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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Low Countries (1337–1341)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Countries_(1337–1341)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brittany_(1341–1345)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brittany_(1341–1345)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Brittany (1341–1345)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brittany_(1341–1345)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truce_of_Malestroit_(1343–1345)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truce_of_Malestroit_(1343–1345)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Truce of Malestroit (1343–1345)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truce_of_Malestroit_(1343–1345)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_victories_(1345–1351)" 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_los_Cien_A%C3%B1os_(1337-1360)" title="Guerra de los Cien Años (1337-1360) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de los Cien Años (1337-1360)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_(%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B3%DB%B7%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B6%DB%B0)" title="جنگ صدساله (۱۳۳۷–۱۳۶۰) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ صدساله (۱۳۳۷–۱۳۶۰)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="에드워드 전쟁 – 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Edwardian War (1337–1360)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/300px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/450px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/600px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1755" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> in 1346 (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Chronicles</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1337–1360</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> English victory<br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">War resumes in 1369</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1340-1367).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/15px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/23px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_(Ancient).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/10px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/10px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/15px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/20px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Duchy of Gascony</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/10px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/15px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg/20px-Arms_of_Aquitaine_and_Guyenne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a></li></ul> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_Bretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blason_de_Bretagne.svg/15px-Blason_de_Bretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blason_de_Bretagne.svg/23px-Blason_de_Bretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blason_de_Bretagne.svg/30px-Blason_de_Bretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Duchy of Brittany</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/15px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/23px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/30px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/15px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/23px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg/30px-Hainaut_Modern_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/15px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_League_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/15px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/23px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/30px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a><br /><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Genoese_crossbowmen" title="Genoese crossbowmen">Genoese mercenaries</a>)</sup><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/15px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/23px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/30px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonLorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/15px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/23px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/30px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Majorque.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/15px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/23px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Armoiries_Majorque.svg/30px-Armoiries_Majorque.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg/15px-Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg/23px-Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg/30px-Evolution_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="923" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a><br /> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_(1284-1390).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/15px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/23px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg/30px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Crown_of_Castile_%281284-1390%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_England_(1340-1367).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/15px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/23px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_England_%281340-1367%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_(Ancient).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Prince_of_Wales_%28Ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">The Black Prince</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_House_of_de_Bohun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/15px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/23px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/30px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Lancaster</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg/15px-Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg/23px-Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg/30px-Arms_of_John_III_of_Grailly.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_III_de_Grailly" title="Jean III de Grailly">Jean de Grailly</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/15px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/23px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/30px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MontaguArms_Unquartered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MontaguArms_Unquartered.png/15px-MontaguArms_Unquartered.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MontaguArms_Unquartered.png/23px-MontaguArms_Unquartered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MontaguArms_Unquartered.png/30px-MontaguArms_Unquartered.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Montagu, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stafford_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stafford_arms.svg/15px-Stafford_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stafford_arms.svg/23px-Stafford_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stafford_arms.svg/30px-Stafford_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="563" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Stafford" title="Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford">Earl of Stafford</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg/15px-Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg/23px-Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg/30px-Blason_Jean_Chandos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Chandos" title="John Chandos">John Chandos</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg/15px-Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg/23px-Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg/30px-Blason_province_fr_Artois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Artois" title="Robert III of Artois">Robert d'Artois</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/15px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/23px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg/30px-Thomas_de_Beauchamp_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Beauchamp_II" title="Guy de Beauchamp II">Guy de Beauchamp</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neville_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neville_arms.svg/15px-Neville_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neville_arms.svg/23px-Neville_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Neville_arms.svg/30px-Neville_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Neville,_2nd_Baron_Neville" title="Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville">Ralph Neville</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg/15px-Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg/23px-Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg/30px-Modern_arms_of_Percy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="449" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Percy,_2nd_Baron_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy">Henry Percy</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_be_Gand_(Flandre-Orientale).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg/15px-Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg/23px-Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg/30px-Blason_ville_be_Gand_%28Flandre-Orientale%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde" title="Jacob van Artevelde">Jacob van Artevelde</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_dauphin_Charles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg/15px-Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg/23px-Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg/30px-Blason_famille_Quieret_de_Fransu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Qui%C3%A9ret" title="Hugues Quiéret">Hugues Quiéret</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg/15px-Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg/23px-Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg/30px-Armoiries_Brienne-Eu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Raoul_II_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu" title="Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu">Raoul of Brienne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg/15px-Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg/23px-Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg/30px-Alen%C3%A7on_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles II, Count of Alençon">Charles of Alençon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlasonLorraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/15px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/23px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BlasonLorraine.svg/30px-BlasonLorraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rudolph,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine">Rudolph of Lorraine</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg/15px-Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg/23px-Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg/30px-Old_Arms_of_Blois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="704" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Count_of_Blois" title="Louis II, Count of Blois">Louis of Châtillon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Philippe_de_France_(1336-1375)_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg/15px-Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg/23px-Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg/30px-Blason_Philippe_de_France_%281336-1375%29_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philip, Duke of Orléans">Philip of