">Perspectives of Insulating Biodegradable Composites Derived from Agricultural Lignocellulosic Biomass and Fungal Mycelium: A Comprehensive Study of Thermal Conductivity and Density Characteristics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maryna Babenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yevhen Kononets</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Petr Bartos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ulrich Pont</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Frantisek Spalek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomas Zoubek</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pavel Kriz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 707; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110707">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9110707</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The research suggests a production method of insulating composites created from lignocellulosic agricultural biomass with fungal mycelium as a binder agent and offers a deeper investigation of their thermophysical properties. Particularly, the samples were meticulously evaluated for density and thermal conductivity. The function <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/707/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The research suggests a production method of insulating composites created from lignocellulosic agricultural biomass with fungal mycelium as a binder agent and offers a deeper investigation of their thermophysical properties. Particularly, the samples were meticulously evaluated for density and thermal conductivity. The function was built on the suggestion by the authors regarding the thermal conductivity-weight ratio indicator. The metric was initially introduced to assess the correlation between these parameters and was also applied to qualitatively evaluate the biocomposite among other commonly used natural insulations. An applied polynomial trend analysis indicated that the most effective densities for the wheat, hemp, and flax, which were 60, 85, and 105 kg·m<sup>−3</sup> respectively. It was determined that the optimal density for wheat and hemp composites corresponded to values of 0.28 and 0.20 W<sup>−1</sup>·kg<sup>−1</sup>·m<sup>4</sup>·K of the coefficient, respectively. These values were superior to those revealed in other common natural insulating materials, such as cork, cotton stalks, hempcrete, timber, etc. As a result, the proposed insulating material may offer numerous opportunities for application in industrial settings of civil engineering. <a href="/2313-7673/9/11/707">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/9/11/707/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523660"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523660"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523660" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523660" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523660" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-ag-550.jpg?1732066004" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1523660" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g001-550.jpg?1732065976'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g002-550.jpg?1732065978'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g003-550.jpg?1732065979'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g004-550.jpg?1732065981'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g005-550.jpg?1732065983'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g006-550.jpg?1732065985'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g007-550.jpg?1732065988'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g008-550.jpg?1732065990'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g009-550.jpg?1732065993'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g010a-550.jpg?1732066000'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1523660-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g010b-550.jpg?1732066004'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523660-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-ag-550.jpg?1732066004" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g001-550.jpg?1732065976" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Methodology of sample formation technique.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g002-550.jpg?1732065978" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>First stage: the process of fungi mycelium growth in a small substrate volume.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g003-550.jpg?1732065979" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chopped wheat with mycelium; (<b>b</b>) Chopped hemp with mycelium; (<b>c</b>) Chopped flax with mycelium. Source: Made by the authors.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g004-550.jpg?1732065981" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Preparing samples of each type in a climate chamber: wheat, hemp, and flax straw.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g005-550.jpg?1732065983" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Measuring the thermal conductivity of the samples (<b>a</b>) the surface probe; (<b>b</b>) plastic foil covering for the samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g006-550.jpg?1732065985" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Representative samples of wheat-based (<b>a</b>), hemp-based (<b>b</b>) and flax-based (<b>c</b>) composites injected with mycelium during the process of forming and weighing samples before drying.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g007-550.jpg?1732065988" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Representative samples of wheat-based (<b>a</b>), hemp-based (<b>b</b>) and flax-based (<b>c</b>) composites binded with a fungal mycelium after drying.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g008-550.jpg?1732065990" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Prepared composites for SEM analysis (<b>A</b>): Coated particles with non-oxidising metals (<b>B</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g009-550.jpg?1732065993" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>TC-WR values for measured types of biomass samples (orange line) and polynomial trend lines of TC-WR for density range of 0–250 (kg·m<sup>−3</sup>) with the approximation reliability values (<span class="html-italic">R</span><sup>2</sup>) between 0.865 and 0.998 and <span class="html-italic">O</span>-density point for wheat (<b>a</b>), hemp (<b>b</b>) and flax (<b>c</b>) straw composites with mycelium binder.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g010a-550.jpg?1732066000" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopic images of biomass–micelium composites obtained in this study: The surfaces of straw-micelium composites produced from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with flax straw (<b>a1</b>–<b>a4</b>), hemp straw (<b>b1</b>–<b>b4</b>) and with wheat straw (<b>c1</b>–<b>c4</b>). Legend: MSB *—Magnification scale bar.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/9/11/707'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-09-00707/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-09-00707-g010b-550.jpg?1732066004" title=" <strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopic images of biomass–micelium composites obtained in this study: The surfaces of straw-micelium composites produced from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium with flax straw (<b>a1</b>–<b>a4</b>), hemp straw (<b>b1</b>–<b>b4</b>) and with wheat straw (<b>c1</b>–<b>c4</b>). 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Biomimetics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI