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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoregions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecoregions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecoregions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecoregions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sundarbans_Mangroves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarbans_Mangroves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sundarbans Mangroves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarbans_Mangroves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ecological succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_and_extinct_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_and_extinct_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Endangered and extinct species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_and_extinct_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Climate change impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_made_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_made_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Human made hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_made_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Habitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protected areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sundarban_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarban_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sundarban National Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarban_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sundarbans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سونداربانس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سونداربانس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="সুন্দরবন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুন্দরবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сундарбан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сундарбан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="सुंदरबन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सुंदरबन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сундарбан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сундарбан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Σούντορμπον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούντορμπον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سونداربانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سونداربانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%8C%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%B3%B8" title="슌도르본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슌도르본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սունդարբան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունդարբան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="सुन्दरवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुन्दरवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="סונדרבאנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סונדרבאנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸುಂದರಬನ್ಸ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಂದರಬನ್ಸ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಉದ್ಯಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სუნდარბანსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუნდარბანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbanai" title="Sundarbanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sundarbanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szundarbansz" title="Szundarbansz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szundarbansz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="सुन्दरवन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सुन्दरवन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BB" title="സുന്ദർബൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുന്ദർബൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="सुंदरबन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुंदरबन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سونداربينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سونداربينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Сундарбанс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сундарбанс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="सुन्दरवन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुन्दरवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3" title="シュンドルボン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュンドルボン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A8" title="ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੁੰਦਰਬਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁੰਦਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86" title="سندر بن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سندر بن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="سندربن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سندربن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbany" title="Sundarbany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sundarbany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сундарбан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сундарбан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सुन्दरवनराष्ट्रियोद्यानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुन्दरवनराष्ट्रियोद्यानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱱᱫᱚᱨᱵᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சுந்தரவனக்காடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுந்தரவனக்காடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సుందరవనాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సుందరవనాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="สุนทรวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุนทรวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сундарбан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сундарбан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="سندربن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سندربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarban" title="Sundarban – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sundarban" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sundarbans" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%BE%E7%8F%AD" title="苏达班 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏达班" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="孙德尔本斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孙德尔本斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sundarbans&params=21_45_N_88_45_E_type:forest_dim:106km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">88°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.750°N 88.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.750; 88.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mangrove forest in the Bay of Bengal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sundarbans (disambiguation)">Sundarbans (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Sundarbans</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sundarbans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/300px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/450px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg/600px-Save_the_sundarbans_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Inside the Sundarbans</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sundarbans"><img alt="Sundarbans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/300px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/450px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/600px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.636%;left:75.195%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sundarbans"><img alt="Sundarbans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the Sundarbans in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> delta</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat" title="Basirhat">Basirhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Harbour" title="Diamond Harbour">Diamond Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagerhat" title="Bagerhat">Bagerhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuakhali" title="Patuakhali">Patuakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barguna" title="Barguna">Barguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkhira" title="Satkhira">Satkhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mongla" title="Port of Mongla">Mongla</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sundarbans&params=21_45_N_88_45_E_type:forest_dim:106km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">88°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.750°N 88.750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.750; 88.750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">10,277 km<sup>2</sup> (3,968 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh"><img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government of Bangladesh</a> (58.55%)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> (41.45%)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Sundarbans National Park</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: (ix)(x)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452">452</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">133,010 ha (513.6 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sundarbans&params=21_56_42_N_88_53_45_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°56′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">88°53′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.94500°N 88.89583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.94500; 88.89583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151960987"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">The Sundarbans</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Includes</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans South Sanctuary">Sundarbans South Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans East Sanctuary">Sundarbans East Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhmukhi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dudhmukhi Wildlife Sanctuary">Dudhmukhi Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadpai_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chadpai Wildlife Sanctuary">Chadpai Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangmari_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dhangmari Wildlife Sanctuary">Dhangmari Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankhali_Dolphin_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pankhali Dolphin Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Pankhali Dolphin Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibsa_Dolphin_Santuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibsa Dolphin Santuary (page does not exist)">Shibsa Dolphin Santuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhadra_Dolphin_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhadra Dolphin Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Bhadra Dolphin Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: (ix)(x)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798">798</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">139,500 ha (539 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sundarbans&params=21_57_N_89_11_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">89°11′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.950°N 89.183°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.950; 89.183</span></span></span></a></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Sundarbans Reserved Forest</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">21 May 1992</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">560<sup id="cite_ref-RSIS1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSIS1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Sundarban Wetland</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 2019</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">2370<sup id="cite_ref-RSIS2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSIS2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sundarbans</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">সুন্দরবন</span>) (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forest</a> area in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> formed by the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna Rivers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Spread across parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, this forest is the largest mangrove forest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spans the area from the <a href="/wiki/Baleswar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleswar River">Baleswar River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>'s division of <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. It comprises closed and open <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a>, land used for agricultural purpose, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> and barren land, and is intersected by multiple <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> streams and channels. Sundarbans is home to the world's largest area of mangrove forests.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are enlisted as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, viz. <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West</a> (Bangladesh), <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans South</a> (Bangladesh), <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans East</a> (Bangladesh) and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a> (India).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the protected status, the Indian Sundarbans were considered endangered in a 2020 assessment under the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems" title="IUCN Red List of Ecosystems">IUCN Red List of Ecosystems</a> framework.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of about 10,277 km<sup>2</sup> (3,968 sq mi), of which forests in Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Khulna_Division" title="Khulna Division">Khulna Division</a> extend over 6,017 km<sup>2</sup> (2,323 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-bd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in West Bengal's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a>, they extend over 4,260 km<sup>2</sup> (1,640 sq mi) across the <a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pani_al2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pani_al2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sundarbanaffairswb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sundarbanaffairswb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most abundant tree species are sundri (<i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a></i>) and gewa (<i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i>). The forests provide habitat to 453 <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> wildlife, including 290 bird, 120 fish, 42 mammal, 35 reptile and eight amphibian species.<sup id="cite_ref-Iftekhar2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iftekhar2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some invertebrates, there has been a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species in the 20th century, with the ecological quality of the forest declining.