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<li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Frankish_period_(602–660)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Frankish_period_(602–660)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Frankish period (602–660)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Frankish_period_(602–660)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_union_with_Aquitaine_(660–769)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_union_with_Aquitaine_(660–769)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_union_with_Aquitaine_(660–769)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carolingian_duchy_(769–864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingian_duchy_(769–864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Carolingian duchy (769–864)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolingian_duchy_(769–864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_duchy_of_Gascony_(864–1053)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_duchy_of_Gascony_(864–1053)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Basque duchy of Gascony (864–1053)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_duchy_of_Gascony_(864–1053)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Duchy_of_Aquitaine_(1053–1453)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Duchy_of_Aquitaine_(1053–1453)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Within the Duchy of Aquitaine (1053–1453)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Duchy_of_Aquitaine_(1053–1453)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolitical_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolitical_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Geopolitical evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolitical_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feudal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extent_during_the_Early_Frankish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extent_during_the_Early_Frankish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extent during the Early Frankish period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extent_during_the_Early_Frankish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organisation_during_the_Early_Frankish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organisation_during_the_Early_Frankish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social organisation during the Early Frankish period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organisation_during_the_Early_Frankish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dukes_and_counts_of_Vasconia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dukes_and_counts_of_Vasconia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dukes and counts of Vasconia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dukes_and_counts_of_Vasconia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dukes and counts of Vasconia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dukes_and_counts_of_Vasconia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frankish_and_native_dukes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_and_native_dukes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Frankish and native dukes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frankish_and_native_dukes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Gascony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Gascony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>House of Gascony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Gascony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Poitiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Poitiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>House of Poitiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Poitiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Armagnac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Armagnac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>House of Armagnac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Armagnac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Poitiers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Poitiers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>House of Poitiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Poitiers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Plantagenet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Plantagenet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>House of Plantagenet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Plantagenet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Gascony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="دوقية غاسكونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دوقية غاسكونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskoniya_hersoqlu%C4%9Fu" title="Vaskoniya hersoqluğu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vaskoniya hersoqluğu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Gascunya" title="Ducat de Gascunya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Gascunya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasko%C5%88sk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Gaskoňské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaskoňské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugiaeth_Vasconia" title="Dugiaeth Vasconia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dugiaeth Vasconia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δουκάτο της Γασκώνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο της Γασκώνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Vasconia" title="Ducado de Vasconia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Vasconia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Gaskonio" title="Duklando Gaskonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Gaskonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskoniako_Dukerria" title="Baskoniako Dukerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baskoniako Dukerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دوک‌نشین گاسکونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین گاسکونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Vasconie" title="Duché de Vasconie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Vasconie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Gaskonja" title="Vojvodstvo Gaskonja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Gaskonja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Gaskonia" title="Kadipaten Gaskonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Gaskonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Guascogna" title="Ducato di Guascogna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Guascogna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="דוכסות גסקוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות גסקוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="دوقية جاسكونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوقية جاسكونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertug_av_Gascogne" title="Hertug av Gascogne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertug av Gascogne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Герцогство Васкония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Герцогство Васкония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Војводство Васконија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војводство Васконија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Vaskonija" title="Vojvodstvo Vaskonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojvodstvo Vaskonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Гасконське герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гасконське герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Gascogne" title="Công quốc Gascogne – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công quốc Gascogne" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Gascony</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Duché de Vasconie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Baskoniako Dukerria</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>)</span><br /><span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">Ducat de Gasconha</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">602–1453</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Armagnac.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Gascony"><img alt="Flag of Gascony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Armagnac.svg/125px-Flag_of_Armagnac.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Armagnac.svg/188px-Flag_of_Armagnac.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Armagnac.svg/250px-Flag_of_Armagnac.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gascogne_drapeau.