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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_(1849)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Proclama_al_Pueblo_de_California_%281849%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg/150px-California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg/225px-California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg/300px-California_Constitution_1849_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a> was written in both <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (right) in 1849.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> is the most commonly spoken language in California after the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, spoken by 28.18 percent (10,434,308) of the population (in 2021).<sup id="cite_ref-Language2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Californian Spanish</b> (<i>español californiano</i>) is a set of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of Spanish spoken in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gubitosi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gubitosi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dept._of_Education_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dept._of_Education-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Observaciones_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observaciones-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the historical variety known as <b><a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californio</a> Spanish</b> (<i>español californio</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ALFAL_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALFAL_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hispania_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hispania-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALFAL_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALFAL_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish was first introduced to California in 1542 and has since become deeply entwined with California's cultural landscape and history.<sup id="cite_ref-Gifford-Valdés_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifford-Valdés-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish was the official administrative language in California through the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> periods until 1848, when <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">ceded from Mexico</a> to the United States following the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a>. Early American governments in California protected the rights of Spanish speakers in the 1849 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a>, but those constitutional protections were removed in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Silencing_of_the_Californios_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silencing_of_the_Californios-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2010, 28.46% (9,696,638) of California residents age 5 and older spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> at home as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</a>. California has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the United States. Hispanic students are the largest student demographic in public schools in California, making up the majority of student populations in nearly 40% of school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 21% of school students in California speak Spanish as their primary language.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">Hispanic Californians</a> make up the largest <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">demographic group in California</a>, accounting for nearly 40% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or approximately 15,574,882 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2019_ACS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2019_ACS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spanish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esplandian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Esplandian.jpg/170px-Esplandian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Esplandian.jpg/255px-Esplandian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Esplandian.jpg/340px-Esplandian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_California" title="Etymology of California">name of California</a> and its ruler <a href="/wiki/Calafia" title="Calafia">Queen Calafia</a> originate in <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Sergas_de_Esplandi%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Sergas de Esplandián">Las Sergas de Esplandián</a></i>, a 1510 Spanish <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric</a> epic written by <a href="/wiki/Garci_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Montalvo" title="Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo">Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_California" title="Etymology of California">name of California</a> has its origin in the Spanish epic <i><a href="/wiki/Las_sergas_de_Esplandi%C3%A1n" title="Las sergas de Esplandián">Las sergas de Esplandián</a></i> ("The Adventures of Esplandián"), written by <a href="/wiki/Garci_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Montalvo" title="Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo">Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo</a> in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Las sergas de Esplandián</i>, California is described as being an island kingdom of warrior women ruled by a queen known as <a href="/wiki/Califia" class="mw-redirect" title="Califia">Califia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was applied to the modern region of <a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">the Californias</a> in the 1530's, initially just referring to <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California</a> (which is today part of Mexico), but later expanded to cover <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (today's U.S. state of California).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spoken history of the Spanish language in California began in 1542, when the first expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> came to Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-Gifford-Valdés_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gifford-Valdés-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Spanish expeditions continued throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, permanent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a> was only solidified following the <a href="/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition" title="Portolá expedition">Portolá expedition</a> in 1769–70, which ultimately led to the founding of Spanish settlements across California, such as <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>. Expedition leader <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a> published his account of the voyage in <i>Estracto de Noticias del Puerto de Monterrey</i>, as did Spanish cartographer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Costans%C3%B3" title="Miguel Costansó">Miguel Costansó</a> in his <i>Diario Histórico de los Viages de Mar, y Tierra Hechos al Norte de la California</i>, both published in 1770. </p><p>The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a> led to the spread of the Spanish language into the lives of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">Indigenous peoples of California</a> which resided in the mission system. <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan</a> missionaries served an important role in the proliferation of Spanish across communities in California, both through missionary-run education and through publishings of Franciscan padres, such as <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a>, who wrote various histories and essays on California, including his seminal <i>Noticias de la Nueva California</i>, written from 1767 to 1784. