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src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-1151388718-1200x675.jpg" alt="Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GettyImages-1151388718-scaled.jpg" class="post-lightbox" data-rel="lightcase:post_gallery_23933"></a> </div> </div> <div class="post-item-single-container"> <div class="post-single-meta"> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/dlhe-19-storocie/">Dlhé 19. storočie</a></div> </div> <a class="post-title"> <h1> Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="23933"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h1> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date post-auhor-date-full"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-martin-tkac/"> <img alt='' src='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6.jpg' srcset='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-28 photo post-author-image' height='28' width='28' decoding='async'/> </a> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-martin-tkac/" class="post-author">Mgr. Martin Tkáč</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/dlhe-19-storocie/napoleon-sa-utekom-z-elby-pokusil-vzopriet-osudu/" class="post-date"> 29. februára 2024 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 11 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="23933"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content post-single-content"> <p><em>Napoleona, ktorý predtým desaťročie dominoval starému kontinentu, prikovala abdikácia a vyhnanstvo na malom stredomorskom ostrove Elba. Avšak Bonaparte, ktorý sa s vyhnanstvom nikdy nezmieril, vyčkával do času, keď nastane priaznivá situácia pre návrat. Na konci zimy 1815 sa zdalo, že opäť nadišla jeho chvíľa. </em></p> <div style="height:25px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p>Napolen sa po odchode do prvého vyhnanstva stal <em>cisárom a vládcom Elby</em> a mal podľa zmluvy, ktorú podpísal ešte vo Fontainebleau, dostávať penziu vo výške 2 milióny frankov ročne (dnes asi 5 400 000 eur), čo malo stačiť pokryť náklady jeho miniatúrneho dvora a zároveň aj udržať armádu asi o sile 1000 mužov. Avšak Bourbonovci túto zmluvu nedodržiavali a Napoleon, ktorý mal na kontinente veľa nepriateľov, sa začal obávať o svoj pofidérny trón aj život.</p> <p>Na jednej strane vedel o plánoch francúzskych rojalistov a vládnych agentov na jeho vraždu, pričom si tiež uvedomoval, že Stredozemné more bolo ešte plné severoafrických pirátov, pre ktorých by predstavoval veľmi cennú korisť. Napoleon sa stal postupne takým podozrievavým, že každú noc spal v inej posteli. Hoci mal ochranu v podobe svojho vojska, obával sa, že hneď ako sa mu minú peniaze, aj títo muži ho opustia. Objavovali sa dokonca správy o jeho premiestnení na iné, vzdialenejšie miesto (spomínala sa aj Svätá Helena) a Španielsko údajne zvažovalo možnosť expedície a jeho zajatie. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Napoleon_Bonaparte_auf_Elba.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="795565968" data-slb-internal="0"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="595" height="685" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Napoleon_Bonaparte_auf_Elba.jpg" alt="Napoleon Bonaparte auf Elba - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23935" style="width:744px;height:auto" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Napoleon_Bonaparte_auf_Elba.jpg 595w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Napoleon_Bonaparte_auf_Elba-585x673.jpg 585w" sizes="(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><sub>Napoleon na ostrove Elba.</sub></em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Keď sa v októbri 1814 stretli vo Viedni hlavy európskych mocností, nebolo už žiadnym tajomstvom, že ho chcú presunúť. Napoleon preto začal vážne uvažovať nad tým, aké ďalšie kroky podnikne. Ujsť do Spojených štátov by bolo možné, len ak by sa vyhol anglickému námorníctvu, čo však bolo veľmi ťažké. Ostávalo teda len skúsiť šťastie opäť vo Francúzsku.