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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th-century_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th-century_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>17th-century history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-17th-century_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 17th-century history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-17th-century_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_European_colonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_European_colonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Conflict with European colonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_European_colonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_with_Thomas_Pell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_with_Thomas_Pell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Treaty with Thomas Pell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_with_Thomas_Pell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_and_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_and_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Merger and removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_and_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th-_to_19th-century_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-_to_19th-century_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>18th- to 19th-century history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-_to_19th-century_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Siwanoys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Siwanoys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Siwanoys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Siwanoys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Siwanoy_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Siwanoy_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable Siwanoy descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Siwanoy_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Siwanoy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Siwanoy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siwanoy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwanoy" title="Siwanoy – Serbo-Croatian" 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width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Location_map_Long_Island.png/360px-Location_map_Long_Island.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Location_map_Long_Island.png/480px-Location_map_Long_Island.png 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.408%;left:13.532%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.013%;left:14.012%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.112%;left:14.831%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.542%;left:19.366%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.306%;left:8.257%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.232%;left:17.714%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.546%;left:26.373%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.735%;left:13.996%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Siwanoy"><img alt="Siwanoy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Siwanoy (Long Island)</div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Long Island Sound showing approximate location of known Siwanoy settlements</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">United States (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous religion</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Wappinger" title="Wappinger">Wappinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Lenape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wecquaesgeek" title="Wecquaesgeek">Wecquaesgeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahican</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Siwanoy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) were an <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indigenous American</a> band of <a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a>-speaking people,<sup id="cite_ref-gotham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who lived in <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a> along the coasts of what are now <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County, Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were one of the western bands of the <a href="/wiki/Wappinger" title="Wappinger">Wappinger Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1640, their territory (Wykagyl) extended from <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_Connecticut" title="Norwalk, Connecticut">Norwalk, Connecticut</a>, and as far inland as <a href="/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York" title="White Plains, New York">White Plains</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became hotly contested between <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="English colonial empire">English colonial</a> interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_(Amsterdam,_1685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg/220px-Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg/330px-Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg/440px-Excerpt_from_Map-Novi_Belgii_Nov%C3%A6que_Angli%C3%A6_%28Amsterdam%2C_1685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>The Siwanoy are listed in southern <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, and westernmost <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut" title="Fairfield County, Connecticut">Fairfield County, Connecticut</a> on this excerpt of <i>Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ</i> (Amsterdam, 1685).</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the name <i>Siwanoy</i> is unknown. It appears at least as early in that spelling on the 1685 revision of a 1656 Dutch map, <i>Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ</i> ("New Netherland and New England", and also parts of Virginia, by <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Schenk_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Schenk the Younger">Petrus Schenk the Younger</a> from an original by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Visscher_I" title="Nicolaes Visscher I">Nicolaes Visscher I</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Siwanoy</i> may be a corruption of <i>Siwanak</i>, "salt people".