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite preservation commitments from both governments, the Sundarbans are under threat from both natural and human-made causes. In 2007, the landfall of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr" title="Cyclone Sidr">Cyclone Sidr</a> damaged around 40% of the Sundarbans. The forest is also suffering from increased <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> and reduced freshwater supply. In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Aila" title="Cyclone Aila">Cyclone Aila</a> devastated the Sundarbans with massive casualties. At least 100,000 people were affected by this cyclone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Rampal_Power_Station_(Proposed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampal Power Station (Proposed)">Rampal power station</a> situated 14 km (8.7 mi) north of the Sundarbans at Rampal Upazila of <a href="/wiki/Bagerhat_District" title="Bagerhat District">Bagerhat District</a> in Khulna, Bangladesh, is anticipated to further damage this unique mangrove forest according to a 2016 report by UNESCO.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is expected to continue to negatively affect both natural systems and human populations in the region, resulting in further ecosystem degradation and <a href="/wiki/Climate_migration" title="Climate migration">climate migration</a>. Experts examining the region recommend further focus on <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">mangrove restoration</a> and management and advocating for adaptation of human populations, through processes like <a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">managed retreat</a> and investments in resilient infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The literal meaning of Sundarbans (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">সুন্দরবন</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Bengali">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">Sundôrbôn</i></span>) is "beautiful forest". Alternatively, it was proposed that the name is a corruption of <i>Samudraban</i>, <i>Shomudrobôn</i> ("Sea Forest"), or <i>Chandra-bandhe</i>, the name of a tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpedia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpedia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the likely origin of the word is <i>Sundari</i> or <i>Sundri</i>, the local name of the mangrove species <i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a></i> abundant in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Rainey_1891_p=2732_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainey_1891_p=2732-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg/200px-Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg/300px-Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg/400px-Sunderbans_village_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Village in a clearing of the Sundarbans. Drawing by Frederic Peter Layard after an original sketch of 1839</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FarmHouseSunderban.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FarmHouseSunderban.JPG/200px-FarmHouseSunderban.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FarmHouseSunderban.JPG/300px-FarmHouseSunderban.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FarmHouseSunderban.JPG/400px-FarmHouseSunderban.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Farm among paddy fields in the Sundarbans, 2010</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The history of human settlement in the Sundarbans area can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan era</a> (4th-2nd century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ruin of an abandoned city was found in the Baghmara Forest Block that is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a>, a pre-Mauryan semi-historical figure in Bengali folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological excavation at <a href="/wiki/Kapilmuni_Union" title="Kapilmuni Union">Kapilmuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paikgachha_Upazila" title="Paikgachha Upazila">Paikgacha Upazilla</a>, north of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh, revealed ruins of urban settlement dating back to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh#Early_Middle_Ages" title="History of Bangladesh">early middle ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iftekhar_Mahmud_2022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iftekhar_Mahmud_2022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> period, forest tracts were leased out by the local rulers for establishing settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1757, The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> obtained proprietary rights over Sundarbans from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a> and completed mapping the area in 1764. However, systematic forest management started a century later. The first Forest Management Division to have jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in 1869. In 1875 a large portion of the mangrove forests was declared as <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">reserved</a> forests under the Indian Forest Act of 1865 (Act VIII of 1865). The remaining portions of the forests were declared a reserve forest the following year and the forest, which was so far administered by the civil administration district, was placed under the control of the Forest Department. A Forest Division, which is the basic forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879 with the headquarters in today <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>, Bangladesh. The first management plan was written for the period 1893–1898.<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <p>The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> formed by the super-confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma">Padma</a> (both are distributaries of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>), <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghna">Meghna</a> rivers across southern <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. The seasonally flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forest lies inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe. The forest covers 10,277 km<sup>2</sup> (3,968 sq mi) of which about 6,017 km<sup>2</sup> (2,323 sq mi) are in Bangladesh. The Indian part of Sundarbans is estimated to be about 4,260 km<sup>2</sup> (1,640 sq mi), of which about 1,700 km<sup>2</sup> (660 sq mi) is occupied by water bodies in the forms of river, canals and creeks of width varying from a few metres to several kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-bd_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pani_al2013_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pani_al2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sundarbanaffairswb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sundarbanaffairswb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sundarbans is intersected by a complex network of <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tidal</a> waterways, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The interconnected network of waterways makes almost every corner of the forest accessible by boat. The area is known for the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>), as well as numerous fauna including species of birds, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> and snakes. The fertile soils of the delta have been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. The remaining forests, taken together with the Sundarbans mangroves, are important habitat for the endangered tiger. Additionally, the Mangroves species present in the Sundarban area serve a crucial function as a protective barrier for the millions of inhabitants in and around <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Mongla" title="Port of Mongla">Port of Mongla</a> against the floods that result from the <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>. It also protects from <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> for the coastal population.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiography">Physiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg/200px-Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg/300px-Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg/400px-Sundarbans_SPOT_1219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">SPOT satellite</a> image of Sundarbans, released by <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sundarbans.jpg/200px-Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sundarbans.jpg/300px-Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sundarbans.jpg/400px-Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a> image of Sundarbans, released by <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The mangrove-dominated <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> – the Sundarbans – is a complex <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> comprising one of the three largest single tracts of mangrove forests of the world. The larger part is situated in Bangladesh, a smaller portion of it lies in India. The Indian part of the forest is estimated to be about 40 percent, while the Bangladeshi part is 60 percent. To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Baleswar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Baleswar River">Baleswar River</a> and to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land. The natural drainage in the upstream areas, other than the main river channels, is everywhere impeded by extensive embankments and <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. The Sundarbans was originally measured (about 200 years ago) to be of about 16,700 square kilometres (6,400 sq mi). Now it has dwindled into about one-third of its original size. The total land area today is 4,143 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), including exposed <a href="/wiki/Sandbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbar">sandbars</a> with a total area of 42 square kilometres (16 sq mi); the remaining water area of 1,874 square kilometres (724 sq mi) encompasses rivers, small streams and canals. Rivers in the Sundarbans are meeting places of salt water and freshwater. Thus, it is a region of transition between the freshwater of the rivers originating from the Ganges and the saline water of the Bay of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wahid_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wahid-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sundarbans along the Bay of Bengal has evolved over the millennia through natural deposition of upstream sediments accompanied by intertidal segregation. The physiography is dominated by deltaic formations that include innumerable drainage lines associated with surface and subaqueous levees, splays and tidal flats. There are also marginal marshes above mean tide level, tidal sandbars and islands with their networks of tidal channels, subaqueous distal bars and proto-delta clays and silt sediments. The Sundarbans' floor varies from 0.9 to 2.11 metres (3.0 to 6.9 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biotic factors here play a significant role in physical coastal evolution, and for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> a variety of <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> have developed which include beaches, <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>, permanent and semi-permanent swamps, tidal flats, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_creek" title="Tidal creek">tidal creeks</a>, coastal dunes, back dunes and levees. The mangrove vegetation itself assists in the formation of new landmass and the intertidal vegetation plays a significant role in swamp morphology. The activities of mangrove fauna in the intertidal mudflats develop <a href="/wiki/Micromorphological" title="Micromorphological">micromorphological</a> features that trap and hold sediments to create a substratum for mangrove seeds. The morphology and evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">eolian</a> dunes is controlled by an abundance of <a href="/wiki/Xerophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerophytic">xerophytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytic">halophytic</a> plants. Creepers, grasses and sedges stabilise sand dunes and uncompacted sediments. The Sunderbans mudflats (Banerjee, 1998) are found at the estuary and on the deltaic islands where low velocity of river and tidal current occurs. The flats are exposed in low tides and submerged in high tides, thus being changed morphologically even in one tidal cycle. The tides are so large that approximately one third of the land disappears and reappears every day.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior parts of the mudflats serve as a perfect home for mangroves. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sundarbans" title="List of rivers of Sundarbans">List of rivers of Sundarbans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecoregions">Ecoregions</h2></div> <p>Sundarbans features two <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> — "Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests" (IM0162) and "Sundarbans mangroves" (IM1406).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarbans_freshwater_swamp_forests">Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests</h3></div> <p>The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests are a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical moist broadleaf forest</a> ecoregion of Bangladesh and India. It represents the brackish swamp forests that lie behind the <i>Sundarbans Mangroves</i>, where the salinity is more pronounced. The freshwater ecoregion is an area where the water is only slightly brackish and becomes quite fresh during the rainy season, when the freshwater plumes from the Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers push the intruding salt water out and bring a deposit of silt. It covers 14,600 square kilometres (5,600 sq mi) of the vast <a href="/wiki/Ganges-Brahmaputra_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta">Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta</a>, finishing at the mouth of the Bay of Bengal from the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Khulna_District" title="Khulna District">Khulna District</a> and the southern part of <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas district</a> in the Indian state of West Bengal. The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie between the upland <a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_plains_moist_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>-water <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarbans mangroves">Sundarbans mangroves</a> bordering the Bay of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-IM0162_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM0162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A victim of large-scale clearing and settlement to support one of the densest human populations in Asia, this ecoregion is under a great threat of extinction. Hundreds of years of habitation and exploitation have exacted a heavy toll on this ecoregion's habitat and biodiversity. There are two protected areas – Narendrapur (110 km<sup>2</sup>) and Ata Danga Baor (20 km<sup>2</sup>) that cover a mere 130 km<sup>2</sup> of the ecoregion. Habitat loss in this ecoregion is so extensive, and the remaining habitat is so fragmented, that it is difficult to ascertain the composition of the original vegetation of this ecoregion. According to Champion and Seth (1968), the freshwater swamp forests are characterised by <i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera" title="Heritiera">Heritiera</a> minor</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus" title="Xylocarpus">Xylocarpus</a> molluccensis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera" title="Bruguiera">Bruguiera conjugata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia" title="Sonneratia">Sonneratia</a> apetala</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_officinalis" title="Avicennia officinalis">Avicennia officinalis</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_caseolaris" title="Sonneratia caseolaris">Sonneratia caseolaris</a></i>, with <i><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Pandanus tectorius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tiliaceus" title="Hibiscus tiliaceus">Hibiscus tiliaceus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nipa_fruticans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa fruticans">Nipa fruticans</a></i> along the fringing banks.