CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Charivari - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"debfd0de-cf22-45e5-8e76-a9d49b36bb4c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Charivari","wgTitle":"Charivari","wgCurRevisionId":1252717508,"wgRevisionId":1252717508,"wgArticleId":2341665,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Weddings by culture","Widowhood", "Canadian traditions","Wedding traditions","English folklore","Vigilantism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Charivari","wgRelevantArticleId":2341665,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q663109","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="650"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="434"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg/640px-William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="347"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Charivari - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Charivari rootpage-Charivari skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charivari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charivari" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Charivari" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Charivari" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins,_history_and_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins,_history_and_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Origins, history and form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins,_history_and_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Rising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Rising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Western Rising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Rising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Similar customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainland_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mainland Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_noise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_noise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Importance of noise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_noise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In art and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charivari</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0arivari" title="Šarivari – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šarivari" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari_(Heirat)" title="Charivari (Heirat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charivari (Heirat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zintzarrotsak" title="Zintzarrotsak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zintzarrotsak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari_(rituel)" title="Charivari (rituel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charivari (rituel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charivari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charivari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari_(volksgericht)" title="Charivari (volksgericht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charivari (volksgericht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA" title="シャリヴァリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャリヴァリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charivari" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari" title="Charivari – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charivari" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Шаривари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаривари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corredd%C3%A0da" title="Correddàda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Correddàda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charivari_(ritual)" title="Charivari (ritual) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charivari (ritual)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96" title="Шаріварі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаріварі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailtaedje_(uzance_soci%C3%A5le)" title="Pailtaedje (uzance sociåle) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pailtaedje (uzance sociåle)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663109#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charivari" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Charivari" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charivari"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Charivari"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Charivari" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Charivari" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&oldid=1252717508" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Charivari&id=1252717508&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharivari"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCharivari"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Charivari&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charivaris" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q663109" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">European and North American folk custom designed to shame a community member</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mock-serenading custom. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Charivari_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charivari (disambiguation)">Charivari (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg/310px-William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg/465px-William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg/620px-William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a>'s engraving "<a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a> Encounters the Skimmington" (illustration to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Charivari</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternatively spelled <b>shivaree</b> or <b>chivaree</b> and also called a <b>skimmington</b>) was a European and North American folk custom designed to shame a member of the community, in which a mock <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parade</a> was staged through the settlement accompanied by a discordant mock <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenade</a>. Since the crowd aimed to make as much noise as possible by beating on pots and pans or anything that came to hand, these parades were often referred to as <b>rough music</b>. </p><p>Parades were of three types. In the first and generally most violent form, an alleged wrongdoer (or wrongdoers) might be dragged from his or her home or place of work and paraded by force through a community. In the process, the victim was subject to the derision of the crowd and might be pelted and was frequently dunked at the end of the proceedings. A safer form involved a neighbour of the wrongdoer impersonating the victim while being carried through the streets. The impersonator was obviously not him or herself punished and often cried out or sang ribald verses mocking the wrongdoer. In the common form, an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> was employed instead, abused and often burnt at the end of the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communities used "rough music" to express their disapproval of different types of violation of community norms. For example, they might target marriages of which they disapproved such as a union between an older widower and much younger woman, or the premature remarriage of a widow or widower. Villages also used charivari in cases of adulterous relationships, against wife-beaters or unmarried mothers. It was also used as a form of shaming upon husbands who were beaten by their wives and had not stood up for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, the community disapproved of any remarriage by older widows or widowers. <i>Charivari</i> is the original French word, and in Canada it is used by both Anglophones and Francophones. <i>Chivaree</i> became the common variant in <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a>. In the United States, the term <i>shivaree</i> is more common.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As species of popular justice rites, Charivaric events were carefully planned and they were often staged at times of traditional festivity thereby blending delivering justice and celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charivari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval charivari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/220px-Charivari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/330px-Charivari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Charivari.jpg/440px-Charivari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of charivari, early 14th century (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel">Roman de Fauvel</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the word <i>charivari</i> is likely from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caribaria</i></span></i>, plural of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caribarium</i></span>, already referring to the custom of rattling kitchenware with an iron rod,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself probably from the Greek καρηβαρία (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">karēbaría</i></span>), literally "heaviness in the head" but also used to mean "headache", from κάρα "head" and βαρύς "heavy". In any case, the tradition has been practised for at least 700 years. An engraving in the early 14th-century French manuscript, <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel">Roman de Fauvel</a></i>, shows a charivari underway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So-called "Rough Music" practices in England