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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Търсене</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=SQL" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=SQL" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=SQL" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=SQL" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-История" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#История"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>История</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-История-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел История</span> </button> <ul id="toc-История-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Стандартизация" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Стандартизация"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Стандартизация</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Стандартизация-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Цел" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Цел"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Цел</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Цел-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SQL_ключови_думи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SQL_ключови_думи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>SQL ключови думи</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-SQL_ключови_думи-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел SQL ключови думи</span> </button> <ul id="toc-SQL_ключови_думи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Извличане_на_данни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Извличане_на_данни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Извличане на данни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Извличане_на_данни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Манипулиране_на_данни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Манипулиране_на_данни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Манипулиране на данни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Манипулиране_на_данни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Управление_на_трансакции" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Управление_на_трансакции"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Управление на трансакции</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Управление_на_трансакции-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дефиниране_на_данни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дефиниране_на_данни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Дефиниране на данни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дефиниране_на_данни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Контролиране_на_данни" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Контролиране_на_данни"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Контролиране на данни</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Контролиране_на_данни-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Други" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Други"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Други</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Други-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Критики_на_SQL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Критики_на_SQL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Критики на SQL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Критики_на_SQL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SQL_алтернативи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SQL_алтернативи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>SQL алтернативи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SQL_алтернативи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Външни_препратки" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Външни_препратки"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Външни препратки</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Външни_препратки-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Съдържание" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">SQL</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 85 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – швейцарски немски" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарски немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A9" title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الاستعلامات المهيكلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – астурски" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2" title="এসকিউএল – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসকিউএল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – бретонски" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – босненски" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босненски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – уелски" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уелски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – есперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="есперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurp%C3%A4ringukeel" title="Struktuurpäringukeel – естонски" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurpäringukeel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="естонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="اس‌کیوال – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌کیوال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga_Strucht%C3%BArtha_Iarratas" title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas – ирландски" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teanga Struchtúrtha Iarratas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="ऍसक्यूऍल – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऍसक्यूऍल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – хърватски" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – исландски" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – грузински" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – казахски" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – кюрдски" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="кюрдски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – киргизки" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – ломбардски" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – литовски" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – латвийски" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латвийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – македонски" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD." title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ. – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എസ്.ക്യു.എൽ." