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class="mw-page-title-main">Yelü Chucai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yelü Chucai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yelü Chucai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%9C%A8%EC%B4%88%EC%9E%AC" title="야율초재 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야율초재" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelu_Chucai" title="Yelu Chucai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yelu Chucai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D1%87%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Елюй чуцай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Елюй чуцай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%89" title="يلو تشوكاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يلو تشوكاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Елюй Чуцай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Елюй Чуцай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90" title="耶律楚材 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="耶律楚材" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelyuy_Chutsay" title="Yelyuy Chutsay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yelyuy Chutsay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yelü Chucai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ielu_Chucai" title="Ielu Chucai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ielu Chucai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Елюй Чуцай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Елюй Чуцай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Yelü Chucai" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="எலு சுகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலு சுகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yelü Chucai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Єлюй Чуцай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єлюй Чуцай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Lu%E1%BA%ADt_S%E1%BB%9F_T%C3%A0i" title="Gia Luật Sở Tài – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia Luật Sở Tài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90" title="耶律楚材 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="耶律楚材" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Yelü Chucai</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG/220px-%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG/330px-%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG/440px-%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%8B%E6%A5%9A%E6%9D%90.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1930" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Statue of Yelü Chucai at the <a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a> Tea Theme Park</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1190<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Yanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1244 (aged 53)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yelü Tao 耶律鑄</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">Family name</a>: Yēlǜ 耶律<br /><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a>: Chǔcái 楚材<br /><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy name</a>: Jìnqīng 晉卿</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Prince of Guangning 廣寧王<br />Wenzheng 文正</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data">Yelü Lü 耶律履</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Yang</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yelü Chucai</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">耶律楚材</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yēlǜ Chǔcái</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <i lang="mn">Urtu Saqaltu</i> "Longbeard", written in Chinese characters as "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吾圖撒合里</span></span>", July 24, 1190 – June 20, 1244<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Jinqing</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">晉卿</span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> statesman from the imperial clan of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, who became a vigorous adviser and administrator of the early <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> tradition. He was the first of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s retainers to formulate policy during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a>. He also introduced many administrative reforms in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a> during the reign of Genghis Khan and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yel%C3%BC_Chucai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yelü Chucai was a Confucian scholar who was born close to Beijing, during the Jin dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well versed in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist scriptures">Buddhist scriptures</a> and a practitioner in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, Yelü Chucai has become best known for his service as the chief adviser to <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. Yelü Chucai's father <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yel%C3%BC_Lu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yelü Lu (page does not exist)">Yelü Lu</a>, served with the Jurchen-led <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, which defeated the Liao dynasty in 1125. When the unified Mongol army under Genghis Khan began a war of conquest against the Jin dynasty in 1211, both Jurchen and Khitan rebels joined the Mongols in the fight against the Jin dynasty. Yelü Chucai then joined Genghis Khan's administration in the year 1218 at the age of 28. </p><p>The Khitans and Mongols, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song">Southern Song</a>, were united by their common enemy in the Jin dynasty. This is shown in the well-known words spoken by Genghis Khan, when at the end of July, he met Yelü Chucai for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos</a> in the Sāri Steppe (west of the great bend of the Kerulen River): "Liao and Jin have been enemies for generations; I have taken revenge for you." To which Yelü Chucai replied, "My father and grandfather have both respectfully served the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115-1234)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (1115-1234)">Jin</a>. How can I, as a subject and a son, be so insincere in heart as to consider my sovereign and my father as enemies?" The Mongol is said to have been impressed by this frank reply, as well as by Yelü Chucai's looks (he was a very tall man with a magnificent beard reaching to his waist) and sonorous voice. He gave him the nickname "Urtu Saqal" (Long Beard) and placed him in his retinue as an adviser. Because he was experienced in writing and knew the laws of other settled societies, Yelü Chucai was useful to the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did his best to convince the Mongols to tax rather than slaughter conquered peoples. In <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset</a>'s <i>Empire of the Steppes,</i> it is reported that <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei</a> would mock him, asking "Are you going to weep for the people again?". The wise chancellor had the great words to temper the Mongol practices, stating to Genghis Khan's son and successor to the throne, that while empires may be conquered on horseback, they could not be ruled on horseback. Yelü Chucai used his office to save other fellow Confucian scholars from punishment and mistreatment by Mongol rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also helped them gain offices as bureaucrats and tutors to the Mongol princes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">Northern China</a> was capitulating to the Mongol onslaught, Yelü Chucai instituted several administrative reforms, like separating civil and military powers and introducing numerous taxes and levies. In response to the tough resistance the Mongol army faced while trying to conquer the Jurchen Jin's southern capital of <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, some Mongol officers in high command recommended the complete razing of Kaifeng and the deaths of all its occupants. But Yelü Chucai convinced Genghis Khan to rule and tax the people, and make use of their extraordinary talents instead of killing all of them in order to further their own riches.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was six-foot eight-inches tall and had a waist-length beard.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried by <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Lake" title="Kunming Lake">Kunming Lake</a> in Beijing, and a temple constructed in his memory stood until 1966, when it was razed during the looting of the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> by communist Red Guards as part of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yelü Chucai was the last recorded person to be able to speak the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a> and read and write the Khitan <a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small</a> scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg/220px-Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg/330px-Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg/440px-Yelu_Chu_Cai_-_Guta_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3026" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Yelü Chucai, located in the southeast corner of Guta Park in <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yel%C3%BC_Chucai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yel%C3%BC_Chucai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">宋子貞：《中書令耶律公神道碑》，節選自蘇天爵編集的《元文類》卷五七。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Weatherford, <i>Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</i> (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004), 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerry Bentley, <i>Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/yeh-lu-chu-tsai/">Biography of Yelü Chucai</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2004). "The Muslim Holocaust". <i>Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection</i>. Bantam Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Holocaust&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Resurrection&rft.pub=Bantam+Book&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYel%C3%BC+Chucai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeys1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ryckmans_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Ryckmans (writer)">Leys, Simon</a> (1979). <i>Chinese Shadows</i>. Penguin Books. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Shadows&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Leys&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYel%C3%BC+Chucai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKane2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kane_(linguist)" title="Daniel Kane (linguist)">Kane, Daniel</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsZjpIa-cYC"><i>The Kitan Language and Script</i></a>. Brill. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16829-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16829-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16829-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kitan+Language+and+Script&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16829-9&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnsZjpIa-cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYel%C3%BC+Chucai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yel%C3%BC_Chucai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/yeh-lu-chu-tsai/">Biography on Bookrags.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coldsiberia.org/yehluchu.htm">Biography on ColdSiberia.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=e0fe47ae592c4cab8930bbb37ce41269">Translation of Yelu Chucai's description of Central Asia, based on travels with Chinggis Khan's army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38936635/Yelu_Chucai_Yuanshi_Biography">Translation of Yelu Chucai's official Yuanshi biography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Generals_and_ministers_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Template:Generals and ministers of Genghis Khan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generals_and_ministers_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Template talk:Generals and ministers of Genghis Khan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generals_and_ministers_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generals and ministers of Genghis Khan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generals_and_ministers_of_Genghis_Khan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Generals and ministers of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigi_Qutuqu" title="Shigi Qutuqu">Shigi Qutuqu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorqan_Shira" title="Sorqan Shira">Sorqan Shira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yelü Chucai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083883099">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/62919545">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/311175163">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/112605/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxg9Ft66my7q8CG9HBfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/141225181">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83064977">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00344553">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36731177">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240105702">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p186103522">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007420203505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06025853?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1439019">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/136919324">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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