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cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Mauritania">reviewed</a> on 28 February 2025.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern country. For the ancient kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mauretania (disambiguation)">Mauretania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Mauritania,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a> formally the Islamic Republic of Mauritania,<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is a sovereign country in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Northwest Africa</a>. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Mauritania–Western Sahara border">the north</a> and northwest, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Mauritania_border" title="Algeria–Mauritania border">the northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Mauritania_border" title="Mali–Mauritania border">the east and southeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_border" title="Mauritania–Senegal border">the southwest</a>. By land area Mauritania is the 11th-largest country in Africa and 28th-largest in the world; 90% of its territory is in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Most of its population of some 4.3 million lives in the temperate south of the country, with roughly a third concentrated in the capital and largest city, <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>, on the Atlantic coast. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Islamic Republic of Mauritania</div><div class="ib-country-names">الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) al-Jumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mauritania"><img alt="Flag of Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mauritania" title="Flag of Mauritania">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Mauritania"><img alt="Seal of Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/90px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/135px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg/180px-National_Seal_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Mauritania" title="Seal of Mauritania"> Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: شرف، إخاء، عدل "Honour, Fraternity, Justice"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: النشيد الوطني الموريتاني "<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Mauritania" title="National anthem of Mauritania">National Anthem of Mauritania</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Bilāda_l-ʾubāti_l-hudāti_l-kirām.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Bil%C4%81da_l-%CA%BEub%C4%81ti_l-hud%C4%81ti_l-kir%C4%81m.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Bil%C4%81da_l-%CA%BEub%C4%81ti_l-hud%C4%81ti_l-kir%C4%81m.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Bil%C4%81da_l-%CA%BEub%C4%81ti_l-hud%C4%81ti_l-kir%C4%81m.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Bil%C4%81da_l-%CA%BEub%C4%81ti_l-hud%C4%81ti_l-kir%C4%81m.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritania_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Mauritania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550"></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Mauritania_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300"></a>Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mauritania&params=18_09_N_15_58_W_type:city(1,200,000_region:MR">18°09′N 15°58′W / 18.150°N 15.967°W / 18.150; -15.967</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40% <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li><li>30% <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beidane" title="Beidane">Beidane</a>)</li><li>30% <a href="/wiki/Halpulaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Halpulaar">Halpulaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mande_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande peoples">Mande</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="State Religion">official</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritania" title="Politics of Mauritania">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritania" title="List of heads of state of Mauritania">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of government of Mauritania">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mokhtar_Ould_Djay" title="Mokhtar Ould Djay">Mokhtar Ould Djay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Mauritania">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohamed_Ould_Meguett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohamed Ould Meguett (page does not exist)">Mohamed Ould Meguett</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritania)" title="National Assembly (Mauritania)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Independence</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Current constitution </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 July 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,030,000 km2 (400,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-census-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,328,040<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">128th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $33.414 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">146th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $7,542<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">132nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $10.357 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">151st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $2,337<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 32.6<a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.540<a href="#cite_note-HDI-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">164th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Ouguiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MRU</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MR" title="ISO 3166-2:MR">MR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.mr" title=".mr">.mr</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">According to Article 6 of the Constitution: "The national languages are Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Pulaar_language" title="Pulaar language">Pulaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>; the official language is Arabic."</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The country's name derives from <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name for a region in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. It extended from central present-day <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to the Atlantic. Berbers occupied what is now Mauritania by the beginning of the third century AD. Groups of Arab tribes migrated to this area in the late seventh century, bringing with them Islam, Arab culture, and the Arabic language. In the early 20th century, Mauritania was <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">colonized by France</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>. It achieved independence in 1960, but has since experienced recurrent coups and periods of military dictatorship. The <a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">2008 Mauritanian coup d'état</a> was led by General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a>, who won subsequent presidential elections in <a href="/wiki/2009_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2009 Mauritanian presidential election">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2014_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2014 Mauritanian presidential election">2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> He was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2019_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2019 Mauritanian presidential election">2019 elections</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rfi-11">[9]</a> head of an autocratic government with a very poor <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">human rights record</a>, particularly because of its perpetuation of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">slavery</a>; the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a> estimates there are about 90,000 slaves in the country (or 2.1% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> Despite an abundance of natural resources, including iron ore and petroleum, Mauritania remains poor; its economy is based primarily on agriculture, livestock, and fishing. Mauritania is culturally and politically part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>; it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and Arabic is the official language. The official religion is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and almost all inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>. Despite its prevailing <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a>, Mauritanian society is multiethnic; the <a href="/wiki/Beidane" title="Beidane">Bidhan</a>, or so-called "white moors", make up 30% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[13]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a>, or so-called "black moors", comprise 40%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[13]</a> Both groups reflect a fusion of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Arab-Berber</a> ethnicity, language, and culture. The remaining 30% of the population comprises various <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan ethnic groups</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Colonial_history">2.2 Colonial history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Conflict_with_Western_Sahara">2.3 Conflict with Western Sahara</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ould_Daddah_era_(1960%E2%80%931978)">2.4 Ould Daddah era (1960–1978)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#CMRN_and_CMSN_military_governments_(1978%E2%80%931984)">2.5 CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Ould_Taya's_rule_(1984%E2%80%932005)">2.6 Ould Taya's rule (1984–2005)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#August_2005_military_coup">2.7 August 2005 military coup</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#2007_presidential_elections">2.8 2007 presidential elections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2008_military_coup">2.9 2008 military coup</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2008-2018">2.10 2008-2018</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#2019-present">2.11 2019-present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Wildlife">3.1 Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Government_and_politics">4 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Military">4.1 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">4.2 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sports">6 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Demographics">7 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Largest_cities">7.1 Largest cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Religion">7.2 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Languages">7.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Health">7.4 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Education">7.5 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Human_rights">7.6 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Modern_slavery">7.7 Modern slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#General_and_cited_references">10.2 General and cited references</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">10.3 Explanatory notes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Mauritania takes its name from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> kingdom that flourished beginning in the third century BC and later became the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, which flourished into the seventh century AD. The two territories do not overlap, though; historical Mauretania was considerably farther north than modern Mauritania, as it was spread out along the entire western half of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast of Africa. The term "Mauretania", in turn, derives from the Greek and Roman <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> for the Berber peoples of the kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri people</a>. The word "Mauri" is also the root of the name for the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> It was more commonly known to Arab geographers as Bilad Chinqit, "the land of the Chinguetti".<a href="#cite_note-Toyin_Falola,_Daniel_Jean-Jacques-17">[15]</a> The term "Mauritanie occidentale" was officially used in a ministerial circular in 1899, based on a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Coppolani" title="Xavier Coppolani">Xavier Coppolani</a>, a French military and colonial leader, who was instrumental in the colonial occupation and creation of modern-day Mauritania. This term, employed by the French, gradually replaced other designations previously used for referring to the country.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">History of Mauritania</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg/220px-Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="980"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg/220px-Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg/330px-Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg/440px-Rock_Art_Mauritania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Rock art in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient tribes of Mauritania were <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stokes-20">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bafour" title="Bafour">Bafour</a> peoples. The Bafour were among the first Saharan peoples to abandon their previously nomadic lifestyle and adopt a primarily agricultural one. In response to the gradual desiccation of the Sahara, they eventually migrated southward.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Many of the Berber tribes have claimed to have Yemeni (and sometimes other Arab) origins. Little evidence supports those claims, although a 2000 <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> study of the Yemeni people suggested some ancient connection might exist between the peoples.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a> were the first Arab Muslims to enter Mauritania. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a>, they made incursions into Mauritania and were present in the region by the end of the seventh century.<a href="#cite_note-google1-23">[21]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> tribes in Mauritania fled the arrival of the Arabs to the <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google1-23">[21]</a> Other peoples also migrated south past the Sahara and into West Africa. In the 11th century, several nomadic Berber confederations in the desert regions overlapping present-day Mauritania joined together to form the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a> movement. They expanded north and south, spawning an important empire that stretched from the Sahara to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> According to a disputed Arab tradition<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> the Almoravids traveled south and conquered the ancient and extensive <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> around 1076.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> From 1644 to 1674, the indigenous peoples of the area that is modern Mauritania made what became their final effort to repel the Yemeni <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Maqil</a> Arabs who were invading their territory. This effort, which was unsuccessful, is known as the <a href="/wiki/Char_Bouba_war" title="Char Bouba war">Char Bouba War</a>. The invaders were led by the <a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Beni Hassan</a> tribe. The descendants of the Beni Hassan warriors became the <a href="/wiki/Hassane" title="Hassane">upper stratum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> society. <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a>, a bedouin <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic dialect</a> named for the Beni Hassan, became the dominant language among the largely <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> population.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Colonial Mauritania</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mauritania" title="Special:EditPage/Mauritania">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg/220px-Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="324"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg/220px-Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg/330px-Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg/440px-Fort_of_Arguin_1721.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Arguim) from 1445, after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_the_Navigator" title="Prince Henry the Navigator">Prince Henry the Navigator</a> set up a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">feitoria</a>, until 1633.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_(1665).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg/220px-Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg/330px-Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg/440px-Johannes_Vingboons_-_Aldus_verthoon_hem_%27t_casteel_Argijn_uyt_der_zee_%281665%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>After the Portuguese, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, took control of <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a> until abandoning it in 1685.</figcaption></figure> Starting in the late 19th century, France <a href="/wiki/Franco-Trarzan_War_of_1825" title="Franco-Trarzan War of 1825">laid claim to the territories</a> of present-day Mauritania, from the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> area northwards. In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Coppolani" title="Xavier Coppolani">Xavier Coppolani</a> took charge of the imperial mission.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Through a combination of strategic alliances with <a href="/wiki/Zawaya" title="Zawaya">Zawaya</a> tribes and military pressure on the Hassane warrior nomads, he managed to extend French rule over the Mauritanian <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">emirates</a>. Beginning in 1903 and 1904, the French armies succeeded in occupying <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Trarza" title="Emirate of Trarza">Trarza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brakna_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brakna Region">Brakna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagant_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagant Region">Tagant</a>, but the northern emirate of <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Plateau" title="Adrar Plateau">Adrar</a> held out longer, aided by the anticolonial rebellion (or <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>) of shaykh <a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Maa al-Aynayn</a> and by insurgents from Tagant and the other occupied regions. In 1904, France organized the territory of Mauritania, and it became part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, first as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and later as a colony. In 1912, the French armies defeated Adrar, and incorporated it into the territory of Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> French rule brought legal prohibitions against slavery and an end to interclan warfare. During the colonial period 90% of the population remained nomadic. Gradually many individuals belonging to sedentary peoples, whose ancestors had been expelled centuries earlier, began to migrate into Mauritania. Until 1902, the capital of French West Africa was in modern-day Senegal. It was first established at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis</a> and later, from 1902 to 1960, in Dakar. When Senegal gained its independence that year, France chose Nouakchott as the site of the new capital of Mauritania. At the time, Nouakchott was little more than a fortified village (or ksar).