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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_development_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_development_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Local development theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_development_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_and_African_origin_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_and_African_origin_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European and African origin theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_and_African_origin_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_and_historical_ties_with_Upper_Guinea_Portuguese_Creole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_and_historical_ties_with_Upper_Guinea_Portuguese_Creole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_and_historical_ties_with_Upper_Guinea_Portuguese_Creole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Present status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Papiamento_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Papiamento_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Old Papiamento texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Papiamento_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piter_May_letter_1775" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piter_May_letter_1775"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Piter May letter 1775</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piter_May_letter_1775-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boo_Jantje_letter_1783" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boo_Jantje_letter_1783"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Boo Jantje letter 1783</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boo_Jantje_letter_1783-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quant_Court_affidavit_1803" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quant_Court_affidavit_1803"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Quant Court affidavit 1803</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quant_Court_affidavit_1803-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography_and_spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_and_spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orthography and spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography_and_spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels_and_diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels and diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels_and_diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_and_accent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_and_accent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Stress and accent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_and_accent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phrase_and_word_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrase_and_word_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Phrase and word samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phrase_and_word_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord's_Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord's_Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Lord's Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord's_Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_vocabularies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_vocabularies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparison of vocabularies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_vocabularies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papiamento</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiaments" title="Papiaments – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Papiaments" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="بابيامنتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابيامنتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پاپیامنتو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاپیامنتو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пап’ямента – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пап’ямента" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Папіямэнта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папіямэнта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Папиаменто – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папиаменто" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiament" title="Papiament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papiament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento_(sprog)" title="Papiamento (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papiamento (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento_keel" title="Papiamento keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Papiamento keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Παπιαμέντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παπιαμέντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پاپیامنتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپیامنتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamintsk" title="Papiamintsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Papiamintsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phaipeamaintis" title="An Phaipeamaintis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phaipeamaintis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%A9%98%ED%86%A0%EC%96%B4" title="파피아멘토어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파피아멘토어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Պապիամենտու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պապիամենտու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="पापियामेन्टो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पापियामेन्टो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_papiamento" title="Lingua papiamento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua papiamento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95" title="פפיאמנטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פפיאמנטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Papiamento" title="Basa Papiamento – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="პაპიამენტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პაპიამენტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipapiamentu" title="Kipapiamentu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipapiamentu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Папъяменто (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Папъяменто (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papjamento" title="Papjamento – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Papjamento" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento_kalba" title="Papiamento kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Papiamento kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiaments" title="Papiaments – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Papiaments" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പാപ്പിയമെന്റൂ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാപ്പിയമെന്റൂ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiaments" title="Papiaments – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Papiaments" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="パピアメント語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パピアメント語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پپیامینتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پپیامینتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_papiamento" title="Język papiamento – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język papiamento" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Папьяменто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папьяменто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱯᱤᱭᱟᱢᱮᱱᱴᱳ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_papiamentu" title="Limba papiamentu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papijamento" title="Papijamento – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Papijamento" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamentu" title="Papiamentu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papiamentu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B" title="பப்பியாமெந்தோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பப்பியாமெந்தோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_papiamento" title="Lènga papiamento – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga papiamento" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Папьяменто – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Папьяменто" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papiamento" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Пап'яменто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пап'яменто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پاپیامینتو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاپیامینتو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%9A%AE%E9%98%BF%E9%97%A8%E6%89%98%E8%AF%AD" title="帕皮阿门托语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕皮阿门托语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%9A%E8%A9%B1" title="巴皮亞曼多話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴皮亞曼多話" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used - notably <code>pap</code> for Papiamento.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Papiamento</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Papiamentu</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">350.000 (2001–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">Afro-Portuguese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Upper Guinea Creole<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Papiamento</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento orthography</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=353">pap</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pap" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pap">pap</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/papi1253">papi1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAC-be">51-AAC-be</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ABCEilandenLocatie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/ABCEilandenLocatie.