</p> <p>Druhý motív k jeho úteku súvisel s peniazmi. Bourbonovci mu finančné prostiedky neposielali podľa dohody, a Napoleon tak nemal prostriedky realizovať svoje projekty. V dôsledku toho sa začal nudiť a pomýšľať na ďalšie dobrodružstvo. Zistil totiž, že všetky dostupné reformy už zaviedol a na tie nákladnejšie nemal zdroje. Preto zahorkol a začal byť náladový a pomstychtivý. </p> <p>No a napokon tretím dôvodom bol fakt, že Bourbonovcom sa nepodarilo vytvoriť si dôvernejší vzťah s Francúzmi. Ako povedal Talleyrand (hoci podľa S. Wintera to bol Napoleon na Svätej Helene, keď sa dozvedel o Neyovej poprave): „<em>Nikdy nezabudli a nič sa nenaučili.</em>“</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Francúzsko netúži po Bonapartovi, ale nechce Bourbonovcov</strong></h2> <p>Bourbonovcov privítala časť krajiny s radosťou (napríklad západ krajiny), avšak vo všeobecnosti platilo, že nižšie vrstvy a armáda radosť nemali. Cisárski dôstojníci boli prepúšťaní alebo posielaní do dôchodku. Minulé víťazstvá boli anulované, pluky premenované a farby zmenené. Za šesť mesiacov od prinavrátenia trónu si dokázal kráľ znepriateliť vyše polovicu národa a skoro celú armádu. Nižšie vrstvy pobúrilo zrušenie vyvlastnenia časti šľachtických a cirkevných majetkov a ich návrat pôvodným vlastníkom, prípadne ich finančné odškodnenie. Bolo prepustených veľa úradníkov pôsobiacich v časoch cisárstva, ktorí boli nahradzovaní z emigrácie sa navrátivšími šľachticmi, a to bez ohľadu na ich skutočné schopnosti.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1841895409" data-slb-internal="0"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="538" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii-1024x538.jpg" alt="louis xviii - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23937" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii-768x403.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii-585x307.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/louis_xviii.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><sub>Francúzsky kráľ Ľudovít XVIII.</sub></em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Avšak Ľudovít XVIII., paradoxne, svojou vládou v krajine nič zásadné nepokazil. Bol však starý, obézny a nenásitný. Keď raz počas vojenskej prehliadky spadol, odmietol, aby mu pomohol vstať ktokoľvek iný okrem vyššieho dôstojníka. Dovtedy ostal ležať na zemi, kým dôstjoník neprišiel. Rozdiel medzi porazeným cisárom (aj keď aj ten na Elbe stučnel) a vládnucim kráľom asi ani nemohol byť väčší.</p> <p>Na Elbu o tomto všetkom chodili správy a návštevníci údajne Napoleona prehovárali, aby tomu učinil koniec. Bolo však jasné, že Francúzsko netúžilo po ďalšej zmene režimu. Bohatšie vrstvy spoločnosti stáli skôr za Ľudovítom XVIII. a Napoleonov prípadný návrat tak mohol pokojne vyvolať občiansku vojnu. Jazýčkom na váhach sa preto stali aktívni a cieľavedomí jedinci, ktorých bolo najviac v armáde. Za cisárstva sa im darilo dobre, ale teraz bola veľká časť z nich bez práce a čo bolo horšie, aj bez životného cieľa. Bolo úplne prirodzené, že Bonaparte načúval práve im. Pokúsiť sa o prevrat bola veľmi smelá myšlienka, avšak Napoleon vždy riskoval rád a jeho útek z Egypta mu v tej dobe musel prísť na um. Začal si zapisovať presuny britských lodí v okolí a na začiatku februára 1815 sa rozhodol. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Napoleon prekračuje svoj rubikon</strong></h2> <p>Defintívne rozhodnutie pravdepodobne padlo 15. februára 1815. Napoleon sa pokúsi vrátiť do Paríža a uchvátiť trón. A ako vždy, expedíciu plánoval veľmi svedomito. Zatiaľ čo jeho granátnici cvičili v prístave, nechal opraviť fregatu <em>Inconstant</em> a upravil na morskú plavbu viacero bárok. Zároveň sa však bolo potrebné ponáhľať, keďže Ľudovít XVIII. postupne nahrádzal Napoleonovi oddaných dôstojníkov svojimi ľuďmi. Navyše sa cisár dozvedel, že Spojené kráľovstvo uzavrelo mier so Spojenými štátmi, čo znamenalo, že britské jednotky, predtým nasadené v Amerike, budú zasa dislokované v Európe. Anglické lode v Stredomorí mu mohli všetky plány prekaziť.