<a href="#cite_note-Pazzanita2008-32">[30]</a> After Mauritanian independence, larger numbers of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> peoples (<a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Haalpulaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>) migrated into it, most of them settling in the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>. Many of these new arrivals had been educated in the French language and customs, and became clerks, soldiers, and administrators in the new state. At the same time, the French were militarily suppressing the most intransigent Hassane tribes in the north. French pressure on those tribes altered the existing balance of power, and new conflicts arose between the southern populations and the Moors.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">incomprehensible</a>] The great <a href="/wiki/Droughts_in_the_Sahel" title="Droughts in the Sahel">Sahel droughts</a> of the early 1970s caused massive devastation in Mauritania, exacerbating problems of poverty and conflict. The arabized dominant elites reacted to changing circumstances, and to <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> calls from abroad, by increasing pressure to <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">arabize</a> many aspects of Mauritanian life, such as law and the education system. This was also a reaction to the consequences of the French domination under the colonial rule. Various models for maintaining the country's cultural diversity have been suggested, but none have been successfully implemented.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This ethnic discord was evident during intercommunal violence that broke out in April 1989 (the "<a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Mauritania–Senegal Border War</a>"), but has since subsided. Mauritania expelled some 70,000 sub-Saharan African Mauritanians in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Ethnic tensions and the sensitive issue of slavery – past and, in some areas, present – are still powerful themes in the country's political debate. A significant number from all groups seek a more diverse, pluralistic society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Western_Sahara">Conflict with Western Sahara</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conflict with Western Sahara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/220px-Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/220px-Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/330px-Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/440px-Central_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> is the capital and the largest city of Mauritania. It is one of the largest cities in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> concluded that in spite of some evidence of both Morocco's and Mauritania's legal ties prior to Spanish colonization, neither set of ties was sufficient to affect the application of the UN General Assembly <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a> to <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In 1976, Mauritania, along with <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, annexed the territory of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>. After several military losses to the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario</a> – heavily armed and supported by Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> and rival to Morocco – Mauritania withdrew in 1979. Its claims were taken over by Morocco. Due to economic weakness, Mauritania has been a negligible player in the territorial dispute, with its official position being that it wishes for an expedient solution that is mutually agreeable to all parties. While most of Western Sahara has been occupied by Morocco, the UN still considers the Western Sahara a territory that needs to express its wishes with respect to statehood. A referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, is still supposed to be held at some point in the future, under UN auspices, to determine whether or not the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawis</a> wish to be independent, as the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>, or to be part of Morocco.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ould_Daddah_era_(1960–1978)">Ould Daddah era (1960–1978)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ould Daddah era (1960–1978)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1960%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mauritania (1960–78)">History of Mauritania (1960–78)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_People%27s_Party" title="Mauritanian People's Party">Mauritanian People's Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Moktar Ould Daddah</a></div> In 1960, Mauritania became an independent nation.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> In 1964, President <a href="/wiki/Moktar_Ould_Daddah" title="Moktar Ould Daddah">Moktar Ould Daddah</a>, originally installed by the French, formalized Mauritania as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> with a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mauritania" title="Constitution of Mauritania">constitution</a>, setting up an authoritarian presidential regime. Daddah's own <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_People%27s_Party" title="Mauritanian People's Party">Parti du Peuple Mauritanien</a> became the ruling organization in a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a>. The President justified this on the grounds that Mauritania was not ready for western style <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multiparty democracy</a>. Under this one-party constitution, Daddah was re-elected in uncontested elections in 1976 and 1978. Daddah was ousted in a <a href="/wiki/1978_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1978 Mauritanian coup d'état">bloodless coup</a> on 10 July 1978. He had brought the country to near-collapse through the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">war</a> to <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annex</a> the <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">southern part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, framed as an attempt to create a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CMRN_and_CMSN_military_governments_(1978–1984)">CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CMRN and CMSN military governments (1978–1984)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinguetti-Guide.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chinguetti-Guide.JPG/220px-Chinguetti-Guide.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chinguetti-Guide.JPG/220px-Chinguetti-Guide.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chinguetti-Guide.JPG/330px-Chinguetti-Guide.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Chinguetti-Guide.JPG/440px-Chinguetti-Guide.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinguetti" title="Chinguetti">Chinguetti</a> was a center of Islamic scholarship in West Africa.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Col.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ould_Salek" title="Mustafa Ould Salek">Mustafa Ould Salek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_Committee_for_National_Recovery" title="Military Committee for National Recovery">Military Committee for National Recovery</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a> proved incapable of either establishing a strong base of power or extracting the country from its destabilizing conflict with the Sahrawi resistance movement, the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>. It quickly fell, to be replaced by another military government, the <a href="/wiki/Military_Committee_for_National_Salvation" title="Military Committee for National Salvation">Military Committee for National Salvation</a>. The energetic Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Khouna_Ould_Haidalla" title="Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla">Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidallah</a> soon emerged as its strongman. By giving up all claims to Western Sahara, he found peace with the Polisario and improved relations with its main backer, Algeria, but relations with Morocco, the other party to the conflict, and its European ally France, deteriorated. Instability continued, and Haidallah's ambitious reform attempts foundered. His regime was plagued by attempted coups and intrigue within the military establishment. It became increasingly contested due to his harsh and uncompromising measures against opponents; many dissidents were jailed, and some executed. Slavery in Mauritania still exists, despite being officially abolished three timesː 1905, 1981, and again in August 2007. Anti-slavery activists are persecuted, imprisoned and tortured.<a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ould_Taya's_rule_(1984–2005)">Ould Taya's rule (1984–2005)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ould Taya's rule (1984–2005)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania_(1984%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Mauritania (1984–present)">History of Mauritania (1984–present)</a></div> In December 1984, Haidallah was deposed by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Maaouya_Ould_Sid%27Ahmed_Taya" title="Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya">Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya</a>, who, while retaining tight military control, relaxed the political climate. Ould Taya moderated Mauritania's previous pro-Algerian stance, and re-established ties with Morocco during the late 1980s. He deepened these ties during the late 1990s and early 2000s, as part of Mauritania's drive to attract support from Western states and Western-aligned Arab states. Its position on the Western Sahara conflict has been, since the 1980s, one of strict neutrality. The <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Mauritania–Senegal Border War</a> started as a result of a conflict in Diawara between Moorish Mauritanian herders and Senegalese farmers over grazing rights.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> On 9 April 1989, Mauritanian guards killed two Senegalese.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Following the incident, several riots erupted in <a href="/wiki/Bakel,_Senegal" title="Bakel, Senegal">Bakel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> and other towns in Senegal, directed against the mainly Arabized Mauritanians who dominated the local retail business. The rioting, adding to the already existing tensions, led to a campaign of terror against black Mauritanians,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> who are often seen as 'Senegalese' by the Bidān (White Moors), regardless of their nationality. As low scale conflict with Senegal continued into 1990/91, the Mauritanian government engaged in and encouraged acts of violence and seizures of property directed against the Halpularen ethnic group. The tension culminated in an international airlift agreed to by Senegal and Mauritania under international pressure to prevent further violence. The Mauritanian Government expelled thousands of black Mauritanians. Most of these so-called 'Senegalese' had few or no ties with Senegal, and many have been repatriated from Senegal and Mali after 2007.<a href="#cite_note-sy-43">[41]</a> The exact number of expulsions is not known but the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated that, as of June 1991, 52,995 Mauritanian refugees were living in Senegal and at least 13,000 in Mali.<a href="#cite_note-MCT-44">[42]</a>: 27 Opposition parties were legalized, and a new Constitution approved in 1991 which put an end to formal military rule. But President <a href="/wiki/Maaouya_Ould_Sid%27Ahmed_Taya" title="Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya">Ould Taya</a>'s election wins were dismissed as fraudulent by some opposition groups. In the late 1980s, Ould Taya had established close co-operation with <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a>, and pursued a strongly <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> line. Mauritania grew increasingly isolated internationally, and tensions with Western countries grew dramatically after it took a pro-Iraqi position during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">1991 Gulf War</a>. During the mid-to late 1990s, Mauritania shifted its foreign policy to one of increased co-operation with the US and Europe. It was rewarded with diplomatic normalization and aid projects. On 28 October 1999, Mauritania joined Egypt, Palestine, and Jordan as the only members of the Arab League to officially recognize <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Ould Taya also started co-operating with the United States in anti-terrorism activities, a policy that was criticized by some human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> (See also <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mauritania" title="Foreign relations of Mauritania">Foreign relations of Mauritania</a>.) During the regime of President Ould Taya Mauritania developed economically, oil was discovered in 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/Woodside_Energy" title="Woodside Energy">Woodside</a> Company.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_2005_military_coup">August 2005 military coup</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: August 2005 military coup" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2005_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Mauritanian coup d'état">2005 Mauritanian coup d'état</a></div> On 3 August 2005, a military coup led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ely_Ould_Mohamed_Vall" title="Ely Ould Mohamed Vall">Ely Ould Mohamed Vall</a> ended President <a href="/wiki/Maaouya_Ould_Sid%27Ahmed_Taya" title="Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya">Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya</a>'s 21 years of rule. Taking advantage of Ould Taya's attendance at the funeral of Saudi <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a>, the military, including members of the presidential guard (BASEP), seized control of key points in the capital <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a>. The coup proceeded without loss of life. Calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/Military_Council_for_Justice_and_Democracy" title="Military Council for Justice and Democracy">Military Council for Justice and Democracy</a>, the officers released the following statement: <blockquote>The national armed forces and security forces have unanimously decided to put a definitive end to the oppressive activities of the defunct authority, which our people have suffered from during the past years.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></blockquote> The Military Council later issued another statement naming Colonel Ould Mohamed Vall as president and director of the national police force, the Sûreté Nationale. Vall, once regarded as a firm ally of the now-ousted president, had aided Ould Taya in the coup that had originally brought him to power, and had later served as his Security Chief. Sixteen other officers were listed as members of the council. Though cautiously watched by the international community, the coup came to be generally accepted, with the military junta organizing elections within a promised two-year timeline. In a referendum on 26 June 2006, 97% of Mauritanians approved a new constitution that limited the duration of a president's stay in office. The leader of the junta, Col. Vall, promised to abide by the referendum and relinquish power peacefully. Mauritania's establishment of relations with Israel – it was one of only three Arab states to recognize Israel – was maintained by the new regime, despite widespread criticism from the opposition. They considered that position as a legacy of the Taya regime's attempts to curry favor with the West. Parliamentary and municipal elections in Mauritania took place on 19 November and 3 December 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007_presidential_elections">2007 presidential elections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2007 presidential elections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg/170px-Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="914"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg/170px-Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg/255px-Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg/340px-Sidi_Mohamed_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi" title="Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi">Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi</a></figcaption></figure> Mauritania's first fully democratic presidential elections took place on 11 March 2007. The elections effected the final transfer from military to civilian rule following the military coup in 2005. This was the first time since Mauritania gained independence in 1960 that it elected a president in a multi-candidate election.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The elections were won in a second round of voting by <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ould_Cheikh_Abdallahi" title="Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi">Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ould_Daddah" title="Ahmed Ould Daddah">Ahmed Ould Daddah</a> a close second. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_military_coup">2008 military coup</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008 military coup" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Mauritanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2008 Mauritanian coup d'état">2008 Mauritanian coup d'état</a></div> On 6 August 2008, the head of the presidential guards took over the president's palace in Nouakchott, a day after 48 lawmakers from the ruling party resigned in protest of President Abdallahi's policies. The Army surrounded key government facilities, including the state television building, after the president fired senior officers, one of them the head of the presidential guards.