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gascogne_drapeau.svg/125px-Gascogne_drapeau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gascogne_drapeau.svg/188px-Gascogne_drapeau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gascogne_drapeau.svg/250px-Gascogne_drapeau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gascony" title="Flag of Gascony">Top: Flag during the France and Armagnac periods<br />Bottom: Union Gascona (12th century)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png" class="mw-file-description" title="of Gascony"><img alt="of Gascony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Gascony.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dux_Wasconum_1150.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Duchy of Gascony (Green) in 1150"><img alt="The Duchy of Gascony (Green) in 1150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dux_Wasconum_1150.png/250px-Dux_Wasconum_1150.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dux_Wasconum_1150.png/375px-Dux_Wasconum_1150.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dux_Wasconum_1150.png/500px-Dux_Wasconum_1150.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Duchy of Gascony (Green) in 1150</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Middle Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Christianity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque paganism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duke of Gascony / Duchy of Vasconia<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 602 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Genial</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1009 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Sancho VI William of Gascony</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1052 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1362 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Edward the Black Prince</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Duke appointed by the Frankish kings </div></th><td class="infobox-data">602</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1453</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne province</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/County_of_Armagnac" title="County of Armagnac">County of Armagnac</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Gascony</b> or <b>Duchy of Vasconia</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">duchy</a> located in present-day southwestern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, an area encompassing the modern region of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>. The Duchy of Gascony, then known as <i>Wasconia</i>, was originally a <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish</a> <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">march</a> formed to hold sway over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basques</a>. However, the duchy went through different periods, from its early years with its distinctively Basque element to the merger in personal union with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a> to the later period as a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> conquered most of Gascony by 1380, and under <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</a> it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> in its entirety in 1453. The corresponding portion within the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></div> <p>Gascony was the core territory of Roman <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a>. By the 2nd century this province was extended to include much of western <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>. Thus, the name of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aquitani" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a></i> came to be transferred to the territory of central-western France later known as the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>. In 293, <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> re-created the original province of Caesar's Aquitania under the name of <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a> or <i>Aquitania Tertia</i>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></i> were an Iberian people originally inhabiting a region between the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> and the southwestern Pyrenees during the Roman period, but by the end of the 6th century the Vascones defined a confederacy of native tribes with similar language and traditions on both sides of the Pyrenees who had not been culturally Romanized. The name 'Vascone' is the etymological origin of 'Gascon' and 'Basque'. Whether the Vascones spread significantly north of the Pyrenees is disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the ruling Goths and Franks referred to the area between the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> and the Atlantic as Vasconia. Around 580, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Franks">Kingdom of the Franks</a> launched major campaigns against the Vascones. In 587, Vascones are cited as raiding the plains of Aquitaine, maybe to the west of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Toulouse" title="History of Toulouse">Toulouse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a> sent his duke <a href="/wiki/Bladastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladastes">Bladastes</a>, who was stationed in Toulouse, to deal with the raids, but he was defeated. After taking the throne, <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a> launched a series of military campaigns around the Iberian Peninsula, taking control from the Vascones ("<i>partes Vasconiae</i>") in the upper reaches of the Ebro (present-day <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, possibly up to the north of Castile), and founded a fortress called Victoriacum (dubiously <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1a-Veleia" title="Iruña-Veleia">Iruña-Veleia</a>). </p><p>This military push from a stronger centralized authority in Toledo placed more pressure on the Vascones to leave the Ebro's rich farmland. In this period (585), <a href="/wiki/Galactorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactorius">Galactorius</a>, Count of Bordeaux, is described as fighting the Vascones, who are portrayed as hiding out in the mountains, as well as the Cantabrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Frankish_period_(602–660)"><span id="Early_Frankish_period_.28602.E2.80.93660.29"></span>Early Frankish period (602–660)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Frankish period (602–660)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dux_wasconum2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dux_wasconum2.png/220px-Dux_wasconum2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dux_wasconum2.png/330px-Dux_wasconum2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dux_wasconum2.png/440px-Dux_wasconum2.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Vasconia (602–610)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 602, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</a> created a frontier duchy to their southwest during the tripartite wars between Franks, Visigoths, and Basques. A certain <a href="/wiki/Genial" title="Genial">Genial</a> was then appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Gascony">dux wasconum</a></i> as a way of better handling their relations with the Basques. At the same time, the Visigoths created the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cantabria" title="Duchy of Cantabria">Duchy of Cantabria</a> as a buffer against the Basques inhabiting west of current <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>. </p><p>The boundary area of Vasconia (or Wasconia) was created with the purpose of controlling the Basques in <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a>, but it extended at this stage to the lands south and around the axis provided by the river Garonne between Bordeaux and Toulouse. Around this period Duke Francio is reported to have vowed allegiance to the Franks in <a href="/wiki/Cantabria#Middle_Ages" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a>, an area inhabited by the Basques, but c. 612, the Gothic king <a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a> seems to have conquered the territory. </p><p>By the year 602, the Duchy of Vasconia, under Frankish overlordship, was consolidated in the areas around the Garonne but may have extended up to Cantabria, in the Frankish domain at the time of and before the creation of the duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–50">: 23–50 </span></sup> In the years 610 and 612 respectively, the Gothic kings <a href="/wiki/Gundemar" title="Gundemar">Gundemar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisebut" title="Sisebut">Sisebut</a> launched attacks against the Basques. After a Basque attack in the Ebro valley in the year 621, <a href="/wiki/Swinthila" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinthila">Swinthila</a> defeated them and founded the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Olite" title="Olite">Olite</a>. </p><p>In 626, the Basques rebelled against the Franks, with the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Eauze" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Eauze">Bishop of Eauze</a> being exiled on the accusation of supporting or sympathising with the Basque rebels,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 635 a gigantic Frankish expedition led by the duke Arnebert and nine other dukes launched an attack against the Basques, forcing them to retreat to the mountains, while Arnebert's column was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Subola</a>, maybe near <a href="/wiki/Tardets-Sorholus" title="Tardets-Sorholus">Tardets</a>. However, the Basques' relish was short-lived since they were brought to heel by Dagobert (Clichy, 636).