<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 585">: 585 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Siwanoy spoke <a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware language</a>, which was an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Algonquian language">Eastern Algonquian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nohham Cachat-Schilling of the Massachusetts Ethical Archaeology Society writes that the Siwaony might not have spoken Munsee but instead may have spoken <a href="/wiki/Paugusset_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paugusset language">Paugusset</a> or another dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the greater <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, women typically wore their hair loose, whereas men would often remove all hair but a long forelock.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> They frequently painted their bodies and faces (black, red, yellow, blue, and white) for ceremonial rites, war, and festive occasions, or to mourn the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a> jewelry and belts were worn as a symbol of social status.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> The Siwanoy no doubt ate all varieties of fish and shellfish, as the shore had numerous fishing stations and a rich aquatic life; and the interior provided fruits, nuts, and animal life.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>Their closest allies were the Lenape to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Mahicans</a> to the north, with whom they shared a <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> (or emblem) – the “enchanted wolf”, with the right paw raised defiantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruttenber_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruttenber-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup> They were also allied and shared a common lifestyle with the <a href="/wiki/Wecquaesgeek" title="Wecquaesgeek">Wecquaesgeek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Like other tribes of the area, the Siwanoy were loosely organized into several groups, each with a <a href="/wiki/Sagamore_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagamore (title)">sagamore</a> (chieftain) and a somewhat-defined territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlements">Settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Siwanoys' largest village in 1640 was Poningo, located near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> They also had <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a> settlements at <a href="/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman's Neck">Ann Hook's Neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Island_(Bronx)" title="Hunter Island (Bronx)">Hunter Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Neck" title="Davenport Neck">Davenport Neck</a> (<i>Shippan</i>), and “winter quarters” farther south at <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> They referred to the area surrounding Ann Hook's Neck and Hunter Island as <i>Laaphawachking</i> ("place of stringing beads"),<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> because of the large quantities of wampum produced there.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p><p>The village of Nanichiestawack, or Nawchestaweck ("place of safety"), located near present-day Woods Bridge at <a href="/wiki/Muscoot_Reservoir" title="Muscoot Reservoir">Muscoot Reservoir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Ridge_massacre" title="Pound Ridge massacre">Pound Ridge massacre</a> in 1644.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Nimham-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_terra_throgs_neck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wpdms_terra_throgs_neck.jpg/220px-Wpdms_terra_throgs_neck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Wpdms_terra_throgs_neck.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The geographic feature <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>, shown in red, in the Bronx</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century, Alanson Skinner unearthed the Throgs Neck site, on the peninsula <a href="/wiki/Throggs_Neck" title="Throggs Neck">Throggs Neck</a>, and sites at <a href="/wiki/Clasons_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Clasons Point">Clasons Point</a> in the Bronx, which he identified as being once occupied by Siwanoy, as well as other peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native people attacked a European ship from this site in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-gotham_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gotham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">glacial erratic boulders</a> named <i>Grey Mare</i> and <i>Mishow</i>, located on Hunter Island, were spiritually significant to the Siwanoy.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohea_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the Siwanoys practiced their sacred ceremonies, and two <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachems</a> are believed to be buried at <i>Mishow</i>; the Siwanoys believed the boulders to have been placed there by their guardian <a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a> (the spiritual, omnipresent life force that manifests itself in everything).<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> Many Siwanoys likely became <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a>; the Siwanoy sagamore <a href="/wiki/Wampage" title="Wampage">Wampage I</a> was one of these, taking John White as a <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal name">baptismal name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th-century_history">17th-century history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th-century history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_European_colonists">Conflict with European colonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conflict with European colonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pound_Ridge_massacre" title="Pound Ridge massacre">Pound Ridge massacre</a></div> <p>The western bands of the Wappinger, including the Siwanoy, were at war with the Dutch from 1640 to 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 913">: 913 </span></sup> Part of this period is often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a>, and is said to have cost the lives of some 1,600 Wappinger refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 913">: 913 </span></sup> Thus, tensions between the colonists and the indigenous people of the area were extremely high at this time. </p><p>A group of Siwanoy, led by Wampage I, killed <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, six of her children, and nine others in August 1643,<sup id="cite_ref-Shorto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Split_Rock_(Bronx,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split Rock (Bronx, New York)">Split Rock</a>, an ancient landmark. The only survivor was Hutchinson's nine-year-old daughter, <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Cole" title="Susanna Cole">Susanna</a> - possibly spared because of her red hair - who "became the wife of an Indian Chief, residing in a settlement near the Split Rock".