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The President, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ould_Ahmed_El_Waghef" title="Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef">Yahya Ould Ahmed Waghef</a>, and Mohamed Ould R'zeizim, Minister of Internal Affairs, were arrested. The coup was coordinated by General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Abdel_Aziz" title="Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz">Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz</a>, former chief of staff of the Mauritanian Army and head of the presidential guard, who had recently been fired. Mauritania's presidential spokesman, Abdoulaye Mamadouba, said the President, Prime Minister, and Interior Minister had been arrested by renegade senior Mauritanian army officers and were being held under house arrest at the presidential palace in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In the apparently successful and bloodless coup, Abdallahi's daughter, Amal Mint Cheikh Abdallahi, said: "The security agents of the BASEP (Presidential Security Battalion) came to our home and took away my father."<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> The coup plotters, all dismissed in a presidential decree shortly beforehand, included Ould Abdel Aziz, General <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Muhammad Ould Al-Ghazwani</a>, General Philippe Swikri, and Brigadier General (Aqid) Ahmed Ould Bakri.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008-2018">2008-2018</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2008-2018" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritania-aziz-in-his-home-city-Akjoujt-15mar09_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Mauritania-aziz-in-his-home-city-Akjoujt-15mar09_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="210"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 195px;height: 210px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Mauritania-aziz-in-his-home-city-Akjoujt-15mar09_1.jpg" data-width="195" data-height="210" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz in his hometown, <a href="/wiki/Akjoujt" title="Akjoujt">Akjoujt</a>, on 15 March 2009.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg/220px-Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg/220px-Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg/330px-Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg/440px-Nouakchott-Dispersion_des_manifestants-2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Mauritanian_protests" title="2011–2012 Mauritanian protests">2011–12 Mauritanian protests</a>.</figcaption></figure> A Mauritanian lawmaker, Mohammed Al Mukhtar, claimed that many of the country's people supported the takeover of a government that had become "an authoritarian regime" under a president who had "marginalized the majority in parliament".<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> However, Abdel Aziz's regime was isolated internationally, and became subject to diplomatic sanctions and the cancellation of some aid projects. Domestically, a group of parties coalesced around Abdallahi to continue protesting the coup, which caused the junta to ban demonstrations and crack down on opposition activists. International and internal pressure eventually forced the release of Abdallahi, who was instead placed under house arrest in his home village. The new government broke off relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> After the coup, Abdel Aziz insisted on holding new presidential elections to replace Abdallahi; however, Aziz was forced to reschedule them due to internal and international opposition. During the spring of 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">junta</a> negotiated an understanding with some opposition figures and international parties. As a result, Abdallahi formally resigned under protest, as it became clear that some opposition forces had defected from him and most international players, notably including France and Algeria, now aligned with Abdel Aziz. The United States continued to criticize the coup, but did not actively oppose the elections. Abdallahi's resignation allowed the <a href="/wiki/2009_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2009 Mauritanian presidential election">election</a> of Abdel Aziz as civilian president, on 18 July, by a 52% majority. Many of Abdallahi's former supporters criticized this as a political ploy and refused to recognize the results. Despite complaints, the elections were almost unanimously accepted by Western, Arab and African countries, which lifted sanctions and resumed relations with Mauritania. By late summer, Abdel Aziz appeared to have secured his position and to have gained widespread international and internal support. Some figures, such as Senate chairman <a href="/wiki/Messaoud_Ould_Boulkheir" title="Messaoud Ould Boulkheir">Messaoud Ould Boulkheir</a>, continued to refuse the new order and call for Abdel Aziz's resignation. In February 2011, the waves of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> spread to Mauritania, where thousands of people took to the streets of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In November 2014, Mauritania was invited as a non-member guest nation to the G20 summit in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mauritania" title="Flag of Mauritania">national flag of Mauritania</a> was changed on 5 August 2017. Two red stripes were added as a symbol of the country's sacrifice and defense.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> In late 2018, Mauritania bribed members of the EU parliament (<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Panzeri" title="Antonio Panzeri">Antonio Panzeri</a>) to "not speak ill of Mauritania" in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_corruption_scandal_at_the_European_Parliament" title="Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament">Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019-present">2019-present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2019-present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In August 2019, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Ould_Ghazouani" title="Mohamed Ould Ghazouani">Mohamed Ould Ghazouani</a> was sworn in as president<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2019_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2019 Mauritanian presidential election">2019 elections</a>, which were considered Mauritania's first <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> since independence.<a href="#cite_note-rfi-11">[9]</a> In June 2021, former president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz was arrested amidst a corruption probe into allegations of embezzlement.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-63">[61]</a> In December 2023, Aziz was sentenced to 5 years in prison for corruption.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> In January and February 2024, there was a sudden increase of refugees from 2000 to 12,000 arriving on the Canary Islands by boat, so in March 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> visited and the EU made a €210mn deal with Mauritania to reduce passage of African migrants through its territory towards the Canary Islands, i.e. Europe. The UN estimated that 150,000 people from Mali had fled to Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> In June 2024, President Ghazouani was <a href="/wiki/2024_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2024 Mauritanian presidential election">re-elected</a> for a second term.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Geography of Mauritania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauritania_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mauritania_Topography.png/220px-Mauritania_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1876"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mauritania_Topography.png/220px-Mauritania_Topography.png" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mauritania_Topography.png/330px-Mauritania_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mauritania_Topography.png/440px-Mauritania_Topography.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topography of Mauritania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrar_sands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adrar_sands.JPG/220px-Adrar_sands.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adrar_sands.JPG/220px-Adrar_sands.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adrar_sands.JPG/330px-Adrar_sands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Adrar_sands.JPG/440px-Adrar_sands.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sandy area west of <a href="/wiki/Chinguetti" title="Chinguetti">Chinguetti</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oasis_de_Tergit_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Oasis_de_Tergit_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terjit" title="Terjit">Terjit</a> oasis in the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar Region">Adrar Region</a></figcaption></figure> Mauritania lies in the western region of the continent of Africa, and is generally flat, its 1,030,700 square kilometers forming vast, arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings.<a href="#cite_note-Schl%C3%BCter2008-67">[65]</a> It borders the North Atlantic Ocean, between <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schl%C3%BCter2008-67">[65]</a> It is considered part of both the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. Approximately three-quarters of Mauritania is desert or semidesert.<a href="#cite_note-Wane2009-68">[66]</a> As a result of extended, severe drought, the desert has been expanding since the mid-1960s. A series of scarps face southwest, longitudinally bisecting these plains in the center of the country. The scarps also separate a series of sandstone plateaus, the highest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Plateau" title="Adrar Plateau">Adrar Plateau</a>, reaching an elevation of 500 metres or 1,600 feet.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes1992-69">[67]</a> Spring-fed oases lie at the foot of some of the scarps. Isolated peaks, often rich in minerals, rise above the plateaus; the smaller peaks are called guelbs and the larger ones kedias. The concentric <a href="/wiki/Richat_Structure" title="Richat Structure">Guelb er Richat</a> is a prominent feature of the north-central region. <a href="/wiki/Kediet_ej_Jill" title="Kediet ej Jill">Kediet ej Jill</a>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Zou%C3%A9rat" title="Zouérat">Zouîrât</a>, has an elevation of 915 metres (3,000 ft) and is the highest peak. The plateaus gradually descend toward the northeast to the barren <a href="/wiki/El_Djouf" title="El Djouf">El Djouf</a>, or "Empty Quarter," a vast region of large sand dunes that merges into the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>. To the west, between the ocean and the plateaus, are alternating areas of clayey plains (regs) and sand dunes (ergs), some of which shift from place to place, gradually moved by high winds. The dunes generally increase in size and mobility toward the north. Belts of natural vegetation, corresponding to the rainfall pattern, extend from east to west and range from traces of tropical forest along the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Sénégal River</a> to brush and savanna in the southeast. Only sandy desert is found in the center and north of the country. Mauritania is home to seven terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saharan_halophytics" title="Saharan halophytics">Saharan halophytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_desert" title="Atlantic coastal desert">Atlantic coastal desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="North Saharan steppe and woodlands">North Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="South Saharan steppe and woodlands">South Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Saharan_montane_xeric_woodlands" title="West Saharan montane xeric woodlands">West Saharan montane xeric woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Richat_Structure" title="Richat Structure">Richat Structure</a>, dubbed the "Eye of the Sahara",<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> is a formation of rock resembling concentric circles in the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Plateau" title="Adrar Plateau">Adrar Plateau</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a>, west–central Mauritania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wildlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mauritania" title="Special:EditPage/Mauritania">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mauritania" title="Wildlife of Mauritania">Mauritania's wildlife</a> has two main influences as the country lies in two biogeographic realms, the north sits in the Palearctic which extends south from the Sahara to roughly 19° north and the south in the Afrotropic realms. Additionally Mauritania is important for numerous birds which migrate from the Palearctic to winter there. Most of the north to about 19° north is regarded as being in the palearctic, and is largely made up of the Sahara desert and adjacent littoral habitats. South of this is regarded as being in the Afrotropical biogeographic realm, which means that species of a predominantly Afrotropical distribution dominate the fauna. South of the Sahara is the South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion which integrates into the Sahelian acacia savanna ecoregion. The southernmost part of the country lies in the West Sudanian savanna ecoregion. Wetlands are important and the two main protected areas are the <a href="/wiki/Banc_d%27Arguin_National_Park" title="Banc d'Arguin National Park">Banc d'Arguin National Park</a> which protects rich, shallow coastal and marine ecosystems which integrates with the arid Sahara Desert and the <a href="/wiki/Diawling_National_Park" title="Diawling National Park">Diawling National Park</a> which forms the northern part of the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a>. Elsewhere in Mauritania wetlands are normally ephemeral and rely on the seasonal rainfall. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mauritania" title="Politics of Mauritania">Politics of Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mauritania" title="Foreign relations of Mauritania">Foreign relations of Mauritania</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Parliament" title="Mauritanian Parliament">Mauritanian Parliament</a> is composed of a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">single chamber</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritania)" title="National Assembly (Mauritania)">National Assembly</a>. Composed of 176 members, representatives are elected for a five-year term in single-seat <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a>. Until August 2017, the parliament had an upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mauritania" title="Senate of Mauritania">Senate</a>. The Senate had 56 members, 53 members elected for a six-year term by municipal councilors with a third renewed every two years and three elected by Mauritanians abroad. It was abolished in 2017 after a <a href="/wiki/2017_Mauritanian_constitutional_referendum" title="2017 Mauritanian constitutional referendum">referendum</a>. President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz called for the referendum in August 2017 after the Senate rejected his proposals to change the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mauritania" title="List of heads of state of Mauritania">President of Mauritania</a> is directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a five-year term (eligible for a second term). The last <a href="/wiki/2024_Mauritanian_presidential_election" title="2024 Mauritanian presidential election">presidential election</a> was held on June 29, 2024, with President Mohamed Ould Ghazouani winning re-election.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The Prime minister is appointed by the President.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Mauritania" title="Armed Forces of Mauritania">Armed Forces of Mauritania</a></div> The Armed Forces of Mauritania (Arabic: الجيش الوطني الموريتاني, French: Armée Nationale Mauritanienne) is the defense force of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, having an army, navy, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania_Islamic_Air_Force" title="Mauritania Islamic Air Force">air force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, and presidential guard. Other services include the National Guard and national police, though they both are subordinated to the Ministry of the Interior. As of 2018, the Mauritanian armed forces budget constituted 3.9% of the country's GDP. Hanena Ould Sidi is the current Defense Minister, and General Mokhtar Ould Bolla Chaabane is the current Chief of National Army Staff. Despite the small size it has participated in numerous <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">conflicts</a> in the past including <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Senegal_Border_War" title="Mauritania–Senegal Border War">Mauritania–Senegal Border War</a> and is currently involved in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Juniper_Shield" title="Operation Juniper Shield">Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara</a>. Mauritania was ranked 95th of 163 most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mauritania" title="Regions of Mauritania">Regions of Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Mauritania" title="Departments of Mauritania">Departments of Mauritania</a></div> The government bureaucracy is composed of traditional ministries, special agencies, and <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">parastatal</a> companies. The Ministry of Interior spearheads a system of regional governors and prefects modeled on the French system of local administration. Under this system, Mauritania is divided into 15 regions (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">wilaya</a> or régions). Control is tightly concentrated in the executive branch of the central government, but a series of national and municipal elections since 1992 have produced limited decentralization. These regions are subdivided into 44 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Mauritania" title="Departments of Mauritania">departments</a> (moughataa).<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The regions and capital district and their capitals are: <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="A clickable map of Mauritania exhibiting its twelve regions and one capital district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg/300px-Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1384" usemap="#ImageMap_5973f04528ca08e7" resource="/wiki/File:Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 324px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg/300px-Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg.png" data-alt="A clickable map of Mauritania exhibiting its twelve regions and one capital district." data-width="300" data-height="324" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg/450px-Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg/600px-Mauritania_regions_numbered.