Orléans</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg/15px-Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg/23px-Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg/30px-Blason_Charles_de_la_Cerda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Cerda" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Cerda">Charles de La Cerda</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lombard_League_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/15px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/23px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lombard_League_arms.svg/30px-Lombard_League_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="165" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Doria" title="Antonio Doria">Antonio Doria</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/15px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/23px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg/30px-Armoiries_Jean_de_Luxembourg_superseding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John the Blind</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/15px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Hundred_Years&#039;_WarEdwardian_phase(1337–1360)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Edwardian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Edwardian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_WarEdwardian_phase(1337–1360)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Hundred Years' War<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwardian phase<br />(1337–1360)</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1337–1340</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadzand" title="Battle of Cadzand">Cadzand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnemuiden" title="Battle of Arnemuiden">Arnemuiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338%E2%80%931339" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338–1339">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%C3%A9rache_campaign" title="Thiérache campaign">Thiérache campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cambrai_(1339)" title="Siege of Cambrai (1339)">Cambrai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheldt_campaigns_of_1339%E2%80%931340" title="Scheldt campaigns of 1339–1340">Scheldt campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Sluys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournaisis_campaign_of_1340" title="Tournaisis campaign of 1340">Tournaisis campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1340)" title="Siege of Tournai (1340)">Tournai</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1345%E2%80%931347" title="Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347">1345–1347</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_campaign_of_1345" title="Gascon campaign of 1345">Gascony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac" title="Battle of Bergerac">Bergerac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aiguillon" title="Siege of Aiguillon">Aiguillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9cy_campaign" title="Crécy campaign">Crécy campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)" title="Battle of Caen (1346)">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">Blanchetaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Crécy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">Calais (1346–1347)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346" title="Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346">Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1349–1352</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lunalonge" title="Battle of Lunalonge">Lunalonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calais" title="Battle of Calais">Calais (1350)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winchelsea" title="Battle of Winchelsea">Winchelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Jean-d%27Ang%C3%A9ly_(1351)" title="Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (1351)">Saint-Jean-d'Angély</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saintes" title="Battle of Saintes">Saintes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ardres" title="Battle of Ardres">Ardres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gu%C3%AEnes_(1352)" title="Siege of Guînes (1352)">Guînes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1355–1356</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355">Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1355" title="Edward III's chevauchée of 1355">Edward III's chevauchée (1355)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Normandy_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Normandy chevauchée of 1356">Normandy chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breteuil" title="Siege of Breteuil">Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster%27s_Loire_campaign_of_1356" title="Lancaster's Loire campaign of 1356">Loire campaign (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1356" title="Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356">Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Poitiers</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1358–1360</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims_campaign" title="Reims campaign">Reims campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1360)" title="Black Monday (1360)">Chartres</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Treaties and truces</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Espl%C3%A9chin" title="Truce of Espléchin">Espléchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Calais" title="Truce of Calais">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%AEnes" title="Treaty of Guînes">Guînes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1358)" title="Treaty of London (1358)">First London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1359)" title="Treaty of London (1359)">Second London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Brétigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Years&#039;_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War"><span class="wrap">Hundred Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwardian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">War of the Two Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">Caroline phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">Lancastrian phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-French_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-French_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars"><span class="wrap">Anglo-French Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England#Later_reign,_1107–1135,_1108–14" title="Henry I of England">1109–1113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule" title="Battle of Brémule">1116–1120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England#Death" title="Henry II of England">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> lasted from 1337 to 1360. It is sometimes referred to as the <b>Edwardian War</b> because it was initiated by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a>, who claimed the French throne in defiance of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">dynastic conflict</a> was caused by disputes over the French feudal sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_claims_over_the_French_royal_title" class="mw-redirect" title="English claims over the French royal title">English claims over the French royal title</a>. The Kingdom of England and its allies dominated this phase of the war, and Edward's sovereignty over Aquitaine was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a> (1360), although he renounced his claim to the French throne. </p><p>Edward had been granted the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">duchy of Aquitaine</a> in 1325, and as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> he was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> to Philip VI of France. Due to political trouble in England during his early reign as a minor, Edward initially accepted Philip as King of France, but the relationship between the two kings soured in the 1330s when Philip allied with Edward's enemy, King <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II of Scotland</a>. Edward in turn provided refuge to <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Artois" title="Robert III of Artois">Robert III of Artois</a>, a French fugitive. When Edward refused to obey Philip's demands for the expulsion of Robert from England, Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine. This precipitated war and, in 1340, Edward declared himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">king of France</a>. Edward III and his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a>, led their armies on a largely successful campaign across France with notable victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a> (1345), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Crécy</a> (1346), <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">Calais</a> (1347), and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien" title="Battle of La Roche-Derrien">La Roche-Derrien</a> (1347). Hostilities were paused until the mid-1350s for the deprivations of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. Then war continued, and the English were victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> (1356) where the French king, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a>, was captured and held for ransom. The Truce of Bordeaux was signed in 1357 and was followed by two treaties in London in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1358)" title="Treaty of London (1358)">1358</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1359)" title="Treaty of London (1359)">1359</a>. </p><p>After the treaties of London failed, Edward launched the Rheims campaign, which, though largely unsuccessful, led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a>, which settled certain lands in France on Edward for renouncing his claim to the French throne. This was in part caused by <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1360)" title="Black Monday (1360)">Black Monday (1360)</a>, a freak hailstorm that devastated the English army and forced Edward III into peace talks. This peace lasted nine years before a second phase of hostilities known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1369%E2%80%931389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1369–1389)">Caroline War</a> began. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg/300px-Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg/450px-Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg/600px-Hundred_Years_War_family_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Family tree showing background to the dispute</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV of France</a> died in 1328, the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_of_blood" title="Proximity of blood">nearest male</a> in line to the throne was Edward III of England.<sup id="cite_ref-orton872_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orton872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward had inherited his right through his mother <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella</a>, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose of whether she should be able to transmit a right that she, as a woman, did not possess as only men could be monarch. An assembly of the French aristocracy decided that the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and that he should be crowned Philip VI. The establishment of a legal succession to the French crown was central to the war and Edward III and succeeding generations of English monarchs laid claim to it.<sup id="cite_ref-orton872_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orton872-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After some initial reluctance, the seventeen-year-old Edward III (in his capacity as Duke of Aquitaine) paid homage to Philip VI in 1329.