were known by many regional or local designations. In the North the most commonly employed term was "<b>stang riding</b>", a stang being a long pole carried on the shoulders of two men between which an object or a person could be mounted. In the South, the term <b>skimmington</b>, or <b>skimmington ride</b>, was most commonly employed, a skimmington being a type of large wooden ladle with which an unruly wife might beat her husband. Other terms include "<b>lewbelling</b>", "<b>tin-panning</b>", "<b>ran tanning</b>", a "<b>nominey</b>" or "<b>wooset</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where effigies of the "wrongdoers" were made they were frequently burned as the climax of the event (as the inscription on the Rampton photograph indicates<sup id="cite_ref-Millington_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or "ritually drowned" (thrown into a pond or river). </p><p>The very essence of the practice was <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public humiliation</a> of the victim under the eyes of their neighbours <sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rough music practices were irregularly scattered throughout English communities in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth they declined but endured in a few places, such as <a href="/wiki/Rampton,_Nottinghamshire" title="Rampton, Nottinghamshire">Rampton, Nottinghamshire</a> (1909),<sup id="cite_ref-Millington_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Middleton_Cheney" title="Middleton Cheney">Middleton Cheney</a> (1909) and <a href="/wiki/Blisworth" title="Blisworth">Blisworth</a> (1920s and 1936), Northamptonshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were in fact some examples after the Second World War in Sussex, at <a href="/wiki/West_Hoathly" title="West Hoathly">West Hoathly</a> in 1947 and <a href="/wiki/Copthorne,_West_Sussex" title="Copthorne, West Sussex">Copthorne</a> around 1951, and an attempt at traditional rough music practice was last documented by the folklorist Theo Brown in a Devonshire village around 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewbelling,_or_rough_music.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png/220px-Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png/330px-Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png/440px-Lewbelling%2C_or_rough_music.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>A lewbelling in Warwickshire, 1909. The caption<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that the custom, although dying out, was still occasionally observed. Here it was applied to an immoral couple.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Warwickshire, the custom was known as "loo-belling" or "lewbelling",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in northern England as "riding the stang".<sup id="cite_ref-page_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names given to this or similar customs were "rough-musicking" and "hussitting" (said to be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> or followers of <a href="/wiki/John_Huss" class="mw-redirect" title="John Huss">John Huss</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noisy, masked processions were held outside the home of the accused wrongdoer, involving the cacophonous rattling of bones and cleavers, the ringing of bells, hooting, blowing bull's horns, the banging of frying pans, saucepans, kettles, or other kitchen or barn implements with the intention of creating long-lasting embarrassment to the alleged perpetrator.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a rough music performance, the victim could be displayed upon a pole or donkey (in person or as an effigy), their "crimes" becoming the subject of mime, theatrical performances or <a href="/wiki/Recitatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Recitatives">recitatives</a>, along with a litany of obscenities and insults.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, one of the participants would "ride the stang" (a pole carried between the shoulders of two or more men or youths) while banging an old kettle or pan with a stick and reciting a rhyme (called a "nominy") such as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>With a ran, tan, tan,<br /> On my old tin can,<br /> Mrs. _______ and her good man.<br /> She bang'd him, she bang'd him,<br /> For spending a penny when he stood in need.<br /> She up with a three-footed stool;<br /> She struck him so hard, and she cut so deep,<br /> Till the blood run down like a new stuck sheep!<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Rough music processions are well attested in the medieval period as punishments for violations of the assumed gender norms. Men who had allowed themselves to be dominated by their shrewish wives were liable to be targeted and a frieze from Montecute House, an Elizabethan Manor in Somerset depicts just such an occurrence. However, in the nineteenth century the practice seems to have been somewhat refocused; whilst in the early period rough music was often used against men who had failed to assert their authority over their wives, by the end of the nineteenth century it was mostly targeted against men who had exceeded their authority by beating them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in contrast to the verses above referring to a shrewish wife there were also songs referring to the use of rough music as a protection for wives. </p><p>Rough music song originating from <a href="/wiki/South_Stoke,_Oxfordshire" title="South Stoke, Oxfordshire">South Stoke, Oxfordshire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>There is a man in our town<br /> Who often beats his wife,<br /> So if he does it any more,<br /> We'll put his nose right out before.<br /> Holler boys, holler boys,<br /> Make the bells ring,<br /> Holler boys, holler boys.<br /> God save the King. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The participants were generally young men temporarily bestowed with the power of rule over the everyday affairs of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As above, issues of sexuality and domestic hierarchy most often formed the pretexts for rough music,<sup id="cite_ref-ac_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including acts of domestic violence or child abuse. However, rough music was also used as a sanction against those who committed certain species of economic crimes such as blocking footpaths, preventing traditional <a href="/wiki/Gleaning" title="Gleaning">gleaning</a>, or profiteering at times of poor harvests. Occupational groups, such as butchers, employed rough music against others in the same trade who refused to abide by the commonly agreed labour customs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rough music practices would often be repeated for three or up to seven nights in a row.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many victims fled their communities and cases of suicide are not unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As forms of <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilantism</a> that were likely to lead to <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">public disorder</a>, ran-tanning and similar activities were banned under the Highways Act of 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-Millington_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millington-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins,_history_and_form"><span id="Origins.2C_history_and_form"></span>Origins, history and form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins, history and form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Skimmingtons are recorded in England in early medieval times and they are recorded in colonial America from around the 1730s.<sup id="cite_ref-pencak_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pencak-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCHP_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCHP-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a> region of England and, although the etymology is not certain, it has been suggested that it derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)" title="Ladle (spoon)">ladle</a> used in that region for cheesemaking, which was perceived as a weapon used by a woman to beat a weak or henpecked husband. The rationale for a skimmington varied, but one major theme was disapproval of a man for weakness in his relationship with his wife. A description of the custom in 1856 cites three main targets: a man who is worsted by his wife in a quarrel; a cuckolded man who accepts his wife's <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>; and any married person who engages in licentious conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To "ride such a person skimmington" involved exposing them or their effigy to ridicule on a cart, or on the back of a horse or donkey. Some accounts describe the participants as carrying ladles and spoons with which to beat each other, at least in the case of skimmingtons prompted by marital discord. The noisy parade passed through the neighbourhood, and served as a punishment to the offender and a warning to others to abide by community norms; Roberts suggests that the homes of other potential victims were visited in a pointed manner during a skimmington.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one citation, a skimmington was broken up by the police in a village in Dorset as late as 1917;<sup id="cite_ref-page_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incidents have been reported from the 1930s, the 1950s and perhaps even the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The antiquary and lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grose" title="Francis Grose">Francis Grose</a> described a skimmington as: "Saucepans, frying-pans, poker and tongs, marrow-bones and cleavers, bulls horns, etc. beaten upon and sounded in ludicrous processions" <i>(<a href="/wiki/A_Classical_Dictionary_of_the_Vulgar_Tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue">A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue</a></i>, 1796). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Rising">Western Rising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western Rising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Western_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Rising">Western Rising</a> of 1628–1631, which was a rebellion in south-west England against the <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> of royal forest lands, the name "Lady Skimmington" was adopted by the leader of the protest movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Allan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources the name was used by a number of men involved with the Western Rising, who dressed in women's clothes not only as a method of disguise, but also in order to symbolise their protest against a breach of the established order.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Similar_customs">Similar customs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Similar customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many folk customs around the world have involved making loud noises to scare away evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tuneless, cacophonous "rough music", played on horns, bugles, whistles, tin trays and frying pans, was a feature of the custom known as <i>Teddy Rowe's Band</i>. This had taken place annually, possibly for several centuries, in the early hours of the morning, to herald the start of <a href="/wiki/Pack_Monday_Fair" title="Pack Monday Fair">Pack Monday Fair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sherborne,_Dorset" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherborne, Dorset">Sherborne, Dorset</a>, until it was banned by the police in 1964 because of hooliganism the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hole_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hole-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fair is still held, on the first Monday after Old <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> Day (10 October)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">St Michael's</a> Day in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style calendar</a>. </p><p>The <i>Tin Can Band</i> at <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Northamptonshire" title="Broughton, Northamptonshire">Broughton, Northamptonshire</a>, a seasonal custom, takes place at midnight on the third Sunday in December. The participants march around the village for about an hour, rattling pans, dustbin lids, kettles and anything else that will make a noise.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InfoBritain_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoBritain-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council once attempted to stop the tin-canning; participants were <a href="/wiki/Summons" title="Summons">summoned</a> and fined, but a dance was organised to raise money to pay the fines and the custom continues.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InfoBritain_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoBritain-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village is sufficiently proud of its custom for it to feature on the village sign.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_Europe">Mainland Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mainland Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_(En_Choeur)._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four drunken male Parisians sing a bawdy serenade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_%28En_Choeur%29._Le_Soleil_Est_Si_Beau_..._-_Honor%C3%A9_Daumier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Paris men sing a drunken serenade in Honoré Daumier's series of humorous cartoons, <i>The Musicians of Paris</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Equivalents include the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/haberfeldtreiben" class="extiw" title="de:haberfeldtreiben">haberfeldtreiben</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/katzenmusik" class="extiw" title="de:katzenmusik">katzenmusik</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/scampanate" class="extiw" title="it:scampanate">scampanate</a></i>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cacerolada" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacerolada">cacerolada</a>, (also cacerolazo or cacerolada) and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/charivari" class="extiw" title="fr:charivari">charivari</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ac_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ac-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The custom has been documented back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but it is likely that it was traditional before that. It was first recorded in France, as a regular wedding activity to celebrate the nuptials at some point after the vows had been taken. But charivari achieved its greatest importance as it became transformed into a form of community censure against socially unacceptable marriages; for example, the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a> before the end of the customary social period of formal <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a>. In the early 17th century at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Tours" title="Council of Tours">Council of Tours</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic Church</a> forbade the ritual of charivari and threatened its practitioners with <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not want the community taking on the judgment and punishment of parishioners. But the custom continued in rural areas. </p><p>The charivari as celebration was a custom initially practised by the upper classes, but as time went on, the lower classes also participated and often looked forward to the next opportunity to join in.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two main purposes of the charivari in Europe were to facilitate change in the current social structure and to act as a form of <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> within the community. The goal was to enforce social standards and to rid the community of socially unacceptable relationships that threatened the stability of the whole.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe various types of charivari took place that differed from similar practices in other parts of the world. For example, the community might conduct a stag hunt against adulterers by creating a mock chase of human "stags" by human "hounds". The hounds would pursue the stags (that is, those who were committing the adulterous relationship) and dispense animal blood on their doorsteps. European charivaris were highly provocative, leading to overt public humiliation. The people used them to acknowledge and correct misbehaviour. In other parts of the world, similar public rituals around nuptials were practised mostly for celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a> was the most common consequence of the European charivari. The acts which victims endured were forms of social ostracism often so embarrassing that they would leave the community for places where they were not known.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the charivari resulted in <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. Examples from the south of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> include five cases of a charivari victim's firing on his accusers: these incidents resulted in two people being blinded and three killed. Some victims committed suicide, unable to recover from the public humiliation and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lewis_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Lewis (author)">Norman Lewis</a> recorded the survival of the custom in 1950s <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> "in spite of the energetic disapproval of the <a href="/wiki/Guardia_Civil" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardia Civil">Guardia Civil</a>". It was called <i>cencerrada</i>, consisted of raucous nocturnal music, and was aimed at widows or widowers who remarried prematurely.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that the blowing of car horns after weddings in France (and indeed in many European countries) today is a holdover from the charivari of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-LeGoff1981_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeGoff1981-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charivari has been practiced in much of the United States, but it was most frequent on the frontier, where communities were small and more formal enforcement was lacking. It was documented into the early 20th century, but was thought to have mostly died out by mid century. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, charivaris have occurred in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and the Atlantic provinces, but not always as an expression of disapproval. </p><p>The early French colonists took the custom of charivari to their settlements in Quebec. Some historians believe the custom spread to English-speaking areas of Lower Canada and eventually into the American South, but it was independently common in English society, so was likely to be part of Anglo-American customs. Charivari is well documented in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> from the earliest days of English settlers through the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest documented examples of Canadian charivari were in Quebec in the mid-17th century. One of the most notable was on June 28, 1683. After the widow of François Vézier dit Laverdure remarried only three weeks after her husband’s death, people of Quebec City conducted a loud and strident charivari against the newlyweds at their home.