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_5973f04528ca08e7"> <map name="ImageMap_5973f04528ca08e7"><area href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" shape="poly" coords="76,154,105,154,104,148,119,154,153,150,249,84,252,111,215,192,148,192,139,200,139,204,134,202,119,212,112,220,99,209,78,209,79,159,76,154" alt="Adrar Region" title="Adrar Region"><area href="/wiki/Assaba_Region" shape="poly" coords="158,293,156,294,156,293,155,293,155,294,155,295,153,297,153,297,153,298,152,299,152,301,151,301,149,298,146,296,144,294,143,293,142,292,141,291,141,290,140,288,138,288,138,289,136,290,136,291,135,292,134,291,133,291,134,289,134,287,135,285,136,285,136,284,136,283,137,282,138,281,138,281,135,280,134,279,133,279,133,279,132,279,132,279,131,279,131,280,131,280,131,281,131,281,131,282,129,282,128,282,128,282,128,281,127,281,127,279,126,279,125,278,124,277,124,277,124,277,123,277,123,277,122,277,122,277,122,275,120,274,120,274,118,275,118,275,117,275,117,274,118,273,118,272,117,270,112,269,111,270,111,269,110,269,111,268,111,267,110,265,108,264,109,257,111,255,112,255,113,254,114,254,116,253,116,252,117,252,118,251,119,251,120,250,120,251,121,252,129,255,132,253,136,253,137,252,137,248,138,246,138,246,138,245,138,244,139,244,139,244,139,243,138,244,138,244,138,243,139,243,140,242,139,241,139,240,137,237,137,237,138,237,138,236,137,235,136,234,136,234,136,233,137,233,137,232,138,232,138,231,140,231,140,231,141,231,142,231,143,230,145,230,145,230,145,229,145,229,145,229,145,229,146,227,146,227,148,226,148,226,148,226,149,226,149,226,150,226,147,241,147,242,147,243,149,248,149,248,149,248,149,249,149,249,149,250,149,252,149,253,149,254,149,259,149,259,149,260,150,262,150,262,151,262,152,263,152,264,153,266,156,266,156,266,155,266,155,267,153,269,152,269,152,269,152,270,153,270,153,271,153,271,153,272,152,273,153,273,153,274,153,274,154,276,154,278,154,278,154,279,156,281,158,293" alt="Assaba Region" title="Assaba Region"><area href="/wiki/Brakna_Region" shape="poly" coords="120,250,115,245,116,226,112,220,89,237,84,242,76,254,75,255,70,258,70,259,69,260,67,261,67,261,63,263,62,264,62,265,63,265,63,265,64,265,65,265,66,265,66,265,67,265,67,265,69,265,69,265,70,265,70,265,70,265,71,265,71,265,73,265,73,265,74,265,74,265,75,265,76,265,76,266,76,266,76,266,76,266,77,266,77,268,77,267,78,267,83,272,83,272,84,273,83,273,83,274,84,274,84,275,85,275,85,275,85,275,86,276,86,277,86,277,87,277,88,277,89,276,89,276,91,275,91,273,101,270,101,267,102,266,106,266,107,263,109,261,109,258,111,255,112,255,113,254,114,254,116,253,116,252,117,252,118,251,119,251,120,250" alt="Brakna Region" title="Brakna Region"><area href="/wiki/Dakhlet_Nouadhibou_Region" shape="poly" coords="79,158,76,154,18,154,16,160,16,161,15,164,15,167,15,167,16,165,15,165,16,164,16,164,17,162,16,162,16,161,18,159,18,158,18,158,18,158,20,161,21,163,21,163,21,164,22,164,22,165,22,166,23,167,23,168,24,168,24,169,24,169,24,170,24,170,25,170,26,172,27,172,25,190,27,200,28,201,29,201,31,199,32,197,48,168,42,158,79,158" alt="Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region" title="Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region"><area href="/wiki/Gorgol_Region" shape="poly" coords="127,281,127,279,126,279,124,277,124,277,124,277,123,277,123,277,122,277,122,277,122,275,120,274,120,274,118,275,118,275,117,275,117,274,118,273,118,272,117,270,117,270,112,269,111,270,110,269,111,268,111,267,110,265,108,264,109,261,107,263,107,264,106,266,102,266,101,267,101,270,91,273,91,275,89,276,89,277,90,278,91,277,92,277,93,277,93,277,94,277,94,277,94,277,95,277,94,278,94,278,95,277,95,278,96,278,97,279,97,281,98,282,98,283,99,285,98,286,100,287,100,288,99,288,100,289,100,289,100,289,101,289,103,290,103,291,103,291,103,292,103,292,104,292,105,292,106,292,106,293,106,294,106,295,106,295,107,296,107,296,108,297,109,297,108,298,108,298,107,298,107,298,108,299,108,299,109,299,109,299,109,299,109,299,109,300,110,301,112,296,115,291,116,290,117,288,118,287,121,284,121,283,122,283,124,283,127,281" alt="Gorgol Region" title="Gorgol Region"><area href="/wiki/Guidimaka_Region" shape="poly" coords="110,301,112,296,115,291,116,290,117,288,118,287,121,284,121,283,122,283,124,283,127,281,128,281,128,282,128,282,129,282,131,282,131,281,131,281,131,280,131,280,131,279,132,279,132,279,133,279,133,279,134,279,135,280,138,281,138,281,137,282,136,283,136,284,136,285,135,285,134,287,134,289,134,290,133,291,133,292,132,293,132,295,131,297,131,299,130,299,130,300,131,300,131,301,130,301,130,303,131,303,131,303,131,306,129,308,128,308,128,309,128,309,127,309,126,309,126,310,125,310,124,309,123,309,123,309,121,309,121,309,120,308,119,308,117,306,117,305,117,304,116,303,115,303,113,301,112,301,112,302,111,302,110,301" alt="Guidimaka Region" title="Guidimaka Region"><area href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" shape="poly" coords="252,111,268,268,269,269,274,272,270,292,193,292,194,291,194,284,192,279,196,272,196,271,209,256,202,248,190,250,252,111" alt="Hodh Ech Chargui Region" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region"><area href="/wiki/Hodh_El_Gharbi_Region" shape="poly" coords="193,292,194,291,194,284,192,278,196,273,196,270,209,256,209,255,202,248,190,250,177,243,163,244,147,239,147,241,147,242,147,243,149,248,149,249,149,250,149,253,150,254,149,259,149,259,149,261,150,262,150,262,151,262,152,263,152,264,153,266,156,266,156,266,155,266,155,267,153,269,152,269,152,269,153,270,153,271,153,272,153,273,152,273,153,274,152,274,153,274,154,276,154,278,154,278,154,279,157,281,158,294,162,293,165,294,169,295,173,295,175,295,176,294,177,294,178,293,184,293,183,290,186,287,186,288,186,292,193,292" alt="Hodh El Gharbi Region" title="Hodh El Gharbi Region"><area href="/wiki/Inchiri_Region" shape="poly" coords="27,200,28,201,29,201,31,199,32,197,48,168,42,158,79,158,79,159,78,209,34,209,33,207,31,204,28,203,27,200" alt="Inchiri Region" title="Inchiri Region"><area href="/wiki/Nouakchott" shape="rect" coords="26,223,43,235" alt="Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott"><area href="/wiki/Tagant_Region" shape="poly" coords="147,239,163,244,177,243,190,250,215,192,148,192,139,200,139,204,134,202,119,212,112,220,116,226,115,245,120,250,120,251,121,252,129,255,132,253,136,253,137,252,137,248,138,246,138,246,138,245,138,244,139,244,139,244,139,243,138,244,138,244,138,243,139,243,140,242,139,241,139,240,137,237,137,237,138,237,138,236,137,235,136,234,136,234,136,233,137,233,137,232,138,232,138,231,140,231,140,231,141,231,142,231,143,230,145,230,145,230,145,229,145,229,145,229,145,229,146,227,146,227,148,226,148,226,148,226,149,226,149,226,150,226,147,239" alt="Tagant Region" title="Tagant Region"><area href="/wiki/Tiris_Zemmour_Region" shape="poly" coords="104,148,119,154,154,150,249,84,247,67,285,67,246,41,223,27,201,13,200,44,127,44,127,104,110,106,108,107,104,112,102,117,102,121,104,148" alt="Tiris Zemmour Region" title="Tiris Zemmour Region"><area href="/wiki/Trarza_Region" shape="poly" coords="34,209,99,209,112,220,89,237,83,243,76,254,75,255,71,258,70,259,67,261,67,261,63,263,62,264,61,264,61,264,60,264,60,265,60,265,60,265,59,264,58,264,58,265,58,265,58,266,58,266,58,266,57,266,57,266,57,266,56,267,55,266,55,266,54,266,52,267,52,267,51,267,51,266,50,266,49,266,49,268,48,268,47,267,47,267,47,268,47,268,45,269,42,268,42,268,41,268,41,268,40,268,39,268,39,268,38,268,38,269,37,269,36,268,36,267,36,267,35,267,34,268,34,268,33,267,32,268,31,272,30,273,30,273,31,273,31,274,30,275,29,275,29,276,29,278,27,279,27,273,28,269,28,266,30,262,31,257,33,255,34,253,36,248,38,240,38,235,43,235,43,223,37,223,37,222,36,217,35,215,35,214,35,212,34,209" alt="Trarza Region" title="Trarza Region"></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Mauritania exhibiting its twelve regions and one capital district.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Capital</th> <th># </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar Region">Adrar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atar,_Mauritania" title="Atar, Mauritania">Atar</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaba_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaba Region">Assaba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiffa" title="Kiffa">Kiffa</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brakna_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brakna Region">Brakna</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleg" title="Aleg">Aleg</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dakhlet_Nouadhibou_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region">Dakhlet Nouadhibou</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nouadhibou" title="Nouadhibou">Nouadhibou</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorgol_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgol Region">Gorgol</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A9di" title="Kaédi">Kaédi</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guidimaka_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidimaka Region">Guidimaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9libaby" title="Sélibaby">Sélibaby</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region">Hodh Ech Chargui</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ma" title="Néma">Néma</a></td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodh_El_Gharbi_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh El Gharbi Region">Hodh El Gharbi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayoun_el_Atrous" title="Ayoun el Atrous">Ayoun el Atrous</a></td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inchiri_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchiri Region">Inchiri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akjoujt" title="Akjoujt">Akjoujt</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott-Nord_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouakchott-Nord Region">Nouakchott-Nord</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dar-Naim" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar-Naim">Dar-Naim</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott-Ouest_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouakchott-Ouest Region">Nouakchott-Ouest</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tevragh-Zeina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tevragh-Zeina">Tevragh-Zeina</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott-Sud_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouakchott-Sud Region">Nouakchott-Sud</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arafat,_Mauritania" title="Arafat, Mauritania">Arafat</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagant_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagant Region">Tagant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tidjikdja" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidjikdja">Tidjikdja</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiris_Zemmour_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiris Zemmour Region">Tiris Zemmour</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zou%C3%A9rat" title="Zouérat">Zouérat</a></td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trarza_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Trarza Region">Trarza</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosso" title="Rosso">Rosso</a></td> <td>13 </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Economy of Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mauritania" title="Transport in Mauritania">Transport in Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Mauritania" title="List of power stations in Mauritania">List of power stations in Mauritania</a></div> Despite being rich in natural resources, Mauritania has a low GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Dept.2015-77">[75]</a> A majority of the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though most of the nomads and many subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-Dept.2015-77">[75]</a> Mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for almost 50% of total exports. Gold and copper mining companies are opening mines in the interior such as <a href="/wiki/Firawa_mine" title="Firawa mine">Firawa mine</a>. The country's gold production in 2015 is 9 metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The country's first deepwater port opened near <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> in 1986. In recent years, drought and economic mismanagement have resulted in a buildup of foreign debt. In March 1999, the government signed an agreement with a joint <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>-<a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> mission on a $54 million enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF). Privatization remains one of the key issues. Mauritania is unlikely to meet ESAF's annual GDP growth objectives of 4–5%. Oil was discovered in Mauritania in 2001 in the offshore <a href="/wiki/Chinguetti_oil_field" title="Chinguetti oil field">Chinguetti Field</a>. Although potentially significant for the Mauritanian economy, its overall influence is difficult to predict. Mauritania has been described as a "desperately poor desert nation, which straddles the Arab and African worlds and is Africa's newest, if small-scale, oil producer".<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> There may be additional oil reserves inland in the <a href="/wiki/Taoudeni_Basin" title="Taoudeni Basin">Taoudeni basin</a>, although the harsh environment will make extraction expensive.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Sports in Mauritania are influenced by its desert terrain and its location on the Atlantic coast. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the country, followed by athletics and basketball. The country has several football stadiums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stade_Municipal_de_Nouadhibou" class="mw-redirect" title="Stade Municipal de Nouadhibou">Stade Municipal de Nouadhibou</a> in Nouadhibou.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Despite being ranked as the fourth-worst team in the world in 2012, Mauritania qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2019_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2019 Africa Cup of Nations">2019 Africa Cup of Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In 2023, Mauritania made headlines by defeating <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2023 Africa Cup of Nations">AFCON 2023</a> qualifiers.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Mauritania has been the recipient of international support for sports infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> has committed to building a sports complex in the country.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Demographics of Mauritania</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania">List of cities in Mauritania</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-86">[84]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit">[update]</a>, Mauritania had a population of about 4.3 million, roughly a third concentrated in the capital and largest city, Nouakchott, on the Atlantic coast. The local population is composed of three main ethnicities: <a href="/wiki/Beidane" title="Beidane">Bidhan</a> or white Moors, <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a> or black moors, and West Africans. 30% Bidhan, 40% Haratin, and 30% others (mostly Black Sub-Saharans). Local statistics bureau estimations indicate that the Bidhan represent around 30% of citizens. They speak <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a> and are primarily of <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Arab-Berber</a> origin. The Haratin constitute roughly 35% of the population, with many estimates putting them at around 40%. They are descendants of the original inhabitants of the Tassili n'Ajjer and Acacus Mountain sites during the <a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-Anthony_Appiah_2010_p._549-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gast,_M._2000-88">[86]</a> The remaining 30% of the population largely consists of various ethnic groups of West African descent. Among these are the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Halpulaar</a> (Fulbe), <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Largest cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mauritania" title="Template:Largest cities of Mauritania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Mauritania" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Mauritania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Mauritania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Mauritania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Mauritania <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_Agency_for_Statistics,_Demographic_and_Economic_Analysis" title="National Agency for Statistics, Demographic and Economic Analysis">National Agency for Statistics, Demographic and Economic Analysis</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ansade.mr/fr/communique-sur-les-resultats-definitifs-du-cinquieme-recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-lhabitat-rgph5-de-2023/">2023 census</a>)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mauritania" title="Regions of Mauritania">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mauritania" title="Regions of Mauritania">Region</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mauritania" title="List of cities in Mauritania"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouakchott"><noscript><img alt="Nouakchott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/120px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/120px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" data-alt="Nouakchott" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/180px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/240px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Nouadhibou,NumerowatN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouadhibou"><noscript><img alt="Nouadhibou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg/120px-Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg/120px-Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg" data-alt="Nouadhibou" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg/180px-Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg/240px-Nouadhibou%2CNumerowatN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Nouadhibou" title="Nouadhibou">Nouadhibou</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,446,761</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adel_Bagrou" title="Adel Bagrou">Adel Bagrou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region">Hodh Ech Chargui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,048 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiffa_mauritania.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiffa"><noscript><img alt="Kiffa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kiffa_mauritania.jpg/120px-Kiffa_mauritania.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 83px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kiffa_mauritania.jpg/120px-Kiffa_mauritania.jpg" data-alt="Kiffa" data-width="120" data-height="83" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kiffa_mauritania.jpg/180px-Kiffa_mauritania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kiffa_mauritania.jpg/240px-Kiffa_mauritania.