<sup id="cite_ref-IM0162_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM0162-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarbans_Mangroves">Sundarbans Mangroves</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_IM1406.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ecoregion_IM1406.svg/220px-Ecoregion_IM1406.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ecoregion_IM1406.svg/330px-Ecoregion_IM1406.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ecoregion_IM1406.svg/440px-Ecoregion_IM1406.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Ecoregion IM406, also known as the Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sundarbans Mangroves ecoregion on the coast forms the seaward fringe of the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> and is the world's largest mangrove ecosystem, with 20,400 square kilometres (7,900 sq mi) of an area covered. The dominant mangrove species <i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a></i> is locally known as <i>sundri</i> or <i>sundari</i>. Mangrove forests are not home to a great variety of plants. They have a thick canopy, and the undergrowth is mostly seedlings of the mangrove trees. Besides the <i>sundari</i>, other tree species in the forest include <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xylocarpus_mekongensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xylocarpus mekongensis (page does not exist)">Xylocarpus mekongensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus_granatum" title="Xylocarpus granatum">Xylocarpus granatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_apetala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonneratia apetala">Sonneratia apetala</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorhiza" title="Bruguiera gymnorhiza">Bruguiera gymnorhiza</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops_decandra" title="Ceriops decandra">Ceriops decandra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aegiceras_corniculatum" title="Aegiceras corniculatum">Aegiceras corniculatum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mucronata" title="Rhizophora mucronata">Rhizophora mucronata</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i> palms.<sup id="cite_ref-IM1406_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM1406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-six of the fifty broad mangrove species found in the world grow well in the Sundarbans. The commonly identifiable vegetation types in the dense Sundarbans mangrove forests are salt water mixed forest, mangrove scrub, brackish water mixed forest, littoral forest, wet forest and wet alluvial grass forests. The Bangladesh mangrove vegetation of the Sundarbans differs greatly from other non-deltaic coastal mangrove forests and upland forests associations. Unlike the former, the <a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a> are of minor importance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_succession">Ecological succession</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a> is generally defined as the successive occupation of a site by different plant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an accreting mudflats the outer community along the sequence represents the pioneer community which is gradually replaced by the next community representing the seral stages and finally by a climax community typical of the climatic zone.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_Troup" title="Robert Scott Troup">Robert Scott Troup</a> suggested that succession began in the newly accreted land created by fresh deposits of eroded soil. The pioneer vegetation on these newly accreted sites is <i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia" title="Sonneratia">Sonneratia</a></i>, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia" title="Avicennia">Avicennia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa</a></i>. As the ground is elevated as a result of soil deposition, other trees make their appearance. The most prevalent, though one of the late species to appear, is <i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria" title="Excoecaria">Excoecaria</a></i>. As the level of land rises through accretion and the land is only occasionally flooded by tides, <i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a></i> begins to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarbans_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sundarbans_02.jpg/200px-Sundarbans_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sundarbans_02.jpg/300px-Sundarbans_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sundarbans_02.jpg/400px-Sundarbans_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sundari tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_littoralis" title="Heritiera littoralis">Heritiera littoralis</a></i>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG/200px-XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG/300px-XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG/400px-XP_Nepf_D4090.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Golpata (<i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A total of 245 genera and 334 plant species were recorded by <a href="/wiki/David_Prain" title="David Prain">David Prain</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most of the mangroves in other parts of the world are characterised by members of the <a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a>, Avicenneaceae or <a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a>, the mangroves of Bangladesh are dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sundarbans flora is characterised by the abundance of sundari (<i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" title="Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a></i>), gewa (<i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i>), goran (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops_decandra" title="Ceriops decandra">Ceriops decandra</a></i>) and keora (<i>Sonneratia apetala</i>) all of which occur prominently throughout the area. The characteristic tree of the forest is the <i>sundari</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera_littoralis" title="Heritiera littoralis">Heritiera littoralis</a></i>), from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. It yields a hard wood, used for building houses and making boats, furniture and other things. New forest accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora (<i>Sonneratia apetala</i>) and tidal forests. It is an indicator species for newly accreted mudbanks and is an important species for wildlife, especially spotted deer (<i><a href="/wiki/Axis_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis axis">Axis axis</a></i>). There is abundance of <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">dhundul</i></span> or <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">passur</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Xylocarpus_granatum" title="Xylocarpus granatum">Xylocarpus granatum</a></i>) and <span title="Bengali-language romanization"><i lang="bn-Latn">kankra</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorhiza" title="Bruguiera gymnorhiza">Bruguiera gymnorhiza</a></i>) though distribution is discontinuous. Among palms, <i>Poresia coaractata</i>, <i>Myriostachya wightiana</i> and golpata (<i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i>), and among grasses spear grass (<i><a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">Imperata cylindrica</a></i>) and khagra (<i>Phragmites karka</i>) are well distributed. </p><p>The varieties of the forests that exist in Sundarbans include mangrove scrub, <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saltwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed forest">mixed forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> mixed forest and <a href="/wiki/Swamp_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamp forest">swamp forest</a>. Besides the forest, there are extensive areas of brackish water and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandflat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandflat">sandflats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a> with typical dune vegetation, open <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs and trees. Since Prain's report there have been considerable changes in the status of various mangrove species and taxonomic revision of the man-grove flora.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, very little exploration of the botanical nature of the Sundarbans has been made to keep up with these changes. Differences in vegetation have been explained in terms of freshwater and low salinity influences in the Northeast and variations in <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a>. The Sundarbans has been classified as a moist tropical forest demonstrating a whole mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Seral_community" title="Seral community">seres</a>, comprising primary colonisation on new <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">accretions</a> to more mature beach forests. Historically vegetation types have been recognised in broad correlation with varying degrees of water salinity, freshwater flushing and physiography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2></div> <p>The Sundarbans provides a unique ecosystem and a rich wildlife habitat. According to the 2015 tiger census in Bangladesh, and the 2011 tiger census in India, the Sundarbans have about 180 tigers (106 in Bangladesh and 74 in India). Earlier estimates, based on counting unique <a href="/wiki/Pugmark" title="Pugmark">pugmarks</a>, were much higher. The more recent counts have used <a href="/wiki/Camera_trap" title="Camera trap">camera traps</a>, an improved methodology that yields more accurate results.<sup id="cite_ref-tg27Jul2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg27Jul2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiger attacks <a href="/wiki/Tiger_attacks_in_the_Sundarbans" title="Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans">were historically common in the area</a>, and are still frequent in the Sundarbans, with around 40 people killed in 2000–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_redlist_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_redlist-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most importantly, mangroves are a transition from the marine to freshwater and terrestrial systems, and provide critical habitat for numerous species of small fish, crabs, shrimps and other crustaceans that adapt to feed and shelter, and reproduce among the tangled mass of roots, known as <a href="/wiki/Pneumatophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatophore">pneumatophores</a>, which grow upward from the anaerobic mud to get the supply of oxygen. A 1991 study has revealed that the Indian part of the Sundarbans supports diverse biological resources including at least 150 species of commercially important fish, 270 species of birds, 42 species of mammals, 35 reptiles and 8 amphibian species, although new ones are being discovered. This represents a significant proportion of the species present in Bangladesh (i.e. about 30% of the reptiles, 37% the birds and 34% of the mammals) and includes many species which are now extinct elsewhere in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two amphibians, 14 reptiles, 25 aves and five mammals are endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-sarakar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarakar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sundarbans is an important wintering area for migrant water birds<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is an area suitable for watching and studying avifauna.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The management of wildlife is restricted to, firstly, the protection of fauna from poaching, and, secondly, designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction of <a href="/wiki/Forest_produce" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest produce">forest produce</a> is allowed and where the wildlife face few disturbances. Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent times<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. Of these, the tiger and dolphin are target species for planning wildlife management and tourism development. There are high profile and vulnerable mammals living in two contrasting environments, and their statuses and management are strong indicators of the general condition and management of wildlife. Some species are protected by legislation, notably by the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarban_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/200px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/300px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Sundarban_Tiger.jpg/400px-Sundarban_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Bengal tiger in the Sundarbans</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG/200px-Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG/300px-Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG/400px-Axishirsche_in_den_Sundarbans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2611" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital</a> deer (<i>Axis axis</i>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg/200px-Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg/300px-Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg/400px-Monkeys_of_The_Sundarbans_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">Rhesus macaque</a> (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Sundarbans are an important habitat for the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> (<i>Panthera tigris</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Khan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khan-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forest also provides habitat for small wild cats such as the <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a> (<i>Felis chaus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cat</a> (<i>Prionailurus viverrinus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">leopard cat</a> (<i>P. bengalensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several predators dwell in the labyrinth of channels, branches, and roots that poke up into the air. This is the only mangrove ecoregion that harbors the Indo-Pacific region's largest terrestrial predator, the Bengal tiger. Unlike in other habitats, tigers live here and swim among the mangrove islands, where they hunt scarce prey such as the <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> deer (<i>Axis axis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_muntjac" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian muntjac">Indian muntjacs</a> (<i>Muntiacus muntjak</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">Rhesus macaque</a> (<i>Macaca mulatta</i>). It is estimated that there are now 180 Bengal tigers<sup id="cite_ref-tg27Jul2015_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tg27Jul2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 30,000 spotted deer in the area. The tigers are known to attack and kill humans who venture into the forest, with around 40 deaths recorded in 