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As practised in North America, the charivari tended to be less extreme and punitive than the traditional European custom. Each was unique and heavily influenced by the standing of the family involved, as well as who was participating. While embellished with some European traditions, in a North American charivari participants might throw the culprits into horse tanks or force them to buy candy bars for the crowd. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All in fun – it was just a shiveree, you know, and nobody got mad about it. At least not very mad.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Johnson (1990), p. 382.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>This account from an American charivari in Kansas exemplifies the North American attitude. In contrast to punitive charivari in small villages in Europe, meant to ostracize and isolate the evildoers, North American charivaris were used as "unifying rituals", in which those in the wrong were brought back into the community after what might amount to a minor <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some communities the ritual served as a gentle spoof of the newlyweds, intended to disrupt for a while any sexual activities that might be under way. In parts of the midwest US, such as Kansas, in the mid 1960–1970s, shivaree customs continued as good natured wedding humour along the lines of the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i>. Rituals included wheeling the bride about in a wheelbarrow or tying cowbells under a wedding bed. This ritual may be the base of the fastening of tin cans to the newlyweds car.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tampa, Florida, in September 1885, a large chivaree was held on the occasion of local official James T. Magbee's wedding. According to historian Kyle S. Vanlandingham, the party was "the wildest and noisiest of all the chivaree parties in Tampa's history," attended by "several hundred" men and lasting "until near daylight". The music produced during the chivaree was reportedly "hideous and unearthly beyond description".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charivari is believed to have inspired the development of the <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadian</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_noise">Importance of noise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Importance of noise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of excessive noise was a universal practice in association with variations in the custom. Loud singing and chanting were common in Europe, including England, and throughout North America. For an 1860 English charivari against a wife-beater, someone wrote an original chant which the crowd was happy to adopt: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Has beat his wife!<br /> Has beat his wife!<br /> It is a very great shame and disgrace<br /> To all who live in this place<br /> It is indeed, upon my life!<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In Europe the noise, songs, and chants had special meanings for the crowd. When directed against adulterers, the songs represented the community’s disgust. For a too-early remarriage of a widow or widower, the noises symbolized the scream of the late husband or wife in the night.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_usages">Other usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most common usage of the word today is in relation to circus performances, where a 'charivari' is a type of show opening that sees a raucous tumble of clowns and other performers into the playing space. This is the most common form of entrance used in today's classical <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>, whereas the two and three-ring circuses of the last century usually preferred a parade, or a 'spec'. </p><p>Charivari was sometimes called "riding the 'stang", when the target was a man who had been subject to scolding, beating, or other abuse from his wife. The man was made to "ride the 'stang", which meant that he was placed backwards on a horse, mule or ladder and paraded through town to be mocked, while people banged pots and pans.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The charivari was used to belittle those who could not or would not consummate their marriage. In the mid-16th century, historic records attest to a charivari against <a href="/wiki/Martin_Guerre" title="Martin Guerre">Martin Guerre</a> in the small village of <a href="/wiki/Artigat" title="Artigat">Artigat</a> in the French <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> for that reason. After he married at the age of 14, his wife did not get pregnant for eight years, so villagers ridiculed him. Later in his life, another man took over Guerre's identity and life. The trial against the impostor was what captured the events for history. In the 20th century, the events formed the basis of a French film, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Retour_de_Martin_Guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Retour de Martin Guerre">Le Retour de Martin Guerre</a></i> (1982) and the history, <i>The Return of Martin Guerre</i>, by the American history professor <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the charivari widely practised among rural villagers across Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term and practice were part of common culture. Over time, the word was applied to other items. In <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <i>charivari</i> was adopted as the name for the silver ornaments worn with <a href="/wiki/Lederhosen" title="Lederhosen">Lederhosen</a>; the items consist of small trophies from game, like teeth from wild boar, or deer, jaws and fangs from foxes and various marters, feathers and claws from jaybirds and birds of prey. A Bavarian Charivari resembles the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">chatelaine</a>", a women's ornament consisting of a silver chain with numerous pendants like a mini silver box of needles, a small pair of scissors, a tiny bottle of perfume, etc.. </p><p>In the Philippines, Charivari is punishable for being a public disorder under Article 155 of the Revised Penal Code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_music">In music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charivari would later be taken up by composers of the <a href="/wiki/French_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="French Baroque">French Baroque</a> tradition as a 'rustic' or 'pastoral' character piece. Notable examples are those of the renowned <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">Marin Marais</a> in his five collections of pieces for the <i>basse de viole</i> and <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">continuo</a>. Some are quite advanced and difficult and subsequently evoke the title's origins. </p><p>The British <a href="/wiki/Period_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Period instrument">period instrument</a>/<a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> ensemble, Charivari Agréable (founded in 1993), states that their name translates as, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'pleasant tumult' (from Saint-Lambert’s 1707 treatise on accompaniment)".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_literature">In art and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In art and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 14th-century political satire <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Fauvel" title="Roman de Fauvel">Roman de Fauvel</a></i>, the evil half-man, half-horse central character Fauvel marries the allegorical figure of Vainglory, and the townspeople hold a charivari in the street as he goes to his marriage bed.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a>'s 1971 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning novel <i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a></i>, shortly after new bride Susan Burling Ward arrives in 1876 in the California mining town <a href="/wiki/New_Almaden" title="New Almaden">New Almaden</a>, her husband learns with alarm that "[t]here was some talk about a charivari" among the miners, some of whom throw snickering glances at Susan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Goulet_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Goulet (writer) (page does not exist)">Robert Goulet</a>'s 1961 novel <i>The Violent Season</i> depicts a charivari that occurs in rural <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Lancashire_Witches" title="The Late Lancashire Witches">The Late Lancashire Witches</a></i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood" title="Thomas Heywood">Thomas Heywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brome" title="Richard Brome">Richard Brome</a>, features a horseback skimmington ride prompted by a woman who seeks greater independence</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a></i>, the central character encounters a skimmington in a scene notably illustrated by <a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></li> <li>A skimmington is depicted in a plaster frieze in <a href="/wiki/Montacute_House" title="Montacute House">Montacute House</a>, which dates from the Elizabethan era, and shows a man mounted on a pole, carried on the shoulders of others<sup id="cite_ref-Qunion_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qunion-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A skimmington forms a well-known scene in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s 1884 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimes_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimes-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effigies of the mayor and Lucetta, a former lover, are paraded through the streets on a donkey by a noisy crowd when rumours of their prior relationship surface. Lucetta, now respectably married to Henchard's rival Farfrae, collapses in distress and humiliation, miscarries her baby and dies.