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kiffa" title="Kiffa">Kiffa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nouadhibou" title="Nouadhibou">Nouadhibou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dakhlet_Nouadhibou_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakhlet Nouadhibou Region">Dakhlet Nouadhibou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">173,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFoun_el_Atrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aïoun el Atrous">Aïoun el Atrous</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_El_Gharbi_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh El Gharbi Region">Hodh El Gharbi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,517 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kiffa" title="Kiffa">Kiffa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assaba_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaba Region">Assaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,101</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamed,_Mauritania" title="Hamed, Mauritania">Hamed</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assaba_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaba Region">Assaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vassala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassala">Vassala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region">Hodh Ech Chargui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,508</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tintane" title="Tintane">Tintane</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_El_Gharbi_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh El Gharbi Region">Hodh El Gharbi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,995 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A9di" title="Kaédi">Kaédi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gorgol_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgol Region">Gorgol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,790</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Atar,_Mauritania" title="Atar, Mauritania">Atar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar Region">Adrar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,171 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zou%C3%A9rat" title="Zouérat">Zouérat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiris_Zemmour_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiris Zemmour Region">Tiris Zemmour</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">62,380</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9ma" title="Néma">Néma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region">Hodh Ech Chargui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,042 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rosso" title="Rosso">Rosso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trarza_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Trarza Region">Trarza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,156</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gouraye" title="Gouraye">Gouraye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guidimagha_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidimagha Region">Guidimagha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,021 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bogh%C3%A9" title="Boghé">Boghé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brakna_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brakna Region">Brakna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,205</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timb%C3%A9dra" title="Timbédra">Timbédra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hodh_Ech_Chargui_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodh Ech Chargui Region">Hodh Ech Chargui</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9libaby" title="Sélibaby">Sélibaby</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guidimagha_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidimagha Region">Guidimagha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,966</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Foum_Gleita" title="Foum Gleita">Voum Legleita</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gorgol_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgol Region">Gorgol</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,314 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guerou" title="Guerou">Guerou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Assaba_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaba Region">Assaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,315</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boutilimit" title="Boutilimit">Boutilimit</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trarza_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Trarza Region">Trarza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,347 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Religion in Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mauritania" title="Islam in Mauritania">Islam in Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Freedom of religion in Mauritania</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Mauritania Religions<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Islam</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:99.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">99.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Christianity</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg/220px-Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg/220px-Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg/330px-Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg/440px-Nouakchott_camel_market2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Camel market in Nouakchott</figcaption></figure> Mauritania is almost 100% Muslim, with most inhabitants adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> denomination.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> orders, the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijaniyah</a> and the Qadiriyyah, have great influence not only in the country, but in Morocco, Algeria, Senegal and other neighboring countries as well. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nouakchott" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nouakchott">Roman Catholic Diocese of Nouakchott</a>, founded in 1965, serves the 4,500 Catholics in Mauritania (mostly foreign residents from West Africa and Europe). In 2020, the number of Christians in Mauritania was estimated at 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> There are extreme restrictions on freedom of religion and belief in Mauritania; it is one of 13 countries in the world that punish atheism by death.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> On 27 April 2018, the National Assembly passed a law that makes the death penalty mandatory for anyone convicted of "blasphemous speech" and acts deemed "sacrilegious". The new law eliminates the possibility under article 306 of substituting prison terms for the death penalty for certain apostasy-related crimes if the offender promptly repents. The law also provides for a sentence of up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 600,000 <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Ouguiyas</a> (about €14,600) for "offending public indecency and Islamic values" and for "breaching Allah's prohibitions" or assisting in their breach.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Languages of Mauritania</a></div> Arabic is the official and national language of Mauritania. The local spoken variety, known as <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a>, contains many <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> words and significantly differs from the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> that is used for official communication. <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Pulaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> also serve as national languages.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Despite having no official status, French is used as an administrative language and as a medium of instruction in schools.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> It is also widely used in the media, business, and among educated classes.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mauritania" title="Health in Mauritania">Health in Mauritania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG/220px-Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG/220px-Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG/330px-Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG/440px-Adrar-Mother%26daughter.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> family in the <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrar Region">Adrar Plateau</a>.</figcaption></figure> As of 2011, life expectancy at birth was 61.14 years.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-1">[1]</a> Per capita expenditure on health was US$43 (PPP) in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">[93]</a> Public expenditure was 2% of the GDP in 2004 and private 0.9% of the GDP in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">[93]</a> In the early 21st century, there were 11 physicians per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">[93]</a> Infant mortality is 60.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">[93]</a> The obesity rate among Mauritanian women is high, in part due to the traditional standards of beauty in some regions, where <a href="/wiki/Force-feeding#For_girls_before_marriage" title="Force-feeding">forced feeding practices</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">leblouh</a> (gavage in French) encourage weight gain, and obese women are considered beautiful while thin women are considered sickly.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Education in Mauritania</a></div> Since 1999, all teaching in the first year of primary school is in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>; French is introduced in the second year, and is used to teach all scientific courses.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The use of English is increasing.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Mauritania has the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nouakchott_Al_Aasriya" title="University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya">University of Nouakchott</a> and other institutions of higher education, but the majority of highly educated Mauritanians have studied outside the country. Public expenditure on education was at 10.1% of 2000–2007 government expenditure.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">[93]</a> Mauritania was ranked 126th out of 139 in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Human rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mauritania" title="Human rights in Mauritania">Human rights in Mauritania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png/170px-Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 251px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png/170px-Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png" data-width="170" data-height="251" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png/255px-Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png/340px-Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mauritanian blogger and political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Cheikh_Ould_Mkhaitir" title="Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir">Mohamed Cheikh Ould Mkhaitir</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Abdallahi government was widely perceived as corrupt and restricted access to government information. Sexism, racism, <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, child labor, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mauritania" title="Human trafficking in Mauritania">human trafficking</a>, and the political marginalization of largely southern-based ethnic groups continued to be problems.<a href="#cite_note-ussdhr07-100">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mauritania">Homosexuality</a> is illegal and is a <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital offence</a> in Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Following the 2008 coup, the military government of Mauritania faced severe international sanctions and internal unrest. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> accused it of practicing coordinated torture against criminal and political detainees.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Amnesty has accused the Mauritanian legal system, both before and after the 2008 coup, of functioning with complete disregard for legal procedure, fair trial, or humane imprisonment. The organization has said that the Mauritanian government has practiced institutionalized and continuous use of torture throughout its post-independence history, under all its leaders.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> in 2008 alleged that torture was common in Mauritania, stating that its usage is "deeply anchored in the culture of the security forces", which use it "as a system of investigation and repression". Forms of torture employed include cigarette burns, electric shocks and sexual violence, stated Amnesty International.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> identified torture by Mauritanian law enforcement as one of the "central human rights problems" in the country.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_E._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan E. Méndez">Juan E. Méndez</a>, an independent expert on human rights from the United Nations, reported in 2016 that legal protections against torture were present but not applied in Mauritania, pointing to an "almost total absence of investigations into allegations of torture".<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> According to the US State Department 2010 Human Rights Report,<a href="#cite_note-StateDept-2010-111">[109]</a> abuses in Mauritania include: <blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">mistreatment of detainees and prisoners</a>; security force impunity; lengthy pretrial detention; harsh prison conditions; <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest and detentions</a>; limits on freedom of the press and assembly; corruption; <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against women">discrimination against women</a>; <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM); <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>; political marginalization of southern-based ethnic groups; racial and ethnic discrimination; slavery and slavery-related practices; and <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>.</blockquote>Initiaves such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)</a> aim to address these human rights violations in line with the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. Through the improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_economy" title="Blue economy">blue economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">green energy transition</a>, the UNDP strives to create employment opportunities, particularly for youth and women, who are underrepresented in the Mauritanian job market.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_slavery">Modern slavery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern slavery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Slavery in Mauritania</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery</a> persists in Mauritania, despite it being outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-37">[35]</a> It is the result of a historical <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system, resulting in descent-based slavery.<a href="#cite_note-unspeakable-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peyton-113">[111]</a> It is estimated that those enslaved are generally darker-skinned <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a>, with their owners often being lighter-skinned Moors.<a href="#cite_note-Peyton-113">[111]</a> Although slavery also exists among the Sub-Saharan Mauritanians part of the population, with some Sub-Saharan Mauritanians owning slaves of the same skin color than them, and some estimates even stating that slavery is currently more widespread in that part of the population, in the south of the country.<a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-114">[112]</a> In 1905, the French colonial administration declared an end of slavery in Mauritania, with very little success.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Mauritania ratified in 1961 the <a href="/wiki/Forced_Labour_Convention" title="Forced Labour Convention">Forced Labour Convention</a>, having already enshrined abolition of slavery, albeit implicitly, in its 1959 constitution;<a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-114">[112]</a> although nominally abolished in 1981 by presidential decree, a <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> against the ownership of slaves was enacted only in 2007. The US State Department 2010 Human Rights Report states, "Government efforts were not sufficient to enforce the antislavery law. No cases have been successfully prosecuted under the antislavery law despite the fact that de facto slavery exists in Mauritania."<a href="#cite_note-StateDept-2010-111">[109]</a> In 2012, it was estimated by a <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> documentary that 10% to 20% of the population of Mauritania (between 340,000 and 680,000 people) live in slavery.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[114]</a> That estimation is however considered by several academics to be grossly overstated.<a href="#cite_note-middleeasteye-114">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Modern-day slavery</a> still exists in different forms in Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> According to some estimates, thousands of Mauritanians <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">are still enslaved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> A 2012 <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> report, "Slavery's Last Stronghold", documents the ongoing slave-owning cultures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-121">[119]</a> This social discrimination is applied chiefly against the "black Moors" (Haratin) in the northern part of the country, where tribal elites among "white Moors" (Bidh'an, <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya-speaking Arabs and Arabized Berbers</a>) hold sway.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Slavery practices exist also within the sub-Saharan African ethnic groups of the south. In 2012, a government minister stated that slavery "no longer exists" in Mauritania.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free Foundation</a>'s Global Slavery Index, there were an estimated 90,000 enslaved people in Mauritania in 2018, or around 2% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-walkfree-124">[122]</a> Obstacles to ending slavery in Mauritania include: <ul><li>The difficulty of enforcing any laws in the country's vast desert.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[114]</a></li> <li>Poverty that limits opportunities for slaves to support themselves if freed.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[114]</a></li> <li>Belief that slavery is part of the natural order of this society.