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Location map of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, where Papiamento is spoken</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Papiamento</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or <b>Papiamentu</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Papiaments</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌpaːpijaːˈmɛnts]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-based creole language">Portuguese-based creole language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Caribbean" title="Dutch Caribbean">Dutch Caribbean</a>. It is the most widely spoken language on the <a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Leeward_Antilles)" title="ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)">ABC islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language, spelled <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Papiamento</i></span> in Aruba and <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Papiamentu</i></span> in Bonaire and Curaçao, is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (as spoken in the 15th and 16th centuries), and has been influenced considerably by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan Spanish</a>. Due to <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Portuguese_and_Spanish" title="Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish">lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish</a>, it is difficult to pinpoint the exact origin of some words. Though there are different theories about its origins, most linguists now believe that Papiamento emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> of the West African coasts,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it has many similarities with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-papia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa,_Bottelier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg/220px-Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg/330px-Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg/440px-Monument_and_crypt_in_Morada_Santa%2C_Bottelier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Burial site and monument to Doctor <a href="/wiki/Moises_Frumencio_da_Costa_Gomez" title="Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez">Moises Frumencio da Costa Gomez</a>, the first prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, with a message inscribed in Papiamento: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">No hasi ku otro loke bo no ke pa otro hasi ku bo</i></span>, roughly meaning: "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Do not do unto others what you do not want others do unto you</a>"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg/220px-Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg/330px-Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg/440px-Catecismo_Corticu_-_Title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>Catecismo Corticu – the first printed book in Papiamento in 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>There are various theories about the origin and development of the Papiamento language, and precise history has not been established. Its parent language is surely <a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian Romance</a>, but scholars dispute whether Papiamento was derived from Portuguese and its derived <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">from Spanish</a>. Historical constraints, core vocabulary, and grammatical features that Papiamento shares with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a> are far less than those shared with Spanish, even though the Spanish and Dutch influences occurred later, from the 17th century onwards. In 1978, Jacoba Bouscholte conducted a study on the various Dutch influences in Papiamento. An example of a hybrid word is <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">verfdó</i></span>, which is a combination of a Dutch root <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">verf</i></span> (meaning 'paint') and the Portuguese and Spanish suffix <i>-dor</i> (used for a person who performs an action, like 'painter'). The transformation from <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">verver</i></span> to <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">verfdó</i></span> involved changing the <i>-dor</i> to <i>-dó</i> due to a linguistic process called <a href="/wiki/Apocopation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocopation">apocopation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name of the language itself originates from <i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papia#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:papia">papia</a></i>, from Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole <i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papear#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:papear">papear</a></i> ("to chat, say, speak, talk"), added by the noun-forming suffix <i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-mento#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:-mento">-mento</a></i>. </p><p>Spain claimed dominion over the islands in the 15th century but made little use of them. Portuguese merchants had been trading extensively in the West Indies and with the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> between Portugal and Spain during 1580–1640 period, their trade extended to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a>. In 1634, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> (WIC) took possession of the islands, deporting most of the small remaining <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a> and Spanish population to the continent (mostly to the Venezuelan west coast and the Venezuelan plains, as well as all the way east to the Venezuela Orinoco basin and Trinidad), and turned them into the hub of the Dutch slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean. </p><p>The first evidence of widespread use of Papiamento in Aruba and Curaçao can be seen in official documents in the early 18th century. In the 19th century, most materials in the islands were written in Papiamento including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> school books and hymnals. In 1837, the <i>Catecismo Corticu pa uso di catolicanan di Curaçao</i> was printed, the first printed book in Papiamento. In 2009 the Catecismo Corticu was added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World">Memory of the World</a> register.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Papiamento newspaper was published in 1871 and was called <i>Civilisadó</i> (The Civilizer). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_development_theory">Local development theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Local development theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One local development theory proposes that Papiamento developed in the Caribbean from an original Portuguese-African <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, with later Dutch and Spanish (and even some Arawak) influences. </p><p>Another theory is that Papiamento first evolved from the use in the region since 1499 of 'lenguas' and the first repopulation of the ABC Islands by the Spanish by the Cédula real decreed in November 1525 in which Juan Martinez de Ampués, factor of Española, had been granted the right to repopulate the depopulated Islas inútiles of Oroba, Islas de los Gigantes, and Buon Aire. </p><p>The evolution of Papiamento continued under the Dutch colonisation under the influence of 16th-century Dutch, Portuguese (Brazilian) and Native American languages (Arawak and Taíno), with the second repopulation of the ABC islands with immigrants who arrived from the ex-Dutch Brazilian colonies. </p><p>The Judaeo-Portuguese population of the ABC islands increased substantially after 1654, when the Portuguese recovered the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch-held territories in Northeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, causing most Portuguese-speaking Jews and their Portuguese-speaking Dutch allies and Dutch-speaking Portuguese Brazilian allies in those lands to flee from religious persecution. The precise role of <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> in the early development is unclear, but <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> certainly played a prominent role in the later development of Papiamento. Many early residents of Curaçao were Sephardic Jews from Portugal, Spain, Cape Verde or Portuguese Brazil. Also, after the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, a group of Sephardic Jews immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Therefore, it can be assumed that <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a> was brought to the island of Curaçao, where it gradually spread to other parts of the community. The Jewish community became the prime merchants and traders in the area and so business and everyday trading was conducted in Papiamento. While various nations owned the island, and official languages changed with ownership, Papiamento became the constant language of the residents. </p><p>When the Netherlands opened economic ties with Spanish colonies in what are now Venezuela and Colombia in the 18th century<sup id="cite_ref-Putte_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putte-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> students on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire were taught predominantly in Spanish, and Spanish began to influence the creole language.<sup id="cite_ref-papia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-papia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since there was a continuous Latinisation process (Hoetink, 1987), even the elite Dutch-Protestant settlers eventually communicated better in Spanish than in Dutch, as a wealth of local Spanish-language publications in the 19th century testify. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_and_African_origin_theory">European and African origin theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European and African origin theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the European and African origin theory the origins of Papiamento lie in the Afro-Portuguese creoles that arose in the 16th century in the west coast of Africa and in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese Cape Verde</a> islands. From the 16th to the late 17th centuries, most of the slaves taken to the Caribbean came from Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">trading posts</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">feitorias</i></span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> factories</span>) in those regions. Around those ports, several Portuguese-African pidgin and creole languages developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angolar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolar language">Angolar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Forro language">Forro</a> (from São Tomé).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sister languages bear strong resemblance with Papiamento. According to this theory, Papiamento was derived from one or more of these older creoles or their predecessors, which were brought to the ABC islands by slaves and traders from Cape Verde and West Africa. </p><p>The similarity between Papiamento and the other Afro-Portuguese creoles can be seen in the same pronouns used, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">mi</i></span>, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bo</i></span>, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">el</i></span>, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">nos</i></span>, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bos(o)</i></span>, being Portuguese-based. Afro-Portuguese creoles often have a shift from "v" to "b" and from "o" to "u": <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bientu</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> wind</span>), instead of <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">viento</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Are these sound changes or spelling changes? Use IPA for sound and angle brackets for spelling. (July 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In creole and also in Spanish, <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> are pronounced the same. In creole, it is also written as a <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>. Just as in Portuguese, an unaccented final <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>. </p><p>Guene (the name comes from "Guinea") was a secret language that was used by slaves on the plantations of the landhouses of West Curaçao.