2000–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_redlist_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_redlist-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg/200px-Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg/300px-Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg/400px-Saltwater_Crocodiles_of_Sundarbans_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3488" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A saltwater crocodile on a river bank in the Sundarbans</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG/200px-2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG/300px-2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG/400px-2009_Pristis_microdon1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2510" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Largetooth_sawfish" title="Largetooth sawfish">largetooth sawfish</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg/200px-Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg/300px-Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg/400px-Periophthalmus_argentilineatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Mudskipper" title="Mudskipper">mudskipper</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangered_and_extinct_species">Endangered and extinct species</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamrach-1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jamrach-1877.jpg/200px-Jamrach-1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jamrach-1877.jpg/300px-Jamrach-1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jamrach-1877.jpg/400px-Jamrach-1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Extinct <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Indian_rhinoceros" title="Lesser Indian rhinoceros">Indian Javan rhinoceros</a> of Sunderbans, drawing from 1877</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GangeticDolphin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GangeticDolphin.jpg/200px-GangeticDolphin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GangeticDolphin.jpg/300px-GangeticDolphin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/GangeticDolphin.jpg/400px-GangeticDolphin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Gangetic dolphin</a>, drawing from 1894</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Forest inventories reveal a decline in standing volume of the two main commercial mangrove species – sundari (<i><a href="/wiki/Heritiera" title="Heritiera">Heritiera</a></i> spp.) and <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">gewa</a> (<i>Excoecaria agallocha</i>) — by 40% and 45% respectively between 1959 and 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Forestal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forestal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, it appears that there is a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species (notably at least six mammals and one important reptile) in the 20th century, and that the "ecological quality of the original mangrove forest is declining".<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The endangered species that live within the Sundarbans and extinct species that used to be include the Bengal tiger, <a href="/wiki/Estuarine_crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine crocodile">estuarine crocodile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_river_terrapin" title="Northern river terrapin">northern river terrapin</a> (<i>Batagur baska</i>), <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">olive ridley sea turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Gangetic dolphin</a>, ground turtles, <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtles</a> and king crabs (horse shoe). The Sundarbans hold globally important numbers of the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Masked_finfoot" title="Masked finfoot">masked finfoot</a> and are important wintering sites for the <a href="/wiki/Spoon-billed_sandpiper" title="Spoon-billed sandpiper">spoon-billed sandpiper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_skimmer" title="Indian skimmer">Indian skimmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BirdLife_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdLife-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species such as <a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">hog deer</a> (<i>Axis porcinus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalos</a> (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">barasingha</a> or swamp deer (<i>Cervus duvauceli</i>), <a href="/wiki/Javan_rhinoceros" title="Javan rhinoceros">Javan rhinoceros</a> (<i>Rhinoceros sondaicus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> (<i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Mugger_crocodile" title="Mugger crocodile">mugger crocodile</a> (<i>Crocodylus palustris</i>) started to become extinct in the Sundarbans towards the middle of the 20th century, because of extensive poaching and hunting by the British and locals.<sup id="cite_ref-sarakar_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarakar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other threatened mammal species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Capped_langur" title="Capped langur">capped langur</a> (<i>Semnopithecus pileatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">smooth-coated otter</a> (<i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i>), <a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter</a> (<i>Aonyx cinerea</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">large Indian civet</a> (<i>Viverra zibetha</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_impact">Climate change impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in South Asia">Climate change in South Asia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg/200px-Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg/300px-Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg/400px-Sundarbans_a_few_months_after_cyclone_sidr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1277" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sundarbans a few months after <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr" title="Cyclone Sidr">Cyclone Sidr</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg/200px-Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg/300px-Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg/400px-Mudflat_and_clouds_in_Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflats</a> in Sundarbans</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The physical development processes along the coast are influenced by a multitude of factors, comprising wave motions, micro and macro-tidal cycles and long shore currents typical to the coastal tract. The shore currents vary greatly along with the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>. These are also affected by <a href="/wiki/Cyclonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclonic">cyclonic</a> action. Erosion and accretion through these forces maintains varying levels, as yet not properly measured, of physiographic change whilst the mangrove vegetation itself provides a remarkable stability to the entire system. During each monsoon season almost all the Bengal Delta is submerged, much of it for half a year. The sediment of the lower delta plain is primarily advected inland by monsoonal coastal setup and cyclonic events. One of the greatest challenges people living on the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a> may face in coming years is the threat of rising sea levels caused mostly by <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> in the region and partly by climate change. </p><p>In many of the Bangladesh's mangrove wetlands, freshwater reaching the mangroves was considerably reduced from the 1970s because of diversion of freshwater in the upstream area by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> through the use of the <a href="/wiki/Farakka_Barrage" title="Farakka Barrage">Farakka Barrage</a> bordering <a href="/wiki/Rajshahi" title="Rajshahi">Rajshahi</a>, Bangladesh. Also, the Bengal <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> is slowly tilting towards the east because of neo-<a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> movement, forcing greater freshwater input to the Bangladesh Sundarbans. As a result, the salinity of the Bangladesh Sundarbans is much lower than that of the Indian side. A 1990 study noted that there "is no evidence that environmental degradation in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> or a 'greenhouse' induced rise in sea level have aggravated floods in Bangladesh"; however, a 2007 report by UNESCO, "Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage" has stated that an anthropogenic 45-centimetre (18 in) rise in sea level (likely by the end of the 21st century, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), combined with other forms of anthropogenic stress on the Sundarbans, could lead to the destruction of 75 percent of the Sundarbans mangroves.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already, <a href="/wiki/Lohachara_Island" title="Lohachara Island">Lohachara Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Talpatti_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Talpatti Island">New Moore Island/South Talpatti Island</a> have disappeared under the sea, and <a href="/wiki/Ghoramara_Island" title="Ghoramara Island">Ghoramara Island</a> is half submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study conducted in 2012, the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) found out that the Sunderban coast was retreating up to 200 metres (660 ft) in a year. Agricultural activities had destroyed around 17,179 hectares (42,450 acres) of mangroves within three decades (1975–2010). Shrimp cultivation had destroyed another 7,554 hectares (18,670 acres). </p><p>Researches from the School of Oceanographic Studies, Jadavpur University, estimated the annual rise in sea level to be 8 millimetres (0.31 in) in 2010. It had doubled from 3.14 millimetres (0.124 in) recorded in 2000. The rising sea levels had also submerged around 7,500 hectares (19,000 acres) of forest areas. This, coupled with an around 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) rise in surface water temperatures and increased levels of salinity have posed a problem for the survival of the indigenous flora and fauna. The Sundari trees are exceptionally sensitive to salinity and are being threatened with extinction. </p><p>Loss of the mangrove forest will result in the loss of the protective biological shield against cyclones and tsunamis. This may put the surrounding coastal communities at high risk. Moreover, the submergence of land mass have rendered up to 6,000 families homeless and around 70,000 people are immediately threatened with the same.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2016)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (September 2016)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is causing the flight of human capital to the mainland, about 13% in the decade of 2000–2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 ethnographic study, conducted by a team of researchers from Heidelberg university in Germany, found a crisis brewing in the Sunderbans. The study contended that poor planning on the part of the India and Bangladesh governments coupled with natural ecological changes were forcing the flight of human capital from the region<sup id="cite_ref-Foundation_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundation-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3></div> <p>According to a report created by UNESCO, the landfall of <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Sidr" title="Cyclone Sidr">Cyclone Sidr</a> damaged around 40% of Sundarbans in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_made_hazards">Human made hazards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rampal_Power_Station" title="Rampal Power Station">Rampal Power Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Sundarbans_oil_spill" title="2014 Sundarbans oil spill">2014 Sundarbans oil spill</a></div> <p>In August 2010, a memorandum of understanding was signed between <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Power_Development_Board" title="Bangladesh Power Development Board">Bangladesh Power Development Board</a> (BPDB) and India's state-owned <a href="/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Thermal Power Corporation">National Thermal Power Corporation</a> (NTPC) where they designated to implement the coal-fired Rampal power station by 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed project, on an area of over 1,834 acres of land, is situated 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) north of the Sundarbans.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project violates the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a> guidelines for coal-based thermal power plants.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental activists contend that the proposed location of the Rampal Station would violate provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Bangladesh rejected the allegations that the coal-based power plant would adversely affect the world's largest mangrove forest.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 December 2014 an oil-tanker named <i>Southern Star VII</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying 358,000 litres (79,000 imp gal; 95,000 US gal) of <a href="/wiki/Furnace_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace oil">furnace oil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was sunk in the Sela river<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Voices_Online_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Voices_Online-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Sundarbans after it had been hit by a cargo vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oil spread over 350 km<sup>2</sup> (140 sq mi) area after the clash, as of 17 December.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slick spread to a second river and a network of canals in the Sundarbans and blackened the shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was very threatening to trees, plankton, and vast populations of small fishes and dolphins.<sup id="cite_ref-:132_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:132-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event occurred at a protected Sundarbans mangrove area, home to the rare <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganges_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges dolphin">Ganges dolphins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 15 December 2014 only 50,000 litres (11,000 imp gal; 13,000 US gal) of oil from the area had been cleaned up by local residents, the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Bangladesh Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">the government of Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reports indicated that the event killed some wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Voices_Online_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Voices_Online-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 December 2014, a dead <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a> was seen floating on the Harintana-Tembulbunia channel of the Sela River.