</p> <p>Dňa 26. februára prišiel rozkaz nalodiť sa a večer o deviatej hodine fregata a šesť menších lodí vyplávali. Na palubách sa tiesnilo 600 vojakov Starej gardy, stovka poľských kopijníkov, štyri delá a traja generáli (jeden z nich bol Antoine Drouot, ktorý nasledoval Bonaparta do vyhnanstva a stal sa guvernérom Elby).</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="756210893" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="606" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836-1024x606.jpg" alt="Beaume Napoleon Ier quittant lile dElbe 1836 - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23938" style="width:781px;height:auto" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836-1024x606.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836-768x454.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836-1536x909.jpg 1536w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836-585x346.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Beaume_-_Napoleon_Ier_quittant_lile_dElbe_-_1836.jpg 1947w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><sub>Napoleon opúšťa ostrov Elba 26. februára 1815.</sub></em></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="histo-display_v-obsahu histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-1184134271" data-histo-trackid="21127" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="5846102904" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><p>Napoleon urobil čo sa dalo, aby navodil dojem, že jeho hlavným cieľom je Neapol. Cestou malej flotile skrížila trasu britská loď a neskôr dokonca tri francúzske, avšak nikto si nevšimol vojakov ležiacich na palube. Dňa 1. marca sa vylodil na pobreží v zálive Juan na juhu Francúzska, čo potvrdilo, kam naozaj mieri. Veľké vášne medzi prítomnými to nevyvolalo a dvadsať jeho mužov poslaných do blízkych Antibes bolo dokonca zatknutých. Následne sa presunul do Cannes, odkiaľ vyrazil na sever. Vojaci malej armády mali zakázané používať zbrane a podľa neskorších výpovedí, keďže boli nadšení, že sú opäť vo Francúzsku, ich ani nechceli použiť.</p> <p>O polnoci sa vydali na pochod, využívajúc vedľajšie cesty, aby nepritiahli na seba neželanú pozornosť. Postupovali k Grenoblu, Napoleon sa totiž snažil vyhnúť Marseille, kde velil maršal Masséna silnej rojalistickej posádke – pri svojej snahe uchvátiť trón nemohol preliať ani kvapku francúzskej krvi, preto sa vyhýbal boju a postupoval tam, kde očakával priaznivé prijatie. Kolóna sa nestretla so žiadnym odporom, pokiaľ neprišla do Laffrey, čo bolo 7. marca. Tam prehradil Napoleonovej miniarmáde cestu prápor pechoty patriaci k piatemu pešiemu pluku. Tu sa odohrala legendárna scéna, keď cisár vyšiel pred pechotu, ktorá blokovala cestu so slovami, že kto chce, môže ho zastreliť. Kráľovská pechota však prepukla v pokrik: „<em>Vive l´Empereur!</em>“ a pridala sa k cisárovi. </p> <p>Keď sa správy o zbehnutí práporu dostali do Paríža, zachvátila ministrov Ľudovíta XVIII. panika. Po dosiahnutí Grenoblu sa Napoleonovi dostalo vrelého uvítania (aj keď iba od časti obyvateľstva), čo spustilo lavínu. Tu sa k nemu pridal aj plukovník la Bédoyère s celým plukom, avšak až potom, čo robotníci otvorili práve ním zavreté mestské brány. V Lyone ľudia strhli barikády, ktoré blokovali mosty, a Napoleon doň následne triumfálne vstúpil. Od tohto okamihu letel orol na Paríž neuveriteľným tempom.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett.webp" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1564422586" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="605" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett.webp" alt="france 1815 napoleon returning everett - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23939" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett.webp 900w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett-768x516.webp 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett-280x189.webp 280w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/france-1815-napoleon-returning-everett-585x393.webp 585w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub><em>Napoleon pri Laffrey.