<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> By 626, it is certain that the duchy extended up to the Pyrenees and that Vasconia had replaced Novempopulania as a preferred name for the geographical area between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. In 643, there was another rebellion to the north of the Pyrenees and in 642 and 654 they battled against the Visigoths to the south, in <a href="/wiki/Saragossa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saragossa">Saragossa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> From 589 to 684, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Pamplona">Bishop of Pamplona</a> was absent from the Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Councils_of_Toledo" title="Councils of Toledo">Councils of Toledo</a>, which is interpreted by some as a result of this city being under Basque or Frankish control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_union_with_Aquitaine_(660–769)"><span id="Personal_union_with_Aquitaine_.28660.E2.80.93769.29"></span>Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal union with Aquitaine (660–769)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/250px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/375px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/500px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Vasconia after the Battle of Poitiers (734-743)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_(Year_760).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg/250px-North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg/375px-North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg/500px-North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Vasconia and both sides of the Pyrenees (760)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 660, <a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Aquitaine" title="Felix of Aquitaine">Felix of Aquitaine</a>, a patrician from Toulouse of Gallo-Roman stock, received the ducal titles of both Vasconia and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> (located between the Garonne and <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> rivers), effectively ruling independently over Vasconia and at least part of Aquitaine. Under Felix and his successors, Frankish overlordship over these lands became merely nominal, and Vasconia became a prominent regional power. The <i><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a></i> cites "Wasconia" as extending up to the Loire, although the actual geographical extent indicated by this name is contested; it further divides the territory into Guasconia (north of the Garonne) and Spanoguasconia (south of the Garonne). </p><p>Independent dukes <a href="/wiki/Lupus_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Lupus I of Aquitaine">Lupus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Odo the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunald_I_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald I of Aquitaine">Hunald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifer of Aquitaine">Waifer</a> succeeded Felix in sequence, with the last three belonging to the same lineage. Their ethnicities and even their names are not certain, however, since historical records are not conclusive. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Umayyad invasion of Iberia</a> in 711 effected drastic shifts in political and cultural trends throughout southwestern Europe. Hitherto the duke <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Odo the Great</a> had been independent, refusing to recognise the authority of either the Merovingian king or his <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_palace" title="Mayor of the palace">mayor of the palace</a>. In 714, <a href="/wiki/Pamplona#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> was captured by the Umayyads. In 721, Odo defeated the Arabian-African forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis65_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup> However, in 732 he was utterly routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Garonne" title="Battle of the River Garonne">Battle of the River Garonne</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, after which Muslim troops under <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Al_Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi">Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi</a> plundered the country and captured Bordeaux. Only by Odo submitting to the authority of his Frankish archrival, the mayor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>, could the Christians of Western Europe achieve the military unity necessary to decisively defeat the Umayyad invaders, which they finally accomplished at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a>. Aquitaine and its attendant marches were then nominally united with Francia, but Odo probably kept ruling the Duchy of Vasconia and Aquitaine more or less independently, about the same as before, until his death c. 735.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis65_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>Odo's realm passed to his son <a href="/wiki/Hunald_I_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald I of Aquitaine">Hunald</a>, who, desiring the former independence which had been his father's, attacked Martel's successors, starting a war which lasted for two generations. In 743, the situation was further complicated by the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturian</a> forces attacking Vasconia from the west. In 744, Hunald abdicated to his son <a href="/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifer of Aquitaine">Waifer</a>, who repeatedly challenged Frankish overlordship. After a campaign against the Umayyads in <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>, the king <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> turned his attention to Aquitaine and Waifer, unleashing a devastating <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short#Expansion_of_the_Frankish_realm" title="Pepin the Short">war on Aquitaine</a> and Vasconia that was to have dire consequences on its population, towns and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis65_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Waifer and his Basque troops confronted Pepin several times but were defeated thrice in 760, 762, and 766, after which Aquitaine and Vasconia pledged loyalty to Pepin. Waifer was eventually murdered by desperate followers, or possibly by someone bribed by Pepin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carolingian_duchy_(769–864)"><span id="Carolingian_duchy_.28769.E2.80.93864.29"></span>Carolingian duchy (769–864)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carolingian duchy (769–864)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/300px-Europe_814.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/450px-Europe_814.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/600px-Europe_814.