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>"They are coming up Corn Street after all! They sit back to back!"<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"What—two of 'em—are there two figures?"</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"Yes. Two images on a donkey, back to back, their elbows tied to one another's! She's facing the head, and he's facing the tail."</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"Is it meant for anybody in particular?"</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"Well--it mid be. The man has got on a blue coat and kerseymere leggings; he has black whiskers, and a reddish face. 'Tis a stuffed figure, with a falseface." (...)</span><br /> <br /> The numerous lights round the two effigies threw them up into lurid distinctness; it was impossible to mistake the pair for other than the intended victims.<br /> <br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"Come in, come in," implored Elizabeth; "and let me shut the window!"</span><br /> <span class="mw-poem-indented" style="display: inline-block; margin-inline-start: 1em;">"She's me—she's me—even to the parasol—my green parasol!" cried Lucetta with a wild laugh as she stepped in. She stood motionless for one second—then fell heavily to the floor.</span> </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thomas Hardy, <i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i></cite></div></blockquote> <ul><li>The Skimmity Hitchers are a <a href="/wiki/Scrumpy_and_Western" title="Scrumpy and Western">Scrumpy & Western</a> band from the West Country of England. They took their name from the Skimmington (known as Skimmity in Dorset) to reflect their music and stage show which is a mix of rough music, parody, drunkenness and audience humiliation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Charivari" title="Le Charivari">Le Charivari</a></i> was the name given to a French satirical magazine first published in 1832. Its British counterpart, established in 1841, was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch, or The London Charivari</a></i>.</li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Purchase_Price" title="The Purchase Price">The Purchase Price</a></i>, members of a North Dakota farming community celebrate the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/George_Brent" title="George Brent">George Brent</a>'s characters by holding a noisy, drunken shivaree a couple days after their nuptials.</li> <li>In the television show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waltons" title="The Waltons">The Waltons</a></i>, the episode titled "The Shivaree" focused around a wedding between a city boy and a country girl. The groom almost calls off the marriage after being humiliated by a shivaree thrown by his wife's family and friends.</li> <li>In the television show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rifleman" title="The Rifleman">The Rifleman</a></i>, in episode titled "Shivaree", two travelers are forced to get married when it is discovered that they are actually a young unmarried couple in disguise.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Midsomer_Murders" title="Midsomer Murders">Midsomer Murders</a></i> television episode "Four Funerals and a Wedding" prominently features a Skimmington ride.</li> <li>In the fantasy novel series <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a> refers to the 'dissonant piping and war-drums of vengeance' sounds of rough music in a scene where a rural town finds out that a local man beat his daughter, causing her miscarriage, and a drunken mob come to kill him for the crime.</li> <li>In the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman" title="Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman">Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman</a></i>, the episode titled "Return Engagement, Part 1" references a shivaree after an ex-prostitute marries the telegraph operator.</li> <li>In the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!" title="Oklahoma!">Oklahoma!</a></i>, Laurey and Curly are given a shivaree on their wedding night by a group of rowdy cowboys near the end of Act II.</li> <li>In the British drama series <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_(TV_series)" title="Jamestown (TV series)"><i>Jamestown</i></a>, Season 2, Episode 8, the Widow Castell is made to walk a Skimmington in order to shame her for not remarrying soon enough. The men in power want her under the control of a husband to stymie her meddling in colony politics.</li> <li>In the 1950 film <i><a href="/wiki/Never_a_Dull_Moment_(1950_film)" title="Never a Dull Moment (1950 film)">Never A Dull Moment</a>,</i> newlyweds Chris and Kay are given a shivaree by local ranchers on Kay’s first night at her husband’s ranch.</li> <li>In the American animated sitcom <a href="/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)" title="Archer (2009 TV series)"><i>Archer</i></a>, Season 5, Episode 12, titled "Filibuster", Cyril proposes that the servants conduct a shivaree while he and Julia Calderon consummate their marriage. She declines.</li> <li>In the 1966 film <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_(1966_film)" title="El Dorado (1966 film)"><i>El Dorado</i></a>, Cole Thorton (<a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>) tells Mississippi (<a href="/wiki/James_Caan" title="James Caan">James Caan</a>) that they were unable to re-enter the saloon they just left because the "shivaree" (i.e., the fight they had with other bar patrons) "wore out our welcome".</li> <li>In the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</a></i>, Season 1, Episode 8, "The Chivaree", the couple getting married discuss the expected "chivareeing" to follow their upcoming wedding. The groom opposes, after having already been chided in the town previously, but the scorned ex-lover of the bride insists. The bride and groom sit quietly in the window and endure the ruckus for two days before inviting the crowd in for food and drink.</li> <li>In the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a></i>, Cersei Lannister's hair is cut off and she is paraded naked through the streets of King's Landing, whilst a bell is rung to repeated chants of "Shame!"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacerolazo" title="Cacerolazo">Cacerolazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Ooser" title="Dorset Ooser">Dorset Ooser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escrache" title="Escrache">Escrache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_a_rail" title="Riding a rail">Riding a rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">Tarring and feathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rogue%27s_March" title="The Rogue's March">The Rogue's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKremer2014" class="citation news cs1">Kremer, William (23 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-26289459">"What medieval Europe did with its teenagers"</a>. <i>BBC News Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+medieval+Europe+did+with+its+teenagers&rft.date=2014-03-23&rft.aulast=Kremer&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-26289459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/charivari">"charivari"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=charivari&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcharivari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks, Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914</i> pp. 71–72 Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383940-8">978-1-84383940-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gynocentrism.com/2015/12/02/stang-riding-as-punishment-for-male-victims-of-intimate-partner-violence/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Stang riding" as punishment for male victims of intimate partner violence"</a>. <i>gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com</i>. December 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=%22Stang+riding%22+as+punishment+for+male+victims+of+intimate+partner+violence&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynocentrism.com%2F2015%2F12%2F02%2Fstang-riding-as-punishment-for-male-victims-of-intimate-partner-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2005" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Bryan D. (2005). "Discordant Music: Charivaris and Whitecapping in Nineteenth-Century North America". <i>Crime and Deviance in Canada</i>. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-274-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-274-4"><bdi>978-1-55130-274-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discordant+Music%3A+Charivaris+and+Whitecapping+in+Nineteenth-Century+North+America&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Deviance+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholars+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-274-4&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks, Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914</i>, Chapter Three Boydell Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Historiae Augustae scriptores VI</i>. ex officina Hackiana. 