Biomimetics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Biomimetics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1740146112"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1740146112"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1740146112"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?1a1c8656205a1de8?1740146112"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1740146112" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1740146112"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1740146112"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="title" content="Biomimetics"> <meta name="description" content="Biomimetics, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Biomimetics" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biomimetics, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(60,134,38,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(60,134,38,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(60,134,38,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(60,134,38,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(60,134,38,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Biomimetics - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/biomimetics"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="usercentrics-cmp" src="https://web.cmp.usercentrics.eu/ui/loader.js" data-ruleset-id="PbAnaGk92sB5Cc" async></script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag() { dataLayer.push(arguments); } gtag('consent', 'default', { 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'wait_for_update': 500, }); dataLayer.push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), 'event': 'gtm.js'}); </script> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> </head> <body> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Author Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1740146112" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1740146112" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Author Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=biomimetics " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="adhesives" > Adhesives </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="aisens" > AI Sensors </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" selected='selected'> Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biosphere" > Biosphere </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C (Journal of Carbon Research) </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="cmtr" > Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction (CMTR) </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="eesp" > Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="greenhealth" > Green Health </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijom" > International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy (IJOM) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="purification" > Purification </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="giants-in-urology">Giants in Urology</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="urology-around-the-world">Urology around the World</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100944489" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/CS_no_number.svg?62107aae53c39662?1740146112" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__citescore-number">3.5</div> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1" style="/*z-index:30;*/"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2313-7673" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/PM.svg?d6a69b922515dcf5?1740146112" class="iflogo2"> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/stats" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/IF_no_number.svg?af8a884fb765d812?1740146112" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__if-number">3.4</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Biomimetics</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width" data-equalizer="three-columns"> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-6 large-push-3 medium-6 medium-push-3 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div id="js-small-main-top-container"> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__orbit "> <div id="title-story" class=""> <ul class="title-story-orbit" data-orbit> <li > <a href="/2313-7673/10/1/28"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17389791622099.jpg?1740146112" alt="Mechanical Behavior of Sodium Alginate&ndash;Gelatin Hydrogel for 3D Cultures and Bioprinting" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Mechanical Behavior of Sodium Alginate–Gelatin Hydrogel for 3D Cultures and Bioprinting </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/75"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17388109750286.jpg?1740146112" alt="Mechanics of Bio-Inspired Protective Scales" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Mechanics of Bio-Inspired Protective Scales </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2313-7673/10/1/2"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17388109153438.jpg?1740146112" alt="Adhesive Performance in Horseshoe Bonding" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Adhesive Performance in Horseshoe Bonding </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2313-7673/9/12/781"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17388108511811.jpg?1740146112" alt="Brewers&rsquo; Spent Grain as Low-Carbon Aggregate in Building Materials" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Brewers’ Spent Grain as Low-Carbon Aggregate in Building Materials </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Biomimetics</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Biomimetics</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal on biomimicry and bionics, published monthly online by MDPI<em>.</em> <a href="https://www.isbe-online.org/">The International Society of Bionic Engineering (ISBE)</a> is affiliated with <em>Biomimetics</em>.<br /> <ul> <li><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>High Visibility: </strong>indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100944489">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2313-7673&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Biomimetics+%28Basel%29%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=pubdate">PubMed</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/3613/">PMC</a>, <a href="https://sso.cas.org/as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code&client_id=scifinder-n&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscifinder-n.cas.org%2Fpa%2Foidc%2Fcb&state=eyJ6aXAiOiJERUYiLCJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2Iiwia2lkIjoianMiLCJzdWZmaXgiOiJUYWozcGUu">CAPlus / SciFinder</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong>Journal Rank:</strong> JCR - Q1 (</em>Engineering, Multidisciplinary</em>) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 3.4 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.8 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/biomimetics/biomimetics_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2313-7673 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 1768 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/130/pdf?version=1740131500" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Next Frontier in Neuroprosthetics: Integration of Biomimetic Somatosensory Feedback" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/3/130">The Next Frontier in Neuroprosthetics: Integration of Biomimetic Somatosensory Feedback</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yucheng Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giacomo Valle</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul S. Cederna</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephen W. P. Kemp</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030130 (registering DOI) - 21 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The development of neuroprosthetic limbs—robotic devices designed to restore lost limb functions for individuals with limb loss or impairment—has made significant strides over the past decade, reaching the stage of successful human clinical trials. A current research focus involves providing somatosensory feedback to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/130/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The development of neuroprosthetic limbs—robotic devices designed to restore lost limb functions for individuals with limb loss or impairment—has made significant strides over the past decade, reaching the stage of successful human clinical trials. A current research focus involves providing somatosensory feedback to these devices, which was shown to improve device control performance and embodiment. However, widespread commercialization and clinical adoption of somatosensory neuroprosthetic limbs remain limited. Biomimetic neuroprosthetics, which seeks to resemble the natural sensory processing of tactile information and to deliver biologically relevant inputs to the nervous system, offer a promising path forward. This method could bridge the gap between existing neurotechnology and the future realization of bionic limbs that more closely mimic biological limbs. In this review, we examine the recent key clinical trials that incorporated somatosensory feedback on neuroprosthetic limbs through biomimetic neurostimulation for individuals with missing or paralyzed limbs. Furthermore, we highlight the potential impact of cutting-edge advances in tactile sensing, encoding strategies, neuroelectronic interfaces, and innovative surgical techniques to create a clinically viable human–machine interface that facilitates natural tactile perception and advanced, closed-loop neuroprosthetic control to improve the quality of life of people with sensorimotor impairments. <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/130">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/UFF6W18YE8 ">Innovative Biomimetics: Integrating Machine Learning, Neuropsychology, and Cognitive Neuroscience in Applied Psychological Research</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/130/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1596451"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1596451"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1596451" data-cycle-prev="#prev1596451" data-cycle-progressive="#images1596451" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1596451-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g001-550.jpg?1740131581" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1596451" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1596451-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g002-550.jpg?1740131583'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1596451-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g003-550.jpg?1740131585'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1596451-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g001-550.jpg?1740131581" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Human studies on biomimetic tactile feedback in upper-limb (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) and lower-limb (<b>E</b>) neuroprosthetics. (<b>A</b>) Biologically inspired prosthesis system. Neuromorphic (i.e., mimicking biological structure and function) tactile sensors combined with biomimetic (i.e., mimicking biological processes and signals) neuron models provided specific responses that corresponded to different objects. Adapted from [<a href="#B63-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">63</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Biomimetic encoding strategies outperformed non-biomimetic sensory stimulation during object size and compliance discrimination tasks. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05. Adapted from [<a href="#B64-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">64</a>]. (<b>C</b>) Implemented and compared sensory encoding strategies, including amplitude neuromodulation (ANM), frequency neuromodulation (FNM), and hybrid neuromodulation (HNM). Adapted from [<a href="#B65-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. (<b>D</b>) Biomimetic ICMS resulted in improved sensitivity of the electrode with reduced just-noticeable differences (JNDs) and higher resolution force feedback compared with non-biomimetic stimulation. Adapted from [<a href="#B47-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. (<b>E</b>) Biomimetic stimulation provided more natural tactile perception (rated from 0: totally unnatural to 5: totally natural) in both participants with lower-limb amputations. Adapted from [<a href="#B68-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. All figures were reprinted with permissions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g002-550.jpg?1740131583" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Next-generation neuroprosthetics that integrate biomimetic tactile feedback shown in steps. Flexible, electronic skin (e-skin) converts captured tactile data into biologically relevant outputs through biomimetic circuit designs. The tactile information is then processed using encoding strategies and neural networks to create multichannel biomimetic stimulation patterns. Subcellular-scale stimulation electrodes provide the precision needed to target individual neurons, selectively activating the sensory fiber populations responsible for conveying specific tactile information in response to the tactile stimuli. Meanwhile, high-density recording electrodes allow for improved decoding of motion intent. A surgical construct that biologically separates motor and sensory axons within the peripheral nerve provides optimal access to mechanoreceptors, facilitating accurate and naturalistic biomimetic tactile feedback.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00130/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00130-g003-550.jpg?1740131585" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Current technologies that can potentially facilitate biomimetic tactile feedback. (<b>A</b>) E-skin. Adapted from [<a href="#B90-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Sharpened subcellular electrode. Adapted from [<a href="#B99-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Scale bars, 500 μm. (<b>C</b>) High-density neural electrode. Adapted from [<a href="#B100-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">100</a>]. (<b>D</b>) Composite Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (C-RPNI) approach to access mechanoreceptors. Adapted from [<a href="#B101-biomimetics-10-00130" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. All figures were reprinted with permissions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 13204 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/129/pdf?version=1740119687" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Pneumatic Soft Glove System Based on Bidirectional Bending Functionality for Rehabilitation" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/3/129">A Pneumatic Soft Glove System Based on Bidirectional Bending Functionality for Rehabilitation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaohui Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qinkun Cheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhifeng Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongxu Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaowei Zhang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xingang Zhao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(3), 129; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030129">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030129</a> - 21 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Stroke-related hand dysfunction significantly limits the ability to perform daily activities. Pneumatic soft gloves can provide rehabilitation training and support for individuals with impaired hand function, enhancing their independence. This paper presents a novel pneumatic soft robotic system for hand rehabilitation featuring bidirectional <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/129/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Stroke-related hand dysfunction significantly limits the ability to perform daily activities. Pneumatic soft gloves can provide rehabilitation training and support for individuals with impaired hand function, enhancing their independence. This paper presents a novel pneumatic soft robotic system for hand rehabilitation featuring bidirectional bending actuators. The system comprises a pneumatic soft glove and a pneumatic control platform, enabling various rehabilitation gestures and assisting with finger grasping. The main bending module of the pneumatic soft actuator features a three-stage cavity structure, allowing for a wider range of finger rehabilitation training gestures and greater bending angles. The reverse-bending module uses a trapezoidal cavity design to enhance the reverse-bending capability, effectively facilitating finger extension motion. The pneumatic control platform is simple to set up, but effectively controls the actuators of the soft glove, which enables both main and reverse bending. This allows individuals with hand impairments to perform various gestures and grasp different objects. Experiments demonstrate that the pneumatic soft glove has a measurable load capacity. Additionally, the pneumatic soft glove system is capable of executing single-finger movements, a variety of rehabilitation gestures, and the ability to grasp different objects. This functionality is highly beneficial for the rehabilitation of individuals with hand impairments. <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/129">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/NHHSIT717D ">Bio-Inspired Soft Robotics: Design, Fabrication and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/129/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1596219"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1596219"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1596219" data-cycle-prev="#prev1596219" data-cycle-progressive="#images1596219" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g001-550.jpg?1740120102" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1596219" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g002-550.jpg?1740120102'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g003-550.jpg?1740120103'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g004-550.jpg?1740120104'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g005-550.jpg?1740120105'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g006-550.jpg?1740120106'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g007-550.jpg?1740120108'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g008-550.jpg?1740120110'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g009-550.jpg?1740120112'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g010-550.jpg?1740120115'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g011-550.jpg?1740120116'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g012-550.jpg?1740120117'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g013-550.jpg?1740120118'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g014-550.jpg?1740120118'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g015-550.jpg?1740120119'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g016-550.jpg?1740120120'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g017-550.jpg?1740120122'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g018-550.jpg?1740120124'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g019-550.jpg?1740120127'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g020-550.jpg?1740120128'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g021-550.jpg?1740120129'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g022-550.jpg?1740120131'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g023-550.jpg?1740120133'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g024-550.jpg?1740120135'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1596219-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g025-550.jpg?1740120136'><p>Figure 25</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1596219-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g001-550.jpg?1740120102" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The structure of the soft actuators. (<b>a</b>) structure of the other fingers (except for the thumb); (<b>b</b>) structure of the thumb.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g002-550.jpg?1740120102" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Parameters of a single air cavity of the main bending module after expansion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g003-550.jpg?1740120103" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Parameters of a single air cavity of the reverse-bending module after expansion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g004-550.jpg?1740120104" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Material of soft actuator-Ecoflex 00-50; (<b>b</b>) vacuum pump.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g005-550.jpg?1740120105" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Finger molds. (<b>a</b>) Mold for index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger; (<b>b</b>) mold for thumb.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g006-550.jpg?1740120106" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Fabrication process diagram of the middle finger of the soft actuator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g007-550.jpg?1740120108" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Design of the pneumatic system. (<b>a</b>) pneumatic circuit diagram; (<b>b</b>) pneumatic control platform.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g008-550.jpg?1740120110" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The main bending of the soft actuator’s finger joints and the overall reverse bending of the soft actuator in the horizontal direction. (<b>a</b>) entity models of the middle finger and thumb during bending; (<b>b</b>) air pressure values of the bending of the middle finger and thumb.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g009-550.jpg?1740120112" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The main bending of the soft actuator’s finger joints and the overall reverse bending of the soft actuator in the direction of against gravity. (<b>a</b>) entity models of the middle finger and thumb during bending; (<b>b</b>) air pressure values of the bending of the middle finger and thumb.