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were about a hundred Guene songs that were sung to make the work lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, because of the secret character of Guene, it never had much influence on Papiamento. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_and_historical_ties_with_Upper_Guinea_Portuguese_Creole">Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistic and historical ties with Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1990s, research has been done that shines light on the ties between Papiamento and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinus1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuint2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuint2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2008-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> focus specifically on the linguistic and historical relationships with the Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, as spoken on the Santiago island of Cape Verde and in Guinea-Bissau and Casamance. </p><p>In Bart Jacob's study <i>The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamento</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2009a-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> he defends the hypothesis that Papiamento is a <a href="/wiki/Relexification" title="Relexification">relexified</a> offshoot of an early Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole variety that was transferred from Senegambia to Curaçao in the second half of the 17th century, when the Dutch controlled the island of <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>, a slave trading stronghold off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The Creole was used for communication among slaves and between slaves and slave holders. </p><p>On Curaçao, this variety underwent internal changes as well as contact-induced changes at all levels of the grammar, but particularly in the lexicon, due to contact with Spanish and, to a lesser extent, Dutch. Despite the changes, the morphosyntactic framework of Papiamento is still remarkably close to that of the Upper Guinea Creoles of Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau. Parallels have also been identified between the development of Papiamento and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewulf2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewulf2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_status">Present status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Present status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papiamento is spoken in all aspects of society throughout <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>. </p><p>Papiamento has been an official language of <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a> since May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiggeLégliseBartens2010268_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiggeLégliseBartens2010268-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, Papiamento was made an official language on 7 March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles">dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles</a> on 10 October 2010, Papiamento's official status was confirmed in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, 150,000 Antillians (mostly from Curaçao) live in the Netherlands and speak their mother language, Papiamento, fluently. Some Papiamento is also spoken on <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsula" title="Paraguaná Peninsula">Paraguaná Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> are constant influences today. <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexical_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical borrowing">lexical borrowing</a> from Spanish, Dutch and English among native speakers is common. This is considered as a threat to the development of the language because of the loss of the authentic and Creole "feel" of Papiamento. </p><p>Many immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean choose to learn Papiamento because it is more practical in daily life on the islands. For Spanish-speakers, it is easier to learn than Dutch, because Papiamento uses many Spanish and Portuguese words.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in Papiamento, adapted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carel_De_Haseth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carel De Haseth (page does not exist)">Carel De Haseth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carel_De_Haseth" class="extiw" title="nl:Carel De Haseth">nl</a>]</span> from his novel <i>Katibu di Shon</i>, was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Stadsschouwburg" title="Stadsschouwburg">Stadsschouwburg</a> in Amsterdam on 1 July 2013, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ending of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Papiamento_texts">Old Papiamento texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Papiamento texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Papiamento language originates from about 1650. The oldest Papiamento texts that have been preserved are written letters. In the following three letters it can be seen that the words changed and the spelling became closer to the Dutch spelling. Although some words are no longer in use, the basis of Papiamento did not change much. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piter_May_letter_1775">Piter May letter 1775</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Piter May letter 1775"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest letter dates from 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was sent by the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jew">Sephardic Jew</a> Abraham Andrade to his mistress Sarah Vaz Parro, about a family meeting in the centre of Curaçao. </p> <table class="wikitable vatop"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>Modern Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>Piter May the ora ky boso a biny. My a topa tio la, ku Sara meme. Nan taba biny Punta. My Dusie, bo pay a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony & Merca koge na kamina dy Piter May.<br /> Es nigrita Antunyca & nan a ybel tras dy forty, & nan a manda sutel guatapana. Mas my no saby pa ky razon. Sy bo saby, manda gabla, ku my Dios pagabo.<br /> Bida, manda gabla ku my, kico Bechy a biny busca na Punta & borbe bay asina presto. </p> </td> <td> <p>Mi tabata na Pietermaai te ora ku boso a bini. Mi a topa tio aya, ku Sara meimei. Nan tabata bini na Punda. Mi dushi, bo pai a manda bo ruman Aronchy, ku Tony i Merka kohe na kaminda di Pietermaai.<br /> E negrita Antunika... nan a hib'é tras di fòrti, i nan a manda sut'é na e watapana. Pero mi no sabi pa ki rason. Si bo sabi, manda palabra, ku mi Dios ta bai pagabo.<br /> Mi Bida, manda palabra ku mi, kiko Becky a bini buska na Punda, i bolbe bai asina lihé. </p> </td> <td> <p>I was in Pietermaai until the time you came. I met uncle there, and Sara halfway. They were coming to Punda. My sweetheart, your father sent your brother Aronchy, and Tony and Merka went on their way to Pietermaai.<br /> That negress Antunika... they brought her behind the fort, sent to be whipped at the divi-divi tree. But I don't know for what reason. If you know, send me a message, and my God will reward you.<br /> My Life, send me a word what Becky came looking for in Punda, and then return as quickly. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boo_Jantje_letter_1783">Boo Jantje letter 1783</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Boo Jantje letter 1783"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next letter dates from 1783 and was recently discovered in an English archive.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was sent by Anna Charje in the name of her baby Jantje Boufet to her husband Dirk Schermer in Rotterdam. (The final sentence is standard Dutch.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_(1783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg/300px-Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg/450px-Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg/600px-Letter_from_Anna_Charje_in_the_name_of_Jantje_Boufet_%281783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7008" data-file-height="5104" /></a><figcaption>Boo Jantje letter from 1783</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable vatop"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>Modern Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>Mi papa, bieda die mi Courasson, bieni prees toe seeka bo joego doesje. Mi mama ta warda boo, mie jora toer dieja pa mie papa. Coemda Mie groot mama pa mie, ie mie tante nan toer. Papa doesje, treese oen boenieta sonbreer pa boo Jantje.<br /> Adjoos mie papa, bieda die mi Courasson. Djoos naa boo saloer, pa mie i pa mie mama. Mie groot mama ta manda koemenda boo moetje moetje. Mie ta bo joego Doeje toe na mortoo. Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreeven, nogmals adjoos, vart wel. </p> </td> <td> <p>Mi papa, bida di mi kurason, bini lihé serka bo yu dushi. Mi mama ta warda bo, mi ta yora tur dia pa mi papa. Kumindá mi wela pa mi, i mi tantanan tur. Papa dushi, trese un bunita sombré pa bo Jantje. </p><p>Ayó mi papa, bida di mi kurason. Dios duna bo salú, pa mi i pa mi mama. Mi wela ta manda kumindá bo muchu muchu. Mi ta bo yu dushi te na morto.<br /> Dit heeft uw Jantje geschreven, nogmaals adios, vaarwel. </p> </td> <td> <p>My father, life of my heart, come quickly close to your sweet son. My mother awaits you, I cry all day for my father. Greet my grandmother for me, and all my aunts. Dear father, bring a nice hat for your Jantje.<br /> Goodbye my father, life of my heart. May God give you health, from me and from my mother. Send my grandmother many many greetings. I am your sweet son until death.<br /> This is written by your Jantje, once again adios, goodbye. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quant_Court_affidavit_1803">Quant Court affidavit 1803</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Quant Court affidavit 1803"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third text dates from 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an <a href="/wiki/Affidavit" title="Affidavit">affidavit</a> (written testimony for use in a court of law as evidence) signed by 26 Aruban farm workers to support their supervisor Pieter Specht against false accusations by landowner B.G. Quant. </p> <table class="wikitable vatop"> <tbody><tr> <th>Old Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>Modern Papiamento </th> <td rowspan="50"> </td> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>Noos ta firma por la berdad, y para serbir na teenpoe qui lo llega die moosteer. Qui des die teempoe koe Señor B.G. Quant ta poner, na serbisje die tera...