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich305_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich305-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>, which had been incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, was located in south west France just north of the Pyrenees. The Gascons had their own language and customs. A large proportion of the red wine (known as <a href="/wiki/Claret" class="mw-redirect" title="Claret">claret</a>) that they produced, was shipped in a profitable trade with the English. The trade provided the English king with a lot of revenue. The Gascons preferred their relationship with a distant English king who left them alone, to a French king who might interfere in their affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-lacey122_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacey122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Edward's homage to Philip the French continued to interfere in Gascony. There had been a series of skirmishes at some of the <a href="/wiki/Bastides" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastides">walled towns</a> along the Gascon border.<sup id="cite_ref-lacey122_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacey122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a> was an area of Gascony in French hands, and the officials there put pressure on the English administration. A chain of religious houses, although in Edward's jurisdiction, had cases held by French officials. Philip also contracted with various lords within Gascony to provide troops in the event of war with England.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich305_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich305-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omrod27_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omrod27-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gascony was not the only issue; in the 1330s, France's support for Scotland caused problems for the English.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich305_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich305-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loyalties in the low countries were split. In Flanders, the towns were dependent on supplies of English wool, whereas the aristocracy supported the French king.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich305_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich305-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another element was that of naval power. Philip had intended to go on a crusade and had assembled a fleet off Marseille. These plans were abandoned in 1336 and the fleet moved to the English Channel off Normandy in an obvious act of provocation against the English.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich306_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich306-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Edward's influential advisers was <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Artois" title="Robert III of Artois">Robert III of Artois</a>. Robert was an exile from the French court, having fallen out with Philip VI over an inheritance claim. In November 1336, Philip issued an ultimatum to the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal#In_France" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> of Gascony threatening that if Robert of Artois was not extradited to France then <i>great peril and dissension</i> would follow.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich306_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich306-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-omrod191_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omrod191-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Philip confiscated the English king's lands in Gascony and the county of <a href="/wiki/Ponthieu" title="Ponthieu">Ponthieu</a> the following year, he laid emphasis on the case of Robert of Artois as one of the contributing causes.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich306_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich306-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Low_Countries_(1337–1341)"><span id="Low_Countries_.281337.E2.80.931341.29"></span>Low Countries (1337–1341)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Low Countries (1337–1341)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Edward III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/220px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/330px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg/440px-King_Edward_III_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3175" /></a><figcaption>16th Century portrait of King Edward III</figcaption></figure> <p>The confiscation of Gascony by Philip VI precipitated the war in 1337. In response, Edward's strategy was for the English in Gascony to hold their position while his army would invade France from the north. The English forces would be supplemented by a grand alliance of continental supporters whom he promised payment of over £200,000, valued at £65,000,000 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prestwich310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pay for the war Edward had to raise large amounts of money for his own forces and also his allies on the continent. It was unlikely that the English parliament could raise the requisite sums quickly, so, in the summer of 1337, a plan was developed to make virtually all of the nation's wool stock available to help finance the war. 30,000 sacks would be sold by the English merchants, and the sum (estimated at £200,000) would be lent to Edward.<sup id="cite_ref-lloyd144_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lloyd144-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To pay the fees promised to his allies, Edward was also forced to borrow heavily from the great banking houses of <a href="/wiki/Bardi_family" title="Bardi family">Bardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peruzzi" title="Peruzzi">Peruzzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bho_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bho-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1338, when he had exhausted the funds from the banking houses, <a href="/wiki/William_de_la_Pole_(Chief_Baron_of_the_Exchequer)" title="William de la Pole (Chief Baron of the Exchequer)">William de la Pole</a>, a wealthy merchant, came to the king's rescue by advancing him £110,000.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich502_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich502-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the money that William de la Pole lent the king was raised from other English merchants. Edward also borrowed money from merchants in the Low Countries, who charged extortionate rates of interest and demanded more solid guarantees of repayment. In 1340 the Earls of Derby and Northampton were held as surety for the repayment of loans.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich272_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich272-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1339, Edward had asked the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-ukp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a grant of £300,000. In early 1340 they offered the grant in return for concessions from the king. Edward, delayed by his money-raising efforts, was temporarily unable to proceed with his invasion plans.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner161_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ackroyd256_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ackroyd256-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the delay in invasion meant that the French government could use its resources elsewhere. In December 1338, Gascony was invaded by the French, who took <a href="/wiki/Saint-Macaire" title="Saint-Macaire">Saint-Macaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blaye" title="Blaye">Blaye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-curry122_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curry122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Englishman charged with the defense of Gascony was the seneschal of Gascony, one <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ingham" title="Oliver Ingham">Oliver Ingham</a>, who had been in and out of favour with Edward III and his father Edward II. He had proved himself to be an able soldier being a "remarkable improviser". As the English strategy was to invade France from the north Ingham received neither troops nor funds from England, but had to rely entirely on local resources. These were very scarce, so ultimately his strategy was for the English to wall themselves up in their castles and hold on as best they could. He was able to persuade the lord of Albret to switch sides from the French in 1339 and with his help conduct a raid into French territory.<sup id="cite_ref-sumption201_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumption201-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prestwich311_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich311-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of the Edward III's, moneylender William de la Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg/200px-Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg/300px-Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg/400px-Dilapidated_de_la_Pole_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1061908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Edward III's moneylender William de la Pole</figcaption></figure> <p>The English parliament, in February 1339, had called up ships from the various ports around the English coast to provide for two naval fleets. This had not happened so the French who had hired galleys and crews from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> were able to strike almost at will upon the English coast. <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> was raided, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> sacked, and <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> captured. The <a href="/wiki/English_Channel_naval_campaign,_1338-1339" class="mw-redirect" title="English Channel naval campaign, 1338-1339">French campaign at sea</a> continued in July 1339 when the French fleet set sail for the south coast of England where they intended a great raid on the <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Ports" title="Cinque Ports">Cinque Ports</a>. Their first objective was Sandwich, in Kent. However, the Kent <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levies</a> were waiting for them in force along the coast so the fleet continued onto Rye where they landed some men and proceeded to raid the area. However, the English had finally put together two fleets and both of them under Robert Morley arrived to confront the French. The French, with their Italian mercenaries believing that the English fleet was larger than it actually was, re-embarked in their ships and headed for the French coast. They escaped into the harbors without there being a naval engagement. In August the French naval campaign came to an abrupt end when, after quarrelling over pay the Genoese crews mutinied and taking over their galleys they returned to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sumption264_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumption264-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from a few notable exceptions, such as unwalled <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, which was burnt to the ground, the English coastal defenses had been fairly successful against the French raiding.<sup id="cite_ref-sumption264_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumption264-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with many English going to France at the beginning of the war and others being used to defend the coast against the French, the available troops in the north and Scotland was diminished. With the English presence reduced, the Scots were able to recapture many strong points, such as Perth in 1339 and Edinburgh in 1341.