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g010-550.jpg?1740120115" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The main bending of the soft actuator’s finger joints and the overall reverse bending of the soft actuator in the direction of gravity: (<b>a</b>) entity models of the middle finger and thumb during bending; (<b>b</b>) air pressure values of the bending of the middle finger and thumb.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g011-550.jpg?1740120116" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Abaqus simulation sequence diagrams of the soft actuator of the middle finger and the thumb under optimal air pressure. (<b>a</b>) middle-finger Abaqus simulation sequence diagrams; (<b>b</b>) thumb Abaqus simulation sequence diagrams.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g012-550.jpg?1740120117" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Bending angle values of the entity model and Abaqus simulation model of the soft actuators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g013-550.jpg?1740120118" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Bending angle values of the entity model and theoretical model of the soft actuator of the middle finger.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g014-550.jpg?1740120118" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Fingertip force measuring device.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g015-550.jpg?1740120119" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Fingertip forces for main and reverse bending of the soft actuator at different air pressures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g016-550.jpg?1740120120" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Forces at each joint and reverse-bending fingertip forces of the soft actuators under air pressure of 70 kPa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g017-550.jpg?1740120122" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The prosthetic model and initial state of wearing the soft glove. (<b>a</b>) the prosthetic model; (<b>b</b>) the initial state of the prosthetic model wearing the soft glove; (<b>c</b>) the thin-film pressure sensor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g018-550.jpg?1740120124" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>The flexion states of the index finger under different air pressures. (<b>a</b>) the prosthetic hand model; (<b>b</b>) the human hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g019-550.jpg?1740120127" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>The flexion states of the middle finger under different air pressures. (<b>a</b>) the prosthetic hand model; (<b>b</b>) the human hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g020-550.jpg?1740120128" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>The flexion states of the ring finger under different air pressures. (<b>a</b>) the prosthetic hand model; (<b>b</b>) the human hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g021-550.jpg?1740120129" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Finger flexion angles of both the prosthetic hand model and the human hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g022-550.jpg?1740120131" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Soft glove-assisted rehabilitation gestures. (<b>a</b>) the prosthetic hand model; (<b>b</b>) human hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g023-550.jpg?1740120133" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Gripping objects by prosthetic hand with soft glove. (<b>a</b>) a rectangular box; (<b>b</b>) a foam; (<b>c</b>) a blackboard eraser; (<b>d</b>) a PLA mold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g024-550.jpg?1740120135" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Grasping objects with two grasping postures by human hand wearing soft glove. (<b>a</b>) full grip; (<b>b</b>) flat pinch.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00129/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00129-g025-550.jpg?1740120136" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>Five-finger tip forces through two grasp types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 2820 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/128/pdf?version=1740046634" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Enhanced Misinformation Detection Model Based on an Improved Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm and Cross-Modal Feature Fusion" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/3/128">An Enhanced Misinformation Detection Model Based on an Improved Beluga Whale Optimization Algorithm and Cross-Modal Feature Fusion</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangyu Mu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoqing Ju</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongduo Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiaxue Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>He Gao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiurong Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(3), 128; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030128">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030128</a> - 20 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The proliferation of multimodal misinformation on social media has become a critical concern. Although detection methods have advanced, feature representation and cross-modal semantic alignment challenges continue to hinder the effective use of multimodal data. Therefore, this paper proposes an IBWO-CASC detection model that <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/128/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The proliferation of multimodal misinformation on social media has become a critical concern. Although detection methods have advanced, feature representation and cross-modal semantic alignment challenges continue to hinder the effective use of multimodal data. Therefore, this paper proposes an IBWO-CASC detection model that integrates an improved Beluga Whale Optimization algorithm with cross-modal attention feature fusion. Firstly, the Beluga Whale Optimization algorithm is enhanced by combining adaptive search mechanisms with batch parallel strategies in the feature space. Secondly, a feature alignment method is designed based on supervised contrastive learning to establish semantic consistency. Then, the model incorporates a Cross-modal Attention Promotion mechanism and global–local interaction learning pattern. Finally, a multi-task learning framework is built based on classification and contrastive objectives. The empirical analysis shows that the proposed IBWO-CASC model achieves a detection accuracy of 97.41% on our self-constructed multimodal misinformation dataset. Compared with the average accuracy of the existing six baseline models, the accuracy of this model is improved by 4.09%. Additionally, it demonstrates enhanced robustness in handling complex multimodal scenarios. <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/128">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/Q8273T7RAJ ">Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms 2025</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/128/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1595608"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1595608"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1595608" data-cycle-prev="#prev1595608" data-cycle-progressive="#images1595608" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g001-550.jpg?1740046711" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1595608" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g002-550.jpg?1740046712'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g003-550.jpg?1740046713'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g004-550.jpg?1740046714'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g005-550.jpg?1740046715'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1595608-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g006-550.jpg?1740046717'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1595608-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g001-550.jpg?1740046711" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The architecture of the IBWO-CASC model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g002-550.jpg?1740046712" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Self-attention mechanism; (<b>b</b>) cross-attention mechanism.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g003-550.jpg?1740046713" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of Models’ Parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g004-550.jpg?1740046714" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of Models’ FLOPS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g005-550.jpg?1740046715" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Loss function convergence curves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00128/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00128-g006-550.jpg?1740046717" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Multi-layer attention feature heatmaps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 13708 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/127/pdf?version=1740035340" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Labor Division Artificial Gorilla Troops Algorithm for Engineering Optimization" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/3/127">A Labor Division Artificial Gorilla Troops Algorithm for Engineering Optimization</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chenhuizi Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bowen Wu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liangkuan Zhu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(3), 127; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030127">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10030127</a> - 20 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (GTO) has emerged as an efficient metaheuristic technique for solving complex optimization problems. However, the conventional GTO algorithm has a critical limitation: all individuals, regardless of their roles, utilize identical search equations and perform exploration and exploitation sequentially. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/127/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimizer (GTO) has emerged as an efficient metaheuristic technique for solving complex optimization problems. However, the conventional GTO algorithm has a critical limitation: all individuals, regardless of their roles, utilize identical search equations and perform exploration and exploitation sequentially. This uniform approach neglects the potential benefits of labor division, consequently restricting the algorithm’s performance. To address this limitation, we propose an enhanced Labor Division Gorilla Troops Optimizer (LDGTO), which incorporates natural mechanisms of labor division and outcome allocation. In the labor division phase, a stimulus-response model is designed to differentiate exploration and exploitation tasks, enabling gorilla individuals to adaptively adjust their search equations based on environmental changes. In the outcome allocation phase, three behavioral development modes—self-enhancement, competence maintenance, and elimination—are implemented, corresponding to three developmental stages: elite, average, and underperforming individuals. The performance of LDGTO is rigorously evaluated through three benchmark test suites, comprising 12 unimodal, 25 multimodal, and 10 combinatorial functions, as well as two real-world engineering applications, including four-bar transplanter mechanism design and color image segmentation. Experimental results demonstrate that LDGTO consistently outperforms three variants of GTO and seven state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms in most test cases. <a href="/2313-7673/10/3/127">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/3/127/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1595307"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1595307"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1595307" data-cycle-prev="#prev1595307" data-cycle-progressive="#images1595307" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1595307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g001-550.jpg?1740035417" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1595307" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1595307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g002-550.jpg?1740035420'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1595307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g003-550.jpg?1740035423'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1595307-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g004-550.jpg?1740035423'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1595307-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g001-550.jpg?1740035417" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Two-stage labor division mechanism in LDGTO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g002-550.jpg?1740035420" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Workflow of the LDGTO algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g003-550.jpg?1740035423" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of segmented images by proposed method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00127/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00127-g004-550.jpg?1740035423" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of four-bar transplanter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/3/127'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1595069" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1595069" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1595069" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/126/s1?version=1739979539"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 8953 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2863 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/126/pdf?version=1739979539" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Expanding the Applicability of Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Engineering Through Surface Biofunctionalization" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/126">Expanding the Applicability of Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Engineering Through Surface Biofunctionalization</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beatriz Leiva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Igor Irastorza</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrea Moneo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gaskon Ibarretxe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Unai Silvan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 126; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020126">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020126</a> - 19 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a synthetic semicrystalline fluoropolymer with great potential for tissue engineering applications. In addition to its excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, biocompatibility and simple processability into different morphologies, the relevance of PVDF-based materials for tissue engineering applications comes for its <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/126/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a synthetic semicrystalline fluoropolymer with great potential for tissue engineering applications. In addition to its excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, biocompatibility and simple processability into different morphologies, the relevance of PVDF-based materials for tissue engineering applications comes for its electroactive properties, which include piezo-, pyro- and ferroelectricity. Nevertheless, its synthetic nature and inherent hydrophobicity strongly limit the applicability of this polymer for certain purposes, particularly those involving cell attachment. In addition, the variable adhesion of cells and proteins to PVDF surfaces with different net surface charge makes it difficult to accurately compare the biological response in each case. In this work, we describe a method for the surface functionalization of PVDF films with biological molecules. After an initial chemical modification, and, independently of its polarization state, the PVDF films covalently bind equivalent amounts of cell-binding proteins. In addition, the materials retain their properties, including piezoelectric activity, representing a very promising method for the functionalization of PVDF-based tissue engineering approaches. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/126">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/492RVE99IW ">Biomimetic Coating Technologies and Biomaterials for Medical Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/126/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1595069"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1595069"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1595069" data-cycle-prev="#prev1595069" data-cycle-progressive="#images1595069" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-ag-550.jpg?1739979662" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1595069" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g001-550.jpg?1739979651'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g002-550.jpg?1739979652'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g003-550.jpg?1739979653'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g004-550.jpg?1739979658'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1595069-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g005-550.jpg?1739979662'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1595069-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-ag-550.jpg?1739979662" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g001-550.jpg?1739979651" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the functionalization strategy: (<b>A</b>) Incubation of the activated PVDF surface with MAA solution. (<b>B</b>) PMAA polymerization by ester bond formation. (<b>C</b>) Acid activation with EDC/NHS. (<b>D</b>) Amide bond formation with the protein of choice. (<b>E</b>) Incubation of the activated PVDF surface with AAC solution. (<b>F</b>) PAAC polymerization by ester bond formation. (<b>G</b>) Membrane activation by EDC/NHS method. (<b>H</b>) Amide bond formation with the protein of choice.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g002-550.jpg?1739979652" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Physicochemical characterization of the PVDF-PMAA and PVDF-PAAC surfaces: (<b>A</b>) Surface functionalization with both acids is estimated from the absorption at 207 nm and 193 nm for PMAA and PAAC, respectively. “NP” stands for PVDF (non-poled), “+/–” for poled PVDF, “+” for positively poled PVDF, and “–” for negatively poled PVDF. (<b>B</b>) Images acquired for contact angle measurements and the corresponding quantification (<b>C</b>). In (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>), grey corresponds to PVDF (non-poled), white to PVDF (poled+), and black to PVDF (poled−). Statistical significances are denoted with * for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01 and *** for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g003-550.jpg?1739979653" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Quantification of the collagen immobilized on the PVDF surfaces and estimation of the piezoelectric properties: (<b>A</b>) Quantification of the amount of immobilized collagen type I on the functionalized PVDF substrates is measured by the BCA assay and reveals higher protein densities on the PVDF-PMAA than on the PVDF-PAAC surfaces. Nevertheless, similar protein densities are detected across the surfaces with different electric potentials. (<b>B</b>) Although there is a slight decay in the modulus of the piezoelectric coefficient (|d<sub>33</sub>|) of the functionalized PVDF films after the biofunctionalization process, particularly in case of PVDF (poled−), the resulting materials retain their piezoelectric properties to a great extent. Statistical significances are denoted with * for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01 and *** for <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g004-550.jpg?1739979658" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy images of the samples with immobilized collagen type I. Collagen fibres appeared immobilized on the PVDF membranes functionalized with PMAA (left column) and PAAC (right column), forming a homogenous network across the surface, independently of its polarity. Scale bar represents 50 µm. Insets represent a 10-fold magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00126/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00126-g005-550.jpg?1739979662" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescently stained primary hDPSCs adhering to bare (left column) and functionalized PVDF surfaces (middle and right columns show PMAA-functionalized and AAC functionalized surfaces, respectively). hDPSCs are stained with Hoechst33342 (nuclei in blue) and phalloidin (filamentous actin in red). The morphological features of the cells reveal the good biocompatibility of the collagen-functionalized PVDF surfaces. Scale bar represents 150 µm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 1515 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/125/pdf?version=1739960325" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="From Stents to Smart Implants Employing Biomimetic Materials: The Impact of 4D Printing on Modern Healthcare" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/125">From Stents to Smart Implants Employing Biomimetic Materials: The Impact of 4D Printing on Modern Healthcare</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antreas Kantaros</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Theodore Ganetsos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 125; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020125">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020125</a> - 19 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The sector of 4D printing represents a new frontier in additive manufacturing that allows for a material’s capability to adapt and respond to various stimuli, such as thermal transitions, humidity, and pH levels. The adaptability of such a material has great potential in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/125/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The sector of 4D printing represents a new frontier in additive manufacturing that allows for a material’s capability to adapt and respond to various stimuli, such as thermal transitions, humidity, and pH levels. The adaptability of such a material has great potential in healthcare applications, especially in designing personalized and responsive medical devices. This article looks into the revolutionary potential of healthcare applications of 4D printing, referencing applications in self-repairable implants, smart stents, personalized drug delivery systems, and response-based prosthetic devices. The advances in 3D printing have created a platform for such innovations to take place, while the material properties unique to 4D printing allow new methods of tackling existing health issues. However, the large-scale application of 4D printing in medicine is currently hampered by material limitations, regulation challenges, and financial challenges. In spite of these challenges, ongoing advances in technologies, combined with artificial intelligence and machine learning, provide the potential to surpass such challenges, hence improving the precision, efficacy, and personalization of medical devices. This work outlines existing applications, looks at potential areas of application in the future, and analyzes potential applications of 4D printing contributing to healthcare, recognizing challenges that need to be overcome in order to unlock its full potential. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/125">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/402KBZCZQZ ">Advances in Biomaterials, Biocomposites and Biopolymers 2024</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/125/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1594657"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1594657"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1594657" data-cycle-prev="#prev1594657" data-cycle-progressive="#images1594657" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1594657-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g001-550.jpg?1739960430" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1594657" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1594657-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g002-550.jpg?1739960433'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1594657-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g003-550.jpg?1739960435'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1594657-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g001-550.jpg?1739960430" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Tissue engineering scaffold fabricated with a 3D-Bioplotter [<a href="#B36-biomimetics-10-00125" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g002-550.jpg?1739960433" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of stent implantation for supporting blood circulation into blood vessels [<a href="#B41-biomimetics-10-00125" class="html-bibr">41</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00125/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00125-g003-550.jpg?1739960435" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Challenges and limitations of 4D-printing techniques in healthcare sector.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 11861 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/124/pdf?version=1739951499" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Plants Inspired Biomimetics Architecture in Modern Buildings: A Review of Form, Function and Energy" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/124">Plants Inspired Biomimetics Architecture in Modern Buildings: A Review of Form, Function and Energy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maryam Bijari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ardalan Aflaki</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Masoud Esfandiari</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 124; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020124">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020124</a> - 19 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biomimicry architecture provides innovative solutions to contemporary environmental challenges by drawing inspiration from nature’s strategies to enhance sustainability and energy efficiency in the built environment. Plants, with their remarkable ability to adapt to changes in light, temperature, and humidity, serve as a central <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/124/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biomimicry architecture provides innovative solutions to contemporary environmental challenges by drawing inspiration from nature’s strategies to enhance sustainability and energy efficiency in the built environment. Plants, with their remarkable ability to adapt to changes in light, temperature, and humidity, serve as a central model for biomimetic design due to their potential to optimize energy use and improve building performance. By leveraging these natural principles, biomimetic architecture can significantly reduce carbon emissions and create eco-friendly structures that respond dynamically to environmental conditions. This approach not only addresses the urgent need for sustainable development but also fosters harmony between human-made environments and the natural world. This study offers a comprehensive review of biomimetic technologies, focusing on their role in improving energy efficiency and building performance. Also, it examines a range of global case studies that have successfully implemented biomimicry, showcasing its versatility and effectiveness across diverse environmental and architectural contexts. Based on these insights, this research proposes a novel design inspired by the moonflower plant, which adapts to its environment by responding to external stimuli. The proposed design applies these adaptive strategies to architectural solutions, enabling buildings to optimize performance by dynamically interacting with environmental conditions such as light and temperature. By analyzing biomimetic principles and their applications, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable architecture. It highlights the potential of biomimicry to balance environmental sustainability with economic growth, offering valuable insights for architects, designers, and policymakers seeking to create greener, more efficient built environments. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/124">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/8V6VB4T647 ">Biomimetic Adaptive Buildings</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/124/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1594371"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1594371"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1594371" data-cycle-prev="#prev1594371" data-cycle-progressive="#images1594371" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g001-550.jpg?1739951599" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1594371" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g002-550.jpg?1739951599'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g003-550.jpg?1739951600'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g004-550.jpg?1739951602'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g005-550.jpg?1739951603'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g006-550.jpg?1739951605'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g007-550.jpg?1739951607'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g008-550.jpg?1739951608'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g009-550.jpg?1739951610'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g010-550.jpg?1739951612'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g011-550.jpg?1739951614'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g012-550.jpg?1739951615'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g013-550.jpg?1739951618'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g014-550.jpg?1739951619'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g015-550.jpg?1739951620'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g016-550.jpg?1739951621'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g017-550.jpg?1739951622'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1594371-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g018-550.jpg?1739951624'><p>Figure 18</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1594371-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g001-550.jpg?1739951599" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Biomimicry approaches.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g002-550.jpg?1739951599" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Level of biomimicry.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g003-550.jpg?1739951600" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The total number of publications in Scopus from 1997 to 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g004-550.jpg?1739951602" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The Esplanade Theatre, Singapore. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Durian as a symbolic fruit in Singapore.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g005-550.jpg?1739951603" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Al Bahr Towers, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Cacti and its flowers as a source of inspiration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g006-550.jpg?1739951605" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Swiss Re headquarters in London. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Marine organism with several layers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g007-550.jpg?1739951607" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Building façade of Media-TIC building, Barcelona, Spain. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) The porous internal structure of plant leaves.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g008-550.jpg?1739951608" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Application of vertical foldable shading devices on an office building, Lahore, Pakistan. (<b>a</b>) Shadow devices in horizontal and vertical axes (<b>b</b>) Module procedure (<b>c</b>) Agave leaf mountain mint.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g009-550.jpg?1739951610" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Shading system in Cactus Tower, Doha, Qatar. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Cactus plant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g010-550.jpg?1739951612" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Natural light penetration in Wuhan New Energy Center, China. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Arial view of the building at the night (<b>c</b>) Lily flower.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g011-550.jpg?1739951614" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Council House 2 (CH2), Melbourne, Australia. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Bark tree.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g012-550.jpg?1739951615" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The Rotatable Solar, Germany. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) The artificial sunflower.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g013-550.jpg?1739951618" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Pearl River Tower, China. (<b>a</b>) Distant view of the building (<b>b</b>) Close-up view of the building (<b>c</b>) Sea sponges.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g014-550.jpg?1739951619" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The movement of the moonflower plant. (<b>a</b>) extended position (<b>b</b>) folded position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g015-550.jpg?1739951620" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Proposed design for a double-skin facade. (<b>a</b>) Applicability of folding in two distinct positions (<b>b</b>) Folded in a time (<b>c</b>) Folded in two times.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g016-550.jpg?1739951621" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The shell in extended state in strong light conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g017-550.jpg?1739951622" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>The shell is closed and in low light conditions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00124/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00124-g018-550.jpg?1739951624" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Proposed design combining reviewed case studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 9182 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/123/pdf?version=1739938235" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Different Luting Methods on the Microtensile Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Blocks" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/123">Effect of Different Luting Methods on the Microtensile Bond Strength of CAD/CAM Resin Blocks</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandra Vinagre</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Delgado</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela Almeida</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Messias</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>João Carlos Ramos</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 123; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020123">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020123</a> - 19 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The widespread implementation of new CAD/CAM materials has led to the necessity of establishing an adequate luting protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the film thickness of different luting methods on CAD/CAM resin blocks. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/123/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The widespread implementation of new CAD/CAM materials has led to the necessity of establishing an adequate luting protocol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the film thickness of different luting methods on CAD/CAM resin blocks. Five Brilliant Crios CAD/CAM blocks (Coltene/Whaledent) were sequentially sectioned into two halves, air abraded with 50 µm aluminum oxide, and luted according to five different cementation protocols: Brilliant EverGlow (BEG), Brilliant EverGlow with ultrasound application (BEG-US), preheated Brilliant EverGlow (BEG-H), Brilliant EverGlow Flow (BEGF), and Duo Cem<sup>®</sup> Trans (DC). Subsequently, the blocks were sectioned to obtain rods, which were then submitted to a microtensile bond strength test (n = 20). The surfaces were examined with optical microscopy to determine the failure mode and the bonding interface was assessed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Bond strength values were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests (α = 0.05). The bond strength values varied with the different cementation protocols (<i>p</i> < 0.001): BEG (45.48 ± 18.14 MPa), BEG-US (42.15 ± 14.90 MPa), BEG-H (41.23 ± 15.15 MPa), BEGF (58.38 ± 15.65 MPa), and DC (81.07 ± 8.75 MPa). Regarding bond strength, DC presented significantly higher values than all other experimental groups (<i>p</i> < 0.050), whereas all luting methods using BEG presented similar values (<i>p</i> = 0.894). Adhesive failures were the predominant type. On SEM evaluation, all the luting materials presented a tight and homogeneous cement–block interface with variable film thicknesses. In conclusion, among the cementation protocols, the resin cement (DC) rendered the highest bond strength values. SEM analysis revealed that the lowest film thickness was associated with the flowable composite (BEGF). <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/123">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/902P1231E0 ">Biomimetic Bonded Restorations for Dental Applications: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/123/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1594211"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1594211"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1594211" data-cycle-prev="#prev1594211" data-cycle-progressive="#images1594211" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1594211-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g001-550.jpg?1739938442" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1594211" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1594211-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g002-550.jpg?1739938444'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1594211-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g003-550.jpg?1739938451'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1594211-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g001-550.jpg?1739938442" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the experimental procedure. Abbreviations: SB: Sandblasting with 50 μm Al2O3; UNI: Universal adhesive.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g002-550.jpg?1739938444" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of µTBS results by group with corresponding statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparisons). Lines indicate statistically significant differences between pairs of groups. ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00123/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00123-g003-550.jpg?1739938451" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the bonding interfaces where arrows indicate cement layer thickness. (<b>a</b>) BEG, 250×; (<b>b</b>) BEG, 2500×; (<b>c</b>) BEG-US, 250×; (<b>d</b>) BEG-US, 2500×; (<b>e</b>) BEG-H, 250×; (<b>f</b>) BEG-H, 2500×; (<b>g</b>) BEGF, 250×; (<b>h</b>) BEGF, 2500×; (<b>i</b>) DC, 250×; (<b>j</b>) DC, 2500×.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1594170" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1594170" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1594170" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/122/s1?version=1740011461"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 792 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 5315 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/122/pdf?version=1739957513" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Biomimicry-Based Design of Underground Cold Storage Facilities: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/122">Biomimicry-Based Design of Underground Cold Storage Facilities: Energy Efficiency and Sustainability</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mugdha Kshirsagar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanjay Kulkarni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ankush Kumar Meena</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danby Caetano D’costa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aroushi Bhagwat</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Md Irfanul Haque Siddiqui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dan Dobrotă</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 122; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020122">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020122</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Underground cold storage gives rise to special challenges that require innovative solutions to ensure maximum energy efficiency. Conventional energy systems tend to be based on high energy use, so sustainable solutions are crucial. This study explores the novel idea of biomimetics and how <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/122/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Underground cold storage gives rise to special challenges that require innovative solutions to ensure maximum energy efficiency. Conventional energy systems tend to be based on high energy use, so sustainable solutions are crucial. This study explores the novel idea of biomimetics and how it might be used in the planning and building of underground cold storage facilities as well as other infrastructure projects. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by termite mounds, gentoo penguin feathers, and beehive structures, are applied to minimize reliance on energy-intensive cooling systems. These natural models offer efficient thermal regulation, airflow optimization, and passive cooling mechanisms such as geothermal energy harvesting. The integration of naturally driven convection and ventilation ensures stable internal temperatures under varying conditions. Biomimicry was employed in Revit Architecture, coupled with structural optimization, to eliminate urban space’s limitations and further increase energy efficiency. The analytical work for this paper utilized a set of formulas that represent heat flow, thermal resistance, R-value, thermal transmittance, U-value, solar absorption, and G-value. The results pointed to very good insulation, with exterior walls having an R-value of 10.2 m<sup>2</sup>K/W and U-value of 0.98 W/m<sup>2</sup>K. Among the chosen 3-layer ETFE cushion with a U-value of 1.96 W/m<sup>2</sup>K, with a G-value of 0.50, showed good heat regulation and daylight management. Furthermore, bagasse-cement composites with a very low thermal conductivity of 0.10–0.30 W/m·K provided good insulation. This research proposes a scalable and sustainable approach in the design of underground cold storage by merging modelling based on Revit with thermal simulations. Biomimicry has been demonstrated to have the potential for changing subterranean infrastructure, conserving energy consumption, and creating eco-friendly construction practices. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/122">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/A1338D6CH8 ">Bioinspired Engineering and the Design of Biomimetic Structures: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/122/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1594170"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1594170"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1594170" data-cycle-prev="#prev1594170" data-cycle-progressive="#images1594170" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g001-550.jpg?1740011569" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1594170" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g002-550.jpg?1740011569'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g003-550.jpg?1740011571'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g004-550.jpg?1740011574'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g005-550.jpg?1740011576'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g006-550.jpg?1740011577'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g007-550.jpg?1740011578'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g008-550.jpg?1740011580'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g009-550.jpg?1740011580'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g010-550.jpg?1740011581'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g011-550.jpg?1740011583'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g012-550.jpg?1740011585'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g013-550.jpg?1740011586'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1594170-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g014-550.jpg?1740011587'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1594170-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g001-550.jpg?1740011569" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Methodology Flowchart.