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Political map of Europe in 814</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 778, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> appointed counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, <a href="/wiki/Fezensac" class="mw-redirect" title="Fezensac">Fezensac</a>) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the influence of the dukes of Vasconia. </p><p>The Basques, however, found a pivotal ally in the south in the Basque Muslim realm of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qasi" title="Banu Qasi">Banu Qasi</a> (early 9th century), and enjoyed some safety from the west as the Asturians were immersed in continuous dynastic conflicts. </p><p>The time of Charlemagne's reign was rife with conflicts between Pagan Basques, Christian Franks and Arab Muslims. Most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Roncevaux">Battle of Roncevaux</a> in 778, during which Basques ambushed and slaughtered Charlemagne's rearguard after the Franks destroyed the walls of Pamplona. Heavily mythologised from the 11th century on as a clash between Christians and Muslims, this battle became one of the most celebrated events in the legendary <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>. </p><p>Muslims attacked Vasconia as well, taking possession of Pamplona for some time, but they were expelled by a rebellion in 798–801 that helped to create the Basque Muslim realm of the Banu Qasi around <a href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</a>. In 806, Pamplona, still under Cordovan rule, was attacked by the Franks, and the Pamplonese, led by a certain <a href="/wiki/Velasco_the_Basque" title="Velasco the Basque">Velasco</a>, pledged allegiance to Charlemagne again, but his tenure proved short-lived. In about 814, an anti-Frankish faction led by Enecco, allied with the Banu Qasi, seems to have taken over again. A Frankish army was sent to quash the revolt, to little effect. Furthermore, on their way north through Roncevaux an ambush was attempted, but resulted in a stalemate as the Franks had taken Basque women and children hostage. </p><p>Northern Basques, organized in the Duchy of Vasconia, collaborated with Franks during campaigns such as the capture of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in 799 but after the death of Charlemagne in 814, uprisings started anew. The revolt in Pamplona crossed the Pyrenees north and in 816 <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> deposed the Basque Duke <a href="/wiki/Semen_I_Lop_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Semen I Lop of Gascony">Seguin</a> of Bordeaux for failing to suppress or sympathising with the rebellion. This started a widespread revolt, led by <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_Jim%C3%A9nez_of_Gascony" title="García I Jiménez of Gascony">García Jiménez</a> (according to late traditions, a near-kinsman of <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_I_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo I of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a>, to be the first monarch of Pamplona) and newly appointed duke Lupus Centullo (c. 820). Meanwhile, in Aragon the pro-Frankish Count Aznar Galindo was overthrown by Enecco's allied Count Gartzia Malo, with Aznar Galindo in turn seeking refuge in Frankish-held territory. Louis the Pious received the submission of rebel Basque lords in Dax, but things were far from settled. </p><p>In 824, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass_(824)" title="Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824)">second Battle of Roncevaux</a> took place, when counts <a href="/wiki/Aeblus" title="Aeblus">Eblo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aznar_Galindez_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aznar Galindez I">Aznar Galindo</a> (identified as <a href="/wiki/Aznar_S%C3%A1nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Aznar Sánchez">Aznar Sánchez</a> too), Frankish vassals and the latter appointed Duke of Gascony, were captured by the joint Pamplonese and Banu Qasi forces, strengthening the independence of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Pamplona</a>. In the early 9th century, the lands around the Adour river were segregated from the Duchy under the name of County of Vasconia. Count Aznar's successor, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_S%C3%A1nchez_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Sánchez of Gascony">Sans Sancion</a>, fought against <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, as Charles didn't recognize him as legitimate. </p><p>In 844, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> invaded Bordeaux and killed <a href="/wiki/Seguin_II_of_Gascony" title="Seguin II of Gascony">Duke Seguin II</a>. His heir <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Gascony">William</a> was killed trying to retake Bordeaux in 848,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some sources say he was only captured and later deposed by the king. By the year 853, <a href="/wiki/Sancho_S%C3%A1nchez_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Sánchez of Gascony">Sans Sancion</a>, the Basque leader, was recognised as duke by Charles the Bald. During that same year, Muza of Tudela, relative of the Basque princes, invaded Vasconia and made Sans prisoner. In 855, Sans died and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Gascony" title="Arnold of Gascony">Arnold</a>, who died fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> in 864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_duchy_of_Gascony_(864–1053)"><span id="Basque_duchy_of_Gascony_.28864.E2.80.931053.29"></span>Basque duchy of Gascony (864–1053)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basque duchy of Gascony (864–1053)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_France_1030-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/300px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/450px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Map_France_1030-fr.svg/600px-Map_France_1030-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Vasconia in 1030</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_Mitarra_of_Gascony" title="Sancho III Mitarra of Gascony">Sancho III Mitarra</a> (or <i>Menditarra</i>, cited in 864) appears to be the founder of a lineage of autochthonous independent dukes ruling Gascony up to <a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_William_of_Gascony" title="Sancho VI William of Gascony">Sancho VI William</a> (died in 1032), with loose ties, if any, to the Frankish Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p><p>The dukes had to face Viking inroads and unrest for over a century, an instability that brought about the destruction of existing monasteries in Gascony and a decayed urban life. The dukes of Gascony faced up against the Norsemen (Vikings), and a king of Navarre is cited as providing assistance against them near Bayonne. The Gascon ducal family became tied to the rising <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> by matrimonial alliances at the end of the 10th century, eventually bringing Gascony suzerain to King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho III of Navarre">Sancho III of Navarre</a> ("the Great") for a short period up to 1035.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 181–182">: 181–182 </span></sup> </p><p>While the gradual decay of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a> would have been expected to pave the way for a reassertion of its regional identity, new borders, a more rigid structure derived from feudalization, and internal Basque divergences of culture, interest and language stopped that process.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179">: 179 </span></sup> Dukes parcelled out the duchy as <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a> for their sons — the power of decision was gradually transferred in the 9th and 10th centuries to Gascony's smaller constituent counties, such as <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (region)">Armagnac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigorre" title="Bigorre">Bigorre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comminges" title="Comminges">Comminges</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9bouzan" title="Nébouzan">Nébouzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a>, etc. </p><p>The Duchy of Vasconia between the Adour and the Garonne, gradually became the Duchy of Gascony, moving away from the history of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> (a Romance language) took hold in 'greater Gascony', stripping the name of its former ethnic connotations and lending it a political one. By the 11th-12th centuries, the Basque language is believed to have extended on the north-east up to the upper reaches of the Adour river, far short of its extension 300 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Duchy_of_Aquitaine_(1053–1453)"><span id="Within_the_Duchy_of_Aquitaine_.281053.E2.80.931453.29"></span>Within the Duchy of Aquitaine (1053–1453)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Within the Duchy of Aquitaine (1053–1453)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho the Great</a>'s reign, Gascony distanced itself again from Pamplona. By 1053, Gascony was inherited and conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Aquitania">Duchy of Aquitania</a>. It thus became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> in the 12th century. The ducal title was reemployed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Longshanks" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Longshanks">Edward Longshanks</a> and it formed a base of support for the English during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wade_Labarge" title="Margaret Wade Labarge">Margaret Wade Labarge</a> called it England's first foreign colony.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England lost Gascony as a result of its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, and the region thence became a permanent part of France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopolitical_evolution">Geopolitical evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geopolitical evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vascon participation in the Visigothic Council of Agde (506)."