</em></sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Cestou sa k nemu pridávali ďalšie a ďalšie regulárne jednotky. Dňa 14. marca sa k cisárovi v Auxerre pridal maršal Ney, ktorý potom, ako dostal rozkaz bývalého cisára verejne zatknúť, vyhlásil, že ho kráľovi „<em>privedie späť v železnej klietke.</em>“ Ney však vycítil, že jeho muži kolísajú a prípadný rozkaz by možno nesplnili, a tak zmenil strany. Dňa 20. marca bol Bonaparte vo Fontainableau. Kráľovský režim sa zrútil už v noci z 19. na 20. marca, keď kráľ utiekol do Gentu. Ako sa šírili zvesti, Bonapartovi stúpenci prevzali kontrolu nad Parížom a znova zaviala trikolóra. A keď o deviatej večer vstúpil cisár do zámku Tuileries, všetko bolo pripravené na jeho opätovné privítanie. Dav bol natoľko početný, že mal problém sa predrať k dverám.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Prvé chybičky v pláne</strong></h2> <p>Celá akcia bola bezpochyby viac-menej zúfalým podnikom, ktorý mohol rovnako dobre skončiť aj neúspechom, ale dovtedy všetko vychádzalo v Napoleonov prospech – dokonca lepšie, než to očakával aj optimista jeho formátu. No na druhej strane, viacero vecí hralo v jeho neprospech. Dovtedy platilo, že protinapoleonské koalície sa formovali pomaly, ich velitelia zle koordinovali svoje kroky a armády zostavovali oveľa pomalšie než Francúzi. Avšak tentoraz správy o úteku kráľa a návrate cisára vyvolali na Viedenskom kongrese búrku znepokojenia až hrôzy. Vládcovia európskych mocností sa dokázali do niekoľkých hodín stretnúť a následne sa dohodnúť na protiopatreniach. Napoleonov návrat znamenal aj znovuobjavenie solidarity a vzájomných vzťahov medzi spojencami, ktoré sa počas trvania kongresu začali rozpadať.</p> <p>Francúzske prosby o rokovania neboli vypočuté, 13. marca 1815 bol Napoleon vyhlásený za „nepriateľa ľudstva“ a 25. marca sa oficiálne sformovala koalícia. Bonaparte bol označený za vyhnanca, bolo nariadené jeho zatknutie a prijaté vojenské riešenie, ktoré to malo zariadiť. Táto rýchlosť pripomínala predchádzajúcu Napoleonovu pohotovosť a toto zistenie mu bolo určite nemilé. Siedma (a posledná) koalícia sa sformovala za niekoľko hodín. Pomohla tomu aj prítomnosť Wellingtona vo Viedni, kde predtým nakrátko nahradil britského ministra zahraničných vecí, lorda Castlereagha.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GW_HUM_1st-duke-of-wellington-arthur-wellesley_770x510.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="384218149" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="770" height="510" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GW_HUM_1st-duke-of-wellington-arthur-wellesley_770x510.jpg" alt="GW HUM 1st duke of wellington arthur - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23940" style="width:760px;height:auto" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GW_HUM_1st-duke-of-wellington-arthur-wellesley_770x510.jpg 770w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GW_HUM_1st-duke-of-wellington-arthur-wellesley_770x510-768x509.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GW_HUM_1st-duke-of-wellington-arthur-wellesley_770x510-585x387.jpg 585w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub><em>Arthur Wellesley, vojvoda z Wellingtonu.</em></sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Wellington sa tešil skvelej povesti a navyše prejavil aj výborné politické a diplomatické schopnosti. Bol menovaný generalissimom všetkých jednotiek vo Flandersku (zahŕňalo to britské, holandské, belgické a nemecké jednotky). Navyše dobre odhadol, že Bonaparte, ak zaútočí, urobí výpad severným smerom. Spojenci sa zaviazali, že postavia armádu o veľkosti minimálne 150-tisíc mužov, ktorá nebude rozpustená dovtedy, pokiaľ nebude Napoleon zničený. Avšak práve takto veľkú armádu zdedil cisár po Bourbonovcoch. Z nej sa tretina dala zhromaždiť do konca marca a výpad na sever mohol začať už v prvých aprílových dňoch. Tentoraz sa však cisár rozhodol z politických dôvodov čakať. </p><div class="histo-obsah histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-2024922293" data-histo-trackid="21180" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="6364977653" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>S cieľom upokojiť európskych vladárov po návrate do Paríža hneď oznámil, že akceptuje hranice podľa Parížskej zmluvy z roku 1814, že odmieta akékoľvek predchádzajúce nároky a že si praje žiť v mieri. V snahe nakloniť si na svoju stranu Britov dokonca zakázal obchod s otrokmi. Nechcel, aby sa stal opäť agresorom, a tak vyčkával až do času, keď bolo jasné, že spojenci chcú napadnúť Francúzsko. Talleyrand, minister Ľudovíta XVIII., ktorý na kongrese zastupoval Francúzsko, vedel, že jeho kariéra je v koncoch, ak veľmoci akceptujú status quo, teda Bonaparteho na tróne.