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – бирмански" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирмански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – норвежки (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвежки (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8.%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ – пенджабски" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐੱਸ.ਕਿਊ.ਐੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – сърбохърватски" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сърбохърватски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – словенски" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – албански" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – сръбски" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сръбски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_Query_Language" title="Structured Query Language – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Structured Query Language" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கட்டமைப்புள்ள வினவு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – тетум" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тетум" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – таджикски" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง – тайски" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสอบถามเชิงโครงสร้าง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایس کیو ایل – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایس کیو ایل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – узбекски" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – ву китайски" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL" title="SQL – кантонски" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SQL" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:SQL" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/SQL"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/SQL" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/SQL" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&oldid=12071234" title="Постоянна препратка към тази версия на страницата"><span>Постоянна препратка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=info" title="Повече за тази страница"><span>Информация за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&page=SQL&id=12071234&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информация за начините за цитиране на тази страница"><span>Цитиране на статията</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Кратък URL адрес</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSQL"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=SQL"><span>Създаване на книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=SQL&action=show-download-screen"><span>Изтегляне като PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&printable=yes" title="Версия за печат на страницата [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Версия за печат</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> В други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47607" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title computer" style="background-color:#B0C4DE; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">SQL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Парадигма на програмиране">Парадигма</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мултипарадигмален език за програмиране (страницата не съществува)">мултипарадигмален</a>: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Обектно ориентирано програмиране">обектно ориентиран</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Функционално програмиране">функционален</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Процедурно програмиране (страницата не съществува)">процедурен</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Реализиране през</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Автор</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Едгар Код">Едгар Код</a> & <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Последна стабилна версия</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL:2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL:2011 (страницата не съществува)">SQL:2011</a> (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Типизация на данните">Типизация на данните</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Статична типизация (страницата не съществува)">статична типизация</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Силна типизация (страницата не съществува)">силна типизация</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Имплементация на програмния език (страницата не съществува)">Имплементация</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Релационна СУБД">Много</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Файлово разширение">Файлово разширение</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.sql</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Уебсайт</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45498">ISO/IEC 9075 – 1:2008: ИТ – езици за бази данни – SQL – Част 1: Структура (SQL/Структура)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:#DCDCDC; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Structured_Query_Language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Structured Query Language">SQL</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>SQL</b>, или <b>Език за структурирани запитвания</b>, (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Английски език">английски</a>: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic"><b>S</b>tructured <b>Q</b>uery <b>L</b>anguage, SQL</span>) е популярен <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Език за програмиране">език за програмиране</a>, предназначен за създаване, видоизменяне, извличане и обработване на <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Данни">данни</a> от <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Релационни системи за управление на бази данни">релационни системи за управление на бази данни</a>. Стандартизиран е от <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> и <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>. </p><p><i>SQL</i> обикновено се произнася <i>ес-кю-ел</i> (<i>ess-cue-el</i>) (виж <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Английска азбука">английската азбука</a>) – или <i>сикуъл</i> (<i>sequel</i>). Имената на продукти, съдържащи <i>SQL</i>, имат всеки свое произношение, например: <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> официално се произнася <i>май-ес-кю-ел</i> (<i>my ess cue el</i>); <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> – <i>постгрес</i> (<i>postgres</i>); и <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> на български като <i>Майкрософт ескюел сървър</i>, а иначе като <i>Майкрософт сикуъл сървър</i> (<i>Microsoft-sequel-server</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="История"><span id=".D0.98.