><img alt="Vascon participation in the Visigothic Council of Agde (506)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg/260px-Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg/390px-Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg/520px-Le_concile_d%27Agde_en_506.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vascon participation in the Visigothic Council of Agde (506).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish campaigns in Vasconia (507-509)."><img alt="Frankish campaigns in Vasconia (507-509)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg/260px-Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg/390px-Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg/520px-Map_Frank_campaigns_in_Aquitaine_507-509-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish campaigns in Vasconia (507-509).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasconne participation in the Merovingian Council of Orleans (511)."><img alt="Vasconne participation in the Merovingian Council of Orleans (511)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg/260px-Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg/390px-Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg/520px-Le_concile_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_511.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vasconne participation in the Merovingian Council of Orleans (511).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Councils of Orleans (533) and Clermont (535)."><img alt="Councils of Orleans (533) and Clermont (535)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg/260px-Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg/390px-Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg/520px-Les_conciles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_en_533_et_de_Clermont_en_535.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Councils of Orleans (533) and Clermont (535).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Division of Vasconia between the Frankish sovereigns (548)."><img alt="Division of Vasconia between the Frankish sovereigns (548)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg/248px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg/371px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg/495px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_548.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Division of Vasconia between the Frankish sovereigns (548).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vascon Synod of Eauze (551) and Council of Paris (552)."><img alt="Vascon Synod of Eauze (551) and Council of Paris (552)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg/260px-Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg/390px-Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg/520px-Le_synode_d%27Eauze_en_551_et_le_concile_de_Paris_en_552.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vascon Synod of Eauze (551) and Council of Paris (552).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Chramm, viceroy of Aquitaine (556-560)."><img alt="Prince Chramm, viceroy of Aquitaine (556-560)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_556-560.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince Chramm, viceroy of Aquitaine (556-560).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish kingdoms in 561."><img alt="Frankish kingdoms in 561." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_561.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish kingdoms in 561.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish kingdoms in 567."><img alt="Frankish kingdoms in 567." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_567.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish kingdoms in 567.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish kingdoms in 577."><img alt="Frankish kingdoms in 577." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_577.png 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish kingdoms in 577.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish kingdoms in 581."><img alt="Frankish kingdoms in 581." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_581.png 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish kingdoms in 581.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Aquitaine (584-585)."><img alt="Kingdom of Aquitaine (584-585)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg/326px-Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg.png" decoding="async" width="218" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg/488px-Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg/651px-Royaume_d%27Aquitaine_en_584-585.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Aquitaine (584-585).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Council of Macon (585)."><img alt="Council of Macon (585)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg/260px-Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg/390px-Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg/520px-Le_concile_de_M%C3%A2con_en_585.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Council of Macon (585).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankish kingdoms in 587."><img alt="Frankish kingdoms in 587." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg/261px-Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg/391px-Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg/521px-Les_royaumes_francs_en_587.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frankish kingdoms in 587.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Council of Paris (614)."><img alt="Council of Paris (614)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg/260px-Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg/390px-Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg/520px-Le_concile_de_Paris_en_614.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Council of Paris (614).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Council of Clichy (626-627)."><img alt="Council of Clichy (626-627)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg/260px-Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg/390px-Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg/520px-Le_concile_de_Clichy_en_626-627.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Council of Clichy (626-627).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Aquitaine (628-632)."><img alt="Kingdom of Aquitaine (628-632)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg/260px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg/390px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg/520px-Le_royaume_des_Francs_en_628.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Aquitaine (628-632).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vascon Council of Saint-Pierre-de-Granon (673-675)."><img alt="Vascon Council of Saint-Pierre-de-Granon (673-675)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg/260px-Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg.png" decoding="async" width="174" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg/391px-Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg/521px-Le_concile_de_Saint-Pierre-de-Granon_673-675.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="705" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vascon Council of Saint-Pierre-de-Granon (673-675).</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feudal_status">Feudal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feudal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Basque line of dukes that began in 864, Gascony became effectively independent of the Frankish kings. In 1004, <a href="/wiki/Abbo_of_Fleury" title="Abbo of Fleury">Abbo of Fleury</a>, when visiting the monastery of <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9ole" title="La Réole">La Réole</a>, claimed to be more powerful there than the king, since nobody recognised his power. Charters of La Réole are dated by the reign of the duke of Gascony and not that of the king of France. Nonetheless, charters from elsewhere in Gascony continued to be dated by the reigns of the Frankish kings down to the acquisition of Gascony by Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigounet196348–49_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigounet196348–49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Cartulary" title="Cartulary">cartulary</a> of Saint-Seurin at Bordeaux in 1009, "the custom is that no count [of Gascony] can legitimately govern in this city of Bordeaux if he has not received the charge of the consulate, eyes lowered, from the most holy saint bishop Seurin and if he does not make an annual tribute." A later notice from between 1160 and 1180, says specifically that the would-be count must lay his sword on <a href="/wiki/Severinus_of_Bordeaux" title="Severinus of Bordeaux">Saint Seurin</a>'s altar and then only take it up again after receiving the saint's standard. These practices parallel the practice of the French kings of receiving their kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">Saint