<sup id="cite_ref-fritze146_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritze146-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Threatened with the immediate collapse of his plans, Edward desperately needed some positive military results. In September, Edward assembled an army consisting of about 12,000 men in the Low Countries. His army included elements from his various allies. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Cambrai</a> was an ally of the king of France, so, on 20 September, Edward's army marched into the bishopric. A two-week siege of Cambrai ensued. The whole area was laid waste but Cambrai was not taken, then on the evening of 9 October, Edward's army gave up and advanced into France proper. While Edward had been besieging Cambrai the French king had time to call up his army. On Edward's invasion, the French army advanced to Péronne, close to the border. While Edward's army laid waste to a twenty-mile-wide strip of French countryside, plundering and burning hundreds of villages, Philip's army shadowed Edward's army. On 14 October, Edward advanced toward the French army and battle appeared imminent. Edward moved away again plundering more territory. The French continued to shadow the English. Ultimately battle lines were drawn in the province of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> between <a href="/wiki/La_Capelle" title="La Capelle">La Capelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Flamengrie,_Aisne" title="La Flamengrie, Aisne">La Flamengrie</a>, both now in the Vervins <i>arrondissement</i> just inside northern France. With both sides facing each other a battle was expected to take place on 23 October, but nothing happened. At nightfall Edward marched his troops out of France, the French did not pursue Edward, this resulted in the campaign coming to an abrupt end.<sup id="cite_ref-hartmann114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartmann114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of Philip VI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg/220px-Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg/330px-Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Philippe_VI_de_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Philip VI of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The Flemish ruler had remained loyal to the French king, consequently, Edward placed an embargo on all English goods to Flanders. In 1337, this precipitated a revolt in Flanders, because of the lack of English wool and food supplies. The leader of the revolt <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde" title="Jacob van Artevelde">Jacob van Artevelde</a> arranged for Flemish neutrality, in return for the lifting of the English embargo.<sup id="cite_ref-villalonxxviii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalonxxviii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December, the Flemings were ready to formally join the anti-French coalition. The civic authorities of Ghent, Ypres and Bruges proclaimed Edward King of France. Edward's purpose was to strengthen his alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. His supporters would be able to claim that they were loyal to the "true" king of France and not rebels against Philip. In February 1340, Edward returned to England to try and raise more funds and also deal with political difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-villalonxxviii_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villalonxxviii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prestwich307_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich307-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English defenses in Gascony had been severely strained for some time, relief came when two of the nobles who supported the French king pursued a family feud against each other rather than fighting the English. The two nobles involved were the <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Armagnac" title="John I, Count of Armagnac">Count of Armagnac</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaston_III,_Count_of_Foix" title="Gaston III, Count of Foix">Count of Foix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vale294_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vale294-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, further assistance was provided by the <a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">Albret</a> family, with Bernard-Aiz, Lord of Albret declaring for Edward in 1339. The Albrets held one of the most important lordships in English Gascony and had been courted by both the English and French crowns. Albret financed Edward's campaign in Gascony and also with his family connections was able to find much-needed additional manpower for Edward's army.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1340, the French put together an invasion fleet containing French, Castillian and Genoese ships. The 400 or so ships were squeezed into the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwyn estuary</a>. The English had no purpose-built warships, so had to make do with deep-draught, round-hulled merchant ships, known as <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cogs</a>, that were converted for naval duties. Edward assembled a combined fleet at Orwell, in Kent and set up his headquarters on the <i>cog Thomas</i>. Although he knew that the French fleet was a far superior force to his own he sailed with his fleet on 22 June to confront the French fleet a day later. The French fleet assumed a defensive formation off the port of <a href="/wiki/Sluys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluys">Sluys</a>, possibly trying to prevent Edward from landing his army. The English fleet apparently tricked the French into believing they were withdrawing. However, when the wind turned in the late afternoon, the English attacked with the wind and sun behind them. Edward sent his ships against the French fleet in units of three, two ships crammed with archers and one full of men-at-arms. Because the ships of the French fleet were so close together it limited their maneuverability. The English ships with the archers would come alongside a French ship and rain arrows down on its decks, the men-at-arms would then just mop up. The French fleet was almost completely destroyed in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Battle of Sluys</a>. England dominated the English Channel for the rest of the war, preventing French <a href="/wiki/Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasions">invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich307_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich307-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neillands83_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands83-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spring of 1340, Philip VI had planned to smash the anti-French coalition by attacking Edward III's allies. French forces invaded <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> in May. But when news reached him about the disaster at Sluys, he turned his attention to counter the new threat. Edward III split his army in two. The first, led by Robert of Artois invaded the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Artois" title="Artois">Artois</a>. But in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">a battle</a> with the garrison of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer" title="Saint-Omer">Saint-Omer</a> 26 June, most of this army was destroyed, and Robert was forced to retreat. On the same day Edward III appeared before the walls of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>. (Although these days it is in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, then it was one of France's largest cities.) <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tournai_(1340)" title="Siege of Tournai (1340)">The siege</a> dragged out, and in September, Philip VI arrived with the main French army. Philip VI again refused to meet the English in battle. Both sides running out of money led to a temporary truce (<a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Espl%C3%A9chin" title="Truce of Espléchin">Truce of Espléchin</a>, 25 September 1340).<sup id="cite_ref-wagner161_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner161-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Truce of Espléchin marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War and resulted in a cessation of hostilities on all fronts for nine months. The cost both politically and financially had been immense.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich312_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich312-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand alliances could no longer be afforded and some allies could no longer be relied on. The German princes all backed out of the anti-French alliance, only the burghers of Flanders remained. In England; opinion was turning against Edward, his gains on the continent had been at a large cost and most of Scotland had been lost. Essentially bankrupt, Edward was forced to cut his losses. Those whose support he could not afford to lose were repaid, others were not. The contemporary Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani suggested that the banks of Bardi and Peruzzi failed because Edward III defaulted on the loans.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt116_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villani was not an independent source, his brother was a member of the Peruzzi company.<sup id="cite_ref-Dealings_of_the_Bradi_and_Peruzzi_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dealings_of_the_Bradi_and_Peruzzi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villani said that Edward owed the Bardi 900,000 gold florins (£135,000) and the Peruzzi 600,000 (£90,000).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Peruzzis' records show that they never had that much capital to lend Edward III.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt116_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality the English crown had forced the companies to accept a smaller amount of debt and repaid some with cash and others with royal grants of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, a principal export of the English economy at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bho_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bho-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hunt116_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt116-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, at the same time Florence was going through a period of internal disputes and the third largest financial company, the <a href="/wiki/Acciaiuoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Acciaiuoli">Acciaiuoli</a>, also went bankrupt, and they did not lend any money to Edward. What loans Edward III did default on are likely only to have contributed to the financial problems in Florence, not caused them.