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg/200px-Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg/300px-Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg/400px-Fishing_boats_in_Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a> boat in Sundarbans</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat,_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg/200px-Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg/300px-Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg/400px-Boat%2C_trees_and_water_in_Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Logging boat in the Sundarbans</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg/200px-Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg/300px-Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg/400px-Ferry_in_Sundarbans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ferry boat in the Sundarbans</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Sundarbans plays an important role in the economy of the southwestern region of Bangladesh as well as in the national economy. It is the single largest source of <a href="/wiki/Forest_produce" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest produce">forest produce</a> in the country. The forest provides raw materials for wood-based industries. In addition to traditional forest produce like timber, fuelwood, pulpwood etc., large-scale harvest of non-wood forest products such as thatching materials, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, beeswax, fish, crustacean and mollusc resources of the forest takes place regularly. The vegetated tidal lands of the Sundarbans function as an essential habitat, produces nutrients and purifies water. The forest also traps nutrient and sediment, acts as a storm barrier, shore stabiliser and energy storage unit. Last but not the least, the Sunderbans provides an aesthetic attraction for local and foreign tourists. The water houseboat in the Sundarbans is also a recent attraction among the tourists. </p><p>The forest has immense protective and productive functions. Constituting 51% of the total <a href="/wiki/Reserve_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve forest">reserved forest estate</a> of Bangladesh, it contributes about 41% of total forest revenue and accounts for about 45% of all timber and fuel wood output of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO95_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO95-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of industries (e.g., newsprint mill, match factory, hardboard, boat building, furniture making) are based on raw materials obtained from the Sundarbans ecosystem. <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> help generate considerable employment and income opportunities for at least half a million poor coastal people. It provides natural protection to life and properties of the coastal population in <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a>-prone Bangladesh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg/220px-Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg/330px-Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flooded_rice_fields_in_monsoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>During monsoon the <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in the Sunderbans are entirely flooded</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of the Sundarbans is shielded from tidal inflow by leaves and there one finds villages and agriculture. During the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season, the low lying agricultural lands are waterlogged and the summer crop (<i><a href="/wiki/Kharif_crop" title="Kharif crop">kharif crop</a></i>) is therefore mainly <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">deepwater rice</a> or floating rice. In the dry winter season the land is normally uncropped and used for cattle grazing. However, the lands near the villages are irrigated from ponds that were filled up during monsoon, and vegetable crops (<i><a href="/wiki/Rabi_crop" title="Rabi crop">Rabi crops</a></i>) can be grown here.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some farms and mangrove areas are being cleared for <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in India">aquaculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitation">Habitation</h3></div> <p>The Sundarbans has a population of over 4 million<sup id="cite_ref-BBCSubir_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCSubir-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but much of it is mostly free of permanent human habitation. Despite human habitations and a century of economic exploitation of the forest well into the late 1940s, the Sundarbans retained a forest closure of about 70% according to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Overseas Development Administration</a> (ODA) of the United Kingdom in 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sundarban_police_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sundarban_police_boat.jpg/220px-Sundarban_police_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sundarban_police_boat.jpg/330px-Sundarban_police_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Sundarban_police_boat.jpg/440px-Sundarban_police_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Police Boat Patrolling in <a href="/wiki/Sundarban_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarban National Park">Sundarban National Park</a>, West Bengal</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sundarbans" title="Special:EditPage/Sundarbans">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Sundarbans area is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, and the population is increasing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, half of this ecoregion's mangrove forests have been cut down to supply fuelwood and other natural resources. Despite the intense and large-scale exploitation, this still is one of the largest contiguous areas of mangroves in the world. Another threat comes from deforestation and water diversion from the rivers inland, which causes far more silt to be brought to the estuary, clogging up the waterways. </p><p>The Directorate of Forest is responsible for the administration and management of Sundarban National Park in West Bengal. The <a href="/wiki/Principal_Chief_Conservator_of_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chief Conservator of Forests">Principal Chief Conservator of Forests</a> (PCCF), Wildlife & Bio-Diversity & ex-officio Chief Wildlife Warden, West Bengal is the senior most executive officer looking over the administration of the park. The Chief Conservator of Forests (South) & Director, Sundarban Biosphere Reserve is the administrative head of the park at the local level and is assisted by a Deputy Field Director and an Assistant Field Director. The park area is divided into two ranges, overseen by range forest officers. Each range is further sub-divided into beats. The park also has floating watch stations and camps to protect the property from poachers. </p><p>The park receives financial aid from the State Government as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forests">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a> under various Plan and Non-Plan Budgets. Additional funding is received under the <a href="/wiki/Project_Tiger" title="Project Tiger">Project Tiger</a> from the Central Government. In 2001, a grant of US$20,000 was received as a preparatory assistance for promotion between India and Bangladesh from the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Fund">World Heritage Fund</a>. </p><p>A new Khulna Forest Circle was created in Bangladesh back in 1993 to preserve the forest, and Chief Conservators of Forests have been posted since. The direct administrative head of the Division is the Divisional Forest Officer, based at Khulna, who has a number of professional, subprofessional and support staff and logistic supports for the implementation of necessary management and administrative activities. The basic unit of management is the compartment. There are 55 compartments in four Forest Ranges and these are clearly demarcated mainly by natural features such as rivers, canals and creeks. </p><p>Recently West Bengal Cabinet has approved a new district in South 24 Parganas and proposed district was named Sundarban.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunderbans_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sunderbans_map.png/220px-Sunderbans_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sunderbans_map.png/330px-Sunderbans_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sunderbans_map.png/440px-Sunderbans_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="2831" /></a><figcaption>A map of the protected areas of the Indian Sunderbans, showing the boundaries of the tiger reserve, the national park and the three wildlife sanctuaries, conservation and lodging centres, subsistence towns, and access points. The entire forested (dark green) area constitutes the Biosphere Reserve, with the remaining forests outside the national park and wildlife sanctuaries being given the status of a <a href="/wiki/Reserve_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve forest">reserve forest</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bangladesh part of the forest lies under two forest divisions, and four administrative ranges viz Chandpai (Khulna District), <a href="/wiki/Sarankhola" title="Sarankhola">Sarankhola</a> (Khulna), and <a href="/wiki/Burigoalini" title="Burigoalini">Burigoalini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satkhira_District" title="Satkhira District">Satkhira District</a>) and has sixteen forest stations. It is further divided into fifty-five compartments and nine blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Bpedia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bpedia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three wildlife sanctuaries established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) Order, 1973 (P.O. 23 of 1973). The West Bengal part of the forest lies under the district of South & North 24 Parganas. </p><p>Protected areas cover 15% of the Sundarbans mangroves including <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary">Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, in West Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuaries</a> in Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-IM1406_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IM1406-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2019, the local authorities in Bangladesh killed 4 tiger poachers in a shootout in the Sunderbans mangrove area where currently 114 tigers dwell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarban_National_Park">Sundarban National Park</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a></div> <p>The Sundarban National Park is a <a href="/wiki/National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park">National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Reserve">Tiger Reserve</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserve">Biosphere Reserve</a> in West Bengal, India. It is part of the Sundarbans on the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a>, and adjacent to the Sundarbans Reserve Forest in Bangladesh. The <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> is densely covered by mangrove forests, and is one of the largest reserves for the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Salt-water_crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-water crocodile">salt-water crocodile</a>. The present Sundarbans National Park was declared as the core area of Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in 1973 and a wildlife sanctuary in 1977. On 4 May 1984 it was declared a National Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary">Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bangladesh. The region supports mangroves, including: sparse stands of Gewa (<i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i>) and dense stands of Goran (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops" title="Ceriops">Ceriops</a> tagal</i>), with discontinuous patches of Hantal palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_paludosa" title="Phoenix paludosa">Phoenix paludosa</a></i>) on drier ground, river banks and levees. The fauna of the sanctuary is very diverse with some 40 species of mammals, 260 species of birds and 35 species of reptiles. The greatest of these being the Bengal tiger of which an estimated 350 remain in the Bangladesh Sundarbans. Other large mammals are <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, chital horin (<a href="/wiki/Spotted_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted deer">spotted deer</a>), Indian otter and <a href="/wiki/Macaque_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaque monkey">macaque monkey</a>. Five species of marine turtles frequent the coastal zone and two endangered reptiles are present – the <a href="/wiki/Estuarine_crocodile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine crocodile">estuarine crocodile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_python" title="Indian python">Indian python</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary">Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary extends over an area of 31,227 hectares (77,160 acres) in Bangladesh. Sundari trees (<i>Heritiera fomes</i>) dominate the flora, interspersed with Gewa (<i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i>) and Passur (<i>Xylocarpus mekongensis</i>) with Kankra (<i><a href="/wiki/Bruguiera_gymnorhiza" title="Bruguiera gymnorhiza">Bruguiera gymnorhiza</a></i>) occurring in areas subject to more frequent flooding. There is an understory of Shingra (<i>Cynometra ramiflora</i>) where, soils are drier and Amur (<i>Aglaia cucullata</i>) in wetter areas and Goran (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops" title="Ceriops">Ceriops</a> decandra</i>) in more saline places. Nypa palm (<i>Nypa fruticans</i>) is widespread along drainage lines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary">Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary extends over an area of 36,970 hectares (91,400 acres) in Bangladesh. There is evidently the greatest seasonal variation in salinity levels and possibly represents an area of relatively longer duration of moderate salinity where Gewa (<i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i>) is the dominant woody species. It is often mixed with Sundri, which is able to displace in circumstances such as artificially opened canopies where Sundri does not regenerate as effectively. It is also frequently associated with a dense understory of Goran (<i><a href="/wiki/Ceriops" title="Ceriops">Ceriops</a> tagal</i>) and sometimes Passur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary">Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sajnakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary">Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary</a></div> <p>Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary is a 362-square-kilometre (140 sq mi) area in the northern part of the Sundarbans delta in <a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South 24 Parganas district">South 24 Parganas district</a>, West Bengal, India. It is mainly mangrove scrub, forest and swamp. It was set up as a sanctuary in 1976. It is home to a rich population of different species of wildlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Water_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fowl">water fowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">spotted deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhesus_macaque" title="Rhesus macaque">rhesus macaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, tigers, <a href="/wiki/Asian_water_monitor" title="Asian water monitor">water monitor lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">fishing cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley turtle">olive ridley turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batagur_baska" class="mw-redirect" title="Batagur baska">batagur terrapins</a>, and migratory