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g002-550.jpg?1740011569" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dimensions of the proposed storage boxes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g003-550.jpg?1740011571" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Iceberg concept implemented for the cold storage facility with (90:10) underground-to-above-ground ratio (made using Revit).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g004-550.jpg?1740011574" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>ETFE roofing in a research building in Braunschweig, Germany. Source: <a href="https://specialtyfabricsreview.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/03/6907_20171222_1N4V9587_1_Hanno-Keppel.jpg" target="_blank">https://specialtyfabricsreview.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2018/03/6907_20171222_1N4V9587_1_Hanno-Keppel.jpg</a> (accessed on 1 December 2024). Photos: Hanno Keppel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g005-550.jpg?1740011576" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>3-layer ETFE cushion system implemented in the surface warehouse facility (made using Revit).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g006-550.jpg?1740011577" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Body structure of a Gentoo penguin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g007-550.jpg?1740011578" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Cross-section of the exterior wall of subsurface cold storage facility showing the layers of insulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g008-550.jpg?1740011580" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Induced flow model for termite mound ventilation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g009-550.jpg?1740011580" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Schematic Drawing of ventilator hoods.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g010-550.jpg?1740011581" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Structure A: Bagasse-Cement Composite Wall.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g011-550.jpg?1740011583" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Structure B: Common insulating wall.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g012-550.jpg?1740011585" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Structure C: Regular masonry wall.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g013-550.jpg?1740011586" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Spread of forces on a hexagon cell.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00122/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00122-g014-550.jpg?1740011587" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Difference between regular and non-regular tessellating patterns.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 6272 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/121/pdf?version=1739880242" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Flash Memory for Synaptic Plasticity in Neuromorphic Computing: A Review" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/121">Flash Memory for Synaptic Plasticity in Neuromorphic Computing: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jisung Im</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sangyeon Pak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sung-Yun Woo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wonjun Shin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sung-Tae Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 121; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020121">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020121</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The rapid expansion of data has made global access easier, but it also demands increasing amounts of energy for data storage and processing. In response, neuromorphic electronics, inspired by the functionality of biological neurons and synapses, have emerged as a growing area of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/121/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The rapid expansion of data has made global access easier, but it also demands increasing amounts of energy for data storage and processing. In response, neuromorphic electronics, inspired by the functionality of biological neurons and synapses, have emerged as a growing area of research. These devices enable in-memory computing, helping to overcome the “von Neumann bottleneck”, a limitation caused by the separation of memory and processing units in traditional von Neumann architecture. By leveraging multi-bit non-volatility, biologically inspired features, and Ohm’s law, synaptic devices show great potential for reducing energy consumption in multiplication and accumulation operations. Within the various non-volatile memory technologies available, flash memory stands out as a highly competitive option for storing large volumes of data. This review highlights recent advancements in neuromorphic computing that utilize NOR, AND, and NAND flash memory. This review also delves into the array architecture, operational methods, and electrical properties of NOR, AND, and NAND flash memory, emphasizing its application in different neural network designs. By providing a detailed overview of flash memory-based neuromorphic computing, this review offers valuable insights into optimizing its use across diverse applications. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/121">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/biomimetics/sections/biomimetic_design">Biomimetic Design, Constructions and Devices</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/121/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1593861"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1593861"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1593861" data-cycle-prev="#prev1593861" data-cycle-progressive="#images1593861" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g001-550.jpg?1739880335" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1593861" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g002-550.jpg?1739880336'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g003-550.jpg?1739880337'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g004-550.jpg?1739880338'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g005-550.jpg?1739880339'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g006-550.jpg?1739880342'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g007-550.jpg?1739880345'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g008-550.jpg?1739880346'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g009-550.jpg?1739880347'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g010-550.jpg?1739880349'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g011-550.jpg?1739880350'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g012-550.jpg?1739880351'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g013-550.jpg?1739880352'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g014-550.jpg?1739880353'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1593861-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g015-550.jpg?1739880354'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1593861-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g001-550.jpg?1739880335" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>ESF1 NOR flash memory cells. (<b>a</b>) Schematic cross-section of the two-cell “supercell” structure and (<b>b</b>) its corresponding equivalent circuit. (<b>c</b>) TEM cross-sectional image of an individual memory cell fabricated using a 180 nm process. (<b>d</b>) The drain current (<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>DS</sub>) of the memory cell is plotted as a function of gate voltage (<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>GS</sub>) at <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>DS</sub> = 1 V for various memory states. Lines of different colors have different threshold voltages, which result from the program and erase pulses applied to the NAND cell. The gray-shaded area indicates the subthreshold conduction region, where currents below <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>DS</sub> = 10 pA (dashed line) are predominantly affected by leakage currents from the experimental setup used for measurements. Inset: Slope values extracted from the semilogarithmic plot at <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>DS</sub> = 10 nA, shown as a function of the memory state, characterized by the corresponding gate voltage. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B54-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Copyright © 2017, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g002-550.jpg?1739880336" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Results of analog retention measurements for various memory states conducted in the gate-coupled array configuration. Each state is represented by 1000 data points, where each point is the average of 65 samples collected over a 130 ms interval. Lines of different colors represent the retiontion characteristics with different current level. (<b>b</b>) Relative root mean square (rms) variation and the full peak-to-valley current swing during the same measurement period. The inset shows the equivalent circuit of the gate-coupling configuration used. (<b>c</b>) Spectral density of the cell current noise measured at room temperature. The gray lines serve as visual guides, corresponding to <span class="html-italic">S</span><sub>I</sub> ∝ 1/<span class="html-italic">f</span><sup>1.6</sup>. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B54-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">54</a>]. Copyright © 2017, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g003-550.jpg?1739880337" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Top-down view of a synapse cell array, with cross-sectional views shown in (<b>b</b>) along the WL direction and (<b>c</b>) along the BL direction. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B55-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Copyright © 2018, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g004-550.jpg?1739880338" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic circuit diagram of a STDP neuromorphic network incorporating a synapse cell array and neuron circuitry. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B55-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Copyright © 2018, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g005-550.jpg?1739880339" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of PRE (input) and POST (feedback) electrodes responsible for updating synaptic weights, and (<b>b</b>) the pulse scheme applied to the synapse cellarray, enabling LTP and LTD through the erase (ERS) and program (PGM) operations of the memory cell. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B55-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">55</a>]. Copyright © 2018, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g006-550.jpg?1739880342" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic representation of a V-AND flash memory cell stack, with cross-sectional views shown in (<b>b</b>) the xy plane and (<b>c</b>) the xz plane. (<b>d</b>) TEM cross-sectional image of the fabricated V-AND cell stack. (<b>e</b>) Key fabrication steps for the V-AND cell stack, including one-shot patterning. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B61-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. Copyright © 2024, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g007-550.jpg?1739880345" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Transfer curves (<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub>-<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>GS</sub>) of the fabricated V-AND flash cell in PGM and ERS states. The inset shows the <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub> distribution for the ERS and PGM states (<span class="html-italic">t</span><sub>read</sub> = 100 μs, <span class="html-italic">t</span><sub>write</sub> = 1 ms). (<b>b</b>) Top-view SEM image of the 8 × 8 × 3 V-AND flash array. (<b>c</b>) Measured <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub> values for 18 randomly selected cell pairs (cells A and B) sharing a single channel hole and source/drain at <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>GS</sub> = 0 V, showing similar <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub> values between paired cells. Insets display the ratio of the <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub> difference (Δ<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>D</sub>) between cells A and B and its distribution. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B61-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">61</a>]. Copyright © 2024, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g008-550.jpg?1739880346" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p><b>A</b> 2T2S synaptic string structure, which consists of two input transistors and two NAND strings, along with a sense amplifier utilizing a fixed reference current (<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>ref</sub>) for a input value of (<b>a</b>) +1 and (<b>b</b>) −1. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B70-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Copyright © 2019, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g009-550.jpg?1739880347" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The CSA compares the reference current (<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>REF</sub>) with the string current (<span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>SL</sub>). transient waveforms of the CSA are shown for (<b>b</b>) a case where <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>SL</sub> is larger than <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>REF</sub> and (<b>c</b>) a case where <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>SL</sub> is smaller than <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>REF</sub>. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B70-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">70</a>]. Copyright © 2019, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g010-550.jpg?1739880349" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Differential sensing scheme based on the 4T2S synaptic string structure, which includes two NAND strings and four input transistors. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B67-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. Copyright © 2022, Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g011-550.jpg?1739880350" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) DCSA with 4T2S structure when the input is +1. The transient waveforms (<b>b</b>) for the case where <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>BL1</sub> is larger than <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>BL2</sub> and (<b>c</b>) for the case where <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>BL1</sub> is smaller than <span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>BL2</sub>. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B67-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">67</a>]. Copyright © 2022, Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g012-550.jpg?1739880351" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Operation method of cell string structure to be used in QNN. (<b>b</b>) Schematic representation of a neural network. (<b>c</b>) Timing diagram illustrating the read pulse scheme as a function of time. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B68-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Copyright © 2020, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g013-550.jpg?1739880352" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">I</span><sub>BL</sub>-<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>SSL</sub> characteristics shown in (<b>a</b>) logarithmic scale and (<b>b</b>) linear scale. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B68-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Copyright © 2020, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g014-550.jpg?1739880353" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Synaptic array architecture utilizing 3D cell string structure for forward propagation (FP) process. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B69-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. Copyright © 2021, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00121/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00121-g015-550.jpg?1739880354" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Synaptic array architecture utilizing 3D cell string structure for backward propagation (BP) process. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B69-biomimetics-10-00121" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. Copyright © 2021, IEEE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1593810" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1593810" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1593810" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/120/s1?version=1739876360"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 232 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 7295 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/120/pdf?version=1739876360" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Treating White Spot Lesions and Non-Carious Cervical Lesions with Amelogenin Peptide-Based Hydrogel" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/120">Treating White Spot Lesions and Non-Carious Cervical Lesions with Amelogenin Peptide-Based Hydrogel</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erika Bauza Nowotny</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Salony Jassar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jin-Ho Phark</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Janet Moradian-Oldak</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 120; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020120">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020120</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Peptide-based biomimetic treatments have gained increased attention in the dental field due to their biocompatibility and minimally invasive qualities. These biomimetic approaches can replicate the native architecture of dental tissues, thus contributing to higher success rates and improved longevity of restorations. The aim <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/120/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Peptide-based biomimetic treatments have gained increased attention in the dental field due to their biocompatibility and minimally invasive qualities. These biomimetic approaches can replicate the native architecture of dental tissues, thus contributing to higher success rates and improved longevity of restorations. The aim of this study was first to examine the biocompatibility and stability of an amelogenin peptide-based chitosan hydrogel (P26-CS) against salivary enzymes. Second, we aimed to evaluate its efficacy in biomimetically repairing human dental lesions in situ. White spot lesions (WSLs) in enamel and non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) in dentin were artificially created. Chitosan (CS) improved peptide stability, while remineralization of enamel sections with P26-CS was not impeded by salivary enzymes. The peptide was not cytotoxic, irritating, or sensitizing. Fluorescently labeled P26-CS penetrated ~300 μm into the enamel of WSLs and ~100 μm into the dentin of NCCLs. After peptide treatment, quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and microcomputed tomography (μCT) indicated a gain in mineral density of WSLs. In NCCLs, scanning electron microscopy showed that the dentin was covered by a mineral layer of needle-shaped crystals. Our results show that the repair of artificial WSLs and NCCLs was achieved by P26 peptide-guided remineralization and demonstrate its potential to repair dental lesions. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/120">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/86VU7497GY ">Biomimetic Bonded Restorations for Dental Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/120/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1593810"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1593810"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1593810" data-cycle-prev="#prev1593810" data-cycle-progressive="#images1593810" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g001-550.jpg?1739876436" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1593810" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g002-550.jpg?1739876439'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g003-550.jpg?1739876442'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g004-550.jpg?1739876444'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g005-550.jpg?1739876446'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g006-550.jpg?1739876448'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g007-550.jpg?1739876450'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g008-550.jpg?1739876455'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1593810-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g009-550.jpg?1739876459'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1593810-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g001-550.jpg?1739876436" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Peptide stability after incubation in artificial saliva with salivary enzymes. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) HPLC spectra of P26 and P26-CS after incubation in artificial saliva with MMP1, MMP8, α-amylase, and lysozyme. Peptide stability was measured as the change in area of peptide peak (eluting at 30 min). Incubations for each sample were performed in triplicates (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) Peptide stability (as % of initial peptide peak area) of P26 and P26-CS (0.2 mg/mL) after incubation with individual enzymes for 30 min (<b>C</b>) and 5 h (<b>D</b>) at 37 °C. Enzymes were used at their native concentrations in humans. Ratios indicate amount of enzyme relative to peptide. (<b>E</b>) Peptide stability after incubation with all enzymes (native concentrations) at 37 °C (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3 per group).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g002-550.jpg?1739876439" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of mineral density of demineralized enamel by QLF analysis after remineralization in the presence and absence of salivary enzymes. (<b>A1</b>–<b>A4</b>) Representative QLF images used to calculate ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub>, before treatment (<b>A1</b>,<b>A3</b>) and after treatment with P26-CS (<b>A2</b>,<b>A4</b>). Remineralization was carried out either in the presence (<b>A3</b>,<b>A4</b>) or absence (<b>A1</b>,<b>A2</b>) of salivary enzymes. (<b>B</b>) Statistical analysis of ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub> values of samples remineralized with P26-CS with and without enzymes. No difference was observed between the ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub> in groups with enzymes vs. the non-enzyme groups (dotted) (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05; One-Way ANOVA; <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 7/group). Additionally, treatment with P26-CS resulted in mineral density gain compared to controls both in the presence and absence of enzymes (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g003-550.jpg?1739876442" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Penetration of Cy5-P26-CS on WSLs. After treatment, the specimens were remineralized in artificial saliva for 2 h with and without salivary enzymes (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>, respectively). Insets in (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) show the white-light pictures of the block with the WSLs. Fluorescence was detected through a depth of ~390 μm. Fluorescence after 7-day remineralization at 37 °C from A (<b>C</b>) and B (<b>D</b>), respectively. Three-dimensional overlay front view (<b>E</b>–<b>H</b>) and lateral (<b>I</b>–<b>L</b>) from the z-stack showing peptide penetration (red) and enamel autofluorescence (green) from corresponding (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>). White arrows indicate areas of peptide penetration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g004-550.jpg?1739876444" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Cy5-P26 treated in situ NCCL. (<b>A</b>) Two-dimensional sectioning of in situ lesion after 2 h remineralization. Inset: white-light picture of the lesion. (<b>B</b>) Three-dimensional volume rendering of lateral view of lesion showing peptide penetration along the YZ plane. (<b>C</b>–<b>F</b>) Representative images of peptide penetration along the XZ plane after 1.5 h (<b>C</b>) and 7 days remin. (<b>E</b>) along with the point where it was measured in the lesion (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>), respectively. En: enamel; D: dentin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g005-550.jpg?1739876446" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cy5-P26 treated in natural NCCL. (<b>A</b>) Lesion after 1.5 h remineralization showing peptide presence in enamel and dentin. Inset: white-light picture of lesion. (<b>B</b>) Lateral view of lesion showing peptide penetration along YZ plane. (<b>C</b>–<b>F</b>) Representative images of peptide penetration along the XZ plane in dentin (<b>C</b>) and enamel (<b>E</b>) along with the point where it was measured in the lesion (<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>), respectively. En: enamel; D: dentin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g006-550.jpg?1739876448" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Assessment of mineral density of WSLs after a 21-day remineralization cycle. (<b>A1–A8</b>) Representative QLF images used to calculate ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub> showing the fluorescence of the lesion pre- and post-treatment. (<b>B</b>) Quantitative analysis of the QLF images. Treatment with P26-CS resulted in the highest ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub>. Application of P26-CS for 30 min, 2× per week (blue) or 6 h, 1× a week (red) had an almost identical effect in the ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub>. <span class="html-italic">p &gt;</span> 0.05 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.17 by One-Way ANOVA; <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8 per group. Error bars represent standard error of the mean). FV = Fluoride Varnish (positive control).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g007-550.jpg?1739876450" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Assessment of mineral density and bone mineral density. (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) Representative microcomputed tomography cross section images of a block after remineralization and treatment with P26-CS (30 min, 2× a week). The ROI function (in red) was used to circumscribe the area of interest and calculate the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lesion area (<b>B</b>) as well as healthy enamel (En) above the lesion (<b>C</b>). (<b>D</b>) BMD recovery (as %) of the demineralized enamel after 21-day remineralization (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001, Chi-Square test, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4/ group) Multiple comparisons test, after Bonferroni’s correction, showed a significant difference between control and P26-CS, and control and FV (*** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). (<b>E</b>) Quantitative analysis by QLF showed a significant difference in ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub> amongst the groups (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.015, Brown–Forsythe and Welch ANOVA, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4/ group), and by pairwise comparison, a significant difference between the mean ΔΔF<sub>remin</sub> of control and P26-CS (Dunette’s pairwise comparison, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.002) was observed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g008-550.jpg?1739876455" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Surface morphology of enamel. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Enamel of NCCLs after etching and subsequent remineralization in artificial saliva for 7 days displayed tiny crystals. (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>). Enamel of NCCLs after etching and P26-CS treatment showed bigger crystals, with bundles of longer crystals (arrows) scattered around the surface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00120/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00120-g009-550.jpg?1739876459" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Dentin morphology along the surface and cross section orientations. (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) Dentin surface after etching (<b>A</b>), remineralization in AS (<b>B</b>), and P26-CS treatment (<b>C</b>) with corresponding elemental analysis of carbon (C), Calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P). Etching resulted in an almost complete removal of Ca and P minerals from the surface (<b>A</b>). Remineralization in AS deposited a few minerals on the surface (<b>B</b>). Mineral content was the highest in the P26-CS-treated sample <b>(C)</b>, which also exhibited a layer of crystals that covered the tubular orifices. White arrows in (<b>C</b>) point to needle-shaped crystals. (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) Dentin morphology along the cross-sectional orientation. (<b>D</b>) Etch only was characterized by an absence of a superficial layer, empty tubules (orange arrow) and exposed collagen fibrils (inset, yellow arrow). (<b>E</b>) AS group presented a mostly organic superficial layer, which was narrow and characterized by exposed collagen fibrils (yellow arrow) and empty tubules (orange arrow). (<b>F</b>) After P26-CS treatment, a thicker superficial layer with markedly decreased organic content was observed, in addition to abundant deposits within the tubules (pink arrows). Insets (white boxes) show area where the EDS maps were taken.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1593792" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1593792" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1593792" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/119/s1?version=1739875602"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 259 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4080 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/119/pdf?version=1739875602" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Bioinspired Multi-Level Numerical Model of the Tibiofemoral Joint for Biomechanical and Biomimetic Applications" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/119">A Bioinspired Multi-Level Numerical Model of the Tibiofemoral Joint for Biomechanical and Biomimetic Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuyang Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yijie Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sihan Jia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lingyun Yan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luzheng Bi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 119; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020119">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020119</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional finite element (FE) model inspired by the biomechanics of the human knee, specifically the tibiofemoral joint during the gait cycle. Drawing from natural biological systems, the model integrates bio-inspired elements, including transversely isotropic materials, to replicate the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/119/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study presents a comprehensive three-dimensional finite element (FE) model inspired by the biomechanics of the human knee, specifically the tibiofemoral joint during the gait cycle. Drawing from natural biological systems, the model integrates bio-inspired elements, including transversely isotropic materials, to replicate the anisotropic properties of ligaments and cartilage, along with anatomically realistic bone and meniscus structures. This dual-material approach ensures a physiologically accurate representation of knee mechanics under varying conditions. The model effectively captures key biomechanical parameters, including a maximum medial tibial cartilage contact pressure of 16.75 MPa at 25% of the stance phase and a maximum femoral cartilage pressure of 10.57 MPa at 75% of the stance phase. Furthermore, its strong correlation with in vivo and in vitro data highlights its potential for clinical applications in orthopedics, such as pre-surgical planning and post-operative assessments. By bridging the gap between biomechanics and bioinspired design, this research contributes significantly to the field of biomimetics and offers a robust simulation tool for enhancing joint protection strategies and optimizing implant designs. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/119">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/119/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1593792"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1593792"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1593792" data-cycle-prev="#prev1593792" data-cycle-progressive="#images1593792" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g001-550.jpg?1739875787" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1593792" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g002-550.jpg?1739875789'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g003-550.jpg?1739875791'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g004-550.jpg?1739875792'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g005-550.jpg?1739875793'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1593792-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g006-550.jpg?1739875794'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1593792-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g001-550.jpg?1739875787" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Body level simulation procedure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g002-550.jpg?1739875789" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Main research procedure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g003-550.jpg?1739875791" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FE models of soft tissue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g004-550.jpg?1739875792" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Solid model of the tibiofemoral joint during three different stance phases: (<b>a</b>) 10% stance phase, (<b>b</b>) 50% stance phase, with arrows indicating the muscle forces and joint contact load. The bottom of the tibia is fully fixed, as shown. (<b>c</b>) 100% stance phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g005-550.jpg?1739875793" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Validation of tibia cartilage contact area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00119/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00119-g006-550.jpg?1739875794" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Validation of tibia cartilage deformation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1593633" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1593633" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1593633" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/118/s1?version=1739871242"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 558 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 10440 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/118/pdf?version=1739871241" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hybrid BCI for Meal-Assist Robot Using Dry-Type EEG and Pupillary Light Reflex" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/118">Hybrid BCI for Meal-Assist Robot Using Dry-Type EEG and Pupillary Light Reflex</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jihyeon Ha</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sangin Park</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaeeun Han</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laehyun Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 118; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020118">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020118</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Brain–computer interface (BCI)-based assistive technologies enable intuitive and efficient user interaction, significantly enhancing the independence and quality of life of elderly and disabled individuals. Although existing wet EEG-based systems report high accuracy, they suffer from limited practicality. This study presents a hybrid BCI <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/118/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Brain–computer interface (BCI)-based assistive technologies enable intuitive and efficient user interaction, significantly enhancing the independence and quality of life of elderly and disabled individuals. Although existing wet EEG-based systems report high accuracy, they suffer from limited practicality. This study presents a hybrid BCI system combining dry-type EEG-based flash visual-evoked potentials (FVEP) and pupillary light reflex (PLR) designed to control an LED-based meal-assist robot. The hybrid system integrates dry-type EEG and eyewear-type infrared cameras, addressing the preparation challenges of wet electrodes, while maintaining practical usability and high classification performance. Offline experiments demonstrated an average accuracy of 88.59% and an information transfer rate (ITR) of 18.23 bit/min across the four target classifications. Real-time implementation uses PLR triggers to initiate the meal cycle and EMG triggers to detect chewing, indicating the completion of the cycle. These features allow intuitive and efficient operation of the meal-assist robot. This study advances the BCI-based assistive technologies by introducing a hybrid system optimized for real-world applications. The successful integration of the FVEP and PLR in a meal-assisted robot demonstrates the potential for robust and user-friendly solutions that empower the users with autonomy and dignity in their daily activities. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/118">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/QZ5S34FJ1G ">Advances in Brain–Computer Interfaces</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/118/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1593633"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1593633"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1593633" data-cycle-prev="#prev1593633" data-cycle-progressive="#images1593633" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g001-550.jpg?1739871433" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1593633" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g002-550.jpg?1739871435'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g003-550.jpg?1739871437'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g004-550.jpg?1739871438'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g005-550.jpg?1739871441'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g006-550.jpg?1739871443'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g007-550.jpg?1739871445'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g008-550.jpg?1739871446'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g009-550.jpg?1739871449'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g010-550.jpg?1739871451'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g011-550.jpg?1739871454'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1593633-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g012-550.jpg?1739871456'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1593633-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g001-550.jpg?1739871433" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overview of experimental design and procedure. (<b>A</b>) Wet-type EEG-based experiment. (<b>B</b>) Infrared camera-based experiment and dry-type EEG with infrared camera-based experiment. “* No start delay” indicates that LED1 and LED4 begin flashing immediately without any initial delay. “* Starts after 500 ms” indicates that LED2 and LED3 begin flashing 500 ms after the initial start time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g002-550.jpg?1739871435" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the experimental environment. (<b>A</b>) LEDs on the food tray and the participant. (<b>B</b>) Experimental laptop and Arduino UNO based LED system. (<b>C</b>) Participant wearing the equipment used in each experiment. (<b>D</b>) Experimental monitoring system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g003-550.jpg?1739871437" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) feature extraction procedure. (<b>A</b>) The red circle indicates the estimated pupil detection from grayscale images of binocular eyes. (<b>B</b>) The time-series PLR signals are measured during the experiments. The <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis represents the normalized pupil size. (<b>C</b>) The input features for classification are extracted using continuous wavelet transforms (CWTs) from the time-series PLR signals.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g004-550.jpg?1739871438" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Deep leering architecture for PLR classification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g005-550.jpg?1739871441" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Process involved in extracting the dynamic Riemannian distance (<span class="html-italic">d<sub>sliding</sub></span>). (<b>A</b>) The local troughs were extracted from GFP of 8 channels (Fz, Pz, P4, P3, O1, O2, C3, and C4). The black box represents an example of local troughs in a specific window, while the blue and yellow boxes indicate the reference and target EEG segment data for calculating the Riemannian distance, respectively. (<b>B</b>) An SPD matrix was extracted for the 8 channels within time window length. Each EEG segment data corresponds to a time window containing 35 local troughs. The reference SPD matrices were constructed using EEG data preceding the current time point for distance calculation. (<b>C</b>) The target SPD matrix was aligned along the time series using a local troughs-based sliding window method. It then calculates the Riemannian distance from the averaged reference SPD matrix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g006-550.jpg?1739871443" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Conceptual diagram of the proposed dry-type EEG-based Hybrid BCI system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g007-550.jpg?1739871445" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Devices for real-time system. (<b>A</b>) Components of meal-assist robot, Arduino UNO for controlling LEDs and laptop. (<b>B</b>) Devices for EEG and pupil images acquisition.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g008-550.jpg?1739871446" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Participant 1 pupillary light reflex (PLR) and electromyogram (EMG). (<b>A</b>) Before and after PLR when the user gazes at the LED 4. (<b>B</b>) EMG when the user chews morsel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g009-550.jpg?1739871449" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Averaged SSVEP, PLR, and FVEP from all participants. (<b>A</b>) Averaged SSVEP spectrum of the signal recorded from Oz electrodes for the four types of stimuli. The red dashed lines denote the fundamental frequencies with respect to target frequency. (<b>B</b>) Averaged PLR for the four types of luminance modulation patterns over 4.5 s. (<b>C</b>) Averaged FVEP onset and offset signals recorded from O1, O2, and Pz for target and non-target trials for each of the four types of stimuli.