<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been written that Wampage himself was the murderer of Hutchinson and that he adopted the name of Anhōōke due to a <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Mahican</a> custom of taking the name of a notable person personally killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bronxville_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronxville-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18">: 18 </span></sup> </p><p>In February 1644, the entire village of <i>Nanichiestawack</i> was wiped out by 130 Dutch mercenaries under <a href="/wiki/John_Underhill_(captain)" title="John Underhill (captain)">Capt. John Underhill</a>. The surprise attack, known as the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Ridge_massacre" title="Pound Ridge massacre">Pound Ridge massacre</a>, took place while a large number of Siwanoy and <a href="/wiki/Wecquaesgeek" title="Wecquaesgeek">Wecquaesgeek</a> people were gathered together for a corn festival. The Dutch forces slaughtered between 500 and 700 indigenous people, including women and children, who were forced into their homes and burned alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Nimham-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_with_Thomas_Pell">Treaty with Thomas Pell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaty with Thomas Pell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 27, 1654, <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sagamores</a> Shāwānórōckquot (Shanarockwell), Poquōrūm, Anhōōke (Wampage I), Wawhāmkus, and Mehúmōw deeded to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pell" title="Thomas Pell">Thomas Pell</a> 9,160 acres of land east of the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_River" title="Hutchinson River">Hutchinson River</a> northward to <a href="/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York" title="Mamaroneck, New York">Mamaroneck</a>, including modern day <a href="/wiki/Pelham,_New_York" title="Pelham, New York">Pelham</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pelham_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pelham Islands">The Pelham Islands</a>, and portions of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The parties signed a treaty under the Treaty Oak near <a href="/wiki/Bartow-Pell_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartow-Pell Mansion">Bartow-Pell Mansion</a> in Pelham.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–20">: 18–20 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> authorities did not recognize his title, accusing the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New Englanders</a> of continued encroachment upon Dutch territory. In September 1664, the British Navy, supported by a militia invasion force consisting largely of <a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City Island</a> colonists and led by Pell himself, entered <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> and forced <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a>, the Dutch Governor of New Netherland, to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-TownHistory_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TownHistory-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_and_removal">Merger and removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Merger and removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1654 treaty, the Siwanoys remained in the area around Westchester County for another hundred years, until they eventually "melted away" by intermarriage with the English settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th-_to_19th-century_history">18th- to 19th-century history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 18th- to 19th-century history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some continued to reside along the shore in Westchester County until 1756, when most of the Wappinger and Mahicans remaining in the area joined the <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_people" title="Nanticoke people">Nanticoke</a>, then living under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, and with them were eventually merged into the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>. Some of them joined the <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge%E2%80%93Munsee_Community" title="Stockbridge–Munsee Community">Stockbridge Indians</a>, a Lenape people who were <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forcibly removed</a> to Wisconsin in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge_4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge_Munsee_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge Munsee Community">Stockbridge Munsee Community</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fr2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe of Indians</a> are both federally recognized tribes in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fr2022_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> have <a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="State-recognized tribes">state-recognized tribes</a> that identify as Lenape descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Siwanoys">Notable Siwanoys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Siwanoys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wampage_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampage I">Wampage I</a>, Anhōōke (died ca. 1680), chieftain at <a href="/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman's Neck">Ann Hook's Neck</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Island_(Bronx)" title="Hunter Island (Bronx)">Hunter Island</a></li> <li>Wampage II (Ninham-Wampage/Ann Hook), chieftain on present-day Hunter Island circa 1700<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saunders_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ponus, chieftain at present-day <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye, New York</a>, circa 1640; possible namesake of <i>Poningo</i>, the Siwanoy village located at Rye<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stamford_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamford-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shanarockwell (Shāwānórōckquot), chieftain at present-day