birds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg/200px-G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg/300px-G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg/400px-G%C3%B6ttin_Manasa_in_Lehm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Idol of <a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a>, the deity of snakes</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banbibi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Banbibi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a>, the goddess of Sundarbans</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Sundarbans is celebrated through numerous Bengali folk songs and dances, often centred around the folk heroes, gods and goddesses specific to the Sunderbans (like <a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Rai" title="Dakshin Rai">Dakshin Rai</a>) and to the Lower Gangetic Delta (like <a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a>). The Bengali folk epic <a href="/wiki/Manasamangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Manasamangal">Manasamangal</a> mentions <i>Netidhopani</i> and has some passages set in the Sundarbans during the heroine <a href="/wiki/Behula" title="Behula">Behula</a>'s quest to bring her husband <i>Lakhindar</i> back to life. </p><p>The area provides the setting for several novels by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Salgari" title="Emilio Salgari">Emilio Salgari</a>, (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_the_Black_Jungle" title="The Mystery of the Black Jungle">The Mystery of the Black Jungle</a></i>). <i>Sundarbaney Arjan Sardar</i>, a novel by Shibshankar Mitra, and <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Nadir_Majhi" title="Padma Nadir Majhi">Padma Nadir Majhi</a></i>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay" title="Manik Bandopadhyay">Manik Bandopadhyay</a>, are based on the rigors of lives of villagers and fishermen living in the Sunderbans region, and are woven into the Bengali psyche to a great extent. Part of the plot of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> winning novel <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a></i> is set in the Sundarbans. This forest is adopted as the setting of <a href="/wiki/Kunal_Basu" title="Kunal Basu">Kunal Basu</a>'s short story "The Japanese Wife" and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/The_Japanese_Wife" title="The Japanese Wife">film adaptation</a>. Most of the plot of an internationally acclaimed novelist, <a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a>'s 2004 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hungry_Tide" title="The Hungry Tide">The Hungry Tide</a></i>, is set in the Sundarbans. The plot centres on a headstrong American cetologist who arrives to study a rare species of river dolphin, enlisting a local fisherman and translator to aid her. The book also mentions two accounts of the Bonbibi story of "Dukhey's Redemption".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manik Bandopadhyay's <i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Nadir_Majhi" title="Padma Nadir Majhi">Padma Nadir Majhi</a></i> was made into a movie by <a href="/wiki/Goutam_Ghose" title="Goutam Ghose">Goutam Ghose</a>. </p><p>The Sunderbans has been the subject of a detailed and well-researched scholarly work on Bonbibi (a 'forest goddess' venerated by Hindus), on the relation between the islanders and tigers and on conservation and how it is perceived by the inhabitants of the Sundarbans,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as numerous non-fiction books, including <i>The Man-Eating Tigers of Sundarbans</i> by Sy Montegomery for a young audience, which was shortlisted for the <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Canfield_Fisher_Children%27s_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award">Dorothy Canfield Fisher Children's Book Award</a>. In <i>Up The Country</i>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Eden" title="Emily Eden">Emily Eden</a> discusses her travels through the Sunderbans.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous documentary movies have been made about the Sunderbans, including the 2003 <a href="/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX">IMAX</a> production <i>Shining Bright</i> about the Bengal tiger. The acclaimed <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Ganges_(BBC_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges (BBC TV series)">Ganges</a></i> documents the lives of villagers, especially <a href="/wiki/Honey_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey collector">honey collectors</a>, in the Sundarbans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_Tiger_Project" title="Sundarbans Tiger Project">Sundarbans Tiger Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_in_India" title="Mangroves in India">Mangroves in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Forestry_Research_and_Education" title="Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education">Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangu_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangu Wildlife Sanctuary">Sangu Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_development_in_the_Sundarbans" title="Environmental impact of development in the Sundarbans">Environmental impact of development in the Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_attacks_in_the_Sundarbans" title="Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans">Tiger attacks in the Sundarbans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to information published by the government offices of West Bengal and Bangladesh, the Sundarbans covers an area of 10,277 km<sup>2</sup> (3,968 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-bd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pani_al2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pani_al2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sundarbanaffairswb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sundarbanaffairswb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bd_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://file-khulna.portal.gov.bd/media/fb841049-d0a5-4bd5-b7cb-1903ce577851/uploaded-files/1-.jpg">"এক নজরে সুন্দরবন"</a> [Sundarbans at a glance]. <i>forest.khulnadiv.gov.bd</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509095125/https://file-khulna.portal.gov.bd/media/fb841049-d0a5-4bd5-b7cb-1903ce577851/uploaded-files/1-.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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R.; Sarangi, S. K.; Subudhi, H. N.; Misra, R. C.; Bhandari, D. C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf">"Exploration, evaluation and conservation of salt tolerant rice genetic resources from Sundarbans region of West Bengal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026122725/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dilip_Kundu2/post/What_are_the_rice_varieties_that_show_salt_tolerance_naturally/attachment/59d6397779197b8077996ae6/AS%3A401904459894785%401472832898899/download/Art+9+Pani+et+al..pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iucnrle.org/static/media/uploads/references/published-assessments/sievers_etal_2020_indian_sundarbans_mangrove_forest_assessment.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bangladesh+begins+oil+clean-up+after+spill&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2014%2F12%2Fbangladesh-begins-oil-clean-up-after-spill-2014121292319849578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASundarbans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2014/12/bangladesh-oil-spill-threatens-rare-dolphins-20141211165442529249.html">"Bangladesh oil spill threatens rare dolphins"</a>. 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"Modern sediment supply to the lower delta plain of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh". <i>Geo-Marine Letters</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001GML....21...66M">2001GML....21...66M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003670100069">10.1007/s003670100069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140636544">140636544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo-Marine+Letters&rft.atitle=Modern+sediment+supply+to+the+lower+delta+plain+of+the+Ganges-Brahmaputra+River+in+Bangladesh&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140636544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003670100069&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001GML....21...66M&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.au=Kepple%2C+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASundarbans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091222015740/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/pdf/Sundarbans%20%5Bboth%5D.pdf">Sundarbans on United Nations Environment Programme</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrammer1990" class="citation journal cs1">Brammer, H. (July 1990). "Floods in Bangladesh: II. Flood Mitigation and Environmental Aspects". <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>156</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990GeogJ.156..158B">1990GeogJ.156..158B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F635323">10.2307/635323</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/635323">635323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Floods+in+Bangladesh%3A+II.+Flood+Mitigation+and+Environmental+Aspects&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=1990-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F635323%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F635323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990GeogJ.156..158B&rft.aulast=Brammer&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASundarbans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252003/757.pdf">Environmental classification of mangrove wetlands of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701040202/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar252003/757.pdf">Archived</a> 1 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. V. Selvam. <i>Current Science</i>, Vol. 84, No. 6, 25 March 2003.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_M.J.B.Centre,_W.C.M.Parks,_I.C.o.N.Areas,_P.1990" class="citation book cs1">Green, M.J.B.; Centre, W.C.M.; Parks, I.C.o.N.; Areas, P. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iucndirectoryofs90gree"><i>Iucn Directory of South Asian Protected Areas</i></a>. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0030-4"><bdi>978-2-8317-0030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iucn+Directory+of+South+Asian+Protected+Areas&rft.pub=IUCN-The+World+Conservation+Union&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0030-4&rft.au=Green%2C+M.J.B.&rft.au=Centre%2C+W.C.M.&rft.au=Parks%2C+I.C.o.N.&rft.au=Areas%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiucndirectoryofs90gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASundarbans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Conservation Monitoring Centre Protected Areas Programme: The Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714132030/http://srmilan.multiply.com/journal/item/15/15">The Sundarban of Bangladesh: A Rich Biodiversity of the World's Largest Mangrove Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/multimedia/multimedia-archive/Photo-Essays1/sinking-sundarbans-climate-v/">Greenpeace: Sinking Sundarbans – Climate voices</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wild-team.org">Tiger Conservation Project in the Bangladeshi Sundarbans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006142656/http://wild-team.org/">Archived</a> 6 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/sunderbans.pdf">Research on water management and control in the Sunderbans, West Bengal, India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.bdfish.org/2011/10/finfishes-of-the-sundarbans/">Finfishes of Sundarbans</a></li> <li>Nasa images: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502032619/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Search/index.php?hq=site%3Aearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FIOTD%2F&q=Sundarbans">set 01</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502072250/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Search/index.php?q=sunderbans">set 2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/140px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/210px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg/280px-Cayo_Jut%C3%ADas-Mangrove_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_tree_distribution" title="Mangrove tree distribution">Mangrove tree distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mangrove_ecoregions" title="List of mangrove ecoregions">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_mangroves" title="Central African mangroves">Central African mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_mangroves" title="East African mangroves">East African mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_mangroves" title="Guinean mangroves">Guinean mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_mangroves" title="Madagascar mangroves">Madagascar mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_mangroves" title="Red Sea mangroves">Red Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa_mangroves" title="Southern Africa mangroves">Southern Africa mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_in_India" title="Mangroves in India">Mangroves in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_mangroves" title="Indochina mangroves">Indochina mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta%E2%80%93Arabian_Sea_mangroves" title="Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves">Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca" title="Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca">Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Coast_mangroves" title="Myanmar Coast mangroves">Myanmar Coast mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mangroves_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mangroves of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sundarbans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_mangroves" title="Australian mangroves">Australian mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_mangroves" title="New Guinea mangroves">New Guinea mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon%E2%80%93Orinoco%E2%80%93Southern_Caribbean_mangroves" title="Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves">Amazon–Orinoco–Southern Caribbean mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_mangroves" title="Cuban mangroves">Cuban mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_mangroves" title="Florida mangroves">Florida mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianan_mangroves" title="Guianan mangroves">Guianan mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama_mangroves" title="Gulf of Panama mangroves">Gulf of Panama mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mesoamerican_Pacific_Coast_Mangroves" title="Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast Mangroves">Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Pacific_mangroves" title="South American Pacific mangroves">South American Pacific mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_mangroves" title="Trinidad mangroves">Trinidad mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Venezuelan_mangroves" title="Coastal Venezuelan mangroves">Coastal Venezuelan mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_restoration" title="Mangrove restoration">Mangrove restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Based_Mangrove_Management" title="Community Based Mangrove Management">Community Based Mangrove Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Conservation_of_the_Mangrove_Ecosystem" title="International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem">International