Denis</a> and carrying his banner, the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a>. It is possible, however, that the notices in the cartulary of Saint-Seurin, which both elevate that religious house and at the same time distance the dukes of Gascony from any French vassalage, were forged in the late 12th century to advance the cause of the Plantagenets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigounet196350_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigounet196350-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_during_the_Early_Frankish_period">Extent during the Early Frankish period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extent during the Early Frankish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frankish <i>Wasconia</i> comprised the former <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a> and, at least in some periods, also the lands south of the Pyrenees centred on <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It follows that the Duchy of Vasconia comprised Basque areas north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> at least until the definite detachment of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a> from the Duchy in 824. </p><p>In 628, the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a> made arrangements for his brother <a href="/wiki/Charibert_II" title="Charibert II">Charibert II</a> to rule over the territories between the Loire and the Pyrenees (<i>limes Spaniae</i>) 'in the general area of Vasconia', including <a href="/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perigueux" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigueux">Perigueux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cahors" title="Cahors">Cahors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agenais" title="Agenais">Agenais</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins90_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins90-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94–96">: 94–96 </span></sup> In the following years, the same king is reported to have subjugated the whole of Vasconia, meaning that it extended beyond the Pyrenees as well. </p><p>The <i>Ravenna Cosmographer</i> refers to Vasconia as the whole territory stretching out to the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, and so does the <i>Chronicle of Fredegar</i>, suggesting that it lies south of the Loire.<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> but the nature of this naming is subject to debate. At any rate, Basques on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> are cited in the last independent years of the Duchy up to 768, but this year, its northern boundary was pinpointed on the river Garonne. Several authors have put down this large geographical extent of the 7th-8th centuries to an expansion of the Basques from their assumed original habitations around the Pyrenees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organisation_during_the_Early_Frankish_period">Social organisation during the Early Frankish period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social organisation during the Early Frankish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike neighbouring regions, counts did not play a role in Vasconia's power share. Moreover, they were absent, and dukes are mentioned as the main figures of the Basques, immediately followed on the hierarchy by tribal chiefs and families, at least until the rise of the Carolingian dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis65_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup>As for the judicial system, neither the Visigoth law nor Roman law seem to have been in use in the Duchy of Vasconia,<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis65_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> and a native order may have prevailed at least until the Carolingian takeover in 768-769. </p><p>As of 778, Charlemagne started appointing counts (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Fezensac) on the bordering lands of Vasconia along the banks of the river Garonne, undermining the grip on power of the dukes of Vasconia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dukes_and_counts_of_Vasconia">Dukes and counts of Vasconia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dukes and counts of Vasconia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of the dukes are recorded under a bewildering number of variants, which makes identification very difficult. These dukes and counts were leaders of the Basque clans that dominated Gascony and so their native names were Basque. However, as the Gascon language gradually replaced Basque, their names are also recorded in Gascon. Indeed, eventually the dukes of Gascony probably themselves adopted Gascon, which is reflected in the declining use of authentically Basque names by the last dukes. </p><p>In written documents, their names were usually recorded in Latin, which was the favored written language at the time. Today, their names are also frequently found in their French version, and also sometimes in their Spanish version. One example: the Basque name Otsoa (meaning "wolf") was literally translated Lop in Gascon, Lupus in Latin, Loup in French, and Lobo in Spanish. Thus, Duke Otsoa II of Gascony can be known by any of these names, which confuses people not used to the local linguistic situation. Furthermore, even within a set language, there exist many different written variants, as for the Basque name Santso (from Latin <i>sanctus</i>, meaning "holy"), which can be found in Basque documents written Antso, Sanzio, Santio, Sanxo, Sancio, and so on. </p><p>Usually, the dukes and counts of Gascony had two names, the first one being their given name, the second one being the given name of their father (for example, Duke Sans I Lop, which means this is Duke Sans I, son of Lop). This custom later generated the Spanish family names, with the adding of suffix -<i>ez</i> meaning "son of". "Juan Sánchez" literally means "John, son of Sancho". For a few dukes of Gascony, the second name is not the given name of their father, but it is a nickname that they gained over time and that replaced the given name of their father, such as the famous duke Sans III Mitarra, where <i>Mitarra</i> is not the name of his father, but a nickname referring to his origin, probably "Menditarra",<sup id="cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> with a typical Basque <i>-tarra</i> suffix to express origin. </p><p>There is one duke of Gascony subject to a historiographical discussion, and that is Duke Seguin I (Segiwin, Sihimin,...). It has been contended that it actually hides a Basque "Semen"—written forms <i>Semeno, Xemen, Ximen</i>, or <i>Jimeno</i>. It may be that native Basque name based on the word <i>seme</i> (meaning "son", attested in Aquitanian engravings), or it may be "Seguin" (modern Gascon "Siguin"),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a name of Germanic origin based on <i>sig</i>, meaning 'victory' (cf modern German <i>Sieg</i>), and <i>win</i>, meaning 'friend'. </p><p>It has been suggested that some apparently Basque names are merely corruptions of late Germanic names. For example, Garsinde leading to Garsean, Gendolf or Centulf to Centule, Aginald or Hunnald to Enneko (in Flanders, and <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a>, still a short form of the first two frank names), Aginard to Aznar, Belasgytta or Wallagotha to Velasquita, Belasgutho to Velasco, Arnoald to Arnau, Theuda to Toda, Theudahilda to Dadildis or Dedadils. While some of them may be so, many of them—Andregoto, Amunna, Aznar(i), Velasco, Garcia, Ximen(o), Enneco—have well explained forms according to consistent linguistic rules and etymologies, as described by linguist <a href="/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Koldo Mitxelena</a>. The oldest Basque medieval names reflected totemic (animal) references,<sup id="cite_ref-DouglassBilbao_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DouglassBilbao-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> and family links. </p><p>In the list below, the dukes and counts of Gascony are listed according to their Gascon names (based on the current spelling of Gascon, not the medieval spelling, which was fluctuating). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankish_and_native_dukes">Frankish and native dukes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Frankish and native dukes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genial" title="Genial">Genial</a> (602-626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeghyna" title="Aeghyna">Aeghyna</a> (626-638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Aquitaine" title="Felix of Aquitaine">Felix</a> (660s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_I_of_Aquitaine" title="Lupus I of Aquitaine">Lupus I</a> (670-676 or possibly until 710 in Vasconia only<sup id="cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auñamendi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo of Aquitaine">Odo the Great</a> (or <i>Eudes</i>) (688-735), his reign commenced perhaps as late as 692, 700, 710 or 715, unclear parentage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunald_I_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald I of Aquitaine">Hunald I</a> (735-748), son of previous, abdicated to monastery, may have returned later (see below).