<sup id="cite_ref-bho_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bho-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brittany_(1341–1345)"><span id="Brittany_.281341.E2.80.931345.29"></span>Brittany (1341–1345)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brittany (1341–1345)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Breton_Succession" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Breton_Succession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession"><span class="wrap">War of the Breton Succession</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Civil_War,_1341" title="Breton Civil War, 1341">Initial campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Civil_War,_1341#French_offensive" title="Breton Civil War, 1341">Nantes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vannes_(1342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Vannes (1342)">Vannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hennebont_(1342)" title="Siege of Hennebont (1342)">Hennebont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1342)" title="Battle of Brest (1342)">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Truce of Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadoret" title="Battle of Cadoret">Cadoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Pol_de_L%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St Pol de Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien" title="Battle of La Roche-Derrien">La Roche-Derrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty" title="Combat of the Thirty">The Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauron" title="Battle of Mauron">Mauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmuran" title="Battle of Montmuran">Montmuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rennes_(1356-1357)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rennes (1356-1357)">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auray" title="Battle of Auray">Auray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%A9rande_(1365)" title="Treaty of Guérande (1365)">Treaty of Guérande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlosIdebritania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of Charles of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/CarlosIdebritania.jpg/220px-CarlosIdebritania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/CarlosIdebritania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Charles of Blois</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 April 1341, <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III, Duke of Brittany</a> died without heirs precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Breton_war_of_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton war of succession">Breton war of succession</a>. Although John III died childless, he did leave two candidates for the dukedom; his younger half-brother <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John, Count of Montfort</a> and his niece <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan, Duchess of Brittany">Jeanne of Penthièvre</a>, daughter of his brother Guy. Jeanne of Penthièvre's was more closely related to John III than John of Montfort however, the new rules on female inheritance, that had excluded Edward III to the throne of France, seemed to imply that women could not succeed to powerful titles. Jeanne of Penthièvre's husband was the King's nephew, Charles of Blois. According to feudal law, it was the king of France's responsibility to decide who should inherit. Unwilling to rely on the King's impartiality, John of Montfort assumed the title, seized Nantes, the Breton capital, and summoned the knight-service of Brittany to recognize him as Duke of Montfort. The French-speaking magnates and bishops refused to recognize John of Montfort although the minor clergy, the knights and the Breton peasantry did, the result was a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands87_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands87-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After capturing <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, John of Montfort went on to seize the ducal treasury at <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> and, by the middle of August, he was in possession of most of the duchy, including the three principal cities, Nantes, <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>. Philip of France favoured Charles of Blois as the official candidate. So fearing that the French army would depose him, John of Montfort fled to England to seek the support of Edward III.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands87_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands87-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Truce of Espléchin still being in place, Edward III agreed to provide help. John of Montfort returned to Brittany and waited for confirmation of this assistance from the English Parliament. Meanwhile, Philip VI sent a large army to Brittany in support of Charles of Blois and by November they had trapped John of Montfort in Nantes. With the possibility of a long siege, the citizens of Nantes decided to surrender John of Montfort to the French army. He was then imprisoned in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands88_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands88-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It now fell upon John's wife, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a>, to lead the Montfortist cause. She set up headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Hennebont" title="Hennebont">Hennebont</a> in southern Brittany, and defended it against Charles de Blois' army throughout the winter of 1341–42. Her forces managed to keep the road open between the port of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and Hennebont, which enabled a small English force to land at Brest and combine with her forces to drive the French army away and recapture territory in the west of Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands88_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands88-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1342, another English force under the command of the <a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">Earl of Northampton</a>, arrived and landed at the port of Brest. The force advanced across Brittany and captured Vannes. The English forces with contingents commanded by Richard de Artois defeated a French army under Charles of Blois near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a> on 30 September 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands88_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands88-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert de Artois sailed to England where he died of wounds received at the taking of Vannes. Worse still for Edward III, Vannes was retaken by a French force under the command of <a href="/wiki/Olivier_IV_de_Clisson" title="Olivier IV de Clisson">Olivier IV de Clisson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands89_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands89-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October 1342, Edward III arrived with his main army at Brest, and retook Vannes. He then moved east to besiege Rennes. A French army marched to engage him, but a major battle was averted when two cardinals arrived from Avignon in January 1343 and enforced a general truce, the Truce of Malestroit. Even with the truce in place, the war continued in Brittany until May 1345 when Edward eventually succeeded in taking control.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands89_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands89-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Truce_of_Malestroit_(1343–1345)"><span id="Truce_of_Malestroit_.281343.E2.80.931345.29"></span>Truce of Malestroit (1343–1345)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Truce of Malestroit (1343–1345)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official reason for such a long truce was to allow time for a peace conference and the negotiation of a lasting peace, but both countries also suffered from war exhaustion. In England, the tax burden had been heavy and in addition the wool trade had been heavily manipulated. Edward III spent the next years slowly paying off his immense debt.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands89_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands89-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, Philip VI had financial difficulties of his own. France had no central institution with the authority to grant taxes for the whole country. Instead, the Crown had to negotiate with the various provincial assemblies. In accordance with the ancient feudal customs, most of them refused to pay taxes while there was a truce. Instead, Philip VI had to resort to manipulation of the coinage and he introduced two vastly unpopular taxes, first the '<a href="/wiki/Fouage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouage">fouage</a>', or hearth tax, and then the '<a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a>', a tax on salt.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands89_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands89-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1343, the Seneschal of Gascony Oliver Ingham was recalled to England and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_la_Beche" title="Nicholas de la Beche">Nicholas de la Beche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ondbvale_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ondbvale-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannia1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannia1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beche upheld the Truce of Malestroit in the duchy as best he could. No major campaigns were fought, between February 1343 and June 1345 but he failed to restore the civil peace and he went about himself with an escort of forty men at arms, his predecessor only had half that number.<sup id="cite_ref-sumtion423_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumtion423-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When there was a treaty or truce in place it left many a soldier unemployed, so rather than go back to a life of poverty they would band together in free companies or <i><a href="/wiki/Routiers" title="Routiers">routiers</a></i>. The routier companies consisted of men who principally came from Gascony but also from Brittany and other parts of France, Spain, Germany, and England. They would use their military training to live off the countryside robbing, looting, killing or torturing as they went to get supplies. With the Malestroit truce in force, bands of routiers became an increasing problem. They were well-organised and would sometimes act as mercenaries for one or both sides. One tactic would be to seize a town or castle of local strategic importance. From this base, they would plunder the surrounding areas until nothing of value remained, and then move on to places more ripe. Often they would hold towns to ransom who would pay them to go away. The routier problem was not solved until a system of taxation in the 15th century allowed for a regular army that employed the best of the routiers.