Day for the Conservation of the Mangrove Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_Care_Forum_Bali" title="Mangrove Care Forum Bali">Mangrove Care Forum Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Mangrove deforestation in Myanmar">Mangrove deforestation in Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_mangrove-shrimp_aquaculture" title="Integrated mangrove-shrimp aquaculture">Integrated mangrove-shrimp aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_salt_pond_ecosystem" title="Tropical salt pond ecosystem">Tropical salt pond ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Wetland conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh42" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><small>Historic</small> <a href="/wiki/Mosque_City_of_Bagerhat" title="Mosque City of Bagerhat">Mosque City of Bagerhat</a></li> <li><small>Ruins of the Buddhist Vihara at</small> <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Paharpur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sundarbans Reserve Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bangladesh"><img alt="Flag of Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/50px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/75px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/100px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_India244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_India244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiniketan">Santiniketan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Sun Temple, Konark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb, Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalka%E2%80%93Shimla_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalka–Shimla railway">Kalka–Shimla railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb complex">Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier" title="The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Capitol_Complex" title="Chandigarh Capitol Complex">Complexe du Capitole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangchendzonga_National_Park" title="Khangchendzonga National Park">Khangchendzonga National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moidam" title="Moidam">Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_Temple" title="Airavatesvara Temple">Airavatesvara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Group of Monuments at Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Group of Monuments at Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railway" title="Nilgiri Mountain Railway">Nilgiri Mountain Railway</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramappa_Temple" title="Ramappa Temple">Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Ensembles_of_the_Hoysalas" title="Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas">Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakeshava Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleswara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Somanathapura" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura">Keshava Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaner-Pavagadh_Archaeological_Park" title="Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park">Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus">Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_and_convents_of_Goa" title="Churches and convents of Goa">Churches and convents of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira:a Harappan city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Forts_of_Rajasthan" title="Hill Forts of Rajasthan">Hill Forts of Rajasthan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amer_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Amer Fort">Amer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittor_Fort" title="Chittor Fort">Chittor Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagron_Fort" title="Gagron Fort">Gagron Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_Fort" title="Jaisalmer Fort">Jaisalmer Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore Fort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_City_of_Ahmadabad" title="Historic City of Ahmadabad">Historic City of Ahmadabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur City, Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_vav" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani ki vav">Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar_(Jaipur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)">The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Gothic_and_Art_Deco_Ensembles_of_Mumbai" title="Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai">Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>^part of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Railways of India">Mountain Railways of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_India627" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_India" title="Template:National parks of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_India" title="Template talk:National parks of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_India627" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change">Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and<br />Nicobar Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Bay_National_Park" title="Campbell Bay National Park">Campbell Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galathea_National_Park" title="Galathea National Park">Galathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Button_Island_National_Park" title="Middle Button Island National Park">Middle Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Harriet_National_Park" title="Mount Harriet National Park">Mt. Harriet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Button_Island_National_Park" title="North Button Island National Park">North Button Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Jhansi_Marine_National_Park" title="Rani Jhansi Marine National Park">Rani Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Peak_National_Park" title="Saddle Peak National Park">Saddle Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Button_Island_National_Park" title="South Button Island National Park">South Button Island</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="30" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/60px-Kangchenjunga.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/90px-Kangchenjunga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kangchenjunga.JPG/120px-Kangchenjunga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="878" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/60px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/90px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg/120px-Asian_Elephant_in_Corbett_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="323" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/60px-White_tiger.JPG" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/90px-White_tiger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/White_tiger.JPG/120px-White_tiger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Venkateswara_National_Park" title="Sri Venkateswara National Park">Sri Venkateswara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papikonda_National_Park" title="Papikonda National Park">Papikonda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouling_National_Park" title="Mouling National Park">Mouling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdapha_National_Park" title="Namdapha National Park">Namdapha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibru-Saikhowa_National_Park" title="Dibru-Saikhowa National Park">Dibru-Saikhowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehing_Patkai_National_Park" title="Dehing Patkai National Park">Dehing Patkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_National_Park" title="Manas National Park">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameri_National_Park" title="Nameri National Park">Nameri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_National_Park" title="Orang National Park">Orang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimona_National_Park" title="Raimona National Park">Raimona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki_National_Park" title="Valmiki National Park">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indravati_National_Park" title="Indravati National Park">Indravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanger_Valley_National_Park" title="Kanger Valley National Park">Kanger Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Mahaveer_Sanctuary_and_Mollem_National_Park" title="Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park">Mollem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck_National_Park,_Velavadar" title="Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar">Blackbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_National_Park,_Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vansda_National_Park" title="Vansda National Park">Vansda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalesar_National_Park" title="Kalesar National Park">Kalesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_National_Park" title="Sultanpur National Park">Sultanpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayan_National_Park" title="Great Himalayan National Park">Great Himalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin_Valley_National_Park" title="Pin Valley National Park">Pin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirganga_National_Park" title="Khirganga National Park">Khirganga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu & Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dachigam_National_Park" title="Dachigam National Park">Dachigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Ali_National_Park" title="Salim Ali National Park">Salim Ali National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_National_Park" title="Kishtwar National Park">Kishtwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overa-Aru_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary">Overa-Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirpora_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hirpora Wildlife Sanctuary">Hirpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokersar" title="Hokersar">Hokersar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemis_National_Park" title="Hemis National Park">Hemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betla_National_Park" title="Betla National Park">Betla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kali Tiger Reserve">Kali Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerghatta_National_Park" title="Bannerghatta National Park">Bannerghatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudremukh#National_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kudremukh">Kundremukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarhole_National_Park" title="Nagarhole National Park">Nagarhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamudi_Shola_National_Park" title="Anamudi Shola National Park">Anamudi Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eravikulam_National_Park" title="Eravikulam National Park">Eravikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathikettan_Shola_National_Park" title="Mathikettan Shola National Park">Mathikettan Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampadum_Shola_National_Park" title="Pampadum Shola National Park">Pampadam Shola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandhavgarh_National_Park" title="Bandhavgarh National Park">Bandhavgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghughua_Fossil_Park" title="Ghughua Fossil Park">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kanha Tiger Reserve">Kanha Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_National_Park" title="Kuno National Park">Kuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_National_Park" title="Madhav National Park">Madhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panna_National_Park" title="Panna National Park">Panna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pench_National_Park" title="Pench National Park">Pench National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_National_Park" title="Sanjay National Park">Sanjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpura_Tiger_Reserve" title="Satpura Tiger Reserve">Satpura Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vihar_National_Park" title="Van Vihar National Park">Van Vihar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandoli_National_Park" title="Chandoli National Park">Chandoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hill" title="Gilbert Hill">Gilbert Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugamal_National_Park" title="Gugamal National Park">Gugamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnala_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karnala Bird Sanctuary">Karnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navegaon_National_Park" title="Navegaon National Park">Navegaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pench_National_Park" title="Pench National Park">Pench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoba_Andhari_Tiger_Reserve" title="Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve">Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keibul_Lamjao_National_Park" title="Keibul Lamjao National Park">Keibul Lamjao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirui_National_Park" title="Shirui National Park">Shirui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balpakram_National_Park" title="Balpakram National Park">Balpakram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokrek_National_Park" title="Nokrek National Park">Nokrek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murlen_National_Park" title="Murlen National Park">Murlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phawngpui_National_Park" title="Phawngpui National Park">Phawngpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ntangki_National_Park" title="Ntangki National Park">Intangki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_National_Park" title="Bhitarkanika National Park">Bhitarkanika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simlipal_National_Park" title="Simlipal National Park">Simlipal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukundara_Hills_National_Park" title="Mukundara Hills National Park">Mukundara Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_National_Park" title="Desert National Park">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_National_Park" title="Ranthambore National Park">Ranthambhore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariska_Tiger_Reserve" title="Sariska Tiger Reserve">Sariska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khangchendzonga_National_Park" title="Khangchendzonga National Park">Khangchendzonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guindy_National_Park" title="Guindy National Park">Guindy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" title="Anamalai Tiger Reserve">Anamalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_National_Park" title="Mudumalai National Park">Mudumalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukurthi_National_Park" title="Mukurthi National Park">Mukurthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palani_Hills" title="Palani Hills">Palani Hills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy_National_Park" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Harina_Vanasthali_National_Park" title="Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park">Mahavir Harina Vanasthali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrugavani_National_Park" title="Mrugavani National