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_era">Mexican era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mexican era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg/180px-Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg/270px-Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg/360px-Manifesto_a_la_Republica_Mejicana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>The first book published in California: <i>"Manifesto a la República Mejicana"</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa" title="José Figueroa">José Figueroa</a>, 1835.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_V._Zamorano" title="Agustín V. Zamorano">Agustín V. Zamorano</a> became the first publisher in the history of California, opening a <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">print shop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, mainly serving as the official press of the Mexican government in California. In 1835, Zamorano published the first book in the history of California, <i>"Manifesto a la República Mejicana"</i>, written by Governor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa" title="José Figueroa">José Figueroa</a>. Previous literary pieces had been written in California, but had to be published elsewhere, such as <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Carrillo" title="Carlos Antonio Carrillo">Carlos Antonio Carrillo</a>'s 1831 <i>"Exposición dirigida á la Cámara de Diputados del Congreso de la Unión"</i>. During the Mexican era, a number of the American and European immigrants settled in Alta California and acquired Mexican citizenship, in order to own land, often under the requirement that they learn to speak Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_American_era">Early American era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early American era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg/170px-Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg/255px-Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg/340px-Pamphlet_of_the_Los_Angeles_Political_Equality_League_by_Maria_de_Lopez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_California" title="Women's suffrage in California">Californian women's suffrage</a> pamphlet written by <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_L%C3%B3pez" title="María de López">María de López</a> in 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">U.S. Conquest of California</a> in 1847, the rights of Spanish speakers were initially guaranteed by the American <a href="/wiki/Interim_government_of_California" title="Interim government of California">interim government of California</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a>, written in 1849 in both English and Spanish, guaranteed the official status of Spanish alongside English in government regulations and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Valdés_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valdés-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first acts of the first <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California Legislature</a> of 1850 was to appoint a State Translator, who would be responsible for translating all state laws, decrees, documents, and orders into Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Spanish initially continued to be used in schools and government following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> in 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo#United_States" title="Anglo">Anglophone American</a> settlers migrating <i>en masse</i> to California during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a> would eventually establish their language, culture, and law as dominant, displacing Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1855, California declared that English would be the only <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> in its schools, as a way of ensuring the social and political dominance of Anglos.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California's second constitutional convention in 1872 had no Spanish-speaking participants (compared to a significant portion of the 1849 convention) and ultimately voted 46–39 to revise the earlier clause so that all official proceedings would henceforth be published only in English.<sup id="cite_ref-Valdés_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valdés-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the displacement of Spanish from the public sphere, most of California continued to be home to Spanish-speaking communities through the 19th and 20th centuries into the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_California">Modern California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg/170px-Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg/255px-Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg/340px-Espanol-English_caution_sign_in_the_Californian_Desert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign where English and Spanish are displayed equally in size and font; the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin,_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg/170px-Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg/255px-Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg/340px-Bilingual_Spanish-English_welcome_sign_in_Arvin%2C_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual sign where English is displayed more prominently than Spanish, in the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish was the official administrative language of California through the Spanish and Mexican eras, until 1848. Following the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe-Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo</a>, the U.S Government initially guaranteed the rights of the Spanish-speaking citizens in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a> (1849) was written in both English and Spanish at the <a href="/wiki/California_Constitutional_Conventions" title="California Constitutional Conventions">Monterey Constitutional Convention of 1849</a> and it enshrined the constitutional rights of Spanish speakers to use their language in government proceedings and mandated that all government documents be published in both English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All laws, decrees, regulations, and provisions emanating from any of the three supreme powers of this State, which from their nature require publication, shall be published in English and Spanish.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">Constitution of California</a>, 1849, Art. XI Sec. 21.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>By 1870, the English-speaking American population had become the majority in California. The revised 1879 constitution stripped the rights of Spanish speakers and the official status of Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new constitution, all official proceedings were to be conducted exclusively in English, a clause that remained in effect until 1966. </p><p>The growth of the <a href="/wiki/English-only_movement" title="English-only movement">English-only movement</a> in the 20th century led to the passage of <a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_63" title="1986 California Proposition 63">1986 California Proposition 63</a>, which constitutionally enshrined English as the only official language in California and ended Spanish language instruction in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Bilingual_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Bilingual-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>English is the official language of the State of California.