<br /> Ta maltrata noos comandeur Pieter Specht pa toer soorto die koos. Y seemper el dho Quant ta precura die entreponeel deen toer gobierno die comandeur.<br /> Por ees motibo, noos ta esprimenta koe eel ta causa die toer disunion. </p> </td> <td> <p>Nos ta firma pa e berdad y pa sirbi den e tempo aki lo yega di mester. Cu di e tempo e cu señor B.G. Quant ta pone, na servicio di e tera...<br /> Ta maltrata nos commandeur Pieter Specht pa tur sorto di cos. Y semper el señor Quandt ta percura di entremete den tur gobierno di commandeur.<br /> Pa e motibo, nos ta experencia cu el ta causa di tur desunion. </p> </td> <td> <p>We sign for the truth and to serve the coming time if necessary. About our time with B.G. Quant we declare, we were employed in land cultivation...<br /> He always mistreated our commander Pieter Specht for all sort of things. And always mister Quant interfered with all instructions of the commander.<br /> For that reason, we declare that he caused all the discord. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography_and_spelling">Orthography and spelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Orthography and spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papiamento_orthography" title="Papiamento orthography">Papiamento orthography</a></div> <p>Papiamento is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. </p><p>Since the 1970s, two different orthographies have been developed and adopted. In 1976, Curaçao and Bonaire officially adopted the Römer-Maduro-Jonis version, a phonetic spelling. In 1977, Aruba approved a more <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>-based spelling, presented by the Comision di Ortografia (Orthography Commission), presided by Jossy Mansur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_dialects">Distribution and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Distribution and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papiamento has two main dialects, one in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Aruba" title="Languages of Aruba">Aruba</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Curaçao">Curaçao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bonaire">Bonaire</a> (Papiamentu), with lexical and intonational differences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are also minor differences between Curaçao and Bonaire. </p><p>The most apparent difference between the two dialects is given away in the name difference. Whereas Bonaire and Curaçao opted for a phonology-based spelling, Aruba uses an etymology-based spelling. Many words in Aruba end with "o" while the same word ends with "u" in Bonaire and Curaçao. And even in Curaçao, the use of the u-ending is still more pronounced among the Sephardic Jewish population. Similarly, the use of "k" in Bonaire and Curaçao replaces "c" in Aruba. </p><p>For example: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">English </th> <th>Curaçao and <br />Bonaire </th> <th>Aruba </th> <th scope="col">Portuguese </th> <th scope="col">Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lead (metal) </th> <td>Chumbu </td> <td>Chumbo </td> <td>Chumbo </td> <td>Plomo </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Stick </th> <td>Palu </td> <td>Palo </td> <td>Pau </td> <td>Palo </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">House </th> <td>Kas </td> <td>Cas </td> <td>Casa </td> <td>Casa </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Knife </th> <td>Kuchú </td> <td>Cuchiu </td> <td>Faca </td> <td>Cuchillo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the past, certain rural areas of Aruba and Curaçao featured the <a href="/wiki/Guttural_R" title="Guttural R">guttural R</a> (a feature common in French) or omitted the letter S at the end of words (a feature common in <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a>). However it is likely many of these rural features have either disappeared over time or are used by few speakers today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels_and_diphthongs">Vowels and diphthongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vowels and diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Papiamento <a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch vowels. Papiamento has the following nine vowels:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Vowels </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Curaçao and<br />Bonaire</th> <th>Aruba</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></td> <td>a in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">kana</span></span></b></td> <td>a in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">cana</span></span></b></td> <td>walk </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td>e in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">efekto</span></span></b></td> <td>e in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">efecto</span></span></b></td> <td>effect </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span></td> <td>è in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">balèt</span></span></b></td> <td>e in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">ballet</span></span></b></td> <td>ballet </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǝ</span></td> <td>e in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">apel</span></span></b></td> <td>e in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">appel</span></span></b></td> <td>apple </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td>i in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">chikí</span></span></b></td> <td>i in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">chikito</span></span></b></td> <td>small </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td>o in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">obra</span></span></b></td> <td>o in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">obra</span></span></b></td> <td>work </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td>ò in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">ònbeskòp</span></span></b></td> <td>o in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">onbeschoft</span></span></b></td> <td>impolite </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td>u in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">kunuku</span></span></b></td> <td>u in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">cunucu</span></span></b></td> <td>farm </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ø</span></td> <td>ù in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">brùg</span></span></b></td> <td>u in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">brug</span></span></b></td> <td>bridge </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Papiamento has <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>, two vowels in a single syllable that form one sound. Papiamento diphthongs are based on Ibero-Romance and Dutch diphthongs. It has the following diphthongs: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Diphthongs </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Papiamento</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai̯</span></td> <td>ai in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">baile</span></span></b></td> <td>dance </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au̯</span></td> <td>au in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">fauna</span></span></b></td> <td>fauna </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ei̯</span></td> <td>ei in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">esey</span></span></b></td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛi̯</span></td> <td>ei in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">prijs</span></span></b></td> <td>price </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eu̯</span></td> <td>eu in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">leu</span></span></b></td> <td>far </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔi̯</span></td> <td>oi in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">join</span></span></b></td> <td>join </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oi̯</span></td> <td>oi in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">morocoy</span></span></b></td> <td>tortoise </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔu̯</span></td> <td>ou in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">abou</span></span></b></td> <td>down </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏi̯</span></td> <td>ui in <b><span title="Papiamento-language text"><span lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;">duim</span></span></b></td> <td>thumb </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_accent">Stress and accent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stress and accent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress is very important in Papiamento. Many words have a very different meaning when a different stress is used: </p> <ul><li>When both syllables are equally stressed, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kome</i></span>, it means "to eat".</li> <li>When the first syllable is stressed, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap"><b>ko</b>me</i></span>, it means "eat!" (imperative).</li> <li>However, <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">ko<b>m'é</b></i></span> (short for <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kome é</i></span>) means "eat it!"</li></ul> <p>There are general rules for the stress and accent but also a great many exceptions. When a word deviates from the rules, the stressed vowel is indicated by an acute accent ( ´ ), but it is often omitted in casual writing. </p><p>The main rules are:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>When a noun ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), the stress is placed upon the penultimate (before last) syllable: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bu<b>ri</b>ku</i></span> ("donkey").</li> <li>When a noun ends in a consonant, the stress is placed upon the last syllable: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">hospi<b>tal</b></i></span>.</li> <li>When a verb has two syllables, the syllables are about equally stressed: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">sòru</i></span> ("to care"), <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">falta</i></span> ("to lack").</li> <li>When a verb has more than two syllables, the stress is laid upon the last syllable: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kontes<b>tá</b></i></span> ("to answer"), <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">primin<b>tí</b></i></span> ("to promise").