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waifer_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifer of Aquitaine">Waifer</a> (or <i>Gaifier</i>) (748-767), son of previous.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunald_II_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunald II of Aquitaine">Hunald II</a> (767-769), either Hunald I returning or a different Hunald, fled to Lupus II of Gascony and was handed over to Charlemagne.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Gascony">House of Gascony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: House of Gascony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler</th> <th>Dates</th> <th>Consort</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lop_II_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop II of Gascony">Lop II</a></td> <td>768/70-778/801</td> <td>Numabela of Cantabria<br />five children</td> <td>Probably the founder of a Gascon line of dukes. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_I_Lop_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans I Lop of Gascony">Sans I Lop</a></td> <td>778/801-812</td> <td><i>Unknown</i><br />five children</td> <td>Son of the predecessor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semen_I_Lop_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Semen I Lop of Gascony">Seguin I Lop</a></td> <td>812-816</td> <td><i>Unknown</i><br />one child</td> <td>Brother of the predecessor, rebelled against the Franks. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gassia_I_Semen_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Gassia I Semen of Gascony">Gassia I Semen</a></td> <td>816-818</td> <td><i>Unknown</i></td> <td>Son of the predecessor. Rebelled against the Franks. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lop_III_Centullo_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop III Centullo of Gascony">Lop III Centullo <i>Wasco</i></a></td> <td>818-819/23<sup id="cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auñamendi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Unknown</i><br />two children</td> <td>Son of the predecessor, or of Centullo, brother of Sans I. Rebelled against the Franks. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center">After Lop Centullo's death the duchy was divided: the County of Vasconia temporarily segregated from the Duchy. See: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Basque Country">Northern Basque Country</a>.<br /><br /> <table border="0" width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td width="50%"><b>Duchy, as Frankish vassal</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seguin_II_of_Gascony" title="Seguin II of Gascony">Seguin II Seguin <i>Mostelanicus</i></a> (819/23-846), son or grandson of Seguin I, also <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Bordeaux" title="Count of Bordeaux">Count of Bordeaux</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Gascony">William I of Septimania</a> (846-848 or 852<sup id="cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auñamendi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), son of Dhuoda, daughter of Sans I; died with no descendants.</li></ul> </td> <td width="50%"><b>County, as Frankish rebel</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aznar_S%C3%A1nchez" class="mw-redirect" title="Aznar Sánchez">Aznar Sans</a> (820-836), son of Sans I, as count of Vasconia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans_II_Sancion_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans II Sancion of Gascony">Sans II</a> (836-855 or 864), brother of the previous, fought against the Franks since 848 and eventually became Duke of Vasconia.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <p>In 852, Sans II, from the rebel county, eventually reunited Gascony and regained the ducal title. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_II_Sancion_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans II Sancion of Gascony">Sans II Sancion</a></td> <td>852-855/64 </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Unmarried</i></td> <td>Brother of Aznar Sans, and the new duke from 852. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnaut of Gascony">Arnaut</a></td> <td>855/64<sup id="cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auñamendi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Son of Sansa, sister of the previous. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_III_Mitarra_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans III Mitarra of Gascony">Sans III Sancion <i>the Terrible</i></a><br /><small><i>(Sans Mitarra)</i></small></td> <td>864-893</td> <td><i>Unknown</i><br />one child</td> <td>Son of Sans II. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gassia_II_Sans_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Gassia II Sans of Gascony">Gassia II Sans <i>the Bent</i></a><br /><small><i>(Gassia Okerra)</i></small></td> <td>893-930</td> <td>Amuna of Angoulême<br />c.875<br />six children</td> <td>Son of the predecessor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_IV_Gassia_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans IV Gassia of Gascony">Sans IV Gassia</a></td> <td>930-c.950</td> <td><i>Unknown</i><br />two children<br /><br /><i>Unknown</i><br />five children</td> <td>Son of the predecessor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_V_Sancion_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans V Sancion of Gascony">Sans V Sancion</a></td> <td>c.950-961</td> <td><i>Unmarried</i></td> <td>Son of Sans IV. Some historians believe his name was instead Gassia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guilhem_Sans_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilhem Sans of Gascony">Guilhem II Sans</a></td> <td>c.961-996</td> <td>Urraca Garcés of Navarre<br />c.972<br />one child</td> <td>Brother of the predecessor. Might have been him who fought the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, in 970. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernat_I_Guilhem_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernat I Guilhem of Gascony">Bernat I Guilhem</a></td> <td>996-1009 </td> <td rowspan="2"><i>Unmarried</i></td> <td>Son of the predecessor. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sans_VI_Guilhem_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sans VI Guilhem of Gascony">Sans VI Guilhem</a></td> <td>1009-1032</td> <td>Brother of the predecessor. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Poitiers">House of Poitiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: House of Poitiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Gascony" title="Odo of Gascony">Eudes</a> (1032–1039)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Armagnac">House of Armagnac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: House of Armagnac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernat_II_Tumapaler_of_Armagnac" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernat II Tumapaler of Armagnac">Bernat II</a> (1039–1052)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Poitiers_2">House of Poitiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: House of Poitiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1053, the title of duke of Gascony was held by the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Aquitaine">dukes of Aquitaine</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_VIII_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William VIII of Aquitaine">Guy Geoffrey (William VIII of Aquitaine)</a> (1052–1086)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William IX of Aquitaine">William IX of Aquitaine</a> (1086–1126)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_X_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William X of Aquitaine">William X of Aquitaine</a> (1126–1137)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> (1137–1204)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: House of Plantagenet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1204, the title of Duke of Gascony was held by the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">kings of England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Lord Edward</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry<span class="nowrap"> </span>III</a> and later King Edward<span class="nowrap"> </span>I, was named Duke of Gascony in 1249. On his accession to the throne in 1272, the title was reunited with the kingdom of England and treated as another name for the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>, generally inclusive of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Guyenne">Guyenne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">History