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Constitution of California, Art. 3, Sec. 6</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">government of California</a> has made efforts to expand its Spanish language capacity across a variety of agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish is widely spoken through the state and many local governments and special districts offer services and publications in both English and Spanish. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">Judiciary of California</a> provides live Spanish language interpretation in all 52 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of California">counties of California</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/California_superior_courts" title="California superior courts">Superior Courts of California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal" title="California Courts of Appeal">California Courts of Appeal</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_governments">Local governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Local governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coachella_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coachella_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Coachella_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coachella_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Coachella_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coachella_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Coachella_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3982" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coachella,_California" title="Coachella, California">Coachella</a> is an example of a city government that is officially bilingual in English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Coachella_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coachella-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">redistricting</a> processes of 225 (out of 482) <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in California">cities in California</a> are required to be conducted in both English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Coachella,_California" title="Coachella, California">Coachella</a> is officially bilingual in English and Spanish, both in government publications and city council proceedings,<sup id="cite_ref-Coachella_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coachella-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 90% of residents speaking Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Calexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Calexico">Calexico</a> is exploring becoming officially bilingual in English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Francisco" title="Government of San Francisco">city of San Francisco</a> recognizes Spanish as one of its official languages, alongside English, Chinese, Filipino, and Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Los Angeles">city of Los Angeles</a> mandates that all <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council" title="Los Angeles City Council">Los Angeles City Council</a> meetings be served by a Spanish language interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-Español_is_in_the_Air_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Español_is_in_the_Air-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LA council members regularly hold bilingual English/Spanish <a href="/wiki/Press_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Press conferences">press conferences</a> and often participate in Spanish <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">language immersion</a> courses in order to communicate directly with the high number of Spanish-speaking constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-Español_is_in_the_Air_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Español_is_in_the_Air-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Transportation" title="Los Angeles Department of Transportation">Los Angeles Department of Transportation</a> (LADOT) requires that "high quality and inclusive community engagement must be conducted in English and Spanish",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the LA Department of City Planning requires all city planning materials to be published in both English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png/220px-Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png/330px-Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png/440px-Wash_Your_Hands_Lavese_Las_Manos.png 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual English/Spanish <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a> public health notice</figcaption></figure> <p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_of_OC_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_OC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California" title="Chula Vista, California">Chula Vista</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria,_California" title="Santa Maria, California">Santa Maria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merced,_California" title="Merced, California">Merced</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California" title="San Juan Capistrano, California">San Juan Capistrano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fontana,_California" title="Fontana, California">Fontana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Los Angeles mandate live Spanish-language interpretation at all <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> sessions. There have been efforts to mandate live Spanish interpretation in government proceedings in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Voice_of_OC_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_OC-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities provide Spanish language interpretation services at city council meetings only upon request, such as <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murrieta,_California" title="Murrieta, California">Murrieta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities have announced mandates for live Spanish language interpretation at all public meetings, but have failed to fulfill these mandates, such as <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a> mandate that all public health notices, county board of supervisor meeting agendas, and emergency information be provided in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara County">Santa Clara County</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Mateo County">San Mateo County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Benito County">San Benito County</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the consolidated <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">City & County of San Francisco</a> provides Spanish language interpretation services at <a href="/wiki/County_board_of_supervisors" class="mw-redirect" title="County board of supervisors">county board of supervisors</a> meetings upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been efforts to mandate live Spanish interpretation in government proceedings in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Rip_current_warning_signs_at_Mission_Beach_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a> warnings at <a href="/wiki/Mission_Beach,_San_Diego" title="Mission Beach, San Diego">Mission Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Association_of_Governments" title="San