Rye circa 1660<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 127">: 127 </span></sup></li> <li>Cokenseko, chieftain circa 1680; namesake of <a href="/wiki/Kensico,_New_York" title="Kensico, New York">Kensico, New York</a></li> <li>Wappaquewam, chieftain at present-day <a href="/wiki/Mamaroneck,_New_York" title="Mamaroneck, New York">Mamaroneck, New York</a>, in 1661<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mayn Mayano (Mianus), chieftain at present-day <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a> circa 1640<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwich_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwich-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wascussee, chieftain at Shippan (present-day <a href="/wiki/Davenport_Neck" title="Davenport Neck">Davenport Neck</a>) in 1640<sup id="cite_ref-Stamford_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamford-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Anna, daughter of Wampage II, who married Thomas Pell II, 3rd Lord of Pelham Manor (son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Pell">Sir John Pell</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Pelliana_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34–35">: 34–35 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Siwanoy_descendants">Notable Siwanoy descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable Siwanoy descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from Rhode Island; direct descendant of Wampage I<sup id="cite_ref-congress66_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress66-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Pell" title="Clay Pell">Herbert Claiborne Pell IV</a>, a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rhode_Island" title="Governor of Rhode Island">Governor of Rhode Island</a>; direct descendant of Wampage I<sup id="cite_ref-congress66_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress66-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Pell" title="Herbert Pell">Herbert Pell</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Hungary">U.S. Ambassador to Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Portugal">Portugal</a>; direct descendant of Wampage I<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/32px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/48px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/64px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Connecticut" title="Portal:Connecticut">Connecticut portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siwanoy_Country_Club" title="Siwanoy Country Club">Siwanoy Country Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the village of Nanichiestawack was located north of the traditional extent of Siwanoy territory, between 500 and 700 Siwanoy and Wecquaesgeek people were killed there during the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Ridge_massacre" title="Pound Ridge massacre">Pound Ridge massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Nimham-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gotham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gotham_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotham_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gotham_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCantwellWall2001" class="citation book cs1">Cantwell, Anne-Marie E.; Wall, Diana diZerega (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-b3IU_iWZ6kC"><i>Unearthing Gotham: The Archaeology of New York City</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300097993" title="Special:BookSources/9780300097993"><bdi>9780300097993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unearthing+Gotham%3A+The+Archaeology+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300097993&rft.aulast=Cantwell&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie+E.&rft.au=Wall%2C+Diana+diZerega&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-b3IU_iWZ6kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1976" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Sherburne Friend (1976). <i>The Indian Population of New England in the Seventeenth Century</i>. University of California Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09553-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09553-7"><bdi>0-520-09553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Population+of+New+England+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-520-09553-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Sherburne+Friend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pelliana-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelliana_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPell1965" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pell, Robert T. (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LF9JAAAAMAAJ">"Thomas Pell II (1675/76-1739): Third Lord of the Manor of Pelham"</a>, <i>Pelliana: Pell of Pelham</i>, New Series, vol. I (3): 25–48</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pelliana%3A+Pell+of+Pelham&rft.atitle=Thomas+Pell+II+%281675%2F76-1739%29%3A+Third+Lord+of+the+Manor+of+Pelham&rft.volume=New+Series%2C+vol.+I&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25-48&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Pell&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLF9JAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodge_3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge,_Frederick_Webb1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">Hodge, Frederick Webb</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qWVBgAAQBAJ&q=siwanoy"><i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico</i></a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582187501" title="Special:BookSources/9781582187501"><bdi>9781582187501</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9781582187501&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Frederick+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qWVBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsiwanoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolton_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton1881" class="citation book cs1">Bolton, Robert (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdYpAQAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Several Towns, Manors, and Patents of the County of Westchester</i></a>. New York: Chas. F. Roper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Several+Towns%2C+Manors%2C+and+Patents+of+the+County+of+Westchester&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chas.+F.