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g010-550.jpg?1739871451" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Target-wise average dynamic Riemannian distance across all subjects from the hybrid experiment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g011-550.jpg?1739871454" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>1D-TCN-based feature visualization of using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) at different systems (<b>A</b>) PLR features in the hybrid experiment, (<b>B</b>) PLR features in eyewear-type infrared camera-based PLR experiment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00118/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00118-g012-550.jpg?1739871456" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the proposed interface-based meal-assist robot system. (<b>A</b>) Graphical flow chart for used devices. (<b>B</b>) Flow chart for the actual process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2840 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/117/pdf?version=1739868004" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Vivo Vascularization of Cell-Supplemented Spider Silk-Based Hydrogels in the Arteriovenous Loop Model" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/117">In Vivo Vascularization of Cell-Supplemented Spider Silk-Based Hydrogels in the Arteriovenous Loop Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justus Osterloh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefanie Heltmann-Meyer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vanessa T. Trossmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aijia Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yvonne Kulicke</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Klara Terörde</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Celena A. Sörgel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabell Lang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Harald Wajant</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Scheibel</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tobias Fey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dominik Steiner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andreas Arkudas</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raymund E. Horch</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 117; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020117">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020117</a> - 18 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The goal of reconstructive surgery in treating tissue defects is to achieve a stable reconstructive outcome while minimizing donor site morbidity. As a result, tissue engineering has emerged as a key focus in the pursuit of this goal. One approach is to create <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/117/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The goal of reconstructive surgery in treating tissue defects is to achieve a stable reconstructive outcome while minimizing donor site morbidity. As a result, tissue engineering has emerged as a key focus in the pursuit of this goal. One approach is to create a tissue container that can be preconditioned and later transplanted into the defect area. The characteristics of the matrices used in the tissue container are critical to this approach’s success. Matrices generated with recombinant, functionalized spider silk (eADF4(C16)-RGD) have been reported to be biocompatible and easy to vascularize. However, the effect of exogenously added proangiogenic cells, such as endothelial cells (T17b), on the vascularization process of matrices generated with this hydrogel in vivo has not been described yet. In this study, we implanted arteriovenous (AV) loop containers filled with a spider silk hydrogel consisting of an eADF4(C16)-RGD matrix and encapsulated, differentiated endothelial T17b cells producing the reporter protein TNFR2-Fc-Flag-GpL. The histological and µCT analyses revealed spontaneous angiogenesis and fibrovascular tissue formation in the container at 2 and 4 weeks post-implantation. The reporter protein was detected after 4 weeks. No severe immune response was observed. Altogether, this study demonstrates that cell-supplemented recombinant spider silk is a highly promising hydrogel to produce matrices for tissue engineering applications. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/117">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/V3KBCKW2BT ">Bioinspired Materials for Tissue Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/117/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1593537"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1593537"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1593537" data-cycle-prev="#prev1593537" data-cycle-progressive="#images1593537" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g001-550.jpg?1739868116" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1593537" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g002-550.jpg?1739868118'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g003-550.jpg?1739868121'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g004-550.jpg?1739868125'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g005-550.jpg?1739868127'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1593537-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g006-550.jpg?1739868130'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1593537-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g001-550.jpg?1739868116" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The in vitro analysis of (<b>A</b>) cell proliferation (WST-8-assay) and (<b>B</b>) productivity (luciferase assay) of transfected T17b cells in an eADF4(C16)-RGD spider silk scaffold (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g002-550.jpg?1739868118" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of transfected T17b cells within an eADF4(C16)-RGD spider silk scaffold also indicates that the majority of cells remain viable following overnight incubation. All cells display GFP fluorescence, while dead cells are red, based on ethidium homodimer-I staining (Eth-HD) (scale bar: 100 µm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g003-550.jpg?1739868121" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Images during the AV loop surgery: A 1 cm diameter PTFE chamber is half filled with the hydrogel, and the AV loop is placed into the chamber on the hydrogel surface. The green columns provide support to stabilize the AV loop and maintain its position (<b>A</b>). Afterwards, the AV loop is covered with hydrogel until the chamber is filled completely with hydrogel (<b>B</b>). Images of the explants 2 weeks (<b>C</b>) and 4 weeks (<b>D</b>) after implantation show a stable construct and yellow color around the entrance of the chamber due to the perfusion with Microfil<sup>®</sup>. Scale bar: 0.5 cm. No significant differences were found between construct weights after 2 (C16-RGD 2) and 4 (C16-RGD 4) weeks of implantation (<b>E</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g004-550.jpg?1739868125" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>H&amp;E staining was performed to provide a histological overview, with (<b>A</b>) displaying an overview image with the AV Loop on the left and right sides, surrounded by newly formed tissue, while (<b>B</b>) offers more detailed views of the eADF4(C16)-RGD hydrogel after a 2-week period. α-SMA staining (<b>C</b>) (white arrows point at small vessels) showed the neovascularization of small vessels surrounding the AV loop, while staining with an anti-CD68 antibody (<b>D</b>) revealed the presence of only a few lymphocytes after a 4-week duration. Flag-tag staining (brown) showed the presence of the reporter protein around the AV loop 4 weeks after implantation ((<b>E</b>), black arrows point at reporter protein expression). Note the presence of black Microfil<sup>®</sup> inside the vessel lumen (*). Scale bars are indicated as 500 µm for (<b>A</b>) and 200 µm for (<b>B</b>–<b>E</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g005-550.jpg?1739868127" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Quantification of histological findings: Construct size decreased significantly (<b>A</b>), while newly formed connective tissue increased significantly over time (<b>B</b>). Vessel count did not increase significantly when comparing 4 weeks and 2 weeks after implantation (<b>C</b>). (ns = not significant; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00117/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00117-g006-550.jpg?1739868130" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The AV loops were perfused with Microfil<sup>®</sup> and analyzed using µCT. Image reconstruction of µCT scans 2 (<b>A</b>) and 4 (<b>B</b>) weeks after the implantation of eADF4(C16)-RGD hydrogels in the presence of T17b cells. The scale bar depicts the mean vessel radius in micrometers. The numeric colors represent the vessel radius from small (blue, 5 µm) to large (red, 500 µm). The quantitative analysis of the cumulative length relative to the vessel radius (µm) (<b>C</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/117'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 16693 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/116/pdf?version=1739783629" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analyzing and Assisting Finger Motions for Spoon Scooping" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/116">Analyzing and Assisting Finger Motions for Spoon Scooping</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuto Tanizaki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo E. Tortós-Vinocour</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fuko Matsunaga</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Naoki Kamijo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Koki Yoshida</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shota Kokubu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jose Gomez-Tames</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenwei Yu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 116; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020116">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020116</a> - 17 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Assisting patients with weakened hand and wrist strength during meals is essential. While various feeding devices have been developed, many do not utilize patients’ residual finger functions, leading to an increase in the risk of disuse syndrome and loss of joy in life. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/116/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Assisting patients with weakened hand and wrist strength during meals is essential. While various feeding devices have been developed, many do not utilize patients’ residual finger functions, leading to an increase in the risk of disuse syndrome and loss of joy in life. Recently, assist-as-needed support for spoon grasping by soft hand rehabilitation devices has been studied. Moreover, in our previous study, we investigated finger motions for the required scooping angle and verified them with a dummy hand driven by soft actuators. However, eating with a spoon requires not only spoon grasping and rotating but also plunging the spoon into food and lifting it afterward. The goal of this study is to achieve self-feeding with spoons using soft actuators for individuals with partial finger disabilities. To address this, we measured scooping movements using inertial measurement units, identified feasible finger motions for spoon plunging and lifting, and verified our findings through experiments with a dummy hand driven by soft actuators. As a result, we found a way to achieve the two motions by regulating the moment applied to the spoon. These results highlight the potential of soft actuators for assisting scooping movements. This study marks an important step toward feeding assistance that leverages patients’ residual finger functions. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/116">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/G2873066V7 ">Bioinspired Structures for Soft Actuators: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/116/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592869"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592869"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592869" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592869" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592869" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g001-550.jpg?1739783700" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592869" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g002-550.jpg?1739783701'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g003-550.jpg?1739783703'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g004-550.jpg?1739783705'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g005-550.jpg?1739783707'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g006-550.jpg?1739783708'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g007-550.jpg?1739783710'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g008-550.jpg?1739783711'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g009-550.jpg?1739783712'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g010-550.jpg?1739783715'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g011-550.jpg?1739783716'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g012-550.jpg?1739783718'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g013-550.jpg?1739783719'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g014-550.jpg?1739783720'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g015-550.jpg?1739783721'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g016-550.jpg?1739783723'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g017-550.jpg?1739783724'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g018-550.jpg?1739783725'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g019-550.jpg?1739783726'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g020-550.jpg?1739783727'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1592869-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g021-550.jpg?1739783731'><p>Figure 21</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592869-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g001-550.jpg?1739783700" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A series of bean scooping movements performed by using only finger motion on a human hand from side view and front view: (<b>a</b>) initial state; (<b>b</b>) after rotating motion; (<b>c</b>) after plunging motion; (<b>d</b>) after rotating motion; (<b>e</b>) after lifting motion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g002-550.jpg?1739783701" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Names of Each Joint.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g003-550.jpg?1739783703" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Three predicted motion patterns and each finger movement to realize a plunging motion: (<b>a</b>) SFP: Flex the joints close to the fingertips (IP, PIP2, and PIP3) simultaneously; (<b>b</b>) SFP2: Flex the joints close to the fingertips (PIP2 and PIP3) simultaneously; (<b>c</b>) PMP: Press the spoon downwards using the adduction of the index finger and adduction of the middle finger; (<b>d</b>) FAP: Fulcrum of a spoon moved to the hand side thanks to PIP3 flexion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g004-550.jpg?1739783705" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Two predicted motion patterns and each finger movement to realize a lifting motion: (<b>a</b>) FAL: Fulcrum of a spoon is moved by PIP3 extension; (<b>b</b>) PHL: Press the spoon handle by IP and PIP2 flexions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g005-550.jpg?1739783707" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Experimental apparatus used in Experiment 1 and the overview of Experiment 1: (<b>a</b>) Fingers with a 9-axis sensor attached; (<b>b</b>) overview of Experiment 1.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g006-550.jpg?1739783708" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Definitions of a Plunging Distance and Azimuthal Angle: (<b>a</b>) Plunging Distance; (<b>b</b>) Azimuthal Angle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g007-550.jpg?1739783710" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Parameters for the definition of a plunging distance threshold: (<b>a</b>) scooping angle (<span class="html-italic">φ</span>) view from above; (<b>b</b>) scooping angle (<span class="html-italic">φ</span>) view from front; (<b>c</b>) the state after plunging motion and rotating motion to scoop food.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g008-550.jpg?1739783711" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Coordination in Experiment 1: (<b>a</b>) Hand Coordination; (<b>b</b>) Spoon Coordination.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g009-550.jpg?1739783712" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Spoon with the position of the grasp designated by the marker. The brackets indicate which part of the finger is in contact: (<b>a</b>) front side; (<b>b</b>) back side.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g010-550.jpg?1739783715" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Position of soft actuators for a dummy hand and overview of Experiment 2: (<b>a</b>) Position of soft actuators for a dummy hand; (<b>b</b>) Overview of Experiment 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g011-550.jpg?1739783716" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Cross-section and dimensions (For only PIP3, L is set as 30 (mm) and L<sub>actuator</sub> is set as 33 (mm)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g012-550.jpg?1739783718" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Index and middle finger of a dummy hand and a real hand. (<b>a</b>) Abduction movement of index finger; (<b>b</b>) Flexion movement; (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>_</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g013-550.jpg?1739783719" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the dummy hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g014-550.jpg?1739783720" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Plunging Distance among 3 Movement Patterns by a Real Hand.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g015-550.jpg?1739783721" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Changes in 9-axis sensor values for plunging motion performed with a real hand for which the plunging distance exceeded a threshold value. The joints with thicker lines are the desired movement of the 9-axis sensor and direction shown in <a href="#biomimetics-10-00116-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>: (<b>a</b>) Movement pattern SFP; (<b>b</b>) Movement pattern FAP.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g016-550.jpg?1739783723" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Changes in 9-axis sensor values for lifting motion performed with a real hand. The joints with thicker lines are the desired movement of the 9-axis sensor and direction shown in <a href="#biomimetics-10-00116-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>: (<b>a</b>) Movement pattern FAL; (<b>b</b>) Movement pattern PHL.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g017-550.jpg?1739783724" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Plunging distance among 3 movement patterns (SFP, SFP2, and FAP) by a dummy hand and soft actuators.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g018-550.jpg?1739783725" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Spoon and fingers during SFP from the front view.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g019-550.jpg?1739783726" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Transition of orientation of the spoon by implementing the 2 movement patterns to the dummy hand: (<b>a</b>) FAP and FAL; (<b>b</b>) FAP and PHL.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g020-550.jpg?1739783727" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Trajectories of a spoon tip using a real hand, dummy hand using our previous method, and dummy hand using FAP and FAL.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00116/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00116-g021-550.jpg?1739783731" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Series showing position and orientation of a spoon tip using a real hand, a dummy hand using our previous method, and a dummy hand using FAP and FAL: (<b>a</b>) initial state; (<b>b</b>) after rotating motion; (<b>c</b>) after plunging motion; (<b>d</b>) after lifting motion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/116'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3717 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/115/pdf?version=1739781616" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/115">Anti-Bacterial Properties and Hemocompatibility of Alkali Treated Nano-Structured Micro-Porous Titanium Surfaces</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aniruddha Vijay Savargaonkar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emma Holloway</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liszt Y. C. Madruga</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno L Pereira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Soares</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ketul C. Popat</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 115; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020115">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020115</a> - 17 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Titanium and its alloys have been the material of choice for orthopedic implants due to their excellent physical properties as well as biocompatibility. However, titanium is not able to integrate with bone due to the mismatch of mechanical properties. Additionally, bone has a <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/115/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Titanium and its alloys have been the material of choice for orthopedic implants due to their excellent physical properties as well as biocompatibility. However, titanium is not able to integrate with bone due to the mismatch of mechanical properties. Additionally, bone has a micro–nano hierarchy, which is absent on titanium’s surface. A potential solution to the former is to make the surfaces porous to bring the mechanical properties closer to that of the bone, and a solution for the latter is to fabricate nanostructures. In this study, micro-porous titanium surfaces were hydrothermally treated using an alkali medium to fabricate nanostructures on the existing micro-porosity of the surface. The surface properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation. The anti-bacterial properties of the surfaces were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Blood clotting is shown to improve the surface-to-bone integration; hence, whole blood clotting and platelet adhesion and activation were evaluated using a whole blood clotting assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that nanostructured micro-porous titanium surfaces display significantly enhanced anti-bacterial properties as well as equivalent blood clotting characteristics compared to non-porous titanium surfaces. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/115">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/0HC82Y8D55 ">Biomaterials in Bone Regeneration: Challenges to Guarantee Appropriate Biological Features: <span class="ui-provider a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z ab ac ae af ag ah ai aj ak" dir="ltr">2nd Edition</span></a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/115/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592749"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592749"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592749" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592749" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592749" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g001-550.jpg?1739781773" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1592749" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g002-550.jpg?1739781773'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g003-550.jpg?1739781774'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g004-550.jpg?1739781777'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g005-550.jpg?1739781778'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g006-550.jpg?1739781780'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g007-550.jpg?1739781782'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g008-550.jpg?1739781784'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592749-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g009-550.jpg?1739781785'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592749-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g001-550.jpg?1739781773" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM images of different surfaces at 100× and 5000× magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g002-550.jpg?1739781773" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>XPS Spectra for different surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g003-550.jpg?1739781774" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>XRD Spectra for different surfaces.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g004-550.jpg?1739781777" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative fluorescence microscopy images at 20× magnification for <span class="html-italic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> adhesion and growth on different surfaces. (<b>b</b>) Quantification of fluorescence microscopy images using ImageJ software indicating live bacteria adhesion on different surfaces [* &amp; # denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g005-550.jpg?1739781778" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative fluorescence microscopy images at 20× magnification for <span class="html-italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> adhesion and growth on different surfaces. (<b>b</b>) Quantification of fluorescence microscopy images using ImageJ software, indicating live bacteria adhesion on different surfaces [* &amp; # denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g006-550.jpg?1739781780" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM images for <span class="html-italic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> on different surfaces at 2500× and 10,000× magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g007-550.jpg?1739781782" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM images for <span class="html-italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> on different surfaces at 2500× and 10,000× magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g008-550.jpg?1739781784" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative fluorescence microscopy images at 10× magnification and SEM images at 500× and 5000× magnification for platelet adhesion and activation. (<b>b</b>) Platelet adhesion on different surfaces [* denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00115/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00115-g009-550.jpg?1739781785" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Whole blood clotting absorbance measurements for different surfaces [* denotes <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/115'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 2214 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/114/pdf?version=1739527855" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Efficient Online Controller Tuning for Omnidirectional Mobile Robots Using a Multivariate-Multitarget Polynomial Prediction Model and Evolutionary Optimization" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/114">Efficient Online Controller Tuning for Omnidirectional Mobile Robots Using a Multivariate-Multitarget Polynomial Prediction Model and Evolutionary Optimization</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alam Gabriel Rojas-López</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miguel Gabriel Villarreal-Cervantes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alejandro Rodríguez-Molina</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jesús Aldo Paredes-Ballesteros</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 114; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020114">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020114</a> - 14 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The growing reliance on mobile robots has resulted in applications where users have limited or no control over operating conditions. These applications require advanced controllers to ensure the system’s performance by dynamically changing its parameters. Nowadays, online bioinspired controller tuning approaches are among <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/114/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The growing reliance on mobile robots has resulted in applications where users have limited or no control over operating conditions. These applications require advanced controllers to ensure the system’s performance by dynamically changing its parameters. Nowadays, online bioinspired controller tuning approaches are among the most successful and innovative tools for dealing with uncertainties and disturbances. Nevertheless, these bioinspired approaches present a main limitation in real-world applications due to the extensive computational resources required in their exhaustive search when evaluating the controller tuning of complex dynamics. This paper develops an online bioinspired controller tuning approach leveraging a surrogate modeling strategy for an omnidirectional mobile robot controller. The polynomial response surface method is incorporated as an identification stage to model the system and predict its behavior in the tuning stage of the indirect adaptive approach. The comparative analysis concerns state-of-the-art controller tuning approaches, such as online, offline robust, and offline non-robust approaches, based on bioinspired optimization. The results show that the proposal reduces its computational load by up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>62.85</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> while maintaining the controller performance regarding the online approach under adverse uncertainties and disturbances. The proposal also increases the controller performance by up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>93</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> compared to offline tuning approaches. Then, the proposal retains its competitiveness on mobile robot systems under adverse conditions, while other controller tuning approaches drop it. Furthermore, a posterior comparison against another surrogate tuning approach based on Gaussian process regression corroborates the proposal as the best online controller tuning approach by reducing the competitor’s computational load by up to <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>91.37</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> while increasing its performance by <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>63</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Hence, the proposed controller tuning approach decreases the execution time to be applied in the evolution of the control system without deteriorating the closed-loop performance. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that such a controller tuning strategy has been tested on an omnidirectional mobile robot. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/114">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/VIJ8C0FT78 ">Bio-Inspired Data-Driven Methods and Their Applications in Engineering Control, Optimization and AI</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/114/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1591336"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1591336"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1591336" data-cycle-prev="#prev1591336" data-cycle-progressive="#images1591336" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g001-550.jpg?1739528043" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1591336" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g002-550.jpg?1739528048'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g003-550.jpg?1739528048'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g004-550.jpg?1739528049'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g005-550.jpg?1739528050'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g006-550.jpg?1739528052'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g007-550.jpg?1739528053'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g008-550.jpg?1739528055'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1591336-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g009-550.jpg?1739528056'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1591336-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g001-550.jpg?1739528043" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of OMR.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g002-550.jpg?1739528048" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SIACTA-RSM operation scheme to OMRs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g003-550.jpg?1739528048" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>A schematic representation of the time intervals in the identification period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g004-550.jpg?1739528049" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A schematic representation of the time intervals in the prediction period.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g005-550.jpg?1739528050" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Path-tracking results: Experiment 1 with the OMR’s initial condition <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g006-550.jpg?1739528052" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Path-tracking results: Experiment 2 with the OMR’s initial condition <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>. (<b>a</b>) General path-tracking results. (<b>b</b>) Close-up view 1. (<b>c</b>) Close-up view 2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g007-550.jpg?1739528053" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison regarding <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi mathvariant="script">J</mi> <mi mathvariant="script">T</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g008-550.jpg?1739528055" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparison regarding ISU.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00114/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00114-g009-550.jpg?1739528056" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Lemniscate achieved paths with OMR’s initial condition <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">x</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mn>0.2828</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/114'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1550 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/113/pdf?version=1739511298" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Motor Function and Quality of Life Combining Advanced Robotics and Biomechatronics in an Adult with Dystonic Spastic Tetraparesis: A Case Report" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Case Report</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/113">Enhancing Motor Function and Quality of Life Combining Advanced Robotics and Biomechatronics in an Adult with Dystonic Spastic Tetraparesis: A Case Report</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisabetta Leogrande</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Piccoli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Francesco Dell’Olio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicola Smania</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefano Mazzoleni</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marialuisa Gandolfi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 113; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020113">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020113</a> - 14 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This case report explores the innovative integration of robotic and biomechatronic technologies, including the Motore and Ultra+ devices and neuro-suits, in a 10-session rehabilitation program for a young adult with dystonic spastic tetraparesis. Notable improvements were observed in upper limb motor function, coordination, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/113/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This case report explores the innovative integration of robotic and biomechatronic technologies, including the Motore and Ultra+ devices and neuro-suits, in a 10-session rehabilitation program for a young adult with dystonic spastic tetraparesis. Notable improvements were observed in upper limb motor function, coordination, and quality of life as measured by an increase of 18 pints on the Fugl-Meyer scale and a 25% improvement in the Bartle Index. Range of motion measurements showed consistent improvements, with task execution times improving by 10 s. These findings suggest the potential of combining wearable, robotic, and biomechatronic systems to enhance neurorehabilitation. Further refinement of these technologies might support clinicians in maximizing their integration in therapeutics, despite technical issues like synchronization issues that must be overcome. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/113">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/biomimetics/sections/bioinspired_robotics">Locomotion and Bioinspired Robotics</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/113/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1590915"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1590915"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1590915" data-cycle-prev="#prev1590915" data-cycle-progressive="#images1590915" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1590915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g001-550.jpg?1739511401" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1590915" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1590915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g002-550.jpg?1739511403'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1590915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g003-550.jpg?1739511403'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1590915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g004-550.jpg?1739511406'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1590915-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g001-550.jpg?1739511401" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Neuro-suit stimulation map. The numbers are in microsecond scale (pulse width): “1” represents 24 microseconds, and for each subsequent unit, 5 microseconds are added. Blue lines indicate stimulation “on”, while gray lines indicate stimulation “off”.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/113'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g002-550.jpg?1739511403" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Patient interaction with the Motore (<b>A</b>) and Ultra+ (<b>B</b>) devices during rehabilitation tasks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/113'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g003-550.jpg?1739511403" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Rehabilitative treatment plan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/113'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00113/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00113-g004-550.jpg?1739511406" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of performance metrics for ROM, muscle strength, and trajectory exercises across sessions. Legend: Panel (<b>A</b>) illustrates the changes in joint range of motion (ROM) performance metrics over time. Panel (<b>B</b>) displays the metrics for muscle strength tasks across sessions. Panel (<b>C</b>) represents the results of trajectory-based exercises. The <span class="html-italic">Y</span>-axis on the left represents values in seconds, while the <span class="html-italic">Y</span>-axis on the right shows percentage values related to the achievement of specific tasks. The <span class="html-italic">X</span>-axis represents the timeline across sessions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/113'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 4719 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/112/pdf?version=1739527807" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Efficient Multi-Objective White Shark Algorithm" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/112">An Efficient Multi-Objective White Shark Algorithm</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenyan Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yufan Qiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fang Dai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junfeng Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shenglong Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 112; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020112">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020112</a> - 13 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> To balance the diversity and stringency of Pareto solutions in multi-objective optimization, this paper introduces a multi-objective White Shark Optimization algorithm (MONSWSO) tailored for multi-objective optimization. MONSWSO integrates non-dominated sorting and crowding distance into the White Shark Optimization framework to select the optimal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/112/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> To balance the diversity and stringency of Pareto solutions in multi-objective optimization, this paper introduces a multi-objective White Shark Optimization algorithm (MONSWSO) tailored for multi-objective optimization. MONSWSO integrates non-dominated sorting and crowding distance into the White Shark Optimization framework to select the optimal solution within the population. The uniformity of the initial population is enhanced through a chaotic reverse initialization learning strategy. The adaptive updating of individual positions is facilitated by an elite-guided forgetting mechanism, which incorporates escape energy and eddy aggregation behavior inspired by marine organisms to improve exploration in key areas. To evaluate the effectiveness of MONSWSO, it is benchmarked against five state-of-the-art multi-objective algorithms using four metrics: inverse generation distance, spatial homogeneity, spatial distribution, and hypervolume on 27 typical problems, including 23 multi-objective functions and 4 multi-objective project examples. Furthermore, the practical application of MONSWSO is demonstrated through an example of optimizing the design of subway tunnel foundation pits. The comprehensive results reveal that MONSWSO outperforms the comparison algorithms, achieving impressive and satisfactory outcomes. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/112">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/R00TT795DJ ">Advances in Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/112/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1590673"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1590673"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1590673" data-cycle-prev="#prev1590673" data-cycle-progressive="#images1590673" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g001-550.jpg?1739528044" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1590673" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g002-550.jpg?1739528044'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g003-550.jpg?1739528045'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g004-550.jpg?1739528046'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g005-550.jpg?1739528048'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g006-550.jpg?1739528052'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g007-550.jpg?1739528054'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g008-550.jpg?1739528056'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g009a-550.jpg?1739528061'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g009b-550.jpg?1739528068'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g010-550.jpg?1739528070'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1590673-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g011-550.jpg?1739528072'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1590673-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g001-550.jpg?1739528044" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Detailed description of MOEAs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g002-550.jpg?1739528044" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Graphical representation of related terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g003-550.jpg?1739528045" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of NDS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g004-550.jpg?1739528046" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of crowding distance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g005-550.jpg?1739528048" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Elite selection process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g006-550.jpg?1739528052" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>MONSWSO-generated PF and real PF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g007-550.jpg?1739528054" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of MONSWSO-generated Pareto with real Pareto.