Diego Association of Governments">San Diego Association of Governments</a> (SANDAG) mandates all public meetings must be staffed with bilingual English/Spanish staff, including English/Spanish court reporters, interpreters, and publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandag_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandag-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SANDAG also mandates all regional surveys be conducted in both English and Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-Sandag_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandag-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_public_safety">Police and public safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Police and public safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training has set standards for all law enforcement officers in California to meet a minimum fluency level in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County Sheriff">San Diego County Sheriff</a> operates the only Spanish-language <a href="/wiki/Police_academy" title="Police academy">police academy</a> in California, known as the <i>Academia del Agualcil</i> (Spanish for "Sheriff's Academy").<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Certified bilingual Spanish/English police officers are maintained by <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Police_Department" title="San Francisco Police Department">San Francisco PD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Police_Department" title="Santa Rosa Police Department">Santa Rosa PD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Rosa_&_Sonoma_County_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Rosa_&_Sonoma_County-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County_Sheriff%27s_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County Sheriff's Department">Sonoma County Sheriff's Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Rosa_&_Sonoma_County_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Rosa_&_Sonoma_County-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_language_media">Spanish language media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spanish language media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_(Los_Angeles_Star)_vol._I,_no._20,_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg/170px-La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg/255px-La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg/340px-La_Estrella_de_Los_Angeles_%28Los_Angeles_Star%29_vol._I%2C_no._20%2C_Octubre_30_de_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption><i>El Clamor Público</i> was a Spanish language <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> founded in 1855.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia,_Los_Angeles._1930s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-East_side_of_Main_Street_south_of_Arcadia%2C_Los_Angeles._1930s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><i>Librería Española</i>, a historic Spanish language bookstore in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Victorian Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown L.A.</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Covid_19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid 19 pandemic">Covid 19 pandemic</a>, Spanish language media has faced a crisis in California, with many local newspapers and radio stations closing and owners of Spanish newspapers shifting their resources towards English publications.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News">News</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: News"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a></i>, based in Los Angeles, is the largest Spanish-language news publication in the United States. </p><p>Most major English-language newspapers in California offer Spanish-language editions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">San Diego Union-Tribune en Español</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times en Español</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> does not publish a dedicated Spanish-language edition, but does publish select articles in Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does its sister publication <a href="/wiki/SFGATE" class="mw-redirect" title="SFGATE">SFGATE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a> had published a Spanish-language edition from 1998 until 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Jos%C3%A9_Spotlight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San José Spotlight (page does not exist)">San José Spotlight</a> maintains a Spanish language edition.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register" title="The Orange County Register">The Orange County Register</a></i> launched a Spanish language newspaper, <i>Unidos en el Sur de California</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Orange" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange">Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange</a> launched a Spanish language newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Star" title="Los Angeles Star">Los Angeles Star/Estrella de Los Ángeles</a></i> was the first <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> in Southern California, publishing in Los Angeles in both Spanish and English, from 1851 to 1879. <i>El Clamor Público</i> was another Spanish language newspaper published out of Los Angeles from 1855 to 1859. <i>La Sociedad</i> was based in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, published in Spanish from 1869 to 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, 19th century Mexican newspapers, such as <i><a href="/wiki/La_Orquesta" title="La Orquesta">La Orquesta</a></i>, published Californian editions alongside their primary Mexican editions. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Chicano_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicano movement">Chicano movement</a>, from the 1940's to the 1970's, activist-oriented Chicano publications popped up around California, particularly in large cities and on college campuses, such as <i><a href="/wiki/El_Malcriado" title="El Malcriado">El Malcriado</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Raza_(newspaper)" title="La Raza (newspaper)">La Raza</a></i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana feminist</a> papers like <i><a href="/wiki/Hijas_de_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Hijas de Cuauhtémoc">Hijas de Cuauhtémoc</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Estrella_TV" title="Estrella TV">Estrella TV</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Estrella_Media" title="Estrella Media">Estrella Media</a>, is a major Spanish language <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcaster" title="Television broadcaster">television broadcast network</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank, California</a>. <a href="/wiki/LATV" title="LATV">LATV</a> is a minor Spanish-English bilingual broadcast network, based in Los Angeles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>, the two largest Spanish news broadcasters in the United States, maintain local affiliates across California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_bilingual_education">Spanish bilingual education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish bilingual education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_bilingual_education_in_California" title="Spanish bilingual education in California">Spanish bilingual education in California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg/220px-Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg/330px-Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg/440px-Escuela_Popular_0683.