+Roper&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdYpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goddard_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Bruce G., Trigger (ed.). <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160045752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160045752"><bdi>978-0160045752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delaware&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0160045752&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachat-Schilling2022" class="citation web cs1">Cachat-Schilling, Nohham (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/60153097">"Decolonizing Our Story, Indigenous Peoples of the Great Rivers Intervale: an Onomastic and Identity Review"</a>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+Our+Story%2C+Indigenous+Peoples+of+the+Great+Rivers+Intervale%3A+an+Onomastic+and+Identity+Review&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2022-06&rft.aulast=Cachat-Schilling&rft.aufirst=Nohham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F60153097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohea-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohea_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hea_Anderson1996" class="citation web cs1">O'Hea Anderson, Marianne (June 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920123626/http://pelhambaypark.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Native-Americans.pdf">"Native Americans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Administrator's Office, Van Cortlandt & Pelham Bay Parks, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">City of New York Parks & Recreation</a>. pp. 5–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pelhambaypark.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Native-Americans.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-09-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Americans&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Administrator%27s+Office%2C+Van+Cortlandt+%26+Pelham+Bay+Parks%2C+City+of+New+York+Parks+%26+Recreation&rft.date=1996-06&rft.aulast=O%27Hea+Anderson&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpelhambaypark.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F02%2FNative-Americans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruttenber-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruttenber_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuttenber1872" class="citation book cs1">Ruttenber, E. M. (1872). <i>History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River</i>. Albany, N.Y.: J. Munsell. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Indian+Tribes+of+Hudson%27s+River&rft.place=Albany%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=J.+Munsell&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Ruttenber&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriss1982" class="citation news cs1">Kriss, Gary (1982-10-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/31/archives/as-darkness-descends-wraiths-arise.html">"As Darkness Descends, Wraiths Arise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Darkness+Descends%2C+Wraiths+Arise&rft.date=1982-10-31&rft.aulast=Kriss&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F10%2F31%2Farchives%2Fas-darkness-descends-wraiths-arise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount_Nimham-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_Nimham_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxson2009" class="citation book cs1">Maxson, Thomas F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5udvAgAAQBAJ&q=siwanoy"><i>Mount Nimham: The Ridge of Patriots</i></a>. Molokai, Hawaii: Robert Sterling Publishing. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780578025810" title="Special:BookSources/9780578025810"><bdi>9780578025810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Nimham%3A+The+Ridge+of+Patriots&rft.place=Molokai%2C+Hawaii&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Robert+Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780578025810&rft.aulast=Maxson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5udvAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsiwanoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodge_4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodge_4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge,_Frederick_Webb1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Webb_Hodge" title="Frederick Webb Hodge">Hodge, Frederick Webb</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WouVBgAAQBAJ&q=Siwanoy&pg=PA669"><i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico</i></a>. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582187518" title="Special:BookSources/9781582187518"><bdi>9781582187518</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=9781582187518&rft.au=Hodge%2C+Frederick+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWouVBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSiwanoy%26pg%3DPA669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shorto_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorto2004" class="citation book cs1">Shorto, Russell (2004). <i>The Island at the Center of the World</i>. New York: Doubleday/Vintage. pp. 160, 384. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-7867-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-7867-9"><bdi>1-4000-7867-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island+at+the+Center+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=160%2C+384&rft.pub=Doubleday%2FVintage&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4000-7867-9&rft.aulast=Shorto&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1946" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Lockwood (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RywXAAAAIAAJ"><i>Ancient Town of Pelham, Westchester County, New York</i></a>. Richmond, Va.: Dietz Press. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Town+of+Pelham%2C+Westchester+County%2C+New+York&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Va.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Dietz+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Lockwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRywXAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronxville-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bronxville_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMays1962" class="citation book cs1">Mays, Victor (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5e9OAQAAMAAJ"><i>Pathway to a Village: A History of Bronxville</i></a>. Nebko Press. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathway+to+a+Village%3A+A+History+of+Bronxville&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Nebko+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Mays&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5e9OAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Blake A. (2004). <i>Thomas Pell and the Legend of the Pell Treaty Oak</i>. New York: iUniverse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Pell+and+the+Legend+of+the+Pell+Treaty+Oak&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Blake+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TownHistory-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TownHistory_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townofpelham.com/history.htm">"Town of Pelham History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+of+Pelham+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townofpelham.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr2022-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fr2022_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fr2022_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/01/28/2022-01789/indian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of">"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>Federal Register</i>. 87 FR 4636: 4636–41. January 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Indian+Entities+Recognized+by+and+Eligible+To+Receive+Services+From+the+United+States+Bureau+of+Indian+Affairs&rft.volume=87+FR+4636&rft.pages=4636-41&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2022%2F01%2F28%2F2022-01789%2Findian-entities-recognized-by-and-eligible-to-receive-services-from-the-united-states-bureau-of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221025051136/https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#State">"State Recognized Tribes"</a>. <i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncsl.org/legislators-staff/legislators/quad-caucus/list-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx#State">the original</a> on 25 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Conference+of+State+Legislatures&rft.atitle=State+Recognized+Tribes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsl.org%2Flegislators-staff%2Flegislators%2Fquad-caucus%2Flist-of-federal-and-state-recognized-tribes.aspx%23State&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1991" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, James B. (1991). <i>The Pelham Manor Story, 1891-1991</i>. pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pelham+Manor+Story%2C+1891-1991&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamford-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stamford_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamford_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarella2020" class="citation news cs1">Carella, Angela (2020-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctinsider.com/local/stamfordadvocate/article/Hatchets-hoes-and-mirrors-Deed-shows-how-15427158.php">"Hatchets, hoes and mirrors: Deed shows how colonists bought Stamford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Advocate" title="Stamford Advocate">Stamford Advocate</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stamford+Advocate&rft.atitle=Hatchets%2C+hoes+and+mirrors%3A+Deed+shows+how+colonists+bought+Stamford&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft.aulast=Carella&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctinsider.com%2Flocal%2Fstamfordadvocate%2Farticle%2FHatchets-hoes-and-mirrors-Deed-shows-how-15427158.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkowitz1999" class="citation news cs1">Markowitz, Dan (1999-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/21/nyregion/village-here-village-there-but-why-for-many-mamaroneck-it-still-place-where-we.html">"A Village Here, A Village There. But Why?; For Many in Mamaroneck, It Is Still the 'Place Where We Gather'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Village+Here%2C+A+Village+There.+But+Why%3F%3B+For+Many+in+Mamaroneck%2C+It+Is+Still+the+%27Place+Where+We+Gather%27&rft.date=1999-11-21&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F21%2Fnyregion%2Fvillage-here-village-there-but-why-for-many-mamaroneck-it-still-place-where-we.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwich-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwich_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchant2015" class="citation news cs1">Marchant, Robert (2015-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenwichtime.com/local/article/Born-in-conflict-a-town-called-Greenwich-emerges-6094442.php">"Born in conflict, a town called Greenwich emerges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Time_(newspaper)" title="Greenwich Time (newspaper)">Greenwich Time</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich, Connecticut</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+Time&rft.atitle=Born+in+conflict%2C+a+town+called+Greenwich+emerges&rft.date=2015-02-21&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwichtime.com%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FBorn-in-conflict-a-town-called-Greenwich-emerges-6094442.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress66-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress66_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress66_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1966 <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>, Vol. 112, Page <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_congressional-record-proceedings-and-debates_january-10-january-27-1966_112/page/606/mode/2up">S606</a></span> (1966-01-19)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siwanoy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mohican.com/">Stockbridge-Munsee Community Band of Mohican Indians</a>,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delawarenation-nsn.gov/">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://delawaretribe.org/">Delaware Tribe of Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siwanoynation.org">Siwanoy Nation Incorporated</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrecognized tribe">unrecognized tribe</a> and nonprofit organization based in Tampa, Florida<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nahc-mapping.org/mappingNY/encyclopedia/node/7273">"Siwanoy historical documents at the Mapping Early New York Encyclopedia"</a>. New Amsterdam History Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siwanoy+historical+documents+at+the+Mapping+Early+New+York+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam+History+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnahc-mapping.org%2FmappingNY%2Fencyclopedia%2Fnode%2F7273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiwanoy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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