</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeidenRosario1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LeidenRosario1.jpg/220px-LeidenRosario1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LeidenRosario1.jpg/330px-LeidenRosario1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/LeidenRosario1.jpg/440px-LeidenRosario1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Poems in Papiamento, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the vocabulary is derived from Portuguese and derived Portuguese-based creoles and (Early Modern) Spanish. The real origin is usually difficult to tell because the two Iberian languages are very similar, and adaptations were made in Papiamento. A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Papiamento_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Papiamento Swadesh list">list of 200 basic Papiamento words</a> can be found in the standard <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a>, with etymological reference to the language of origin. There is a remarkable similarity between words in Papiamento, Cape Verdean Creole, and Guinea-Bissau Creole, which all belong to the same language family of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Upper Guinea Creoles</a>. Most of the words can be connected with their Portuguese origin. </p><p>Linguistic studies have shown that roughly 80% of the words in Papiamento's present vocabulary are of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> origin, 20% are of Dutch origin, and some of Native American or African origin. A study by Van Buurt and Joubert inventoried the words of Taíno and <a href="/wiki/Caquet%C3%ADo_language" title="Caquetío language">Caquetío</a> Arawak origin, mostly words for plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Arawak is an extinct language that was spoken by Indigenous people throughout the Caribbean. The Arawak words were re-introduced in Papiamento by borrowing from the Spanish dialect of Venezuela<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many words are of Iberian origin, and it is impossible to label them as either Portuguese or Spanish: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">por fabor</i></span> ("please") – Portuguese: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">por favor</i></span> – Spanish: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">por favor</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">señora</i></span> ("madam") – Portuguese: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">senhora</i></span> – Spanish: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">señora</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kua</i></span> ("which") – Portuguese: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">qual</i></span> – Spanish: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cuál</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kuantu</i></span> ("how much") – Portuguese: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">quanto</i></span> – Spanish: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cuánto</i></span></li></ul> <p>While the presence of word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> can easily be traced to Portuguese, the <a href="/wiki/Diphthongisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongisation">diphthongisation</a> of some vowels is characteristic of Spanish. The use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, descends from its pronunciation in the dialects of northern Portugal as well as of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a>. Also, a sound shift may have occurred in the direction of Spanish, whose influence on Papiamento came later than that of Portuguese: <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">subrino</i></span> ("nephew"): <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sobrinho</i></span> in Portuguese, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sobrino</i></span> in Spanish. The pronunciation of <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">o</i></span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is certainly Portuguese, but the use of <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">n</i></span> instead of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">nh</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span>) in the ending <span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">-no</i></span> is from Spanish. </p><p>Few Portuguese words come directly from Portuguese, but most come via the Portuguese-based creole; in the examples below, the Cape Verdean Creole equivalents are <span title="Kabuverdianu-language text"><i lang="kea">borboléta</i></span>, <span title="Kabuverdianu-language text"><i lang="kea">katchor</i></span>, <span title="Kabuverdianu-language text"><i lang="kea">prétu</i></span> and <span title="Kabuverdianu-language text"><i lang="kea">fórsa</i></span>. </p><p>Portuguese-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">barbulètè</i></span> ("butterfly") – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">borboleta</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kachó</i></span> ("dog") – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cachorro</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">pretu</i></span> ("black") – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">preto</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">forsa</i></span> ("power") – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">força</i></span></li></ul> <p>Spanish-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">siudat</i></span> ("city") – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ciudad</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">sombré</i></span> ("hat") – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sombrero</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">karson</i></span> ("trousers") – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">calzón</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">hòmber</i></span> ("man") – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">hombre</i></span></li></ul> <p>Dutch-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">apel</i></span> ("apple") – Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">appel</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">buki</i></span> ("book") – Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">boek</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">lesa</i></span> ("to read") – Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">lezen</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">mart</i></span> ("March") – Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">maart</i></span></li></ul> <p>English-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bèk</i></span> – English: back</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">bòter</i></span> – English: bottle</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">baiskel</i></span> – English: bicycle</li></ul> <p>African-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">pinda</i></span> ("peanut") – Kongo: <span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">mpinda</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">makamba</i></span> ("Dutch person") – Bantu: <span title="Bantu languages collective text"><i lang="bnt">ma-kamba</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">yongotá</i></span> ("to kneel") – Wolof: <span title="Wolof-language text"><i lang="wo">djongotó</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">maribomba</i></span> ("wasp") – Bantu: <span title="Bantu languages collective text"><i lang="bnt">ma-rimbondo</i></span></li></ul> <p>Native American-origin words: </p> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">orkan</i></span> ("hurricane") – Taíno: <span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">juracán</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">maishi</i></span> ("corn") – Taíno: <span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">mahíz</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">kunuku</i></span> ("farm") – Taíno: <span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">conuco</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">mahos</i></span> ("ugly") – Arawak: <span title="Arawak-language text"><i lang="arw">muhusu</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_culture">Literature and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aruba and Bonaire's national anthems are in Papiamento, "<a href="/wiki/Aruba_Dushi_Tera" title="Aruba Dushi Tera">Aruba Dushi Tera</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tera_di_Solo_y_suave_biento" title="Tera di Solo y suave biento">Tera di Solo y suave biento</a>" respectively. The newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Diario_(Aruba)" title="Diario (Aruba)">Diario</a></i> is also in the language. </p><p>The 2013 films <i><a href="/wiki/Abo_So" title="Abo So">Abo So</a></i> (Aruba) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sensei_Redenshon" title="Sensei Redenshon">Sensei Redenshon</a></i> (Curaçao) were the first <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> in Papiamento; the comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Bon_Bini_Holland" title="Bon Bini Holland">Bon Bini Holland</a></i> (Curaçao and Netherlands) also contains some Papiamento.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg/220px-Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg/330px-Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg/440px-Dushi_Caribbean_style_mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>The meaning of <i lang="pap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dushi#Papiamento" class="extiw" title="wikt:dushi">dushi</a></i> explained in Caribbean style</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phrase_and_word_samples">Phrase and word samples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phrase and word samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Kon ta bai?</i></span> (How are you?) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Como vai?</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Kon ta k'e bida?</i></span> (How is life?) – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">¿Cómo te va la vida?</i></span> – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Como está a vida?</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Por fabor</i></span> (please) – Spanish: <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Por favor</i></span> – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Por favor</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Danki</i></span> (Thank you) – Dutch: <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Dank je</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Ainda no</i></span> (Not yet) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Ainda não</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Bo mama ta mashá bunita</i></span> (Your mother is very beautiful) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Vossa mãe é muito bonita</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Na epoka di mi añanan eskolar</i></span> (During my school years) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Na época dos meus anos escolares</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Bati boka</i></span> (Argue) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Bate boca</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Bringa</i></span> (Fight) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Briga</i></span></li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Bon</i></span> (Good) – Portuguese: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Bom</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expressions">Expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Hopi skuma, tiki chukulati</i></span> (A lot of foam, little chocolate): Too good to be true.</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Einan e porko su rabo ta krul</i></span> (That is where the pig's tail curls): That is where the problem lies.