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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue economy</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Blue_economy" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Blue_economy" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>Blue economy</b> is a term in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> relating to the <a href="/wiki/Resource_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource exploitation">exploitation</a>, preservation and regeneration of the <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environment</a>. Its scope of interpretation varies among organizations. However, the term is generally used in the scope of <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">international development</a> when describing a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> approach to coastal resources and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_development" title="Ocean development">ocean development</a>. This can include a wide range of economic sectors, from the more conventional <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">maritime transport</a>, coastal, marine and maritime tourism,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other traditional uses, to more emergent activities such as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">coastal renewable energy</a>, marine ecosystem services (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">blue carbon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">seabed mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teo_IMO_8919104,_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ship with cranes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg/300px-Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg/450px-Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg/600px-Teo_IMO_8919104%2C_Meadway_Shipping_%26_Trading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a><figcaption>The maritime transport is a part of the blue economy.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definitions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Related_terms"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Related terms</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Blue_Technology"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Blue Technology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ocean_economy"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ocean economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Green_economy"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Green economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Blue_growth"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Blue growth</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Blue_justice"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Blue justice</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Potential"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Potential</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Disadvantages_of_a_Blue_Economy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Disadvantages of a Blue Economy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sectors"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sectors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>In November 2018, a conference in Kenya was held to discuss a sustainable future for the world's oceans. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the blue economy is the "sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem." </p><p><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> defines it as "All economic activities related to oceans, seas and coasts. It covers a wide range of interlinked established and emerging sectors."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> considers it "an emerging concept which encourages better stewardship of our ocean or 'blue' resources."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a> adds that "blue economy also includes economic benefits that may not be marketed, such as carbon storage, coastal protection, cultural values and biodiversity."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_the_Blue_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Center for the Blue Economy">The Center for the Blue Economy</a> says "it is now a widely used term around the world with three related but distinct meanings- the overall contribution of the oceans to economies, the need to address the environmental and ecological sustainability of the oceans, and the ocean economy as a growth opportunity for both developed and developing countries."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> representative recently defined the Blue Economy as an economy that "comprises a range of economic sectors and related policies that together determine whether the use of ocean resources is sustainable. An important challenge of the blue economy is to understand and better manage the many aspects of oceanic sustainability, ranging from sustainable fisheries to ecosystem health to preventing pollution. Secondly, the blue economy challenges us to realize that the sustainable management of ocean resources will require collaboration across borders and sectors through a variety of partnerships, and on a scale that has not been previously achieved. This is a tall order, particularly for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) who face significant limitations." The UN notes that the Blue Economy will aid in achieving the UN <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, of which one goal, 14, is "<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">life below water</a>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> begins its report<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Principles for a Sustainable BLUE ECONOMY</i> with two senses given to this term: "For some, blue economy means the use of the sea and its resources for sustainable economic development. For others, it simply refers to any economic activity in the maritime sector, whether sustainable or not." </p><p>As the WWF reveals in its purpose of the report, there is still no widely accepted definition of the term blue economy despite increasing high-level adoption of it as a concept and as a goal of policy-making and investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a>, the blue economy, which includes all industries with a direct or indirect connection to the ocean, such as marine energy, ports, shipping, coastal protection, and seafood production, could outperform global economic growth by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related terms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Technology">Blue Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blue Technology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg/220px-ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg/220px-ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg/330px-ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg/440px-ROV_with_electric_thrusters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>low-cost ROV</figcaption></figure> <p>Blue Technology refers to the application of innovative and sustainable practices that aid to a healthier water economy. It's used in nearly every sector to advance or improve existing practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">ROVs</a> that can monitor fish farms, robotics that can assist in the effort to regenerate <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or vehicles built to remove trash from waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_economy">Ocean economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ocean economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A related term of blue economy is ocean economy and we see some organizations using the two terms interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these two terms represent different concepts. Ocean economy simply deals with the use of ocean resources and is strictly aimed at empowering the economic system of ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue economy goes beyond viewing the ocean economy solely as a mechanism for economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It focuses on the sustainability of ocean for economic growth. Therefore, blue economy encompasses ecological aspects of the ocean along with economic aspects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_economy">Green economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Green economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a> is defined as an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks, and that aims for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> without degrading the environment. It is closely related with <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>. Therefore, blue economy is a part of green economy. During Rio+20 Summit in June 2012, Pacific small island developing states stated that, for them, "a green economy was in fact a blue economy".