1671. p. 822 (note by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Salmasius" title="Claudius Salmasius">Claudius Salmasius</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiae+Augustae+scriptores+VI&rft.pages=822+%28note+by+Claudius+Salmasius%29&rft.pub=ex+officina+Hackiana&rft.date=1671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks, Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1780–1918</i>, P. 63 Boydell Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millington-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Millington_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millington_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Millington_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nottsheritagegateway.org.uk/themes/folklore/folkloregraphic.htm">The Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway: Folklore and customs, by Dr Peter Millington</a> Includes a rare photograph of a ran-tan at Rampton, Nottinghamshire (1909)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1992-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1992_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson, E. P.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213200248/http://web.csulb.edu/~ssayeghc/theory/wintertheory/rough%20music.pdf">"Rough Music Reconsidered"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folklore</i>. <b>103</b>: 3–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1992.9715826">10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csulb.edu/~ssayeghc/theory/wintertheory/rough%20music.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Rough+Music+Reconsidered&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1992.9715826&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csulb.edu%2F~ssayeghc%2Ftheory%2Fwintertheory%2Frough%2520music.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimes_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy A Grimes, <i>Like Dew Before the Sun – Life and Language in Northamptonshire</i>, pp. 6–8, Privately published, Stanley L Hunt (printers), Rushden, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9518496-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9518496-0-3">0-9518496-0-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks, Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760-1914</i> Boydell Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Illustrated London News</i>, 14 August 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word was said to derive from <i>lewd</i> + <i>belling</i>: Illustrated London News, 14 August 1909, page 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1997" class="citation book cs1">Page, Norman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5p3E9oL2G4EC&dq=skimmington&pg=PA391">"Appendix G: The Skimmington Ride"</a>. <i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i>. Broadview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-122-3"><bdi>978-1-55111-122-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+G%3A+The+Skimmington+Ride&rft.btitle=The+Mayor+of+Casterbridge&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-122-3&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5p3E9oL2G4EC%26dq%3Dskimmington%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seal, Graham, "A 'Hussitting' in Berkshire, 1930" (<i>Folklore</i>, vol. 98, No. 1 (1987), 91, 93. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1259404">[1]</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ac-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ac_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ac_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2004" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Christoph (2004). <i>Audio Culture</i>. London: Continuum. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1614-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-1614-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audio+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1614-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandEllisHazlitt1905" class="citation book cs1">Brand, John; Ellis, Henry; Hazlitt, William Carew (July 8, 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/cu31924027937956"><i>The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain</i></a> (1905 ed.). London, Reeves and Turner. p. 563 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popular+Antiquities+of+Great+Britain&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=1905&rft.pub=London%2C+Reeves+and+Turner&rft.date=1905-07-08&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Henry&rft.au=Hazlitt%2C+William+Carew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027937956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span> (quoting <i>Costume of Yorkshire</i>, 1814)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks Stephen, (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914</i> p. 92. p. 99 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2005" class="citation book cs1">Bloxham, Christine (2005). <i>Folklore of Oxfordshire</i>. Tempus. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-3664-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-3664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore+of+Oxfordshire&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-3664-7&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks Stephen, <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914</i> Chapter Five</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914</i> pp. 76–82. Boydell Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pencak-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pencak_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPencak" class="citation web cs1">Pencak, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901074147/http://www.psupress.psu.edu/Justataste/samplechapters/justatastePencak.html">"Riot and Revelry in Early America: Introduction"</a>. Penn State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psupress.psu.edu/justataste/samplechapters/justatastepencak.html">the original</a> on 2006-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riot+and+Revelry+in+Early+America%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=Penn+State+University&rft.aulast=Pencak&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psupress.psu.edu%2Fjustataste%2Fsamplechapters%2Fjustatastepencak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCHP-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCHP_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKickler" class="citation web cs1">Kickler, Troy L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/encyclopedia/176/entry">"Skimmington"</a>. <i>North Carolina History Project</i>. John Locke Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+History+Project&rft.atitle=Skimmington&rft.aulast=Kickler&rft.aufirst=Troy+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcarolinahistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2F176%2Fentry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberts_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1856" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Roberts_(antiquary)" title="George Roberts (antiquary)">Roberts, George</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistorype01robegoog"><i>The Social History of the People of the Southern Counties of England in Past Centuries</i></a>. Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialhistorype01robegoog/page/n577">535</a>–536.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+History+of+the+People+of+the+Southern+Counties+of+England+in+Past+Centuries&rft.pages=535-536&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialhistorype01robegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allan_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Allan, D. G. C. (1952). "The Rising in the West, 1628–1631". <i>The Economic History Review</i>. New series, vol. 5 (1). Blackwell: 76–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2591309">10.2307/2591309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591309">2591309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Rising+in+the+West%2C+1628%E2%80%931631&rft.volume=New+series%2C+vol.+5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-85&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2591309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2591309%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=D.+G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPericic2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pericic, Marija (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017181245/http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/current/pericic?f=252757">"Myth, Memory and Misunderstanding"</a>. <i>Limina</i>. <b>15</b>: 6–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/current/pericic?f=252757">the original</a> on 2009-10-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Limina&rft.atitle=Myth%2C+Memory+and+Misunderstanding&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Pericic&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au%2Fcurrent%2Fpericic%3Ff%3D252757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/136.html">Bartleby.com <i>The Golden Bough</i> (1922 edition), Sir James George Frazer, Ch 56 The Public Expulsion of Evils §1 The Omnipresence of Demons</a> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/137.html"><i>op.cit.</i>, Ch 56 §2 The Occasional Expulsion of Evils</a></dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/196/138.html"><i>op.cit.</i>, Ch56 §3 The Periodic Expulsion of Evils</a></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hole-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hole_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hole, Christina (1978). <i>A Dictionary of British Folk Customs</i>, pp291–292, Paladin Granada, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-586-08293-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-586-08293-X">0-586-08293-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visit-dorset.com/site/whats-on/sherborne-pack-monday-fair-p481763">"What's On - Dorset"</a>. <i>visit-dorset.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit-dorset.com&rft.atitle=What%27s+On+-+Dorset&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visit-dorset.com%2Fsite%2Fwhats-on%2Fsherborne-pack-monday-fair-p481763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Kirpatrick, Sleeve notes for <i>Wassail! A Traditional Celebration of an English Midwinter</i>, John Kirpatrick <i>et al.