</p> <p>Vytvoril preto dokument, podľa ktorého opustenie Elby fakticky znamenalo koniec Napoleonovho práva na existenciu, bol označený za vyhnanca a za legitímny cieľ politickej vraždy. Metternich a iní protestovali proti takto drasticky koncipovanému opisu vecí. Nasledovala plamenná debata, na konci ktorej bol text pozmenený. Politická vražda bola odmietnutá, zatiaľ čo vyhlásenie Bonaparta za vyhnanca bolo potvrdené. Akékoľvek možnosti na vyriešenie situácie diplomatickou cestou tak boli zamietnuté.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Ako sa mohol Napoleon brániť?</strong></h2> <p>Zdalo sa nemožné, že by sa vojna dala vyhrať. Preto aj Napoleon dlho váhal medzi obranou hraníc a preventívnym útokom. Podľa svojho súkromného sekretára H. G. Mareta mal pred začatím kampane dve možnosti. Prvá bola vyčkať v defenzíve, nechať nepriateľov preniknúť do Francúzska a potom manévrovať tak, aby využil ich chyby. Druhá možnosť bola začať ofenzívu proti spojeneckým armádam formujúcim sa v Belgicku, a potom konať podľa vývoja udalostí. Maret spomína, že Napoleon chcel využiť prvú možnosť, ale civili, ktorí boli pozvaní, aby vyjadrili svoj názor, boli proti a ani parlament by to nepodporil.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Entree-Napoleon-Grenoble.jpg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1186741695" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="550" height="319" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Entree-Napoleon-Grenoble.jpg" alt="Entree Napoleon Grenoble - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23941" style="width:753px;height:auto"></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><sub>Napoleon vstupuje do Grenoblu.</sub></em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Zdá sa nezvyčajné, že by sa cisár poddal takémuto tlaku, keďže prvá z možností ponúkala lepšie vyhliadky. K dispozícii mal vyše pol milióna mužov. Túto silu mohol držať v zálohe, aby následne vyrážal poraziť jednotlivé prenikajúce armády nepriateľa, a to tak, ako to urobil kedysi počas svojej talianskej kampane. Rovnako mohla invázia spojencov prebudiť patriotizmus a elán v boji proti cudziemu nepriateľovi, ako to bolo v 1792. Je však možné, že by spojenci, čeliac Bonapartovej defenzíve a vyhliadke vpádu do krajiny, ktorá nechcela útočiť mimo svojich hraníc, spomalili a dopriali si čas na rozmyslenie, keďže ich vlastné armády boli unavené rokmi bojov.</p> <p>Vo Francúzsku sa nádeje, že ľud v prípade potreby povstane a bude bojovať proti útočníkom, nezakladali na pravde. Vyššie triedy vyjadrovali nesúhlas a túžbu po kompromise. Prevládal nepokoj a strach, za cisárom stáli väčšinou len chudobnejší. Navyše, hoci si Bonaparte vypočul rady, jeho postoj asi najlepšie vyjadril generál Rumigny: „<em>Rozumná stredná cesta nie je nikdy správna v čase krízy.</em>“ (Zamoyski, s. 615)</p> <p>Napoleon si preto vybral boj. Invázia do Belgicka mohla zničiť formujúce sa nepriateľské armády, Bonaparte mohol obsadiť Brusel a vytvoriť lepšie podmienky pre ďalšie vyjednávanie. Napokon, úspech na fronte by pomohol zlepšiť aj domácu situáciu, a tak ho nakoniec viedli rovnaké motívy a stál pred rovnakou situáciou ako v roku 1803 a bitkou pri Marengu. Jeho politická moc musela byť obhájená na bojisku.