</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Sopi pura ta sali salo</i></span> (Quick soup turns salty): Good things take time.</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">E ke bula ku ala di manteka</i></span> (He wants to fly with wings of butter): He wants to do more than he can handle.</li> <li><span title="Papiamento-language text"><i lang="pap">Ora dia ta serka di habri, nochi ta mas skur</i></span> (Just before dawn, the night is darkest): When need is greatest, salvation is near.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord's_Prayer"><span id="Lord.27s_Prayer"></span>Lord's Prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lord's Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in a register of Papiamento used <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgically</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, compared with Spanish, Portuguese, and <a href="/wiki/King_James_English" class="mw-redirect" title="King James English">King James English</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable vatop"> <tbody><tr> <th>Papiamento </th> <th>Spanish </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><div title="Papiamento-language text"><div lang="pap" style="font-style: normal;"> <ul><li>Nos Tata,</li> <li>cu ta na shelo,</li> <li>bo Nomber sea santifica,</li> <li>laga bo Reino bini na nos.</li> <li>Bo boluntad sea hasi na terra como na shelo.</li> <li>Duna nos awe nos pan di cada dia</li> <li>y pordona nos nos debe,</li> <li>mescos cu nos ta pordona nos debedornan.</li> <li>Y no laga nos cai den tentacion,</li> <li>ma libra nos di malo.</li> <li>Amèn.</li></ul></div></div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><div title="Spanish-language text"><div lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"> <ul><li>Padre nuestro,</li> <li>que estás en el cielo.</li> <li>Santificado sea tu nombre.</li> <li>Venga tu reino.</li> <li>Hágase tu voluntad en la tierra como en el cielo.</li> <li>Danos hoy nuestro pan de cada día.</li> <li>Perdona nuestras ofensas,</li> <li>como también nosotros perdonamos a los que nos ofenden.</li> <li>No nos dejes caer en tentación y líbranos del mal.</li> <li>Amén.</li></ul></div></div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><div title="Portuguese-language text"><div lang="pt" style="font-style: normal;"> <ul><li>Pai nosso, que estais nos céus</li> <li>Santificado seja o vosso nome. Venha a nós o vosso Reino;</li> <li>seja feita a vossa vontade,</li> <li>assim na terra como no céu.</li> <li>O pão nosso de cada dia nos dai hoje.</li> <li>Perdoai as nossas ofensas,</li> <li>assim como perdoamos</li> <li>a quem nos tem ofendido. E não nos deixeis cair</li> <li>em tentação,</li> <li>mas livrai-nos do mal.</li> <li>Amén.</li></ul></div></div> </div> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Our Father,</li> <li>who art in Heaven,</li> <li>hallowed be Thy name.</li> <li>Thy kingdom come.</li> <li>Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Heaven.</li> <li>Give us this day our daily bread,</li> <li>and forgive our trespasses,</li> <li>as we forgive those who trespass against us.</li> <li>And lead us not into temptation,</li> <li>but deliver us from the evil one.</li> <li>Amen.</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_vocabularies">Comparison of vocabularies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison of vocabularies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This section provides a comparison of the vocabularies of Papiamento, Portuguese, and the Portuguese creoles of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Spanish is shown for the contrast. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th>Curaçao and <br />Bonaire </th> <th>Aruba </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome</td> <td>Bon bini</td> <td>Bon bini</td> <td>Bem vindo</td> <td>Ben-vindu</td> <td>Ben-vindu</td> <td>Bienvenido </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning</td> <td>Bon dia</td> <td>Bon dia</td> <td>Bom dia</td> <td>Bon dia</td> <td>Bon dia</td> <td>Buen día - Buenos días </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you</td> <td>Danki</td> <td>Danki</td> <td>Obrigado</td> <td>Obrigadu</td> <td>Obrigadu</td> <td>Gracias </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td>Kon ta bai?</td> <td>Con ta bay?</td> <td>Como está? Como vai? -</td> <td>Kuma ku bu na bai?</td> <td>Mo ki bu sta?</td> <td>¿Cómo estás? - ¿Cómo vás? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Very good</td> <td>Mashá bon</td> <td>Masha bon</td> <td>Muito bem, Muito bom</td> <td>Muitu bon</td> <td>Mutu bon</td> <td>Muy bien - Muy bueno </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am fine</td> <td>Mi ta bon</td> <td>Mi ta bon</td> <td>Estou bem</td> <td>N sta bon</td> <td>N sta bon</td> <td>Estoy bien </td></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td>Mi - Ami</td> <td>Mi - Ami</td> <td>Eu</td> <td>N</td> <td>N</td> <td>Yo </td></tr> <tr> <td>I am</td> <td>Mi ta - Ami ta</td> <td>Mi ta - Ami ta</td> <td>Eu sou</td> <td>Ami i</td> <td>Mi e</td> <td>Yo soy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have a nice day</td> <td>Pasa un bon dia</td> <td>Pasa un bon dia</td> <td>Tenha um bom dia</td> <td>Pasa un bon dia</td> <td>Pasa un bon dia</td> <td>Pasa un buen día </td></tr> <tr> <td>See you later</td> <td>Te aweró</td> <td>Te aworo</td> <td>Até logo</td> <td>Te logu</td> <td>Te lógu</td> <td>Hasta luego </td></tr> <tr> <td>Food</td> <td>Kuminda</td> <td>Cuminda</td> <td>Comida</td> <td>Kumida</td> <td>Kumida</td> <td>Comida </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bread</td> <td>Pan</td> <td>Pan</td> <td>Pão</td> <td>Pon</td> <td>Pon</td> <td>Pan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not yet</td> <td>Ainda no</td> <td>Ainda no</td> <td>Ainda não</td> <td>Inda nau</td> <td>Inda na</td> <td>Aún no </td></tr> <tr> <td>I like Curaçao</td> <td>Mi gusta Kòrsou</td> <td>Mi gusta Corsou</td> <td>Eu gosto de Curaçao</td> <td>N gosta di Curaçao</td> <td>N gosta di Curaçao</td> <td>Me gusta Curazao </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang language</a> (Papia Kristang, Malaccan Creole Portuguese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_theory_of_pidgins" title="Monogenetic theory of pidgins">Monogenetic theory of pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joceline_Clemencia" title="Joceline Clemencia">Joceline Clemencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papiamento can be used in relations with the Dutch government.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/pap">Papiamento</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0028063/tekst_bevat_taal%2Bin%2Bhet%2Bbestuurlijk%2Bverkeer/geldigheidsdatum_01-01-2011">"Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba"</a> (in Dutch). wetten.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cara%C3%AFbisch+uitzicht&rft.atitle=Katibu+di+Shon+is+an+Unmistakable+Enrichment+of+Our+Cultural+Heritage&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lobo&rft.aufirst=Jairo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwerkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl%2Fkatibu-di-shon-is-an-unmistakable-enrichment-of-our-cultural-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesn.d." class="citation cs2">Jones, Addam Amauri (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26146474"><i>Identity via Papiamentu: From Marginalization to Language of Instruction</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3774.7441">10.13140/RG.2.1.3774.7441</a></span> – via Academia.edu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+via+Papiamentu%3A+From+Marginalization+to+Language+of+Instruction&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3774.7441&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Addam+Amauri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26146474&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsvan_der_Wal2015" class="citation cs1">Jacobs, Bart; van der Wal, Marijke (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274738994"><i>The Discovery, Nature, and Implications of a Papiamentu Text Fragment from 1783</i></a> (Proof version) – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery%2C+Nature%2C+and+Implications+of+a+Papiamentu+Text+Fragment+from+1783&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=van+der+Wal%2C+Marijke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F274738994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span> (final version published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsvan_der_Wal2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart; van der Wal, Marijke J. 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"The Discovery, Nature, and Implications of a Papiamentu Text Fragment from 1783". <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 44–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.30.1.02jac">10.1075/jpcl.30.1.02jac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F43140">1887/43140</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=The+Discovery%2C+Nature%2C+and+Implications+of+a+Papiamentu+Text+Fragment+from+1783&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-62&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F43140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.30.1.02jac&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft.au=van+der+Wal%2C+Marijke+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaas2016" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nicolaas, Quito (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.nl/112806198-Quito-nicolaas-26-maart-2016.html"><i>Papiamento: de emancipatie van een creoolse taal</i></a> (Slide deck) (in Dutch) – via Docplayer.nl</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papiamento%3A+de+emancipatie+van+een+creoolse+taal&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Nicolaas&rft.aufirst=Quito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.nl%2F112806198-Quito-nicolaas-26-maart-2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKookNarain1993_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKookNarain1993">Kook & Narain 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurer, Philippe (1990). "Die Verschriftung des Papiamento". In "Zum Stand der Kodifizierung romanischer Kleinsprachen". Gunter Narr Verlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goilo, Enrique R. (2000). "Papiamento Textbook". De Wit Stores, Oranjestad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_BuurtJoubert1997_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_BuurtJoubert1997">van Buurt & Joubert 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española (2010). "Diccionario de Americanismos". Lima</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ttfilmfestival.com/news/ttff-news-and-features/films-in-focus-abo-so-and-red-white-and-black-a-sports-odyssey">"films in focus: abo so and red, white and black: a sports odyssey"</a>. <i>Trinidad and Tobago Film Festival</i>. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trinidad+and+Tobago+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=films+in+focus%3A+abo+so+and+red%2C+white+and+black%3A+a+sports+odyssey&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fttfilmfestival.com%2Fnews%2Fttff-news-and-features%2Ffilms-in-focus-abo-so-and-red-white-and-black-a-sports-odyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega_Fernándezc._2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ortega Fernández, José G. (c. 