</i>, Fellside Records, FECD125 (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfoBritain-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfoBritain_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfoBritain_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.information-britain.co.uk/customdetail.php?id=88">"British Folk Customs, Broughton Tin Can Band, Northamptonshire"</a>. <i>information-britain.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=information-britain.co.uk&rft.atitle=British+Folk+Customs%2C+Broughton+Tin+Can+Band%2C+Northamptonshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.information-britain.co.uk%2Fcustomdetail.php%3Fid%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930213611/http://www.kettering.gov.uk/downloads/Broughton_1_.pdf">"Broughton Parish Plan (pdf)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kettering.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kettering.gov.uk/downloads/Broughton_1_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kettering.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Broughton+Parish+Plan+%28pdf%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kettering.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2FBroughton_1_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charivari"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Charivari">"Charivari" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charivari&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=891&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmore1977" class="citation book cs1">Longmore, George (1977). <i>The Charivari or Canadian Poetics</i>. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-18-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919614-18-5"><bdi>978-0-919614-18-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charivari+or+Canadian+Poetics&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=The+Golden+Dog+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-919614-18-5&rft.aulast=Longmore&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1990" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Loretta T. (1990). "Charivari/Shivaree: A European Folk Ritual on American Plains". <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 371–387 [p. 379]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F204083">10.2307/204083</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/204083">204083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Charivari%2FShivaree%3A+A+European+Folk+Ritual+on+American+Plains&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-387+p.+379&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F204083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F204083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Loretta+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (1990), p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (1990), p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford1959" class="citation journal cs1">Alford, Violet (1959). "Rough Music or Charivari". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>70</b> (4): 505–518 [p. 510]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587x.1959.9717197">10.1080/0015587x.1959.9717197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1258223">1258223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Rough+Music+or+Charivari&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-518+p.+510&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587x.1959.9717197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1258223%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=Violet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Norman (2011). "Ibiza". <i>A View of the World: Selected Journalism</i>. London: Eland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78060-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78060-037-6"><bdi>978-1-78060-037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibiza&rft.btitle=A+View+of+the+World%3A+Selected+Journalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78060-037-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeGoff1981-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeGoff1981_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_GoffSchmitt1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Goff, Jacques; Schmitt, Jean-Claude, eds. (1981). <i>Le charivari</i> (in French). Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7132-0754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7132-0754-9"><bdi>978-2-7132-0754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+charivari&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+des+Hautes+%C3%89tudes+en+Sciences+Sociales&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-2-7132-0754-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWermuth2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wermuth, Thomas S. (Spring 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304113242/http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/review/pdfs/hrvr_32pt2_online.pdf">"Charivari on the Hudson: Misrule, Disorder, and Festive Play in the Countryside, 1750–1900"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Hudson River Valley Review</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Hudson River Valley Institute at <a href="/wiki/Marist_College" title="Marist College">Marist College</a>: 27–52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/review/pdfs/hrvr_32pt2_online.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+River+Valley+Review&rft.atitle=Charivari+on+the+Hudson%3A+Misrule%2C+Disorder%2C+and+Festive+Play+in+the+Countryside%2C+1750%E2%80%931900&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-52&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Wermuth&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudsonrivervalley.org%2Freview%2Fpdfs%2Fhrvr_32pt2_online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer (2005), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (1990), p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2017" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Whitney (2017-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenewswheel.com/why-do-we-fasten-tin-cans-to-the-newlyweds-car-bumper/">"Why Do We Fasten Tin Cans to Newlyweds' Car Bumpers?"</a>. <i>The News Wheel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+News+Wheel&rft.atitle=Why+Do+We+Fasten+Tin+Cans+to+Newlyweds%27+Car+Bumpers%3F&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenewswheel.com%2Fwhy-do-we-fasten-tin-cans-to-the-newlyweds-car-bumper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyle S. Vanlandingham, "James T. Magbee: ‘Union Man, Undoubted Secessionist and High Priest in the Radical Synagogue," <i>Sunland Tribune</i> 20, no. 1 (1994): 7–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer (2005), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson (1990), p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/stanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him.jpg">"stanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him (picture)"</a></span>. <i>gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com</i>. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=stanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him+%28picture%29&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynocentrism.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fstanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/wife-beat-him.jpg">"wife-beat-him (picture)"</a></span>. <i>gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com</i>. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=wife-beat-him+%28picture%29&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynocentrism.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fwife-beat-him.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/stanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top.jpg">"stanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top (picture)"</a></span>. <i>gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com</i>. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=stanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top+%28picture%29&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynocentrism.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fstanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/stanging-1829.jpg">"stanging-1829 (picture)"</a></span>. <i>gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com</i>. December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=stanging-1829+%28picture%29&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynocentrism.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fstanging-1829.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Natalie Zemon (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/returnofmartingu00davi"><i>The Return of Martin Guerre</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-76690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-76690-7"><bdi>978-0-674-76690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Martin+Guerre&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-76690-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Zemon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freturnofmartingu00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1993" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, E. P. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/customsincommon00thom/page/467">"Rough Music"</a>. <i>Customs in Common</i>. New York: New Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/customsincommon00thom/page/467">467–531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-003-4"><bdi>978-1-56584-003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rough+Music&rft.btitle=Customs+in+Common&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=467-531&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56584-003-4&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcustomsincommon00thom%2Fpage%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charivari.co.uk/index.html">All about us</a>, from Charivari Agréable's official website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/charivari-et-justice-populaire-au-quebec">"Charivari et justice populaire au Québec de René Hardy"</a>. <i>Septentrion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Septentrion&rft.atitle=Charivari+et+justice+populaire+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+de+Ren%C3%A9+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.septentrion.qc.ca%2Fcatalogue%2Fcharivari-et-justice-populaire-au-quebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qunion-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qunion_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinion2000" class="citation web cs1">Quinion, Michael (16 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-ski1.htm">"World Wide Words"</a>. <i>Skimmington</i>. World Wide Words<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skimmington&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Words&rft.date=2000-12-16&rft.aulast=Quinion&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fweirdwords%2Fww-ski1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Banks, Stephen (2014) <i>Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914</i> Woodbride, UK: Boydell Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-940-8">978-1-84383-940-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1975" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Natalie Zemon (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societyculturein00davi"><i>Society and Culture in Early Modern France</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0868-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-0868-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Culture+in+Early+Modern+France&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0868-5&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Zemon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocietyculturein00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhill2010" class="citation book cs1">Greenhill, Pauline (2010). <i>Make the Night Hideous: Four English-Canadian Charivaris, 1881–1940</i>. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4077-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-4077-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Make+the+Night+Hideous%3A+Four+English-Canadian+Charivaris%2C+1881%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Toronto%2C+ON&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4077-1&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2005" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Edward (2005). <i>Ritual in Early Modern Europe</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84153-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84153-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=106-112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84153-5&rft.aulast=Muir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoodie,_Susanna1854" class="citation book cs1">Moodie, Susanna (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402111146/http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/rghnb10.txt"><i>Roughing It In The Bush</i></a>. Richard Bentley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext03/rghnb10.txt">the original</a> on 2012-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roughing+It+In+The+Bush&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Moodie%2C+Susanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fdirs%2Fetext03%2Frghnb10.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharivari" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter XI: The Charivari</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charivari&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkdorset.co.uk/skimmington_riding">DarkDorset.co.uk: Skimmington Riding</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913195936/http://www.darkdorset.co.uk/skimmington_riding">Archived</a> 2019-09-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Several examples given in detail)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exclassics.com/hudibras/hudibras.txt">Exclassics.com: online text of <i>Hudibras</i> by Samuel Butler, 1805 edition</a> Part 2, Canto 2, lines 565–844 describe the mock-heroic attack by Hudibras and his <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a> Ralpho upon the skimmington (not named as such in the text) and their ignominious escape</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hudibras_-_Volume_1_(Butler,_Nash,_Bohn;_1859).djvu&page=294">Samuel Butler (ed. Henry G. Bohn, with notes from Grey and Nash) <i>Hudibras</i> Vol 1, p. 196, (1859) Annotated edition</a> The footnote describes a skimmington, and likens it to examples from <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>. It also states that "The details of the Skimmington are so accurately described by the poet, that he must have derived them from actual observation."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027937956#page/n223/mode/2up">Archive.org: John Brand, <i>The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain</i>, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.</a> Several early examples of skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027937956#page/n235/mode/2up">Archive.org: John Brand, <i>The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain</i>, (1905 edition) p. 563.</a> Descriptions of Riding the Stang</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notbored.org/rough-music.html">Notbored.org: Rough music</a></li> <li>Thomas Hardy, <i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i> (1884), chapters 36, 39. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-424535-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-424535-0">0-00-424535-0</a></li> <li>Terry Pratchett, <i>I Shall Wear Midnight</i> (2010), chapter 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-61107-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-61107-7">978-0-385-61107-7</a></li> <li>Patrick Gale, <i>Rough Music</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-655220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-655220-8">978-0-00-655220-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027937956#page/n223/mode/2up">Archive.org: John Brand, <i>The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain</i>, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.</a> Several early examples of rough music, skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027937956#page/n235/mode/2up">Archive.org: John Brand, <i>The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain</i>, (1905 edition) p. 563.</a> Descriptions of Riding the Stang, including a ran-tan rhyme</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663109#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1116693/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147592-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85121692">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119852666">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119852666">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538968805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charivari&oldid=1252717508">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charivari&oldid=1252717508</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weddings_by_culture" title="Category:Weddings by culture">Weddings by culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Widowhood" title="Category:Widowhood">Widowhood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_traditions" title="Category:Canadian traditions">Canadian traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wedding_traditions" title="Category:Wedding traditions">Wedding traditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_folklore" title="Category:English folklore">English folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vigilantism" title="Category:Vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 17:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charivari&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-thmnn","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.865","walltime":"1.162","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6243,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":92683,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6569,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":179452,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1049.978 1 -total"," 46.49% 488.103 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.36% 129.819 2 Template:Lang"," 12.34% 129.542 1 Template:Cite_news"," 11.97% 125.654 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.33% 87.411 16 Template:Cite_book"," 8.32% 87.315 12 Template:ISBN"," 7.84% 82.362 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.77% 81.559 1 Template:Authority_control"," 6.43% 67.511 1 Template:Cite_EB1911"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.539","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23636422,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5blz9","timestamp":"20241122142357","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Charivari","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charivari","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q663109","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q663109","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-30T16:00:46Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T17:09:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/William_Hogarth._Hudibras_Encounters_the_Skimmington.jpg","headline":"folk custom"}</script> </body> </html>