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Escuela Popular, a Spanish-English <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">dual immersion</a> school in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, established in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_58" title="2016 California Proposition 58">2016 California Proposition 58</a> reversed the prohibition on <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">bilingual education</a>, though there are still many barriers to the proliferation of Spanish bilingual education, including a shortage of teachers and lack of funding.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_Bilingual_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Bilingual-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">government of California</a> has since made efforts to promote Spanish language access and bilingual education, <sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as have private educational institutions in California.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>LéaLA - La Feria del Libro en Español y Festival Literario de Los Ángeles</i> is an annual Spanish language <a href="/wiki/Book_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Book fair">book fair</a>, held at <a href="/wiki/LA_Plaza_de_Cultura_y_Artes" title="LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes">LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes</a> in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A signification portion of <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a> in California operate Spanish-English <a href="/wiki/Language_immersion" title="Language immersion">dual immersion</a> schools, including <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Unified_School_District" title="Santa Ana Unified School District">Santa Ana USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Unified_School_District" title="San José Unified School District">San José USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Unified_School_District" title="San Francisco Unified School District">San Francisco USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Unified_School_District" title="San Gabriel Unified School District">San Gabriel USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Unified_School_District" title="San Diego Unified School District">San Diego USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_City_Unified_School_District" title="San Bernardino City Unified School District">San Bernardino City USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District" title="Los Angeles Unified School District">Los Angeles USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pasadena_Unified_School_District" title="Pasadena Unified School District">Pasadena USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Coastal_Unified_School_District" title="San Luis Coastal Unified School District">San Luis Obispo Coastal USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Capistrano_Unified_School_District" title="Capistrano Unified School District">Capistrano USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salinas_City_Elementary_School_District" title="Salinas City Elementary School District">Salinas City ESD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Leandro_Unified_School_District" title="San Leandro Unified School District">San Leandro USD</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica-Malibu_Unified_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District">Santa Monica-Malibu USD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Community_College_District" title="Los Angeles Community College District">Los Angeles Community College District</a> operates select college programs with Spanish-language instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_language_arts_and_literature">Spanish language arts and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish language arts and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_(From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles),_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png/170px-Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png/255px-Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png/340px-Romualdo_Tirado%E2%80%99s_De_M%C3%A9xico_a_Los_%C3%81ngeles_%28From_Mexico_to_Los_Angeles%29%2C_Teatro_M%C3%A9xico.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Tirado" title="Romualdo Tirado">Romualdo Tirado</a>'s <i>De México a Los Ángeles</i> (1929), performed at the Teatro México in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <p>Contemporary Californian authors that write in the Spanish language include <a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javier_O._Huerta" title="Javier O. Huerta">Javier O. Huerta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodriguez" title="Richard Rodriguez">Richard Rodriguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_(writer)" title="Francisco Jiménez (writer)">Francisco Jiménez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Guerrero" title="Aurora Guerrero">Aurora Guerrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Francisco Aragón">Francisco Aragón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Espinoza_(writer)" title="Alex Espinoza (writer)">Alex Espinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Stephen D. Gutiérrez">Stephen D. Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reyna_Grande" title="Reyna Grande">Reyna Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Mart%C3%ADnez_(writer)" title="Rubén Martínez (writer)">Rubén Martínez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Ivan Argüelles">Ivan Argüelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chac%C3%B3n_(writer)" title="Daniel Chacón (writer)">Daniel Chacón</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/El_Teatro_Campesino" title="El Teatro Campesino">El Teatro Campesino</a> is a historic <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a> theatre company based in <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Bautista,_California" title="San Juan Bautista, California">San Juan Bautista, California</a>, performing in both Spanish and English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_business">Usage in business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Usage in business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many businesses in California promote the usage of Spanish by their employees, to better serve both California's Hispanic population and the larger <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish-speaking world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> California has legal protections against Spanish language discrimination in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Linguistic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Californian Spanish has a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">linguistic intonations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dept._of_Education_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dept._of_Education-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noted for the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> and its notable influence from English <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">anglicisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lope_Blanch_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lope_Blanch-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dept._of_Education_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dept._of_Education-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> exhibits <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntax">morphosyntactic</a> traits that are characterized by Spanish morphological structures that are applied to borrowed words and syntactic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg/220px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg/330px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg/440px-May_Day_Immigration_March_LA04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Spanish language signs at a <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> march in Los Angeles, in 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-DACA_rally_SF_20170905-8375_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Spanish sign at a 2017 <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protest in support of DACA</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Californian Spanish encompasses a number of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">linguistic varieties</a>, including: </p> <ul><li><b>Los Angeles Vernacular Spanish</b> (<i>español vernáculo de Los Angeles</i>), abbreviated as <b>LAVS</b>, is a Southern Californian variety originating in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Greater Los Angeles</a> area, which is primarily based in rural accents of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>, though with unique traits of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-JNER_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNER-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parodi_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parodi-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristics of LAVS include:<sup id="cite_ref-JNER_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNER-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parodi_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parodi-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> before <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (l’avena, l’alfalfa, l’espada)</li> <li>The simplification of <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> groups (<i>/eklise/</i> <eclipse>, <i>/sétimo/</i> <séptimo>, <i>/elétriko/</i> <eléctrico>)</li> <li>Lexical <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaisms</a> (i.e. mesmo, haiga, trujo, dende, agora)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">Lenition</a> of /y/ to /j/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_breaking" title="Vowel breaking">Diphthongization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">vowel hiatus</a> (<i>/ljon/</i> <león>, <i>/pjor/</i> <peor>, <i>/twaya/</i> <toalla>, <i>/kwete/</i> <cohete>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis_(linguistics)" title="Apheresis (linguistics)">Apheresis</a> (<i>pa</i> <para>, <i>tá</i> <está> , <i>ira</i> <mira>, <i>amá</i> <mamá>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a> (<i>/swidad/</i> <ciudad>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexical</a> contact phenomenons (carpeta, librería, troca, bil)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Bay Area Spanish</b> (<i>español de la Área de la Bahía</i>) is a Northern Californian variety originating in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area">Bay Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corpus_of_Bay_Area_Spanish_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corpus_of_Bay_Area_Spanish-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bay_Area_Spanish_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bay_Area_Spanish-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also based in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> dialects, and notably influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>, Bay Area Spanish is noted for its features resulting from the <a href="/wiki/California_Vowel_Shift" class="mw-redirect" title="California Vowel Shift">California Vowel Shift</a>, most notable having a more compressed <a href="/wiki/Vowel_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel space">vowel space</a> than other Mexican Spanish dialects, owing to the high degree of Spanish-English bilingualism in the Bay Area, which has resulted in speakers transferring <a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">articulatory phonetics</a> from one language to another, producing a similar modulation of the vowel space in both Spanish and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Corpus_of_Bay_Area_Spanish_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corpus_of_Bay_Area_Spanish-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bay_Area_Spanish_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bay_Area_Spanish-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Californio Spanish</b> (<i>español californio</i>) is a historic variety spoken by early <a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californios</a> throughout the Spanish, Mexican and early American eras of <a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">Californian history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JNER_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNER-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALFAL_1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALFAL_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hispania_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hispania-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ALFAL_2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALFAL_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">Languages of California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California English</a> – Dialect of English spoken in California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a> – Dialect of English spoken in the Southwestern United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló</a> – Argot of Spanish spoken in the Southwestern United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of California">Indigenous languages of California</a> – Native languages spoken in California</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">Spanish in North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">American Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">Hispanics and Latinos in California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Language2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Language2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?q=punjabi&g=040XX00US06&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001&moe=false">"American Community Survey: LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+becomes+one+of+San+Francisco%27s+official+languages&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fsan-francisco-vietnamese-official-language-rcna158080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+California" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Español_is_in_the_Air-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Español_is_in_the_Air_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Español_is_in_the_Air_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicceo.com/2009/10/in-los-angeles-city-hall-espanol-is-in-the-air-2/">Public CEO - In Los Angeles City Hall, Español is in the Air</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailynews.com/2022/12/23/translation-at-la-city-council-committee-meetings-still-lacking-members-say/">Los Angeles Daily News - Translation at LA City Council committee meetings still lacking, members say</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladot.lacity.org/bilingual-glossary-terms">LADOT Departamento de Transporte de Los Ángeles Glosario Bilingüe de Términos de Transporte</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planning.org/blog/9222947/language-access-inclusive-planning-in-los-angeles/">American