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diocesewillemstad.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/RITUAL-DJE-SELEBRASHONNAN-DI-A%C3%91A-DI-MISERIKORDIA.pdf"><i>Ritual di selebrashonnan liturgiko pa e aña di miserikordia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Papiamento). Komishon Liturgiko Diosesano di Obispado di Willemstad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+di+selebrashonnan+liturgiko+pa+e+a%C3%B1a+di+miserikordia&rft.pub=Komishon+Liturgiko+Diosesano+di+Obispado+di+Willemstad&rft.aulast=Ortega+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiocesewillemstad.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FRITUAL-DJE-SELEBRASHONNAN-DI-A%25C3%2591A-DI-MISERIKORDIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewulf2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dewulf, Jeroen (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utexaspressjournals.org/doi/10.7560/SLAPC3605">"From Papiamentu to Afro-Catholic Brotherhoods: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Iberian Elements in Curaçaoan Popular Culture"</a>. <i>Studies in Latin American Popular Culture</i>. <b>36</b>: 69–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7560%2FSLAPC3605">10.7560/SLAPC3605</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0730-9139">0730-9139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Latin+American+Popular+Culture&rft.atitle=From+Papiamentu+to+Afro-Catholic+Brotherhoods%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Analysis+of+Iberian+Elements+in+Cura%C3%A7aoan+Popular+Culture&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=69-94&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7560%2FSLAPC3605&rft.issn=0730-9139&rft.aulast=Dewulf&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utexaspressjournals.org%2Fdoi%2F10.7560%2FSLAPC3605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/655950">"Papiamentu: A Diachronic Analysis of Its Core Morphology"</a>. <i>Pharisis</i>: 59–82 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharisis&rft.atitle=Papiamentu%3A+A+Diachronic+Analysis+of+Its+Core+Morphology&rft.pages=59-82&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F655950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009a" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2009a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/621021">"The Upper Guinea origins of Papiamentu: Linguistic and historical evidence"</a>. <i>Diachronica</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 319–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fdia.26.3.02jac">10.1075/dia.26.3.02jac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10961%2F207">10961/207</a></span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diachronica&rft.atitle=The+Upper+Guinea+origins+of+Papiamentu%3A+Linguistic+and+historical+evidence&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-379&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10961%2F207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fdia.26.3.02jac&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F621021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2009b" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Bart (2009b). "The Origins of Old Portuguese Features in Papiamento.". In Faraclas, Nicholas; Severing, Ronald; Weijer, Christa; Echteld, Liesbeth (eds.). <i>Leeward voices: Fresh perspectives on Papiamento and the literatures and cultures of the ABC Islands</i>. Curaçao: FPI/UNA. pp. 11–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Old+Portuguese+Features+in+Papiamento.&rft.btitle=Leeward+voices%3A+Fresh+perspectives+on+Papiamento+and+the+literatures+and+cultures+of+the+ABC+Islands&rft.place=Cura%C3%A7ao&rft.pages=11-38&rft.pub=FPI%2FUNA&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKookNarain1993" class="citation book cs1">Kook, Hetty; Narain, Goretti (1993). "Papiamento". In Extra, Guus; Verhoeven, Ludo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJRiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Community Languages in the Netherlands</i></a>. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger. pp. 69–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789026513602" title="Special:BookSources/9789026513602"><bdi>9789026513602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papiamento&rft.btitle=Community+Languages+in+the+Netherlands&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=69-91&rft.pub=Swets+%26+Zeitlinger&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789026513602&rft.aulast=Kook&rft.aufirst=Hetty&rft.au=Narain%2C+Goretti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJRiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2000" class="citation book cs1">Lang, George (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmgYSuOAkS8C&q=papiamento+is+portuguese+creole+-wikipedia+intelligibility&pg=PA91"><i>Entwisted Tongues: Comparative Creole Literatures</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0737-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0737-0"><bdi>90-420-0737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entwisted+Tongues%3A+Comparative+Creole+Literatures&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-420-0737-0&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmgYSuOAkS8C%26q%3Dpapiamento%2Bis%2Bportuguese%2Bcreole%2B-wikipedia%2Bintelligibility%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinus1996" class="citation book cs1">Martinus, Efraim Frank (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UjkengEACAAJ"><i>The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu's West-African Connections</i></a>. De Curaçaosche Courant.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kiss+of+a+Slave%3A+Papiamentu%27s+West-African+Connections&rft.pub=De+Cura%C3%A7aosche+Courant&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Martinus&rft.aufirst=Efraim+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUjkengEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiggeLégliseBartens2010" class="citation book cs1">Migge, Bettina; Léglise, Isabelle; Bartens, Angela (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SMLb6hKv4YC&q=aruba+official+language+Papiamento&pg=PT276"><i>Creoles in Education: An Appraisal of Current Programs and Projects</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5258-6"><bdi>978-90-272-5258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creoles+in+Education%3A+An+Appraisal+of+Current+Programs+and+Projects&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5258-6&rft.aulast=Migge&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft.au=L%C3%A9glise%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Bartens%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SMLb6hKv4YC%26q%3Daruba%2Bofficial%2Blanguage%2BPapiamento%26pg%3DPT276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quint, Nicolas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKBkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le cap-verdien : origines et devenir d'une langue métisse: étude des relations de la langue cap-verdienne avec les langues africaines, créoles et portugaise</i></a> (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-9774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-9774-1"><bdi>978-2-7384-9774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+cap-verdien+%3A+origines+et+devenir+d%27une+langue+m%C3%A9tisse%3A+%C3%A9tude+des+relations+de+la+langue+cap-verdienne+avec+les+langues+africaines%2C+cr%C3%A9oles+et+portugaise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-9774-1&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKBkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_BuurtJoubert1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Buurt, Gerard; Joubert, Sidney M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOTiAAAACAAJ"><i>Stemmen uit het verleden: Indiaanse woorden in het Papiamentu</i></a> (in Dutch). Willemstad: Van Buurt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99904-0-145-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-99904-0-145-5"><bdi>978-99904-0-145-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stemmen+uit+het+verleden%3A+Indiaanse+woorden+in+het+Papiamentu&rft.place=Willemstad&rft.pub=Van+Buurt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-99904-0-145-5&rft.aulast=van+Buurt&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Joubert%2C+Sidney+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOTiAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, J. C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited%2FLongman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Bart (29 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26_mBQAAQBAJ"><i>Origins of a Creole: The History of Papiamentu and Its African Ties</i></a>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-107-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-107-6"><bdi>978-1-61451-107-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+a+Creole%3A+The+History+of+Papiamentu+and+Its+African+Ties&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-107-6&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26_mBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFouse2002" class="citation book cs1">Fouse, Gary C. (2002). <i>The Story of Papiamentu: A Study in Slavery and Language</i>. New York: University Press of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Papiamentu%3A+A+Study+in+Slavery+and+Language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fouse&rft.aufirst=Gary+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Holm, John H. (1989). <i>Pidgins and Creoles</i>. Vol. 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoubertPerl2007" class="citation journal cs1">Joubert, Sidney; Perl, Matthias (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Portuguese+language+on+Curacao+and+its+role+in+the+formation+of...-a0179033475">"The Portuguese Language on Curaçao and Its Role in the Formation of Papiamentu"</a>. <i>Journal of Caribbean Literatures</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 43–60. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40986317">40986317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+Literatures&rft.atitle=The+Portuguese+Language+on+Cura%C3%A7ao+and+Its+Role+in+the+Formation+of+Papiamentu&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-60&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40986317%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joubert&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Perl%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2BPortuguese%2Blanguage%2Bon%2BCuracao%2Band%2Bits%2Brole%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bformation%2Bof...-a0179033475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhorter2000" class="citation book cs1">McWhorter, John H. (2000). <i>The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Spanish+Creoles%3A+Recovering+the+Birth+of+Plantation+Contact+Languages&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McWhorter&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckkrammer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Eckkrammer, Eva (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Papiamentu%2c+cultural+resistance%2c+and+socio-cultural+challenges%3a+the...