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g008-550.jpg?1739528056" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the 4 engineering optimization problems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g009a-550.jpg?1739528061" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Best Pareto front for each algorithm on four engineering optimization problems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g009b-550.jpg?1739528068" title=" <strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Best Pareto front for each algorithm on four engineering optimization problems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g010-550.jpg?1739528070" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>PF obtained by each algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00112/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00112-g011-550.jpg?1739528072" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Box plots of Spacing and HV metrics for each algorithm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/112'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 4543 KiB   </span> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/111/pdf?version=1739427890" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Integrating Sustainability into Biologically Inspired Design: A Systematic Evaluation Model" data-journal="biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2313-7673/10/2/111">Integrating Sustainability into Biologically Inspired Design: A Systematic Evaluation Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ze Bian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yufei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huan Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuan Zhu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Biomimetics</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>10</em>(2), 111; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020111">https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10020111</a> - 12 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biologically inspired product design (BIPD) inherently encompasses the concept of sustainability. It acquires inspiration from natural organisms, and the references in aspects such as form, structure, and function typically contribute to efficient resource utilization and environmentally friendly coexistence. However, past studies have mainly <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/111/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biologically inspired product design (BIPD) inherently encompasses the concept of sustainability. It acquires inspiration from natural organisms, and the references in aspects such as form, structure, and function typically contribute to efficient resource utilization and environmentally friendly coexistence. However, past studies have mainly evaluated from the perspective of designers and researchers, which is relatively subjective. It is difficult to meet the real needs of industry and market. At the same time, the method of establishing indicators is not scientific enough, and the importance of indicators is not ranked. This research integrates the concept of sustainable design into the BIPD evaluation system, comprehensively considering the evaluation indices of different stakeholders such as sustainable designers, industrial designers, and users and decision-makers of design companies. By employing the analytic hierarchy process, a complete and systematic evaluation index model is constructed. This model can comprehensively and accurately screen and evaluate design proposals during the conceptual design stage of BIPD. Through this approach, it effectively averts resource waste caused by incorrect decisions in the production process, optimizes resource allocation, meets user requirements and vigorously promotes the sustainable development of BIPD throughout its entire life cycle. <a href="/2313-7673/10/2/111">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/biomimetics/special_issues/LC592Q7G82 ">Bio-Inspired Design for Structural and Sustainable Applications: 2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/10/2/111/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1589734"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1589734"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1589734" data-cycle-prev="#prev1589734" data-cycle-progressive="#images1589734" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g001-550.jpg?1739428041" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1589734" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g002-550.jpg?1739428043'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g003-550.jpg?1739428044'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g004-550.jpg?1739428046'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g005-550.jpg?1739428047'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g006-550.jpg?1739428048'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g007-550.jpg?1739428050'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g008-550.jpg?1739428051'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1589734-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g009-550.jpg?1739428053'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1589734-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g001-550.jpg?1739428041" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Our proposed pipeline of BIPD evaluation hierarchical model construction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g002-550.jpg?1739428043" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>BIPD evaluation model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g003-550.jpg?1739428044" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Pairwise comparison matrix tables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g004-550.jpg?1739428046" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>BIPD evaluation model’s comprehensive weight coefficient of each level.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g005-550.jpg?1739428047" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Mushroom night light by designer Zhang Fan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g006-550.jpg?1739428048" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Banana night light by designer Zhang Fan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g007-550.jpg?1739428050" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The scores for each layer of the two night lights. Note that the comprehensive score of the mushroom light night is higher than that of the banana night light.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g008-550.jpg?1739428051" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Camping Lights generated by Dall-E. (<b>a</b>) Firefly light. (<b>b</b>) Honeycomb light. (<b>c</b>) Pinecone light.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/biomimetics/biomimetics-10-00111/article_deploy/html/images/biomimetics-10-00111-g009-550.jpg?1739428053" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The scores for each layer of the three lights. Note that the comprehensive scores of the honeycomb light and the pinecone light are relatively high.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2313-7673/10/2/111'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=biomimetics&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/biomimetics"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/biomimetics-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="biomimetics-logo" title="Biomimetics" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=208" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Biomimetics</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Biomimetics</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/Biomim_MDPI"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 1px;"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.1193 20.3917V13.0007H16.1262L16.3921 10.4537H14.1193L14.1228 9.17886C14.1228 8.51456 14.1848 8.15862 15.1233 8.15862H16.3779V5.61133H14.3708C11.96 5.61133 11.1114 6.8469 11.1114 8.92474V10.4539H9.60864V13.0009H11.1114V20.3917H14.1193Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/biomimetics-mdpi"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.43155 10.0654H6.26343V19.5981H9.43155V10.0654Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.64005 7.11532C9.61949 6.18065 8.95207 5.46875 7.86827 5.46875C6.78448 5.46875 6.07593 6.18065 6.07593 7.11532C6.07593 8.03064 6.76353 8.76304 7.82715 8.76304H7.84739C8.95207 8.76304 9.64005 8.03064 9.64005 7.11532Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.8571 14.1306C20.8571 11.2026 19.2942 9.83984 17.2094 9.83984C15.5274 9.83984 14.7743 10.7651 14.3538 11.4142V10.0639H11.1853C11.2271 10.9584 11.1853 19.5966 11.1853 19.5966H14.3538V14.2728C14.3538 13.9879 14.3744 13.7037 14.4581 13.4997C14.6871 12.9305 15.2084 12.3412 16.0837 12.3412C17.2306 12.3412 17.689 13.2154 17.689 14.4964V19.5964H20.857L20.8571 14.1306Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links-generic"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width UA_JournalShareButtons" href="#" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal"> Share </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li active "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics"><em>Biomimetics</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/topical_advisory_panel">Topical Advisory Panel</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=biomimetics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/sections">Sections</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/editors_choice">Editor’s Choice Articles</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/stats">Journal Statistics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/awards">Journal Awards</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/events">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/biomimetics" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="10"> 10 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="9"> 9 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="8"> 8 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="7"> 7 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="6"> 6 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="5"> 5 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="4"> 4 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="biomimetics" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="ek5k_THnZtSB-27uiGZXQMwAmq_p5g3PiiLPvKZY2s8"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="biomimetics"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2313-7673/10/3"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2313-7673/10/2"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/10"> Vol. 10 (2025) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/9"> Vol. 9 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/8"> Vol. 8 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/7"> Vol. 7 (2022) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/6"> Vol. 6 (2021) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/5"> Vol. 5 (2020) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/4"> Vol. 4 (2019) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/3"> Vol. 3 (2018) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/2"> Vol. 2 (2017) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2313-7673/1"> Vol. 1 (2016) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/most_accessed_articles/208"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Highly Accessed Articles</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=biomimetics&sort=articles_stats_art_view_page&page_count=50">View More...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/latest_books/biomimetics"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2 class="show-for-small-only">Latest Books</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/books_logo_new.svg?76e680e5363e99ba?1740146112"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/search?type%5B%5D=Reprint&journal_facet%5B%5D=Biomimetics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">More Books and Reprints...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-column" class="content__column large-25 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>E-Mail Alert</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div id="journal-alerts" class="generic-item last-item no-border condensed-small"> <form method="post" action="/subscribe" id="subscribeForm" style="margin:0; padding:0;" onsubmit="return false;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal:</div> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter Your E-Mail Address..." required="required"> <input name="journals[]" type="hidden" value="biomimetics"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="h6K7wAXdqCMnWLTERrf4jdpN_9B0W5zBEJAngDtapOw"> <input id="Email-Subscribe" class="button button--color button--full-width genericCaptcha UA_JournalSubscribeButton" name="email-button" value="Subscribe" type="submit"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item news-item no-border"> <span class="text-information">19 February 2025</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10831">Meet Us at the MRS Spring Exhibit and Meeting, 7–11 April 2025, Seattle, USA</a> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10831"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/10831.jpg?1740146112" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">17 February 2025</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10802"><strong>MDPI Celebrates Excellence in Medical Research with Early Career Researcher Awards</strong></a> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10802"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/10802.jpg?1740146112" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">24 January 2025</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10532">Meet Us at the 30<sup>th</sup> Annual ACM Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 24–27 March 2025, Cagliari, Italy</a> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements/10532"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/10532.jpg?1740146112" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item UI_NewsAnnounce"> <a class="bold" href="/journal/biomimetics/announcements">More News & Announcements...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topics</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/topics/proposal"> Propose a Topic </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Applied Sciences</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Electronics</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Future Internet</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Machines</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Systems</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Technologies</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/AX74QA6FPL"> Theoretical and Applied Problems in Human-Computer Intelligent Systems </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Jiahui Yu, Charlie Yang, Zhenyu Wen, Dalin Zhou, Dongxu Gao, Changting Lin<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 June 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Molecules</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Chemosensors</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Life</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">AI</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Sci</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/3FN1R2F9Y2"> Recent Advances in Chemical Artificial Intelligence </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Pier Luigi Gentili, Jerzy Górecki, David C Magri, Pasquale Stano<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 1 October 2025</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div id="adBannerContent" class="content__container banner-container" style="text-align:center;"> <div id="banner2" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="2" data-repeat-interval="10" style="height: 600px; width: 160px; position: relative; margin: 0 auto;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1740146112" alt="loading..." style="position: absolute;top: 50%;left: 50%;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-small"> <div class="content__container banner-container"> <div id="adBannerContentMobile" style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner3" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="7" style="width: 100%;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Conferences</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/events/add"> Announce Your Conference </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><span class="text-information"> 16–18 September 2025 </span><a href="/journal/biomimetics/events/18039" class="title-link bold">The 2nd International Online Conference on Biomimetics</a><a href="/journal/biomimetics/events/18039"><img style="margin: 5px 0; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/misc/event_1739703432872.jpg?1740146112" border="0"></a></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/events" class="bold">More Conferences...</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Special Issues</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/biomimetics" data-path="/journal/biomimetics"> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues/BFP10YVS9N"> Biomechanics and Biomimetics for Insect-Inspired MAVs </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Jiyu Sun, Zhijun Zhang, Chao Liu<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 28 February 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues/92N7AL19IY"> Aquatic Biomimicry: Unlocking Nature’s Secrets for Underwater System Innovation </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Jiegang Peng, Junzhi Yu<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 28 February 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues/4YI7N6L3F3"> Bio-Inspired Soft Bioelectronics: Materials, Devices and Applications </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editor: Yun Ling<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 28 February 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Biomimetics</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues/R00TT795DJ"> Advances in Swarm Intelligence Optimization Algorithms and Applications </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Heming Jia, Gang Hu<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 28 February 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/special_issues" class="bold">More Special Issues</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-padding"></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/biomimetics">Biomimetics</a></em>, EISSN 2313-7673, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/biomimetics" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/biomimetics/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1740146112" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="adhesives">Adhesives</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="aisens">AI Sensors</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biosphere">Biosphere</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="cmtr">Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="eesp">Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="greenhealth">Green Health</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijom">International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jemr">Journal of Eye Movement Research</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmms">Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="microwave">Microwave</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="purification">Purification</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2025 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#516e77303c216a2224333b3432256c17233e3c7463611c1501187462107463617463637720243e256a77303c216a333e35286c39252521226b7e7e2626267f3c3521387f323e3c7e3b3e24233f303d7e33383e3c383c34253832227462107461107461105b5b" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpibiomimetics&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fbiomimetics&via=Biomim_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fbiomimetics&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="348" height="348" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomimetics</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1740146112"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "biomimetics"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?b86ef680a60436c6?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1740146112"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1740146112'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1740146112"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1740146112"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // create the left hand menu dynamically from the content var items = $("#middle-column h1, #middle-column h2"); if ($("#dynamic-menu").length == 1 && items.length > 1) { // menu container div var div = $("div#dynamic-menu"); div.addClass("generic-item"); // menu header var header = $("<h2></h2>"); header.text("Menu"); div.append(header); // menu list var ul = $("<ul></ul>"); ul.addClass("side-menu-ul"); div.append(ul); // menu list items (create additional anchors for page) items.each(function() { var header_title = $(this).text(); var link_title = header_title.replace(/ |-/gi, "_").toLowerCase(); var li = $("<li></li>"); li.addClass("side-menu-li"); ul.append(li); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.html(header_title); a.prop("href", "#" + link_title); li.append(a); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.prop("name", link_title); $(this).prepend(a); }); div.append(ul); div.show(); } }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1740146112"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1740146112"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1740146112"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1740146112"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#right-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'91578249ea308de9',t:'MTc0MDE0OTAxMC4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Biomimetics | An Open Access Journal from MDPI