of the Basque people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">French Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kondaira.net/eng/Historia0007.html">"The Duchy of Vasconia" kondaira.net/eng</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Duché de Vasconie</i>; <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: <i lang="eu">Baskoniako Dukerria</i>; <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">Ducat de Gasconha</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan José Larrea, Pierre Bonnassie: La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siècle: peuplement et société, pp. 123-129, De Boeck Université, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azkarate Garai-Olaun, A. (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fredegarius. IV, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BasquesCollins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasquesCollins_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, R. (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis65-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis65_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis65_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis65_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis65_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis65_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_R._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald R. Lewis">Lewis, Archibald R.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfcatsoc.htm"><i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 378–379<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Southern+French+and+Catalan+Society%2C+718%E2%80%931050&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=378-379&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Flewis%2Fsfcatsoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monlezun, 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Labarge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigounet196348–49-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigounet196348–49_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigounet1963">Higounet 1963</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigounet196350-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigounet196350_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigounet1963">Higounet 1963</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, relying on the <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Hludowici" class="mw-redirect" title="Vita Hludowici">Vita Hludowici</a></i>. Louis the Pious crossed the Pyrenees and "settled matters" in Pamplona, implying that it fell within his realm, obviously within the Gascon march.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins90-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins90_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Roger1990" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1990). <i>The Basques</i>. Cambridge, Ma: Basil Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17565-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17565-2"><bdi>0-631-17565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basques&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Ma&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-631-17565-2&rft.au=Collins%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DouglassBilbao-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DouglassBilbao_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglassDouglass2005" class="citation book cs1">Douglass, William A.; Douglass, Bilbao, J. (2005) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8KzfK1QwxDIC"><i>Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World</i></a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-625-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-625-5"><bdi>0-87417-625-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerikanuak%3A+Basques+in+the+New+World&rft.place=Reno%2C+NV&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87417-625-5&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Douglass%2C+Bilbao%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8KzfK1QwxDIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auñamendi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auñamendi_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/38128">Ducado de Vasconia (Auñamendi Encyclopedia)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.yawl.com.br/hp/sedycias/historia2_04d.htm">El Ducado de Vasconia.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208222048/http://home.yawl.com.br/hp/sedycias/historia2_04d.htm">Archived</a> 2006-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins, Roger</a> (1990). <i>The Basques</i> (2nd ed.). London: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basques&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbabin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dunbabin" title="Jean Dunbabin">Dunbabin, Jean</a> (2000). <i>France in the Making, 843–1180</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+in+the+Making%2C+843%E2%80%931180&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dunbabin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigounet1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higounet" title="Charles Higounet">Higounet, Charles</a> (1963). <i>Bordeaux pendant le Haut Moyen Âge</i>. Bordeaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bordeaux+pendant+le+Haut+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Bordeaux&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Higounet&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_James_(historian)" title="Edward James (historian)">James, Edward</a> (1977). <i>The Merovingian Archaeology of South-West Gaul</i>. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merovingian+Archaeology+of+South-West+Gaul&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaurgain1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Jaurgain" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean de Jaurgain">Jaurgain, Jean de</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (1898). <i>La Vasconie: Étude historique et critique sur les origines du royaume de Navarre, du duché de Gascogne, des comtés de Comminges, d'Aragon, de Foix, de Bigorre, d'Alava et de Biscaye, de la vicomté de Béarn et des grands fiefs du duché de Gascogne</i>. Vol. 2 vols. Pau: Garet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vasconie%3A+%C3%89tude+historique+et+critique+sur+les+origines+du+royaume+de+Navarre%2C+du+duch%C3%A9+de+Gascogne%2C+des+comt%C3%A9s+de+Comminges%2C+d%27Aragon%2C+de+Foix%2C+de+Bigorre%2C+d%27Alava+et+de+Biscaye%2C+de+la+vicomt%C3%A9+de+B%C3%A9arn+et+des+grands+fiefs+du+duch%C3%A9+de+Gascogne&rft.place=Pau&rft.pub=Garet&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Jaurgain&rft.aufirst=Jean+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabarge1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wade_Labarge" title="Margaret Wade Labarge">Labarge, Margaret</a> (1980). <i>Gascony: England's First Colony, 1204–1453</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gascony%3A+England%27s+First+Colony%2C+1204%E2%80%931453&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Labarge&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Ross_Lewis" title="Archibald Ross Lewis">Lewis, Archibald</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfcatsoc.htm"><i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Southern+French+and+Catalan+Society%2C+718%E2%80%931050&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Flewis%2Fsfcatsoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Claire (2005). <i>Heresy in Medieval France: Dualism in Aquitaine and the Agenais, 1000–1249</i>. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heresy+in+Medieval+France%3A+Dualism+in+Aquitaine+and+the+Agenais%2C+1000%E2%80%931249&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1999" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Michel (1999). "Western Francia: The Southern Principalities". In <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Reuter" title="Timothy Reuter">Timothy Reuter</a> (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900 – c. 1024</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Western+Francia%3A+The+Southern+Principalities&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+3%2C+c.+900+%E2%80%93+c.+1024&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=420-55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Gascony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Gascony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskomedia.org/aunamendi/38128">Auñamendi Encyclopedia: Ducado de Vasconia</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208222048/http://home.yawl.com.br/hp/sedycias/historia2_04d.htm">Sedycias, João. <i>História da Língua Espanhola</i>.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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