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[114]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Mauritania" title="Mass media in Mauritania">Mass media in Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Music of Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mauritania" title="Sport in Mauritania">Sport in Mauritania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinguetti-biblio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinguetti-biblio.jpg/170px-Chinguetti-biblio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinguetti-biblio.jpg/170px-Chinguetti-biblio.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinguetti-biblio.jpg/255px-Chinguetti-biblio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinguetti-biblio.jpg/340px-Chinguetti-biblio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> collection in a library in <a href="/wiki/Chinguetti" title="Chinguetti">Chinguetti</a></figcaption></figure> Tuareg and Mauritanian silversmiths have developed traditions of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_of_the_Berber_cultures" title="Jewellery of the Berber cultures">traditional Berber jewellery</a> and metalwork that have been worn by Mauritanian women and men. According to studies of Tuareg and Mauritanian jewellery, the latter are usually more embellished and may carry typical <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramidal</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Filming for several documentaries, films, and television shows have taken place in Mauritania, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saganne" title="Fort Saganne">Fort Saganne</a> (1984), <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Element" title="The Fifth Element">The Fifth Element</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Winged_Migration" title="Winged Migration">Winged Migration</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_(2014_film)" title="Timbuktu (2014 film)">Timbuktu</a> (2014), and <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand Tour">The Grand Tour</a> (2024). The TV show <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_of_Cursed_Places&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas of Cursed Places (page does not exist)">Atlas of Cursed Places</a> (2020) that aired on the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic Channel</a> had an episode that mentions Mauritania as a possible location for the lost city of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>. The location they consider is a geological formation consisting of a series of rings known as the <a href="/wiki/Richat_Structure" title="Richat Structure">Richat Structure</a>, which is located in the Western <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. The <a href="/wiki/T%27heydinn" title="T'heydinn">T'heydinn</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> The libraries of Chinguetti contain thousands of medieval manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mauritania" title="Portal:Mauritania">Mauritania portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mauritania-related_articles" title="Index of Mauritania-related articles">Index of Mauritania-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mauritania" title="Outline of Mauritania">Outline of Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mauritanian" title="The Mauritanian">The Mauritanian</a>—2021 legal drama film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mauritania" title="Telephone numbers in Mauritania">Telephone numbers in Mauritania</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/">"The World Factbook – Africa – Mauritania"</a>. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107034713/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Africa+%E2%80%93+Mauritania&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmauritania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-2"><a href="#cite_ref-census_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.mr/images/rgph2013/Chapitres_RGPH_Fr/Chapitre01_R%C3%A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf">"1: Répartition spatiale de la population"</a> (PDF). Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitat (RGPH) 2013 (Report) (in French). National Statistical Office of Mauritania. July 2015. p. v. Retrieved 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Recensement+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+Population+et+de+l%27Habitat+%28RGPH%29+2013&rft.pages=v&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Office+of+Mauritania&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.mr%2Fimages%2Frgph2013%2FChapitres_RGPH_Fr%2FChapitre01_R%25C3%25A9partition_spatiale_fr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania">"Mauritania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Mauritania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmauritania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2023.zip">(Archived 2023 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.MR-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MR_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MR_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MR_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MR_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=682,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mauritania)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Mauritania%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D682%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-5"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-6"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation cs2">Wells, John C. 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Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ruling+party+candidate+declared+winner+of+Mauritania+election&rft.date=2019-06-23&rft.aulast=Diagana&rft.aufirst=Kissima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mauritania-election-idUSKCN1TO083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfi-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfi_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfi_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190622-first-peaceful-transfer-power-mauritanias-presidential-polls">"First peaceful transfer of power in Mauritania's presidential polls"</a>. RFI. 22 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409231446/https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20190622-first-peaceful-transfer-power-mauritanias-presidential-polls">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=First+peaceful+transfer+of+power+in+Mauritania%27s+presidential+polls&rft.date=2019-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20190622-first-peaceful-transfer-power-mauritanias-presidential-polls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023191039/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/mauritania/">"Global Slavery Index country data – Mauritania"</a>. Global Slavery Index. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/country/mauritania/">the original</a> on 23 October 2014. 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Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Activists+warn+over+slavery+as+Mauritania+joins+U.N.+human+rights+council&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mauritania-slavery-un%2Factivists-warn-over-slavery-as-mauritania-joins-u-n-human-rights-council-idUSKCN20K2GS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mauritania/">"Mauritania"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114210516/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/mauritania/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Mauritania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fmauritania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania//">"Mauritania – The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506005037/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Mauritania+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmauritania%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Shillington 2005, p. 948. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toyin_Falola,_Daniel_Jean-Jacques-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Toyin_Falola,_Daniel_Jean-Jacques_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyin_Falola,_Daniel_Jean-Jacques2015" class="citation book cs1">Toyin Falola, Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015). Africa [3 volumes] An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 1037. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-82-1604273-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-82-1604273-0"><bdi>979-82-1604273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+%5B3+volumes%5D+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture+and+Society+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pages=1037&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=979-82-1604273-0&rft.au=Toyin+Falola%2C+Daniel+Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoergCoquery-Vidrovitch2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goerg, Odile; Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbGsydRrwyMC&dq=mauritanie+occidentale+Xavier+Coppolani&pg=PA192">L'Afrique occidentale au temps des Français: Colonisateurs et colonisés (c. 1860–1960)</a> (in French). La Découverte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5555-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7071-5555-9"><bdi>978-2-7071-5555-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208060225/https://books.google.com/books?id=sbGsydRrwyMC&dq=mauritanie+occidentale+Xavier+Coppolani&pg=PA192">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+occidentale+au+temps+des+Fran%C3%A7ais%3A+Colonisateurs+et+colonis%C3%A9s+%28c.+1860%E2%80%931960%29&rft.pub=La+D%C3%A9couverte&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.isbn=978-2-7071-5555-9&rft.aulast=Goerg&rft.aufirst=Odile&rft.au=Coquery-Vidrovitch%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbGsydRrwyMC%26dq%3Dmauritanie%2Boccidentale%2BXavier%2BCoppolani%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLugan2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lugan, Bernard (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABBjDAAAQBAJ">Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: Des origines à nos jours</a> (in French). 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Infobase Publishing. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438126760" title="Special:BookSources/9781438126760"><bdi>9781438126760</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701122757/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=tribes+of+Mauritania+were+Berber+and+Sub+Saharan+people&pg=PA450">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438126760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dstl97FdyRswC%26q%3Dtribes%2Bof%2BMauritania%2Bwere%2BBerber%2Band%2BSub%2BSaharan%2Bpeople%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Suarez, David (2016). The Western Sahara and the Search for the Roots of Sahrawi National Identity (Thesis). 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Annales de Génétique. 43 (3–4): 155–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-3995%2800%2901023-6">10.1016/S0003-3995(00)01023-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164198">11164198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique&rft.atitle=Genetic+differentiation+of+Yemeni+people+according+to+rhesus+and+Gm+polymorphisms&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-3995%2800%2901023-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11164198&rft.au=Chaabani%2C+H.&rft.au=Sanchez-Mazas%2C+A.&rft.au=Sallami+SF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google1_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-google1_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatierHimpan2019" class="citation book cs1">Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZqSDwAAQBAJ&dq=arabs+conquered+mauritania&pg=PA103">Nomads of Mauritania – Diane Himpan Sabatier, Brigitte Himpan – Google Books</a>. Vernon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781622735822" title="Special:BookSources/9781622735822"><bdi>9781622735822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329104212/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZqSDwAAQBAJ&dq=arabs+conquered+mauritania&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+Mauritania+%E2%80%93+Diane+Himpan+Sabatier%2C+Brigitte+Himpan+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.isbn=9781622735822&rft.aulast=Sabatier&rft.aufirst=Diane+Himpan&rft.au=Himpan%2C+Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZqSDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Darabs%2Bconquered%2Bmauritania%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessier2010" class="citation book cs1">Messier, Ronald A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yobDEAAAQBAJ">The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad</a>. Praeger. pp. xii–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38590-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38590-2"><bdi>978-0-313-38590-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almoravids+and+the+Meanings+of+Jihad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exvi&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38590-2&rft.aulast=Messier&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyobDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisChalmeta1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Norris, H.T. & Chalmeta, P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/~amcdouga/Hist446/readings/conquest_in_west_african_historiography.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 September 2011. 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Bradt Travel Guides. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-218-7"><bdi>978-1-84162-218-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522143910/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8xB7ZG2KOEC&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mali%3A+The+Bradt+Safari+Guide&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-218-7&rft.aulast=Velton&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt8xB7ZG2KOEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-29"><a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103013350/http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/3.htm">"Mauritania – History"</a>. Country Studies. Library of Congress. 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Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mauritania&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6265-4&rft.au=Pazzanita%2C+Anthony+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KU_9MfXKKYC%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> page 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709103402/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">Archived</a> 9 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News. 9 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522">MAURITANIA: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325015835/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522">Archived</a> 25 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IRIN News. 5 March 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218143025/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=323&p1=3&p2=4&case=61&p3=5">"Cour internationale de Justice – International Court of Justice"</a>. www.icj-cij.org. 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Reuters. 23 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207192957/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/mauritania-arrests-former-president-amid-corruption-probe-2021-06-23/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mauritania+arrests+former+president+amid+corruption+probe&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmauritania-arrests-former-president-amid-corruption-probe-2021-06-23%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231204-mauritania-ex-president-aziz-sentenced-to-5-years-for-corruption">"Mauritania ex-president Aziz sentenced to 5 years for corruption"</a>. France 24. 4 December 2023. 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Oxford University Press. p. 549. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9">978-0-19-533770-9</a>., Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Gast,_M._2000-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Gast,_M._2000_88-0">^</a> Gast, M. (2000). "Harṭâni". Encyclopédie berbère – Hadrumetum – Hidjaba (in French). 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Lamport2021" class="citation book cs1">A. Lamport, Mark (2021). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442271579" title="Special:BookSources/9781442271579"><bdi>9781442271579</bdi></a>. <q>Influences—Christian influences in Mauritanian society are limited to the approximately 10,000 foreign nationals living in the country</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Christianity+in+the+Global+South&rft.pages=497&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781442271579&rft.aulast=A.+Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Robert (9 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-atheists-idUSBRE8B900520121210">"Atheists around world suffer persecution, discrimination: report"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002160125/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/10/us-religion-atheists-idUSBRE8B900520121210">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Atheists+around+world+suffer+persecution%2C+discrimination%3A+report&rft.date=2012-12-09&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-religion-atheists-idUSBRE8B900520121210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2018" class="citation web cs1">Mehta, Hemant (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2018/05/17/mauritania-passes-law-mandating-death-penalty-for-blasphemy/">"Mauritania Passes Law Mandating Death Penalty for "Blasphemy""</a>. Patheos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180517203840/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2018/05/17/mauritania-passes-law-mandating-death-penalty-for-blasphemy/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patheos&rft.atitle=Mauritania+Passes+Law+Mandating+Death+Penalty+for+%22Blasphemy%22&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Hemant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Ffriendlyatheist%2F2018%2F05%2F17%2Fmauritania-passes-law-mandating-death-penalty-for-blasphemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-51446026">Mauritania denies banning French from parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218101654/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-51446026">Archived</a> 18 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 10 Feb 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.africanews.com/2022/07/27/la-mauritanie-adopte-une-loi-contestee-sur-les-langues-a-lecole/">La Mauritanie adopte une loi contestée sur les langues à l'école</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235807/https://fr.africanews.com/2022/07/27/la-mauritanie-adopte-une-loi-contestee-sur-les-langues-a-lecole/">Archived</a> 9 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Mauritania adopts contested law around languages at school), AfricaNews, 27 July 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauritania">"Mauritania: Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409103738/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauritania">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania%3A+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMauritania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_95-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708001856/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MRT.html">"Human Development Report 2009 – Mauritania"</a>. Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_MRT.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2009+%E2%80%93+Mauritania&rft.pub=Hdrstats.undp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fdata_sheets%2Fcty_ds_MRT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-96"><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525010810/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18141550">"Mauritania struggles with love of fat women"</a>. NBC News. 16 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/18141550">the original</a> on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Mauritania+struggles+with+love+of+fat+women&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F18141550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas_adsec/mauritania2.htm">"Education system in Mauritania"</a>. Bibl.u-szeged.hu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092316/http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas_adsec/mauritania2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Education+system+in+Mauritania&rft.pub=Bibl.u-szeged.hu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibl.u-szeged.hu%2Foseas_adsec%2Fmauritania2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2015/08/english-is-all-the-rage-in-mauritania/">"English is All the Rage in Mauritania – Al-Fanar Media"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Fanar+Media&rft.atitle=English+is+All+the+Rage+in+Mauritania+%E2%80%93+Al-Fanar+Media&rft.date=2015-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-fanarmedia.org%2F2015%2F08%2Fenglish-is-all-the-rage-in-mauritania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024. 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The Independent. 17 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827151517/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/gay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=LGBT+relationships+are+illegal+in+74+countries%2C+research+finds&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgay-lesbian-bisexual-relationships-illegal-in-74-countries-a7033666.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20081203135024269C366272">'Prisoner torture rising' in Mauritania</a>, SAPA/AP, 3 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200812030855.html">Mauritania: Prisoner Confessions Extracted Through Torture Says Amnesty International</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174814/http://allafrica.com/stories/200812030855.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IRIN: 3 December 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sillah, Ebrimah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200812030857.html">Mauritania: 'Chains Are Jewellery for Men'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006174836/http://allafrica.com/stories/200812030857.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Inter Press Service, 3 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr38/009/2008/en/">Mauritania: Torture at the heart of the state</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918011234/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR38/009/2008/en/">Archived</a> 18 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> . 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Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Amnesty+says+torture+routine+in+Mauritania&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=Magnowski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mauritania-torture%2Famnesty-says-torture-routine-in-mauritania-idUSTRE4B200G20081203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/52000/afr380092008en.pdf">"Mauritania: Torture At The Heart Of The State"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Mauritania%3A+Torture+At+The+Heart+Of+The+State&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fdownload%2FDocuments%2F52000%2Fafr380092008en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/mauritania/231771/PDFs/MAUTITANIA-ENG-HR.pdf">"Mauritania 2014 Human Rights Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208011157/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/mauritania/231771/PDFs/MAUTITANIA-ENG-HR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania+2014+Human+Rights+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fmauritania%2F231771%2FPDFs%2FMAUTITANIA-ENG-HR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2016/02/04/un-regrets-non-application-of-laws-against-torture-in-mauritania//">"UN regrets non-application of laws against torture in Mauritania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Africa_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa News">Africa News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France Presse">Agence France Presse</a>. 4 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414120130/https://www.africanews.com/2016/02/04/un-regrets-non-application-of-laws-against-torture-in-mauritania//">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. 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Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Activists+warn+over+slavery+as+Mauritania+joins+U.N.+human+rights+council&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Peyton&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mauritania-slavery-un%2Factivists-warn-over-slavery-as-mauritania-joins-u-n-human-rights-council-idUSKCN20K2GS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleeasteye-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleeasteye_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/slavery-mauritania-differentiating-between-facts-and-fiction-103800371">"Slavery in Mauritania: Differentiating between facts and fiction"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery%27s+Last+Stronghold&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-03&rft.au=John+D.+Sutter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2012%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_116-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html?hpt=hp_c1">Slavery's last stronghold</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320102533/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html?hpt=hp_c1">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CNN.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 20 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasser2008" class="citation book cs1">Yasser, Abdel Nasser Ould (2008). Sage, Jesse; Kasten, Liora (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJnjZvH0y0IC">Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7493-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-7493-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906114829/https://books.google.com/books?id=NJnjZvH0y0IC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. 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Retrieved 24 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service+%E2%80%93+The+Abolition+season+on+BBC+World+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1458_abolition%2Fpage4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/210740.pdf">"Mauritania (Tier 3)"</a> (PDF). Report. US Dept. of State. pp. 258–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109081949/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/210740.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report&rft.atitle=Mauritania+%28Tier+3%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F210740.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-121"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_121-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html">"Slavery's last stronghold"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329123324/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN.com (16 March 2012). Retrieved 20 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">"Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626174521/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">Archived</a> 26 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Yorker, 8 September 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320212101/http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/mauritanian-minister-responds-to-accusations-that-slavery-is-rampant/">"Mauritanian minister responds to accusations that slavery is rampant"</a>. CNN. 17 March 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/mauritanian-minister-responds-to-accusations-that-slavery-is-rampant/">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2012. <q>I must tell you that in Mauritania, freedom is total: freedom of thought, equality – of all men and women of Mauritania... in all cases, especially with this government, this is in the past. There are probably former relationships – slavery relationships and familial relationships from old days and of the older generations, maybe, or descendants who wish to continue to be in relationships with descendants of their old masters, for familial reasons, or out of affinity, and maybe also for economic interests. But (slavery) is something that is totally finished. All people are free in Mauritania and this phenomenon no longer exists. And I believe that I can tell you that no one profits from this commerce.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+minister+responds+to+accusations+that+slavery+is+rampant&rft.date=2012-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F17%2Fmauritanian-minister-responds-to-accusations-that-slavery-is-rampant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walkfree-124"><a href="#cite_ref-walkfree_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/country-data/mauritania/">"Country Data | Global Slavery Index Mauritania"</a>, Global Slavery Index, <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Walk Free Foundation">Walk Free Foundation</a>, 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200520163324/https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/country-data/mauritania/">archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2020, retrieved 6 January 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Slavery+Index&rft.atitle=Country+Data+%7C+Global+Slavery+Index+Mauritania&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2F2018%2Fdata%2Fcountry-data%2Fmauritania%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Robert K. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eds.s.ebscohost.com/eds/Citations/FullTextLinkClick?sid=21ac4541-e322-49da-83da-6d45ba8c0a24@redis&vid=3&id=pdfFullText">"Tuareg amulets and crosses: Saharan/Sahelian innovation and aesthetics"</a>. Ornament (pdf). 40 (3): 58–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ornament&rft.atitle=Tuareg+amulets+and+crosses%3A+Saharan%2FSahelian+innovation+and+aesthetics&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feds.s.ebscohost.com%2Feds%2FCitations%2FFullTextLinkClick%3Fsid%3D21ac4541-e322-49da-83da-6d45ba8c0a24%40redis%26vid%3D3%26id%3DpdfFullText&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists">"UNESCO – Moorish epic T'heydinn"</a>. ich.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526011220/https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Moorish+epic+T%27heydinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/mauritanian-manuscripts-preserved-through-digital-technology/50000263-3173402">"Mauritanian manuscripts preserved through digital technology"</a>. www.efe.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111001853/https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/mauritanian-manuscripts-preserved-through-digital-technology/50000263-3173402">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efe.com&rft.atitle=Mauritanian+manuscripts+preserved+through+digital+technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efe.com%2Fefe%2Fenglish%2Flife%2Fmauritanian-manuscripts-preserved-through-digital-technology%2F50000263-3173402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandraud2010" class="citation news cs1">Mandraud, Isabelle (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/27/mauritania-heritage-books-libraries">"Mauritania's hidden manuscripts"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510234303/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/27/mauritania-heritage-books-libraries">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mauritania%27s+hidden+manuscripts&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Mandraud&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F27%2Fmauritania-heritage-books-libraries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-libraries-of-chinguetti">"The Libraries of Chinguetti"</a>. Atlas Obscura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726063045/https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-libraries-of-chinguetti">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Libraries+of+Chinguetti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fthe-libraries-of-chinguetti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: General and cited references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5467.htm">US State Department</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190505/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5467.htm">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/nations/Mauritania">Encyclopædia Britannica, Mauritania – Country Page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515012948/https://www.britannica.com/nations/Mauritania">Archived</a> 15 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmɒrɪˈteɪniə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/En-us-Mauritania.ogg\/En-us-Mauritania.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mauritania.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/En-us-Mauritania.ogg/En-us-Mauritania.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mauritania.ogg" title="File:En-us-Mauritania.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: موريتانيا, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Mūrītānyā </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Jumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2010" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Noel (2010). Mauritania: The Struggle for Democracy. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935049302" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935049302"><bdi>978-1935049302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritania%3A+The+Struggle+for+Democracy&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1935049302&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson1991" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Peter (1991). Travels in Mauritania. Flamingo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006543589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006543589"><bdi>978-0006543589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Mauritania&rft.pub=Flamingo&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0006543589&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1998" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Joseph E (1998). Mauritania in Photographs. Crossgar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1892277046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1892277046"><bdi>978-1892277046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritania+in+Photographs&rft.pub=Crossgar+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1892277046&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/">"Slavery's last stronghold"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219122911/http://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery%27s+last+stronghold&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Finteractive%2F2012%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazzanita2008" class="citation book cs1">Pazzanita, Anthony G (2008). Historical Dictionary of Mauritania. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810855960" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810855960"><bdi>978-0810855960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mauritania&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0810855960&rft.aulast=Pazzanita&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuf2001" class="citation book cs1">Ruf, Urs (2001). Ending Slavery: Hierarchy, Dependency and Gender in Central Mauritania. Transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3933127495" title="Special:BookSources/978-3933127495"><bdi>978-3933127495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ending+Slavery%3A+Hierarchy%2C+Dependency+and+Gender+in+Central+Mauritania&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3933127495&rft.aulast=Ruf&rft.aufirst=Urs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSene2011" class="citation book cs1">Sene, Sidi (2011). The Ignored Cries of Pain and Injustice from Mauritania. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426971617" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426971617"><bdi>978-1426971617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ignored+Cries+of+Pain+and+Injustice+from+Mauritania&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1426971617&rft.aulast=Sene&rft.aufirst=Sidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMauritania" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mauritania at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mauritania">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_/_Mauritanie" class="extiw" title="c:موريتانيا / Mauritanie">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mauritania" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mauritania">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mauritania">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mauritania">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mauritania">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mauritania">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mauritania" class="extiw" title="voy:Mauritania">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 39px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="39" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a country profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/country/Q1025" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/country/Q1025">Mauritania</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017055755/http://www.mauritania.mr/">République Islamique de Mauritanie</a> (official government website at archive.org) (in Arabic)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023185313/http://www.mauritania.mr:80/fr/index.php">République Islamique de Mauritanie</a> (official government website at archive.org) (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/">Mauritania</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=mauritania">Mauritania</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mauritania&params=20_N_12_W_type:country_region:MR">20°N 12°W / 20°N 12°W / 20; -12</a> </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&oldid=1278179401">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&oldid=1278179401</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 February 2025, at 22:45 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Мауритание – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мауритание" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mauritanië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞሪታኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞሪታኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉरीतानिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मॉरीतानिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Мавританиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мавританиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موريتانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موريتانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܡܘܪܝܛܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܪܝܛܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritania" title="Moritania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Moritania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Mauritáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mauritáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritaniya" title="Mavritaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mavritaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="موریتانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موریتانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মৌরিতানিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌরিতানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Маўрытанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маўрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Маўрытанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маўрытанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉरिटानिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मॉरिटानिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanya" title="Mauritanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mauritanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="མའུ་རི་ཏ་ནི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མའུ་རི་ཏ་ནི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanija" title="Mauritanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mauritanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maouritania" title="Maouritania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maouritania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mauritània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritaniya" title="Muritaniya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Muritaniya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1nie" title="Mauritánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mauritánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritania" title="Muritania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Muritania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawritania" title="Mawritania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mawritania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موريطانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موريطانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1nia" title="Mauritánia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mauritánia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މޮރިޓާނިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮރިޓާނިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii_Bi%C5%82ikahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Shádiʼááhjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureta%C5%84ska" title="Mauretańska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mauretańska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मोरिटानिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मोरिटानिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaania" title="Mauritaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mauritaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαυριτανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαυριτανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%ADritanio" title="Maŭritanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maŭritanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritania" title="Moritania – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Moritania" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="موریتانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موریتانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ritania" title="Móritania – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Móritania" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mauritanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaanje" title="Mauretaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mauretaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritani" title="Muritani – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Muritani" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mh%C3%A1rat%C3%A1in" title="An Mháratáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mháratáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Varitaan" title="Yn Varitaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Varitaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritaniya" title="Mavritaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mavritaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moratainia" title="Moratainia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moratainia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%80%EB%8B%88" title="모리타니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모리타니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritaniya" title="Muritaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muritaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մավրիտանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մավրիտանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉरीतानिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मॉरीतानिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawretanska" title="Mawretanska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mawretanska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanija" title="Mauretanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mauretanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মৌরিতানিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মৌরিতানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMoritaniya" title="IMoritaniya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMoritaniya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ritan%C3%ADa" title="Máritanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Máritanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="מאוריטניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאוריטניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritaanii" title="Moritaanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Moritaanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮಾರಿಟಾನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರಿಟಾನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მავრიტანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მავრიტანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritaniya" title="Moritaniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Moritaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritania" title="Moritania – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Moritania" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritania" title="Muritania – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Muritania" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor%C3%AEtanya" title="Morîtanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Morîtanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C4%81nija" title="Mauritānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mauritānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanija" title="Mauritanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mauritanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mauritanië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritania" title="Muritania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Muritania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritanii" title="Mavritanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mavritanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mauritània" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1nia" title="Mauritánia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mauritánia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мавританија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мавританија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoritania" title="Maoritania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maoritania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മൗറിത്താനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗറിത്താനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawritanja" title="Mawritanja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mawritanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C4%81nia" title="Mauritānia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mauritānia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मॉरिटानिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉरिटानिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მავრიტანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მავრიტანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موريتانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موريتانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="موریتانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موریتانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯥꯎꯔꯤꯇꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯎꯔꯤꯇꯥꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1nia" title="Mauritánia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mauritánia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မော်ရီတေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်ရီတေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mauritanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mauritanie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मौरिटानिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मौरिटानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="माउरी तानिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माउरी तानिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="モーリタニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モーリタニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8F%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%8A%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߡߏߙߌߕߊߣߌ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߏߙߌߕߊߣߌ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Мавритани – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мавритани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretaanien" title="Mauretaanien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mauretaanien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Mauretania" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritania" title="Moritania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Moritania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mauritània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooritaaniyaa" title="Mooritaaniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mooritaaniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritaniya" title="Mavritaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mavritaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੌਰੀਤਾਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੌਰੀਤਾਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मारिटेनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मारिटेनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="موریطانیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موریطانیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mauretania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موريتانيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="موريتانيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritania" title="Moritania – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Moritania" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="ម៉ូរីតានី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូរីតានី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mauretania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A2nia" title="Mauritânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mauritânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritaniya" title="Mavritaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mavritaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritaniya" title="Muritaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Muritaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritaniya" title="Muritaniya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muritaniya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мауритания – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мауритания" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मारिटेनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मारिटेनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritan%C3%AFi" title="Moritanïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Moritanïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱚᱣᱨᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱣᱨᱤᱛᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mauritània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mauritanie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මොරිටේනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොරිටේනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="موريتانيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موريتانيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMolithaniya" title="IMolithaniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMolithaniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A1nia" title="Mauritánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mauritánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavretanija" title="Mavretanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mavretanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauryta%C5%84ijo" title="Maurytańijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Maurytańijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuriitaaniya" title="Muuriitaaniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muuriitaaniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مۆریتانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆریتانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мауританија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мауританија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanija" title="Mauritanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mauritanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauretanien" title="Mauretanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mauretanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanya" title="Mauritanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mauritanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மூரித்தானியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூரித்தானியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muritanya" title="Muritanya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muritanya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri%E1%B9%ADanya" title="Muriṭanya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Muriṭanya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းမေႃႇရီႇတေးၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမေႃႇရီႇတေးၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="మారిటానియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మారిటానియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศมอริเตเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมอริเตเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AA%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞሪታኒያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሞሪታኒያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritanya" title="Moritanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moritanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawritani%C3%BDa" title="Mawritaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mawritaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мавритания – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мавритания" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мавританія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мавританія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="موریتانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موریتانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ماۋرىتانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماۋرىتانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mauritània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritanii" title="Mavritanii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mavritanii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritanie" title="Mauritanie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mauritanie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morit%C3%A4n" title="Moritän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Moritän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritaania" title="Mauritaania – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mauritaania" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritanreye" title="Moritanreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moritanreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="毛里塔尼亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="毛里塔尼亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0nnaar" title="Gànnaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gànnaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="毛里塔尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritana" title="Maritana – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Maritana" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מאריטאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאריטאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="毛里塔尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="毛里塔尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritanya" title="Moritanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moritanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritani%C3%AB" title="Mauritanië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mauritanië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritan%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mauritanėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mauritanėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛里塔尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%8Dritania" title="Mọritania – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mọritania" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritani" title="Moritani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Moritani" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Mauritania" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavritanij%C9%99" title="Mavritanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mavritanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 February 2025, at 22:45 (UTC).</li> <li 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