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>История</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: История" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: История"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Появяването на SQL се свързва с възникването на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Релационни бази от данни">релационни модели за бази от данни</a>. Публикацията „A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks“<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Едгар Ф. Код">Едгар Ф. Код</a> е публикувана през юни <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a>, като черновите били разпространявани вътрешно в IBM през 1969. В нея той описва релационен модел, който впоследствие е приет като „базов“ модел за <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Релационни системи за управление на бази данни">релационни системи за управление на бази данни</a>. През 70-те, група от центъра за разработки на <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> в Сан Хосе разработва комерсиална система за бази от данни „<a href="/w/index.php?title=System_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System R (страницата не съществува)">System R</a>“, която се базира на модела на Код, но не много стриктно. Доналд Д. Чембърлейн и Рейнолд Ф. Бойс от IBM разработват езика <i>„SEQUEL“</i> (<b>Structured English Query Language</b>), който да управлява и извлича данните от System R. Акронимът SEQUEL след това бива съкратен до <b>SQL</b>, защото думата 'SEQUEL' е <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Търговска марка">търговска марка</a> на <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawker-Siddeley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawker-Siddeley (страницата не съществува)">Hawker-Siddeley</a> – авиационна компания от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Обединено кралство">Обединеното кралство</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Първата некомерсиална, релационна база от данни, която е не-SQL, е <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingres (страницата не съществува)">Ingres</a> – разработена през 1974 в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82,_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Калифорнийски университет, Бъркли">Калифорнийски университет, Бъркли</a>. </p><p>През 1978, IBM започва методично тестване в клиентски тестови центрове успешно демонстрирайки ползата и практичността на системата. В резултат на това IBM започва да разработва комерсиални продукти базирани на прототипа на тяхната System R осъществяваща SQL, като <a href="/w/index.php?title=System/38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System/38 (страницата не съществува)">System/38</a> (известена през 1978 и достъпна от август 1979), <a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL/DS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SQL/DS (страницата не съществува)">SQL/DS</a> (представена през 1981), и DB2 (през 1983).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>По същото време Relational Software, Inc. (сега <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>) забеляза потенциала на концепцията, описана от Чембърлейн и Бойс и разработва своя версия на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="РСУБД (страницата не съществува)">РСУБД</a> за флота на САЩ, ЦРУ и др. През лятото на 1979 компанията Relational Software, Inc. представя <a href="/wiki/Oracle_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle бази данни">Oracle</a> V2 (Версия 2) за <a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX (страницата не съществува)">VAX</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Миникомпютър">миникомпютри</a> като първата достъпна на пазара реализация на SQL. Oracle често погрешно е хвалена че е изпреварила IBM с две години, докато всъщност те са изпреварили представянето на <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> – System/38 с няколко седмици. Следвайки големия интерес на обществеността много скоро и други доставчици започват да разработват свои версии. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Стандартизация"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Стандартизация</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Стандартизация" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Стандартизация"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SQL е приет като стандарт от <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> (American National Standards Institute) през <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> и от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международна организация по стандартизация">ISO</a> (Международна организация по стандартизация) през <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> декларира че официалното произношение на SQL е <span class="noulinks IPA"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:IPA" title="Уикипедия:IPA">/ɛs kjuː ɛl/</a></span> (ес-кю-ел), докато много англоговорещи професионалисти по бази от данни все още го произнасят като <i>сикуел</i> (<i>sequel</i>). </p><p>SQL стандартът преминава през няколко версии: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Година</th> <th>Име</th> <th>Псевдоним</th> <th>Коментари </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a></td> <td>SQL-86</td> <td>SQL-87</td> <td>Първо публикуван от <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>. Одобрен от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международна организация по стандартизация">ISO</a> през <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a></td> <td>SQL-89</td> <td></td> <td>Въвежда механизмите за налагане на отношения при външните ключове. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a></td> <td>SQL-92</td> <td>SQL2</td> <td>Доста промени. Нови функции. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a></td> <td>SQL:1999</td> <td>SQL3</td> <td>Добавя „regular expression“ сравнения, рекурсивни запитвания (recursive queries), тригери (triggers), „non-scalar“ типове и някои обектно ориентирани възможности. (Последните две са спорни и все още не са широко поддържани.) </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a></td> <td>SQL:2003</td> <td></td> <td>Въвежда <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> възможности, <i>window функции</i>, стандартизирани последователности (sequences) и колони (columns) с автоматично създаване на значения (включително „identity-columns“). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a></td> <td>SQL:2006</td> <td></td> <td>Функционалността на работа с XML-данни е значително разширена. Добавена е възможност за съвместно използване на заявките в SQL и <a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a></td> <td>SQL:2008</td> <td></td> <td>Подобрени са възможностите на прозоречните функции, отстранени са някои нееднозначности в стандарта SQL:2003<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a></td> <td>SQL:2011</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Текстът на SQL стандарта не е свободно достъпен. SQL:2003 може да бъде закупен от <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> или <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a>. Една от последните чернови е достъпна като <a href="/w/index.php?title=ZIP_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZIP файлов формат (страницата не съществува)">zip</a> архив от Whitemarsh Information Systems Corporation. Zip архивът съдържа много <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> файлове, дефиниращи части от спецификацията на SQL:2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Цел"><span id=".D0.A6.D0.B5.D0.BB"></span>Цел</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Цел" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Цел"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Освен стандартния SQL, дефиниран от ANSI и ISO, съществуват още много негови разширения и вариации. На практика почти всички разработчици предоставят различни вариации и разширения на SQL, които в литературата често се описват като SQL <i>диалекти</i>. Много от тези разширения са със затворен характер, например Oracle <a href="/w/index.php?title=PL_SQL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL SQL (страницата не съществува)">PL/SQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> SQL PL (SQL Procedural Language) и <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sybase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sybase (страницата не съществува)">Sybase</a> / <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transact-SQL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transact-SQL (страницата не съществува)">Transact-SQL</a>. Общото за повечето комерсиални изпълнения е да пропускат поддръжката на основни възможности, заложени в стандарта, като <code>DATE</code> или <code>TIME</code> типове данни, предпочитайки техен собствен вариант. В резултат SQL кодът много рядко може да бъде „пренесен“ между различни архитектури без да се модифицира, и то значително, за разлика от ANSI <a href="/wiki/C_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="C (език за програмиране)">C</a> или ANSI <a href="/wiki/Fortran" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, които могат да се „пренасят“ без големи промени. Има няколко причини за това: </p> <ul><li>сложността и размерът на SQL стандарта означават, че повечето бази от данни не осъществяват стриктно целия стандарт.</li> <li>стандарта не специфицира как базата данни се държи в няколко важни области (като индексите(indexes)), оставяйки на изпълняващия го да реши по какъв начин да става то.</li> <li>SQL стандартът специфицира синтаксиса, на който базата данни трябва да отговаря. Но спецификацията на семантиката на езика е по-слабо дефинирана и позволява различно тълкуване.</li> <li>много доставчици на бази от данни имат множество <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Клиент-сървър">клиенти</a> и ако SQL стандартът е в конфликт с начина на работа на предишни инсталирани версии на тяхната база от данни, те не искат да я променят заради обратната съвместимост.</li></ul> <p>SQL е създаден със специфична, ограничена цел – запитвания към данни в релационна база от данни. Като такъв той е <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Множество">множествено базиран</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Декларативен език за програмиране (страницата не съществува)">декларативен</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Език за програмиране">език за програмиране</a> а не <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Процедурно програмиране (страницата не съществува)">процедурен език</a> като <a href="/wiki/C_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="C (език за програмиране)">C</a> или <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> които, бидейки <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Език за програмиране">неспециализирани</a>, са направени да разрешават по-голям обхват от проблеми. Разширения на езика като <a href="/w/index.php?title=PL_SQL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL SQL (страницата не съществува)">PL/SQL</a> намаляват разликата добавяйки процедурни елементи, и контролни структури. Друг подход е да се позволи вграждане на кода. Например Oracle и други включват <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> в базата данни, докато <a href="/wiki/PostgreSQL" title="PostgreSQL">PostgreSQL</a> позволява функциите за бъдат написани на различни езици, като <a href="/wiki/Perl" class="mw-redirect" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, и <a href="/wiki/C_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="C (език за програмиране)">C</a>. </p><p>Популярна шега относно SQL е че „SQL не е структуриран, нито ограничен до запитвания, нито език (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Английски език">английски</a>: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">is not structured, nor is it limited to queries, nor is it a language</span>).“ Основа за това е, че <i>чистият</i> SQL не е класически програмен език, тъй като не отговаря на <i>Дефиницията на Тюринг</i>. От друга страна обаче той е език за програмиране, защото има граматика, синтаксис и е предназначен за програмиране. Тази шега наподобява забележката на <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Волтер">Волтер</a> относно <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Свещената римска империя">Свещената римска империя</a>, че не е била „нито свещена, нито Римска, нито империя“ /<i>not holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.</i>/ </p><p>SQL е в контраст с по-мощните <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Език за програмиране от четвърта генерация (страницата не съществува)">езици за програмиране от четвърта генерация</a>, ориентирани към бази от данни като <a href="/w/index.php?title=Focus_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focus програма (страницата не съществува)">Focus</a> или <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAS_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAS система (страницата не съществува)">SAS</a> с неговата относителна функционална простота и по-прости команди. Това намалява трудностите по поддържането на <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Изходен код">изходния код</a> на SQL, но също прави по-трудно програмирането на въпроси като 'Кой имаше 10-те най-високи резултата?', което води до разработката на процедурни разширения. Обаче то прави възможно изходния SQL код да се създава (и оптимизира) от програма, водещо до разработката на „естествени“ езици за запитвания към бази от данни, и '<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Довлечи и пусни (страницата не съществува)">довлечи и пусни</a>' пакети за програмиране на бази от данни с '<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Обектно ориентиран (страницата не съществува)">обектно ориентирани</a>' интерфейси. Често те позволяват преглед на резултатния SQL изходен код за подобряване, с образователна цел или за да се използва в друга среда. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SQL_ключови_думи"><span id="SQL_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.87.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B8_.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BC.D0.B8"></span>SQL ключови думи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: SQL ключови думи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: SQL ключови думи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ключовите думи на SQL попадат в няколко групи. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Извличане_на_данни"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.87.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span>Извличане на данни</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Извличане на данни" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Извличане на данни"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ако се ограничи до командите за извличане на данни, SQL действа като <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Декларативно програмиране (страницата не съществува)">декларативен език</a>. </p> <ul><li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Select_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Select (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">SELECT</a></code> се използва за извличането на нула или повече реда от една или повече таблици в базата данни. В повечето приложения, <code>SELECT</code> е най-често използваната команда. При специфицирането на <code>SELECT</code> запитване, потребителят специфицира описание на желания резултат, но без операциите, които трябва да се извършат, за да се постигне той. Прехвърлянето на запитване в ефективно <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Подреждане за запитвания (страницата не съществува)">подреждане за запитвания</a> (query plan) се извършва от системата или по-специално от <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Оптимизатор на запитване (страницата не съществува)">оптимизатора на запитвания</a>(query optimizer). <ul><li>Често срещани ключови, думи свързани със <code>SELECT</code>, са: <ul><li><code>FROM</code> се използва за индикация от кои таблици се взимат данните, както и как тези таблици се свързват (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Join_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Join (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">JOIN</a>).</li> <li><code>WHERE</code> – идентифицира кои редове да се извлекат.</li> <li><code>GROUP</code><code>BY</code> – комбинира/групира редове със сходни данни в елементи с по-малко редове.</li> <li><code>HAVING</code> – кои от „комбинираните редове“ (комбинираните редове се получават от запитване включващо <code>GROUP</code><code>BY </code> или когато частта <code>SELECT</code> съдържа съединения /aggregates/), трябва да се извлекат. <code>HAVING</code> функционира общо взето като <code>WHERE</code>, но използва резултата от <code>GROUP</code><code>BY </code> и може да използва съединяващи функции (aggregate functions).</li> <li><code>ORDER</code><code>BY</code> – идентифицира кои колони се използват за сортиране на резултата.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">price</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="mi">00</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ORDER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Това е пример, при който резултатът е списък от книги с определена цена. Извличат се данни от таблицата <i>books</i> имащи <i>price</i> по-голяма от 100.00. Резултатът е сортиран по азбучен ред на заглавието. Звездичката (*) означава – покажи всички колони на таблицата <i>books</i>. Има възможност за указване на специфични колони. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-sql mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Authors</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book_author</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">isbn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book_author</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">isbn</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">GROUP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">BY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Book</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">;</span> </pre></div> <p>Пример 2 показва използването на „обединение“ (join) между таблици и групиране. В този пример се показва колко автора има всяка книга. Ето и примерен резултат: </p> <pre> Title Authors ---------------------- ------- SQL Examples and Guide 3 The Joy of SQL 1 How to use Wikipedia 2 Pitfalls of SQL 1 How SQL Saved my Dog 1 </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Манипулиране_на_данни"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BF.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span>Манипулиране на данни</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Редактиране на раздел: Манипулиране на данни" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Манипулиране на данни"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Има няколко стандартни групи от запазени думи в SQL, една от тях е <i>Език за манипулиране на данни</i> (DML). Той се използва за добавяне, модифициране и изтриване на данни. </p> <ul><li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Insert_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insert (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">INSERT</a></code> – добавя нула или повече редове към съществуваща таблица.</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Update_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Update (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">UPDATE</a></code> – модифицира данните в съществуващ ред.</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merge_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merge (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">MERGE</a></code> – комбинира данни от множество таблици. Нещо като комбинация от <code>INSERT</code> и <code>UPDATE</code>. Дефинирана е в стандарта SQL:2003; преди това някои бази от данни имаха същата функционалност с друг синтаксис, понякога наречени „<a href="/w/index.php?title=Upsert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upsert (страницата не съществува)">upsert</a>“.</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Truncate_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truncate (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">TRUNCATE</a></code> – изтрива всички данни от таблица (нестандартна, но често срещана SQL команда).