<sup id="cite_ref-wagner272_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wagner272-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_victories_(1345–1351)"><span id="English_victories_.281345.E2.80.931351.29"></span>English victories (1345–1351)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English victories (1345–1351)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1345%E2%80%931347)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1345–1347)">Hundred Years' War (1345–1347)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg/220px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg/330px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg/440px-Pictures_of_English_History_Plate_XXX_-_The_Black_Prince_at_Crecy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Edward III and his son Edward, the Black Prince, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 July 1346, Edward set sail from Portsmouth with about 750 ships and 7,000–10,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich315_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich315-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning a major invasion across the Channel. With him was his nearly 16-year-old son, Edward, the Black Prince (Edward of Woodstock), the recently created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>. On 12 July, Edward landed at <a href="/wiki/Hague,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague, France">Hague</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin peninsula">Cotentin peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Chronicles</a></i> that: </p> <blockquote> <p>When the king of England arrived in the Hogue Saint-Vaast, the king issued out of his ship, and the first foot that he set on the ground, he fell so rudely, that the blood brast<i> (burst) </i>out of his nose<i> [a <a href="/wiki/Nosebleed" title="Nosebleed">nosebleed</a>]. </i>The knights that were about him took him up and said: "Sir, for God's sake enter again into your ship, and come not aland this day, for this is but an evil sign for us." Then the king answered quickly and said: "Wherefore? [Why?] This is a good token for me, for the land desireth to have me.' Of the which answer all his men were right joyful. So that day and night the king lodged on the sands, and in the meantime discharged the ships of their horses and other baggages: there the king made two <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">marshals</a> of his host, the one the lord <a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_de_Harcourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffroy de Harcourt">Geoffroy de Harcourt</a> and the other the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_11th_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick">Earl of Warwick</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fitzalan,_10th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>. And he ordained that the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Huntingdon#Earls_of_Huntingdon,_Second_Creation_(1337)" title="Earl of Huntingdon">Earl of Huntingdon</a> should keep the fleet of ships with a hundred men of arms and four hundred archers: and also he ordained three battles<i> (<a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a>)</i>, one to go on his right hand, closing to the sea-side, and the other on his left hand, and the king himself in the midst, and every night to lodge all in one field.<sup id="cite_ref-froissart94_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-froissart94-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The army marched through Normandy. Philip gathered a large army to oppose him, and Edward chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempt to take and hold territory. During this time, he fought two successful actions, the <a href="/wiki/Storming_of_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="Storming of Caen">Storming of Caen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanchetaque" title="Battle of Blanchetaque">Battle of Blanchetaque</a>. Eventually finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked him at the famous Battle of Crécy. The much larger French army made a series of piecemeal attacks against the expert English and Welsh <a href="/wiki/English_longbow" title="English longbow">longbowmen</a>, and all of the attacks were dispersed with heavy losses until the French were forced to retreat. Crécy was a crushing defeat for the French.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich317_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich317-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward proceeded north unopposed and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1346%E2%80%931347)" title="Siege of Calais (1346–1347)">besieged the coastal city of Calais</a> on the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, capturing it in 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich317_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich317-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An English victory against Scotland in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Battle of Neville's Cross</a> led to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich245_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich245-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1348, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> began to sweep across Europe and in both England and France it would have huge consequences. This prevented England from financing and launching any major offensives.<sup id="cite_ref-prestwich317_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prestwich317-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Philip VI died in 1350 and was replaced by his son John II ("John the Good").<sup id="cite_ref-baker748_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker748-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At that time there was bitter feeling between the English and the <a href="/wiki/Castilians" title="Castilians">Spanish</a> on account of various acts of violence and plunder which the Spaniards had committed against English ships at sea. In 1350, while the Spanish were in Flanders for trading purposes, they were told that the English were intending to waylay them on their voyage back home. They equipped their ships, lying at Sluys, with all kinds of weapons and powerful artillery, and engaged all the mercenaries, archers and crossbowmen who were willing to serve them for pay. When Edward heard of these warlike preparations, he said angrily: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We have had long experience of Spanish ways. They have done us many wrongs and, far from making amends, they go on arming themselves against us. They must be intercepted on their way back.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Spaniard's fleet followed a course along the south coast of England, hoping to descend on some unsuspecting town. They were interrupted by Edward's fleet off Winchelsea on the afternoon of 29 August 1350. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Winchelsea" title="Battle of Winchelsea">battle</a> lasted until dusk and was a small-scale repeat of Sluys, with the archers slaughtering the Spanish seamen before the men-at-arms boarded their vessels. Nearly half the Spanish ships were captured, the rest escaping under cover of darkness. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collapse_of_the_French_government_(1351–1360)"><span id="Collapse_of_the_French_government_.281351.E2.80.931360.29"></span>Collapse of the French government (1351–1360)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collapse of the French government (1351–1360)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JeanIIdFrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/220px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/330px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/JeanIIdFrance.jpg/440px-JeanIIdFrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1979" data-file-height="3239" /></a><figcaption>John II of France. Known as John the Good</figcaption></figure> <p>Sporadic conflicts in Brittany continued, including notable incidents of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thirty" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Thirty">Battle of the Thirty</a> in 1351. The battle was in fact a staged tournament. There had been a truce in place since 1347, so there was not supposed to be any fighting. Two of the opposing leaders, the Breton, Robert de Beaumanoir who held the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Josselin" title="Josselin">Josselin</a>, and the Englishman, Richmond Bambro who held the garrison at Ploërmel, agreed to stage a private fight with 30 knights from either side fighting with sharpened weapons. Among Bambro's knights were two famous men-at-arms, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knolles" title="Robert Knolles">Robert Knolles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Calveley" title="Hugh Calveley">Hugh Calveley</a>, but he could not find thirty Englishmen so had to make up the numbers with German men-at-arms.<sup id="cite_ref-coulton295_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coulton295-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle raged all day and ended with a French victory. In keeping with chivalric tradition, the French <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransomed</a> many of the defeated English.<sup id="cite_ref-neillands118_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands118-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Black Death had reached England in 1348. The widespread effects of the plague had effectively put the war on hold. However, by the mid-1350s the disease had receded sufficiently to allow the country to start rebuilding its finances. So in 1355 Edward's son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a>, resumed the war and invaded France from English-held Gascony and by August of that year he had begun a brutal campaign of raids known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">chevauchée</a></i>. This campaign was designed to terrorise and demoralise the people, discredit their leaders and drain the French king's financial resources. Anything that was portable was looted and anything that could not be taken away was broken or burnt. An observer at the time said, of the Black Prince, that <i>as he rode to Toulouse there was no town that he did not lay waste.</i><sup id="cite_ref-lynn85_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lynn85-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1356, the Black Prince was threatened by a larger army under John II. The English attempted to retreat but their way was blocked at Poitiers. The Black Prince tried to negotiate terms with the French, but John's army <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">attacked</a> the English on 19 September 1356. The English archers were able to bring down the first three assaults of the French cavalry. At the point when the English archers were running out of arrows and many were wounded or exhausted, the French king deployed his reserves, an elite force of men. It seemed that the French would win the day, however, the Gascon noble <a href="/wiki/Captal_de_Buch" title="Captal de Buch">Captal de Buch</a> managed to thwart the French by leading a flanking movement, with a small group of men, that succeeded in capturing John II, and many of his nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John signed a truce with Edward III, and in his absence <a href="/wiki/Ransom_of_King_John_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ransom of King John II of France">much of the government began to collapse</a>. John's ransom was set to two million, but John believed he was worth more than that and insisted that his ransom be raised to four million <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Écu (coin)">écus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robison325_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robison325-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Treaty of London was signed in 1358 and, essentially, was an agreement setting the ransom for John at four million écus. The first instalment was to be paid by 1 November 1358, however, the French defaulted on the agreement. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Treaty of London">Second Treaty of London</a> was signed on 12 March 1359 and this time the treaty allowed for hostages to be held in place of John. The hostages included two of his sons, several princes and nobles, four inhabitants of Paris, and two citizens from each of the nineteen principal towns of France.<sup id="cite_ref-wsbretigny_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsbretigny-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these hostages were held, John returned to France to try and raise funds to pay the ransom. Also, under the terms of the treaty England gained possession of Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine and all the coastline from Flanders to Spain, thus restoring the former <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. The hostages were held in <i>honourable captivity</i> which under the <i>chivalric code</i> meant they were given free rein to move about. In 1362 John's son, <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Anjou" title="Louis I of Anjou">Louis of Anjou</a>, a hostage in English-held Calais, escaped his parole and refused to return. When John found out, ashamed at the actions of his son he felt duty-bound to return to captivity. He left Paris and gave himself up to the Captain of Calais, who returned him to his <i>honourable captivity</i> in England. He spent the rest of his reign there and died in London on 8 April 1364. John's funeral, in England, was a great chivalrous affair and he was honoured as a great man by the Plantagenets.