Park">Mrugavani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_Leopard_National_Park" title="Clouded Leopard National Park">Clouded Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbari_National_Park" title="Rajbari National Park">Rajbari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:lightgreen;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxa_Tiger_Reserve" title="Buxa Tiger Reserve">Buxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorumara_National_Park" title="Gorumara National Park">Gorumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neora_Valley_National_Park" title="Neora Valley National Park">Neora Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_National_Park" title="Sundarbans National Park">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaldapara_National_Park" title="Jaldapara National Park">Jaldapara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:lightgreen;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_Forests_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Protected Forests of Bangladesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_Forests_of_Bangladesh" title="Template talk:Protected Forests of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_Forests_of_Bangladesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected Forests of Bangladesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Protected_forests_of_Bangladesh580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Protected areas of Bangladesh">Protected</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Forests of Bangladesh">forests of Bangladesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Bangladesh" title="List of national parks of Bangladesh">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altadighi_National_Park" title="Altadighi National Park">Altadighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroiyadhala_National_Park" title="Baroiyadhala National Park">Baroiyadhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawal_National_Park" title="Bhawal National Park">Bhawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgonj_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Birgonj National Park">Birgonj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himchari_National_Park" title="Himchari National Park">Himchari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadigarh_National_Park" title="Kadigarh National Park">Kadigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptai_National_Park" title="Kaptai National Park">Kaptai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadim_Nagar_National_Park" title="Khadim Nagar National Park">Khadimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuakata_National_Park" title="Kuakata National Park">Kuakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawachara_National_Park" title="Lawachara National Park">Lawachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhupur_National_Park" title="Madhupur National Park">Madhupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhakachhapia_National_Park" title="Medhakachhapia National Park">Medhakachhapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabganj_National_Park" title="Nawabganj National Park">Nawabganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijhum_Dwip_National_Park" title="Nijhum Dwip National Park">Nijhum Dweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsagar_National_Park" title="Ramsagar National Park">Ramsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchari_National_Park" title="Satchari National Park">Satchari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Singra_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singra National Park (page does not exist)">Singra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jamal_Inani_National_Park" title="Sheikh Jamal Inani National Park">Inani</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bangladesh_physical_map.svg/100px-Bangladesh_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bangladesh_physical_map.svg/150px-Bangladesh_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bangladesh_physical_map.svg/200px-Bangladesh_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_Bangladesh" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of Bangladesh">Wildlife sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadpai_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chadpai Wildlife Sanctuary">Chadpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Kukri-Mukri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Char Kukri-Mukri Wildlife Sanctuary">Char Kukri-Mukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunati_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary">Chunati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangmari_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dhangmari Wildlife Sanctuary">Dhangmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhmukhi_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dudhmukhi Wildlife Sanctuary">Dudhmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudpukuria-Dhopachari_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Dudpukuria-Dhopachari Wildlife Sanctuary">Dudpukuria-Dhopachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Fasiakhali Wildlife Sanctuary">Fasiakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Haor_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hail Haor Wildlife Sanctuary">Hail Haor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarikhil_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hazarikhil Wildlife Sanctuary">Hazarikhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablakhali_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Pablakhali Wildlife Sanctuary">Pablakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema-Kalenga_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary">Rema-Kalenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangu_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangu Wildlife Sanctuary">Sangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarchar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sonarchar Wildlife Sanctuary">Sonarchar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sundarbans</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_East_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary">East</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_West_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary">West</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_South_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary">South</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknaf_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknaf Game Reserve">Teknaf Game Reserve</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Teknaf_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary">Wildlife Sanctuary</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengragiri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Tengragiri Wildlife Sanctuary">Tengragiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazirganj_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Nazirganj Dolphin Sanctuary">Nazirganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilanda-Nagdemra_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Shilanda-Nagdemra Dolphin Sanctuary">Shilanda-Nagdemra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarbari-Mohanganj_Dolphin_Sanctuary" title="Nagarbari-Mohanganj Dolphin Sanctuary">Nagarbari-Mohanganj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other protected areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gardens & eco-parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Botanical_Garden_of_Bangladesh" title="National Botanical Garden of Bangladesh">National Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldha_Garden" title="Baldha Garden">Baldha Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banshkhali_Eco-Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banshkhali Eco-Park (page does not exist)">Banshkhali Eco-Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhabkunda_Eco-Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhabkunda Eco-Park (page does not exist)">Madhabkunda Eco-Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitakunda_Botanical_Garden_and_Eco-park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park">Sitakunda Botanical Garden and Eco-park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Safari_park" title="Safari park">Safari parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangabandhu_Sheikh_Mujib_Safari_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park">Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulahazara_Safari_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulahazara Safari Park">Dulahazara Safari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shimul_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shimul Garden (page does not exist)">Shimul Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry in Bangladesh</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forest_(Bangladesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forest (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Environment and Forestry</a></b> <small>(Departments: <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Forest_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Forest Department">Bangladesh Forest Department</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Forest_Research_Institute" title="Bangladesh Forest Research Institute">Bangladesh Forest Research Institute</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramsar_sites_in_India357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Template:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Template talk:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramsar sites in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramsar_sites_in_India357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar sites in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolleru_Lake" title="Kolleru Lake">Kolleru Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipor_Bil" title="Dipor Bil">Deepor Beel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Lake_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary">Kanwar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Lake" title="Nanda Lake">Nanda Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khijadiya_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary">Khijadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nal_Sarovar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary">Nalsarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thol_Lake" title="Thol Lake">Thol Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhvana_Wetland" title="Wadhvana Wetland">Wadhvana Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_National_Park" title="Sultanpur National Park">Sultanpur National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhindawas_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Taal" title="Chandra Taal">Chandra Taal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sagar" title="Maharana Pratap Sagar">Pong Dam Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renuka_Lake" title="Renuka Lake">Renuka Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokersar" title="Hokersar">Hokera Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygam_Wetland_Conservation_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve (page does not exist)">Hygam Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shallbugh_Wetland_Conservation_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve (page does not exist)">Shallbugh Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinsar_Lake" title="Surinsar Lake">Surinsar</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mansar_Lake" title="Mansar Lake">Mansar Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wular_Lake" title="Wular Lake">Wular Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranganathittu_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary">Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamudi_Lake" title="Ashtamudi Lake">Ashtamudi Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamcotta_Lake" title="Sasthamcotta Lake">Sasthamkotta Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad-Kol Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Moriri" title="Tso Moriri">Tsomoriri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Kar" title="Tso Kar">Tso Kar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhoj_Wetland" title="Bhoj Wetland">Bhoj Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_National_Park" title="Madhav National Park">Sakhya Sagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirpur_Lake" title="Sirpur Lake">Sirpur Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sagar" title="Yashwant Sagar">Yashwant Sagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandur_Madhmeshwar_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nandur Madhmeshwar Bird Sanctuary">Nandur Madhameshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonar_Lake" title="Lonar Lake">Lonar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_Creek" title="Thane Creek">Thane Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loktak_Lake" title="Loktak Lake">Loktak Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palak_Dil" title="Palak Dil">Pala Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshupa_Lake" title="Anshupa Lake">Anshupa Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhitarkanika_Mangroves" title="Bhitarkanika Mangroves">Bhitarkanika Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilika_Lake" title="Chilika Lake">Chilika Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkosia_Gorge" title="Satkosia Gorge">Satkosia Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampara_Lake" title="Tampara Lake">Tampara Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beas_Conservation_Reserve" title="Beas Conservation Reserve">Beas Conservation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harike_Wetland" title="Harike Wetland">Harike Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjli_Wetland" title="Kanjli Wetland">Kanjli Wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keshopur-Miani_Community_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve (page does not exist)">Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary">Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropar_Wetland" title="Ropar Wetland">Ropar Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhar_Salt_Lake" title="Sambhar Salt Lake">Sambhar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrangudi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary">Chitrangudi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar_Marine_National_Park" title="Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park">Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Calimere" title="Point Calimere">Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary">Kanjirankulam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karikili_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Karikili Bird Sanctuary">Karikili Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonthankulam_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary">Koonthankulam Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikaranai_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallikaranai wetland">Pallikaranai Marsh Reserve Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichavaram" title="Pichavaram">Pichavaram Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchindram_Theroor_Birds_Sanctuary" title="Suchindram Theroor Birds Sanctuary">Suchindram Theroor Wetland Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamarthandapuram_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Udayamarthandapuram Bird Sanctuary">Udayamarthandapuram Bird 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