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-scaled.jpeg" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="993813809" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="683" height="1024" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-683x1024.jpeg" alt="01 napoleon waterloo 2x3 - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" class="wp-image-23942" style="width:750px;height:auto" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-683x1024.jpeg 683w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-1365x2048.jpeg 1365w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-585x878.jpeg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-768x1152.jpeg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-1024x1536.jpeg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/01-napoleon-waterloo_2x3-scaled.jpeg 1707w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em><sub>Napoleon pri Waterloo.</sub></em></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Avšak tým, že nepodnikol výpad ihneď, sa situácia spojencov zlepšila. To bola prvá chyba. Napoleon síce dokázal postaviť armádu o sile 360-tisíc mužov, pričom až polovica bola pripravená na útok. Tu však urobil druhú chybu, a to že na výpad vyčlenil len 120-tisíc vojakov a zvyšok rozptýlil na hraniciach. Jeho treťou chybou bolo, že neprijal späť do služby Murata, hoci z jeho dvadsiatich dovtedy slúžiacich maršalov ostali viacerí v službách kráľa (napr. Marmont, Victor a McDonald), iní sa skrývali a ďalší, ako napríklad Masséna, chceli zostať mimo diania. Ostala mu teda len polovica maršalov a jeden čerstvo vymenovaný, Emmanuel de Grouchy. V znameniach blížiacej sa vojny bola armáda síce oporou cisára, chýbali jej však najvyšší dôstojníci.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Kocky sú hodené</strong></h2> <p>Medzitým ako Bonaparte vyčkával, sily jeho nepriateľov rástli. Začiatkom júna 1815 mala spojenecká armáda so štábom v Bruseli viac než 90-tisíc vojakov a Prusi pod vedením Blüchera v Namure asi 116-tisíc. Spojenci boli rozostavení od východu na západ s ťažiskom v Charleroi. A práve tu mal Bonaparte v pláne zaútočiť. Dňa 11. júna 1815 vyrazil z Paríža a len za tri dni dokázal sformovať svoju armádu do tvaru trojitého klinu, pričom vojsko pôvodne stanovalo pozdĺž hraníc. Rýchlosť, akou sa toto všetko udialo, svedčila o kvalite vydaných rozkazov. Dá sa povedať, že o jeho forme a rozhodnosti na začiatku ťaženia nebolo pochýb. Napriek tomu, že sa Blücher a Wellington snažili dostať k čo najpresnejším informáciám o pohybe nepriateľa, takéto bleskurýchle presuny ich nepríjemne prekvapili.</p> <p>Bonaparte rozdelil svoje sily na dve krídla (velili im Ney a Grouchy) a stred, ktorému velil on sám. Postup na Charleloi mal jasný cieľ: nedovoliť, aby sa Prusi a Briti spojili, a prečíslili tak francúzske vojsko. Ney mohol napadnút Wellingtona alebo Grouchy Blüchera a cisár mohol presúvať stred tam, kde by presúvalo ťažisko boja. Ako vždy však Napoleon dúfal, že sa mu podarí rozdrviť nepriateľov jedného po druhom. Dňa 15. júna sa francúzske armády dali do pohybu. Začal sa posledný let orla.</p> <div style="height:27px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Použitá literatúra</strong></h3> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Jůn, L.: <em>Napoleonské války. </em>Praha 2005.</li> <li>Haythornthwaite, P.: <em>Napoleonovi vojevůdci 1809-1815. </em>Praha 2007.</li> <li>Winter, S.: <em>Napoleon Bonaparte: jeho maršálové a ministři. </em>Praha 2009.</li> <li>Zamoyski, A.: Napoleon: The Man Behind the Myth. London 2019.</li> </ul>   <div class="molongui-clearfix"></div><div id="mab-6047839339" class="m-a-box " data-box-layout="slim" data-box-position="below" data-multiauthor="false" data-author-id="70" data-author-type="user" data-author-archived=""><div class="m-a-box-container"><div class="m-a-box-tab m-a-box-content m-a-box-profile" data-profile-layout="layout-1" data-author-ref="user-70" itemscope itemid="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-martin-tkac/" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="m-a-box-content-top"></div><div class="m-a-box-content-middle"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar" data-source="local"><a class="m-a-box-avatar-url" href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-martin-tkac/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Martin Tkac6 - Napoleon sa útekom z Elby pokúsil vzoprieť osudu" itemprop="image" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-70x70.jpg 70w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-80x80.jpg 80w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-585x585.