<sup id="cite_ref-robison325_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robison325-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guignebert304_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guignebert304-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-neillands159_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neillands159-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Calais_Chest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Chest that contained the ratified Treaty of Brétigny, known as the Treaty of Calais.<sup id="cite_ref-patourel132_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patourel132-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1358, a peasant revolt in France called the <a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a> took place. It was caused by the deprivations suffered by the country people during the war and their treatment at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Free_company" title="Free company">free companies</a> and the French nobility, in particular, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_A._Newhall_1953_p.66_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_A._Newhall_1953_p.66-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Led by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Kale" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Kale">Guillaume Kale</a> (Carle or Cale), they joined forces with other villages, and beginning in the area of <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, committed atrocities against the nobles and destroyed many chateaux in the area. All the rebellious groups were defeated later that summer at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mello" title="Battle of Mello">battle of Mello</a> and reprisals followed.<sup id="cite_ref-jones226_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones226-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Capitalising on the discontent in France, Edward assembled his army at Calais in the late summer of 1359. His first objective was to take the city of Rheims. However, the citizens of Reims built and reinforced the city's defences before Edward and his army arrived. Edward besieged Rheims for five weeks but the new fortifications held out. He lifted the siege and moved his army on to Paris in the Spring of 1360. The suburbs of Paris were sacked but the city held out. His army was weakened from being harassed by the French companies and also disease, so after a few skirmishes Edward moved his army to the town of <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. At Chartres, <a href="/wiki/Black_Monday_(1360)" title="Black Monday (1360)">disaster struck</a> when a freak hailstorm devastated Edward's army, killing an estimated 1,000 English soldiers and 6,000 horses. Following this phenomenon, the King underwent a religious period where he vowed to God to make peace with France. When the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Dauphin</a> offered negotiations he was ready to agree. Representatives of the two crowns met at Brétigny and within a week they had agreed to a draft treaty. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a> was later ratified by the two Kings John and Edward as the Treaty of Calais on 24 October 1360. Under the terms of the treaty, Edward agreed to renounce the French crown. In return, he obtained full sovereign rights over an expanded Aquitaine and Calais.<sup id="cite_ref-patourel132_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patourel132-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keen112_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keen112-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Vows_of_the_Heron" title="The Vows of the Heron">The Vows of the Heron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-orton872-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orton872_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orton872_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orton. 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Social Life in Britain. p. 295 – The composition of the English 30 is not particularly reliable Coulton says: <i>Brambro, however, was not able to raise more than 20 English and made up the number with 6 Germans and 4 Brabançons (or, according to another account, 6 Flemings and 4 Bretons of the English faction)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neillands118-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neillands118_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neillands. The Hundred Years War. p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lynn85-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lynn85_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn. Battle: A History of Combat. pp. 85–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1 pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robison325-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robison325_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robison325_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robison/ Fritze. Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England. pp. 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsbretigny-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsbretigny_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Br%C3%A9tigny" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brétigny">Brétigny</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Br%C3%A9tigny&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=501&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guignebert304-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guignebert304_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guignebert. Volume 1. A Short History of the French People. pp. 304–307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neillands159-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neillands159_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neillands. The Hundred Years War. pp. 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patourel132-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patourel132_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patourel132_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Patourel. Feudal Empires. XIII. pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_A._Newhall_1953_p.66-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_A._Newhall_1953_p.66_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Birdsall edited by Richard A. Newhall. <i>The Chronicles of Jean de Venette</i> (N.Y. Columbia University Press. 1953) p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones226-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones226_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones. The Jacquerie <i>in</i> Mckay/ Ditchburns. Atlas of Medieval Europe. p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keen112-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keen112_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen. England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History. pp. 112–113</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmand1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Allmand, Christopher</a> (1988). <i>The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300-c.1450</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31923-2"><bdi>978-0-521-31923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+England+and+France+at+War%2C+c.1300-c.1450&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31923-2&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Baker2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). <i>The Companion to British History</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18583-7"><bdi>978-0-415-18583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+British+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18583-7&rft.aulast=Arnold-Baker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurryHughes1999" class="citation book cs1">Curry, Anne; Hughes, Michael, eds. (1999). <i>Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-755-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-755-9"><bdi>978-0-85115-755-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Armies+and+Fortifications+in+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-755-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulton1918" class="citation book cs1">Coulton, G. G (1918). <i>Social Life in Britain from the Conquest to the Reformation</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Life+in+Britain+from+the+Conquest+to+the+Reformation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Coulton&rft.aufirst=G.+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunniganNofi" class="citation web cs1">Dunnigan, James F; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Nofi" title="Albert Nofi">Nofi, Albert A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221103436/http://www.hyw.com/Books/History/1_Help_C.htm">"Medieval Life & The Hundred Years War, online book"</a>. Published by Authors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyw.com/Books/History/1_help_c.htm">the original</a> on 21 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Life+%26+The+Hundred+Years+War%2C+online+book&rft.pub=Published+by+Authors&rft.aulast=Dunnigan&rft.aufirst=James+F&rft.au=Nofi%2C+Albert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyw.com%2FBooks%2FHistory%2F1_help_c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzeRobison2002" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald H; Robison, William B, eds. (2002). <i>Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1"><bdi>978-0-313-29124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Late+Medieval+England%2C+1272%E2%80%931485&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29124-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroissart1895" class="citation book cs1">Froissart, Jean (1895). Macaulay, George Campbell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/chroniclesfrois00macagoog#page/n8/mode/2up"><i>The Chronicles of Froissart</i></a>. Translated by Bourchier, John; Lord Berners. London: Macmillan and Son<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+Froissart&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Son&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Froissart&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchroniclesfrois00macagoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannHeuser2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Anja V; Heuser, Beatrice, eds. (2001). <i>War, Peace, and World Orders in European History</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24441-1"><bdi>978-0-415-24441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Orders+in+European+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24441-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolme1992" class="citation book cs1">Holme, George, ed. (1992). <i>The Oxford History of Medieval Europe</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280133-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280133-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280133-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntMurray1990" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Edwin S; Murray, James (1990). <i>A History of Business in Medieval Europe, 1200–1550</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49923-1"><bdi>978-0-521-49923-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Business+in+Medieval+Europe%2C+1200%E2%80%931550&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49923-1&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+S&rft.au=Murray%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuignebert1930" class="citation book cs1">Guignebert, Charles (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98573239"><i>A Short History of the French People. Vol 1</i></a>. Translated by Richmond, F. G. New York: Macmillan and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+French+People.