-a0179033477">"Papiamentu, Cultural Resistance, and Socio-Cultural Challenges: The ABC Islands in a Nutshell"</a>. <i>Journal of Caribbean Literatures</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 73–93. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40986319">40986319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+Literatures&rft.atitle=Papiamentu%2C+Cultural+Resistance%2C+and+Socio-Cultural+Challenges%3A+The+ABC+Islands+in+a+Nutshell&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-93&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40986319%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Eckkrammer&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FPapiamentu%252c%2Bcultural%2Bresistance%252c%2Band%2Bsocio-cultural%2Bchallenges%253a%2Bthe...-a0179033477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansur1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jossy_Mansur" title="Jossy Mansur">Mansur, Jossy</a> (1991). <i>Dictionary English-Papiamento Papiamento-English</i> (Edicionnan Clasico Diario ed.). Oranjestad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+English-Papiamento+Papiamento-English&rft.place=Oranjestad&rft.edition=Edicionnan+Clasico+Diario&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mansur&rft.aufirst=Jossy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Ratzlaff, Betty (2008). "Papiamento-Ingles, Dikshonario Bilingual". TWR Jong Bonaire.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoubert1991" class="citation book cs1">Joubert, Sidney M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQAbAAAACAAJ"><i>Dikshonario Papiamentu - hulandes: Handwoordenboek Papiaments - Nederlands</i></a>. Joubert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99904-907-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-99904-907-2-5"><bdi>978-99904-907-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dikshonario+Papiamentu+-+hulandes%3A+Handwoordenboek+Papiaments+-+Nederlands&rft.pub=Joubert&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-99904-907-2-5&rft.aulast=Joubert&rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZQAbAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutteVan_Putte-De_Windt2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Putte, Florimon van; Van Putte-De Windt, Igma (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BxX6zwEACAAJ"><i>Groot woordenboek Nederlands-Papiaments</i></a> (in Dutch). Walburg Pers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6249-500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6249-500-5"><bdi>978-94-6249-500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groot+woordenboek+Nederlands-Papiaments&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-94-6249-500-5&rft.aulast=Putte&rft.aufirst=Florimon+van&rft.au=Van+Putte-De+Windt%2C+Igma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxX6zwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kramer, Johannes (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JFtmrgEACAAJ"><i>Etymologische Studien zum Papiamento</i></a> (in German). Hamburg: Buske Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87548-726-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87548-726-8"><bdi>978-3-87548-726-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologische+Studien+zum+Papiamento&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-87548-726-8&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJFtmrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._N.1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">N. N. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guiaparalosespa00ngoog"><i>GUIA para los españoles hablar papiamento y viceversa: Para que los de ...</i></a> (in Spanish). Harvard University. Impr. del Comercio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GUIA+para+los+espa%C3%B1oles+hablar+papiamento+y+viceversa%3A+Para+que+los+de+...&rft.pub=Impr.+del+Comercio&rft.date=1876&rft.au=N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguiaparalosespa00ngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarugg1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tip_Marugg" title="Tip Marugg">Marugg, Tip</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbMmHQAACAAJ"><i>Un prinsipio pa un dikshonario erótiko papiamentu</i></a>. Curaçao: Scherpenheuvel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99904-907-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99904-907-4-9"><bdi>978-99904-907-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+prinsipio+pa+un+dikshonario+er%C3%B3tiko+papiamentu&rft.place=Cura%C3%A7ao&rft.pub=Scherpenheuvel&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-99904-907-4-9&rft.aulast=Marugg&rft.aufirst=Tip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbMmHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapiamento" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://palabra.papiamentu.info/">Banko di Palabra – basic dictionary, based on the Unesco sponsored Papiamento spell checker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majstro.com/Web/Majstro/dict.php?bronTaal=eng&doelTaal=pap&gebrTaal=eng">Majstro English-Papiamento dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.glosbe.com/en/pap/">Glosbe English-Papiamento dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Goilo, Enrique R. (2000). "Papiamentu Textbook". De Wit Stores, Oranjestad.</li> <li>Blankenburg, Eleanor (1986). "Basic Papiamentu Grammar for English Speakers". Blankenburg Edition, Bonaire.</li> <li>Frans-Muller, Xiomara (2017). "Papia Papiamentu ku mi". Expert book, Bonaire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiamento&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pap:"> Papiamento edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Papiamento-language website of the Aruba government (in Papiamento)</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/p.aw_PDF_regla_Gramatica.pdf">Aruba Papiamento language grammar (in Papiamento)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/150520_papiamento-ortografia-version-april-2009.pdf">Aruba Papiamento spelling and orthography rules (in Papiamento)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papiamento.aw/pages/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Paw_2009_Vocabulario_di_Papiamento.pdf">Aruba Papiamento official wordlist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpi.cw/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/140339-BW-Buki-di-oro40971.pdf">Curaçao and Bonaire Papiamentu official wordlist and orthography (in Papiamentu)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308221242/https://fpi.cw/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/140339-BW-Buki-di-oro40971.pdf">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728015730/http://www.sorosoro.org/en/papiamentu-3">Sorosoro, information on Papiamento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diario.aw/">Diario, newspaper in Papiamento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostisia.com/">Nostisia, newspaper in Papiamento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.com/nl/versions/816-bpkd13-beibel-na-papiamentu-koriente-2013">Bible fragments in Papiamento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papiamentu-tur-dia.blogspot.com/">Papiamentu tur dia – A blog for English-speaking students of Papiamento</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/05/world/americas/05curacao.html">"A Language Thrives in Its Caribbean Home"</a> – Article by Simon Romero in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_creoles" title="Template:Portuguese creoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_creoles" title="Template talk:Portuguese creoles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_creoles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese creoles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese-based_creole_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulf of Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolar_Creole" title="Angolar Creole">Angolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annobonese_Creole" title="Annobonese Creole">Annobonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forro_Creole" title="Forro Creole">Forro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principense_Creole" title="Principense Creole">Principense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Portuguese_creoles" title="Indo-Portuguese creoles">Indo-Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Portuguese_Creole" title="Bengali Portuguese Creole">Bengali Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannanore_Indo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannanore Indo-Portuguese">Cannanore Indo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Indo-Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Indo-Portuguese">Cochin Indo-Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Portuguese">Daman and Diu Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korlai_Portuguese_creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Korlai Portuguese creole">Korlai Indo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Portuguese</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Papiá Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> or Papiá Tugu (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> (extinct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creoles with strong<br />Portuguese lexical influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papiamento</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Papiamento" title="Judaeo-Papiamento">Judaeo-Papiamento</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaccan_language" title="Saramaccan language">Saramaccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Template talk:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish dialects and varieties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_varieties_of_Spanish_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Africa and Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)"><i>Caló</i> <small>(<i>Chicano</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></i> <ul><li><small>Chiloé Archipelago</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central western Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Ecuador</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></i> <ul><li><small>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></i> <ul><li><small>Zulia State</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a></i> <ul><li><small>Paisa Region</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a></i> <ul><li><small>Colombia-Ecuador border</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Peru</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></i> <small>(Galicia)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></i> <small>(Extremadura)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></i> <small>(mixed language)</small></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papiamento</a></i> <small>(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central America</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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