<sup id="cite_ref-Really_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Really-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_growth">Blue growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Blue growth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A related term is blue growth, which means "support to the growth of the maritime sector in a sustainable way."<sup id="cite_ref-Commission_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is adopted by the European Union as an integrated maritime policy to achieve the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_justice">Blue justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blue justice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Blue_justice" title="Blue justice">Blue justice</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_justice&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Blue_justice" title="Blue justice">Blue Justice</a> is a critical approach examining how <a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</a> communities and <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">small-scale fisheries</a> are affected by blue economy and "<a href="/wiki/Ocean_colonization" title="Ocean colonization">blue growth</a>" initiatives undertaken by institutions and governments globally to promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a> ocean development. The blue economy is also rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">UN Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue Justice acknowledges the historical rights of small-scale fishing communities to marine and inland resources and coastal space; in some cases, communities have used these resources for thousands of years. Thus, as a concept, it seeks to investigate pressures on small-scale fisheries from other ocean uses promoted in blue economy and blue growth agendas, including <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">industrial fisheries</a>, coastal and marine tourism, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy production">energy production</a>, and how they may compromise the rights and the well-being of small-scale fisheries and their communities.</div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Potential">Potential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Potential" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>On top of the traditional ocean activities such as fisheries, tourism and maritime transport, blue economy entails emerging industries including renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities and marine biotechnology and <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue economy also attempts to embrace ocean <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a> that are not captured by the market but provide significant contribution to economic and human activity. They include carbon sequestration, coastal protection, waste disposal, and the existence of biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 WWF briefing puts the value of key ocean assets over US$24 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-Really_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Really-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisheries are now overexploited, but there is still plenty of room for aquaculture and offshore wind power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector with the supply of 58 percent of fish to global markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquaculture is vital to food security of the poorest countries especially. Only in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> the blue economy employed 3,362,510 people in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Commission_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Disadvantages_of_a_Blue_Economy">Disadvantages of a Blue Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of a Blue Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The World Bank specifies three challenges that limit the potential to develop a blue economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Current <a href="/wiki/Economic_indicator" title="Economic indicator">economic trends</a> that have been rapidly degrading ocean resources.</li> <li>The lack of investment in <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> for employment and development in innovative blue economy sectors.</li> <li>Inadequate care for marine resources and ecosystem services of the oceans.</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sectors">Sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sectors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> (fish farms, but also <a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">algaculture</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Ocean conservation</a></li> <li>Maritime <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li>Coastal, marine and maritime tourism (Blue Tourism)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral resources">Mineral resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore oil">Offshore oil</a> and gas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">Offshore wind power</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ship_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship repair">Ship repair</a><sup id="cite_ref-Commission_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Commission-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li>Coastal protection</li> <li>Waste disposal</li> <li>Existence of biodiversity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_development" title="Ocean development">Ocean development</a></li> <li>Responsible Tourism</li> <li>Transportation, Infrastructure, and Trade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> and Pharmaceuticals<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Economy" title="The Blue Economy">The Blue Economy</a> (book) which uses the term differently, namely for "solutions for environmental problems that are based upon simpler and cleaner technologies".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_general_for_Maritime_affairs,_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture" title="Directorate general for Maritime affairs, Fisheries and Aquaculture">Directorate general for Maritime affairs, Fisheries and Aquaculture</a> - French government agency regulating the Blue Economy.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_economy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="20" data-height="19" 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data-width="21" data-height="18" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" 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<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blou-ekonomie" title="Blou-ekonomie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blou-ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="اقتصاد أزرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد أزرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সুনীল অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুনীল অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_blava" title="Economia blava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia blava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Economy" title="The Blue Economy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="The Blue Economy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinimajandus" title="Sinimajandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sinimajandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_azul" title="Economía azul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía azul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blua_ekonomio" title="Blua ekonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blua ekonomio" 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data-title="Ékonomi Biru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchumi_wa_buluu" title="Uchumi wa buluu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchumi wa buluu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauwe_economie" title="Blauwe economie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blauwe economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_azul" title="Economia azul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" 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