+Vol+1.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Guignebert&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F98573239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeen2003" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Marice Hugh (2003). <i>England in the Later Middle Ages: A Political History</i>. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27293-3"><bdi>978-0-415-27293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27293-3&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Marice+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2011" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (2011). <i>Great Tales from English History</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11731-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11731-7"><bdi>978-0-349-11731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Tales+from+English+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11731-7&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2005" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, T.H. (2005). <i>The English Wool Trade in the Middle Ages</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01721-3"><bdi>978-0-521-01721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Wool+Trade+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01721-3&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_II2004" class="citation book cs1">Lynn II, John A (2004). <i>Battle: A History of Combat and Culture</i>. Philadelphia: Westview Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3372-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-3372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle%3A+A+History+of+Combat+and+Culture&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westview+Press+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3372-4&rft.aulast=Lynn+II&rft.aufirst=John+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackayDitchburn1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mackay, Angus; Ditchburn, David, eds. (1997). <i>Atlas of Medieval Europe</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01923-1"><bdi>978-0-415-01923-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01923-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands1990" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (1990). <i>The Hundred Years War. Revised edition</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26131-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26131-9"><bdi>978-0-415-26131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War.+Revised+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26131-9&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmrod2011" class="citation book cs1">Omrod, W. Mark (2011). <i>Edward III</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11910-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+III&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11910-7&rft.aulast=Omrod&rft.aufirst=W.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Patourel1984" class="citation book cs1">Le Patourel, John (1984). Jones, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGlLTOOeBG0C&q=treaty%20of%20br%C3%A9tigny&pg=RA2-PA32"><i>Feudal Empires:Norman and Plantagenet</i></a>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-22-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-22-4"><bdi>978-0-907628-22-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Empires%3ANorman+and+Plantagenet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-907628-22-4&rft.aulast=Le+Patourel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGlLTOOeBG0C%26q%3Dtreaty%2520of%2520br%25C3%25A9tigny%26pg%3DRA2-PA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich2005" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, Michael (2005). J.M.Roberts (ed.). <i>Plantagenet England</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0"><bdi>978-0-19-922687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantagenet+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922687-0&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevite-Orton1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Previte-Orton, C.W (1978). <i>The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20963-2"><bdi>978-0-521-20963-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shorter+Cambridge+Medieval+History+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20963-2&rft.aulast=Previte-Orton&rft.aufirst=C.W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobisonFritze2002" class="citation book cs1">Robison, William B; Fritze, Ronald H, eds. (2002). <i>Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485</i>. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29124-1"><bdi>978-0-313-29124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Late+Medieval+England%2C+1272%E2%80%931485&rft.place=Westport+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29124-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rogers, Clifford J, ed. (2010). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533403-6"><bdi>978-0-19-533403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology.+Vol.+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533403-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Seward, Desmond, <i>The Hundred Years War. The English in France 1337–1453</i>, Penguin Books, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028361-7">978-0-14-028361-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption1991" class="citation book cs1">Sumption, Jonathan (1991). <i>The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1655-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-1655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War+I%3A+Trial+by+Battle&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1655-4&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption2001" class="citation book cs1">Sumption, Jonathan (2001). <i>The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1801-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1801-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1801-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War+II%3A+Trial+by+Fire&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1801-5&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin1918" class="citation web cs1">Unwin, George, ed. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=33008">"The societies of the Bardi and the Peruzzi and their dealings with Edward III : (Ephraim Russell)"</a>. <i>Finance and trade under Edward III: The London lay subsidy of 1332</i>. Institute of Historical Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Finance+and+trade+under+Edward+III%3A+The+London+lay+subsidy+of+1332&rft.atitle=The+societies+of+the+Bardi+and+the+Peruzzi+and+their+dealings+with+Edward+III+%3A+%28Ephraim+Russell%29&rft.date=1918&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Freport.aspx%3Fcompid%3D33008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalonKagay2005" class="citation book cs1">Villalon, L.J.; Kagay, D.J, eds. (2005). <i>The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus</i>. Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13969-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13969-5"><bdi>978-90-04-13969-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years+War%3A+A+Wider+Focus&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13969-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wagner, John A (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War</i>. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32736-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hundred+Years+War&rft.place=Westport+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32736-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHundred+Years%27+War%2C+1337%E2%80%931360" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/onlinefroissart/index.jsp">The Online Froissart. A digital edition of the Chronicles of Jean Froissart.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hundred_Years&#039;_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hundred Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hundred_Years&#039;_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Edwardian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters" title="War of the Two Peters">War of the Two Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">Caroline phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">Lancastrian phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnac–Burgundian conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">English</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br /> events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hundred_Years%27_War_battles" title="List of Hundred Years' War battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">Chevauchées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac%E2%80%93Burgundian_Civil_War" title="Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War">Armagnacs and Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession">War of the Breton Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War" title="Castilian Civil War">Castilian Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Omer" title="Battle of Saint-Omer">Battle of Saint-Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Battle of Baugé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant" title="Battle of Cravant">Battle of Cravant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Brossini%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Brossinière">Battle of La Brossinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Battle of Verneuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings" title="Battle of the Herrings">Battle of the Herrings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Battle of Patay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formigny" title="Battle of Formigny">Battle of Formigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castillon" title="Battle of Castillon">Battle of Castillon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337–1360&oldid=1252964099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337–1360&oldid=1252964099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Category:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1330s_in_France" title="Category:1330s in France">1330s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1340s_in_France" title="Category:1340s in France">1340s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1350s_in_France" title="Category:1350s in France">1350s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1360s_in_France" title="Category:1360s in France">1360s in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1330s_conflicts" title="Category:1330s conflicts">1330s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1340s_conflicts" title="Category:1340s conflicts">1340s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1350s_conflicts" title="Category:1350s conflicts">1350s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1360" title="Category:Conflicts in 1360">Conflicts in 1360</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_of_the_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Category:Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War">Conflicts of the Hundred Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Category:Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:14th-century_military_history_of_the_Kingdom_of_England" title="Category:14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England">14th-century military history of the Kingdom of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_III_of_England" title="Category:Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></li><li><a 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