Planning Association - Language Access: Inclusive Planning in Los Angeles</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanjosespotlight.com/san-jose-lags-on-language-translation-services/">San José Spotlight - San Jose lags on language translation services</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Voice_of_OC-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_OC_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Voice_of_OC_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voiceofoc.org/2023/03/lost-in-translation-oc-cities-shut-out-non-english-speakers-from-online-public-meeting-broadcasts/">Voice of OC - Lost in Translation: OC Cities Shut Out Non-English Speakers From Online Public Meeting Broadcasts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbsun.com/2022/05/05/san-bernardino-makes-council-meetings-more-accessible-to-spanish-speakers/">San Bernardino Sun - San Bernardino makes council meetings more accessible to Spanish speakers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lbpost.com/news/city-announces-spanish-translation-services-will-be-automatic-at-city-council-meetings/">Long Beach Post - City announces Spanish translation services will be automatic at City Council meetings</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/communities/south-county/chula-vista/story/2021-06-27/a-look-at-chula-vistas-efforts-to-make-its-meetings-more-linguistically-inclusive">The San Diego Union-Tribune - A familiar voice: Chula Vista expands efforts to make meetings accessible to Spanish speakers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vcstar.com/story/news/local/communities/ventura/2022/09/18/spanish-interpreters-translation-ventura-city-council-meetings/10381778002/">VC Star - Spanish translation program set for Ventura City Council meeting</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santamariatimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/santa-maria-city-council-opts-against-in-person-translators-continues-status-quo-for-meetings/article_5d3f258d-a95d-5867-aa10-3ad157d2b575.html">Santa Maria Times - 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Spanish Dual Language Immersion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgusd.k12.ca.us/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1810568&type=d&pREC_ID=1975402#:~:text=SGUSD%20Offers%20Dual%20Language%20Immersion,8%20at%20Jefferson%20Middle%20School">San Gabriel Unified School District - Dual Language Immersion (DLI) Programs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discover.sandiegounified.org/specialties/dual-language-programs">San Diego Unified School District - Dual Language Programs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbcusd.com/departments/educational-services-division/multilingual-programs/language-program-options#:~:text=subject%20matter%20content.-,Dual%20Immersion,students%20in%20grades%20TK%2D12th.">San Bernarduno City Unified School District - Language Program Options</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lausd.org/apolo">Los Angeles Unified School District - Dual Language Education</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pusd.us/domain/1288#:~:text=PUSD's%20Dual%20Language%20Immersion%20Program,%3A10%2C%20language%20immersion%20model.">Pasadena Unified School District - DUAL LANGUAGE IMMERSION PROGRAM (DLIP)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slcusd.org/academics/bilingual-ed">San Luis Obispo Coastal School District - Bilingual Education</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capousd.org/Departments/Education--Support-Services/English-Learner-ELS/Language-Immersion/Language-Immersion-Programs/index.html#:~:text=CUSD%20has%20promoted%20Language%20Immersion,offered%20at%20one%20elementary%20site.">Capistrano Unified School District - Language Immersion Programs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salinascityesd.org/Page/62">Salinas City Elementary School District - Emergent Bilingual Programs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slusd.us/dual-language-immersion-programs/">San Leandro Unified School District - Dual Language Immersion Programs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smmusd.org/domain/549">Santa Monica Unified School District - Spanish Immersion Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beverlypress.com/2022/12/laccd-offering-spanish-language-classes/">Beverly Press - LACCD offering Spanish-language classes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smdailyjournal.com/sponsored/will-spanish-overtake-english-as-the-most-spoken-language-of-california/article_0a193d8e-88f9-11ec-b067-bbf4bca11bba.html">San Mateo Daily Journal - Will Spanish Overtake English as the Most Spoken Language of California?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://janerosenthal.com/live-in-california-learn-spanish/">Jane Rosenthal - Should you learn to speak Spanish if you live in California</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/civil-rights/386786-whats-wrong-with-speaking-spanish-at-work-nada/">The Hill - 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Nada</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lope_Blanch-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lope_Blanch_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLope_Blanch1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lope Blanch, Juan M. (Winter 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27762650">"Anglicismos en el español de California"</a>. <i>Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 261–267. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27762650">27762650</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+San+Diego+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Spanish-Language+Television+in+San+Diego%3A+A+Contemporary+History&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1%262&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Kristin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2Fv50-1%2Fspanish_tv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+language+in+California" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_language_in_California&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Americas<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)"><i>Caló</i> <small>(<i>Chicano</i>)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Californian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></i> <ul><li><small>Chiloé Archipelago</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central western Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Ecuador</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a></i> <ul><li><small>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a></i> <ul><li><small>Zulia State</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a></i> <ul><li><small>Paisa Region</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a></i> <ul><li><small>Colombia-Ecuador border</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Peru</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></i> <small>(Galicia)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></i> <small>(Extremadura)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></i> <small>(creole)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a></i> <small>(mixed language)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></i> <small>(Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a></i> <ul><li><small>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a></i> <ul><li><small>Central America</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozal_Spanish" title="Bozal Spanish">Bozal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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