</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delete_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delete (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">DELETE</a></code> – премахва нула или повече от съществуващите редове в таблица.</li></ul> <pre>Примери: INSERT INTO my_table (field1, field2, field3) VALUES ('test', 'N', NULL); UPDATE my_table SET field1 = 'updated value' WHERE field2 = 'N'; DELETE FROM my_table WHERE field2 = 'N'; </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Управление_на_трансакции"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B2.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.B8"></span>Управление на трансакции</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Редактиране на раздел: Управление на трансакции" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Управление на трансакции"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Трансакциите имат за цел да осигурят цялост и съгласуваност на данните. Основно тяхно свойство е така наречената атомарност (Atomicity), която определя, че дадена трансакция или трябва да завърши успешно всички промени, или трябва да върне данните до първоначално състояние. </p> <ul><li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Start_transaction_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Start transaction (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">START TRANSACTION</a></code> (или <code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Begin_work_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begin work (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">BEGIN WORK</a></code>, в зависимост от SQL диалекта) – маркира началото на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Трансакция (бази от данни) (страницата не съществува)">трансакция</a>. Допустимо е неявното стартиране на трансакция. (До SQL92 в стандарта не фигурира команда за явно стартиране на трансакция)</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commit_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commit (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">COMMIT</a></code> – всички промени се записват.</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rollback_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rollback (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">ROLLBACK</a></code> – отказва всички промени след последния <code>COMMIT</code> или <code>ROLLBACK</code>, така че данните са възстановени в състоянието в което са били преди началото на трансакцията.</li></ul> <p><code>COMMIT</code> и <code>ROLLBACK</code> комуникират с контрола на трансакции и „заключване“ (transaction control and locking). И двете команди завършват трансакция и отключват данните. При липса на <code>START TRANSACTION</code> действието зависи от разработчика на продукта. </p> <pre>Пример: START TRANSACTION; UPDATE inventory SET quantity = quantity – 3 WHERE item = 'pants'; COMMIT; </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дефиниране_на_данни"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span>Дефиниране на данни</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Редактиране на раздел: Дефиниране на данни" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Дефиниране на данни"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Втората група – <i>Език за дефиниране на данни</i> (DDL) позволява на потребителя да дефинира нови таблици и асоциирани с тях елементи. Повечето комерсиални SQL бази от данни имат собствени разширения на DDL, позволяващи контрол на възможностите на системата, които не са включени в стандарта. </p><p>Основни кодови думи са <code>CREATE</code> и <code>DROP</code>. </p> <ul><li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Create_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Create (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">CREATE</a></code> – създава обект (например таблица) в базата данни.</li> <li><code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drop_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drop (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">DROP</a></code> – изтрива съществуващ обект от базата данни.</li></ul> <p>Някои бази от данни имат <code><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alter_(SQL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alter (SQL) (страницата не съществува)">ALTER</a></code> команда, позволяваща на потребителя да модифицира съществуващ обект -- например добавяне на колона в съществуваща таблица. </p> <pre>Пример: CREATE TABLE my_table ( my_field1 INT UNSIGNED, my_field2 VARCHAR (50), my_field3 DATE NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (my_field1, my_field2) </pre> <p>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Контролиране_на_данни"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.82.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B5_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.B8"></span>Контролиране на данни</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Редактиране на раздел: Контролиране на данни" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Контролиране на данни"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Третата група от SQL запазени думи е <i>Език за контролиране на данни</i> (DCL). Той оторизира достъпа до данни и потребителските позволения за преглед и манипулиране на данни в базата. </p><p>Има две основни ключови думи: </p> <ul><li><code>GRANT</code> – оторизира един или повече потребители за извършване на операции върху обект.</li> <li><code>REVOKE</code> – премахва или ограничава позволенията, дадени на потребител.</li></ul> <pre>Пример: GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON my_table TO some_user, another_user </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Други"><span id=".D0.94.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B3.D0.B8"></span>Други</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Редактиране на раздел: Други" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Други"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ANSI-стандартът на SQL поддържа <code>--</code> като идентификатор на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Коментар (страницата не съществува)">коментар</a> за един ред (някои разширения използват фигурни скоби или C-подобни <code>/* коментари */</code> за коментари на повече редове).</li></ul> <pre>Пример: SELECT * FROM inventory -- Retrieve everything from inventory table </pre> <ul><li>Някои SQL сървъри позволяват функции, дефинирани от потребителя.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Критики_на_SQL"><span id=".D0.9A.