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-220x220.jpg 220w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-300x300.jpg 300w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Martin_Tkac6-100x100.jpg 100w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px"></a></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-data"><div class="m-a-box-name m-a-box-title"><h5 itemprop="name"><a class="m-a-box-name-url " href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-martin-tkac/" itemprop="url"> Mgr. Martin Tkáč</a></h5></div><div class="m-a-box-bio" itemprop="description"><p>Vyštudoval históriu na Prešovskej univerzite v Prešove. Venuje sa hlavne dejinám novoveku a najnovším dejinám, so zameraním na dejiny Francúzska od Veľkej francúzskej revolúcie do konca druhého cisárstva, a Francúzsku v druhej svetovej vojne.</p></div></div></div><div class="m-a-box-content-bottom"></div></div></div></div><div class="histo-amp_random histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; " id="histo-1541473945" data-histo-trackid="21178" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="4732275943" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var advads_content_p = jQuery("#histo-1541473945").parent().children("p:not(table p):not(blockquote p):not(div.wp-caption p)").filter(function(){return jQuery.trim(this.innerHTML)!==""});var advads_content_random_p = advads_content_p.eq( Math.round(Math.random() * ( advads_content_p.length - 1) ) );if( advads_content_random_p.length ) { advads.move("#histo-1541473945", advads_content_random_p, { method: "insertAfter" }); }});</script> </div> <div class="sh-page-links"></div> <div class="post-tags-container"> <div class="post-tags"> <a class="post-tags-item post-tags-item-title"> Tagy </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/bitka-pri-waterloo/" class="post-tags-item"> #Bitka pri Waterloo </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/bourbonovci/" class="post-tags-item"> #Bourbonovci </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/elba/" class="post-tags-item"> #Elba </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/francuzko/" class="post-tags-item"> #Francúzko </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/napoleon-bonaparte/" class="post-tags-item"> #Napoleon Bonaparte </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/napoleonske-vojny/" class="post-tags-item"> #napoleonské vojny </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/sto-dni/" class="post-tags-item"> #Sto dní </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/waterloo/" class="post-tags-item"> #Waterloo </a> </div> <div class="sh-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-related-title post-slide-arrows-container"> <h2 class="post-single-title"> Mohlo by sa vám páčiť </h2> </div> <div class="post-related"> <div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-6429" class="post-item post-6429 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-dlhe-19-storocie category-velka-vojna tag-balkanske-vojny tag-kosovo tag-osmanska-risa tag-srbsko tag-vojenska-historia"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/petarprvi-420x265.jpeg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/dlhe-19-storocie/1-balkanska-vojna-vratila-kosovo-srbom/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/dlhe-19-storocie/">Dlhé 19. storočie</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/dlhe-19-storocie/1-balkanska-vojna-vratila-kosovo-srbom/" class="post-title"> <h4> 1. balkánska vojna vrátila Kosovo Srbom <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="6429"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-maros-melicharek-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. 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