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_SQL"></span>Критики на SQL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Редактиране на раздел: Критики на SQL" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Критики на SQL"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Технически SQL е декларативен език за програмиране, предназначен за използване с SQL бази от данни. Теоретиците и някои практици отбелязват, че много от оригиналните възможности на SQL са вдъхновени от, но са в нарушение на <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Релационен модел">релационния модел</a> за управление на бази от данни и неговата реализация на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Векторно изчисление (страницата не съществува)">векторни изчисления</a> (tuple calculus). </p><p>Също има критики относно използването в практиката на SQL: </p> <ul><li>Синтаксисът на езика е сложен (понякога наричан „<a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>-like“).</li></ul> <ul><li>Няма стандартизация или общоприет начин за разделяне на големи команди в няколко по-малки, като връзката да става по име. В резултат „run-on SQL sentences“ води до дълбоко йерархично наследяване, когато по-подходящ е подходът като „граф“ (връзка по име).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="SQL_алтернативи"><span id="SQL_.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B2.D0.B8"></span>SQL алтернативи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Редактиране на раздел: SQL алтернативи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: SQL алтернативи"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Има разлика между алтернативите на релационни и SQL бази от данни. Този списък съдържа SQL алтернативи, но те са (обикновено) релационни. Виж <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Навигационна база от данни (страницата не съществува)">навигационна база от данни</a> за алтернативи на релационния модел. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_BS12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM BS12 (страницата не съществува)">IBM Business System 12</a> (IBM BS12)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tutorial_D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tutorial D (страницата не съществува)">Tutorial D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_Query_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree Query Language (страницата не съществува)">TQL</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luca_Cardelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luca Cardelli (страницата не съществува)">Luca Cardelli</a> (Може да бъде и не релационна)</li> <li>Top's Query Language – чернова на език вдъхновен от IBM BS12. Нарочно преименуван на SMEQL за да се избегне объркване с подобен проект наречен TQL.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibernate_(Java)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibernate (Java) (страницата не съществува)">Hibernate Query Language</a> (HQL) – Java базиран използва модифициран SQL</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quel (страницата не съществува)">Quel</a> представен през 1974 от U.C. Berkeley <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingres (страницата не съществува)">Ingres</a> проекта.</li> <li>Стандарт за обектно представяне на данни – <a href="/w/index.php?title=ODMG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ODMG (страницата не съществува)">Object Data Management Group</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Object_Query_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Object Query Language (страницата не съществува)">Object Query Language</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=ODMG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ODMG (страницата не съществува)">Object Data Management Group</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datalog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datalog (страницата не съществува)">Datalog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EJB-QL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EJB-QL (страницата не съществува)">EJB Query Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language_Integrated_Query&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language Integrated Query (страницата не съществува)">LINQ</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На английски език"><b>(</b>(en)<b>)</b></span> <cite id="CITEREFCoddJune_1970" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Едгар Код">Codd, Edgar F</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612235326/http://www.acm.org/classics/nov95/toc.html">A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks</a> //  <i>Communications of the ACM</i> 13 (6).  Association for Computing Machinery, June 1970. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/362384.362685">10.1145/362384.362685</a>. с. 377 – 87.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/classics/nov95/toc.html">оригинала</a> на 2007-06-12. Посетен на 9 юни 2007.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce, 1974. „<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=811515">SEQUEL: A structured English query language</a>“, International Conference on Management of Data, Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 249 – 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1978.html">www-03.ibm.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.postgresql.org/pgsql-hackers/2008-09/msg00071.php">archives.postgresql.org</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Външни_препратки"><span id=".D0.92.D1.8A.D0.BD.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B8_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BA.D0.B8"></span>Външни препратки</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Редактиране на раздел: Външни препратки" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=SQL&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Външни препратки"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?SqlFlaws">Discussion on alleged SQL flaws</a> (C2 wiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sqlwoz.com">SQL tutorial</a> <span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На английски език"><b>(</b>(en)<b>)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeitsolutions.com/oracle-tutorials/?search=sql">Oracle SQL tutorials</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206045041/http://freeitsolutions.com/oracle-tutorials/?search=sql">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2008-12-06 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span style="color:blue; font-size:0.8em; cursor:help;" title="На английски език"><b>(</b>(en)<b>)</b></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcc.uma.es/~ppgg/FSQL/">Web page about FSQL</a>: References and links.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea-group.com/books/details.asp?id=5247/">Galindo J., Urrutia A., Piattini M., „Fuzzy Databases: Modeling, Design and Implementation“</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921112808/http://www.idea-group.com/books/details.asp?id=5247/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2021-09-21 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. 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