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class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Accelerator production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accelerator_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space-based_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space-based_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Space-based detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-based_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_seismic_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_seismic_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Possible seismic detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_seismic_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_on_Solar_System_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_on_Solar_System_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Impacts on Solar System bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_on_Solar_System_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Potential propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_about_the_strange_matter_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_about_the_strange_matter_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Debate about the strange matter hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Strangelet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Seltsame Materie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seltsame Materie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Strangelet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Strangelet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimhth%C3%ADl%C3%ADn" title="Coimhthílín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coimhthílín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%98%EC%B2%B4" title="기묘체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기묘체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strangelet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מוזרון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ストレンジレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストレンジレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Strangelet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Страпелька – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страпелька" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Стрейнджлет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стрейнджлет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%95%B0%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%98" title="奇異夸克團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇異夸克團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the hypothetical particle. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Strangelet_(album)" title="Strangelet (album)">Strangelet (album)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>strangelet</b> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical particle">hypothetical particle</a> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">bound state</a> of roughly equal numbers of <a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">down</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">strange</a> <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a>. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of <a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">strange matter</a>, small enough to be considered a <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particle</a>. The size of an object composed of strange matter could, theoretically, range from a few <a href="/wiki/Fermi_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermi (unit)">femtometers</a> across (with the mass of a light nucleus) to arbitrarily large. Once the size becomes macroscopic (on the order of metres across), such an object is usually called a <a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">strange star</a>. The term "strangelet" originates with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Farhi" title="Edward Farhi">Edward Farhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jaffe_(physicist)" title="Robert Jaffe (physicist)">Robert Jaffe</a> in 1984. It has been theorized that strangelets can convert matter to strange matter on contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Farhi_and_Jaffe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farhi_and_Jaffe-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strangelets have also been suggested as a <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a> candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-Witten_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_possibility">Theoretical possibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical possibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strange_matter_hypothesis">Strange matter hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strange matter hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The known particles with strange quarks are unstable. Because the strange quark is heavier than the up and down quarks, it can <a href="/wiki/Particle_decay" title="Particle decay">spontaneously decay</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>, into an up quark. Consequently, particles containing strange quarks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">lambda particle</a>, always lose their <a href="/wiki/Strangeness" title="Strangeness">strangeness</a>, by decaying into lighter particles containing only up and down quarks. </p><p>However, condensed states with a larger number of quarks might not suffer from this instability. That possible stability against decay is the "<i>strange matter hypothesis</i>", proposed separately by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Bodmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Bodmer (page does not exist)">Arnold Bodmer</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this hypothesis, when a large enough number of quarks are concentrated together, the lowest energy state is one which has roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks, namely a strangelet. This stability would occur because of the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a>; having three types of quarks, rather than two as in normal nuclear matter, allows more quarks to be placed in lower energy levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_nuclei">Relationship with nuclei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nucleus is a collection of a number of up and down quarks (in some nuclei a fairly large number), confined into triplets (<a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>). According to the strange matter hypothesis, strangelets are more stable than nuclei, so nuclei are expected to decay into strangelets. But this process may be extremely slow because there is a large energy barrier to overcome: as the weak interaction starts making a nucleus into a strangelet, the first few strange quarks form strange baryons, such as the Lambda, which are heavy. Only if many conversions occur almost simultaneously will the number of strange quarks reach the critical proportion required to achieve a lower energy state. This is very unlikely to happen, so even if the strange matter hypothesis were correct, nuclei would never be seen to decay to strangelets because their lifetime would be longer than the age of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-saga_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stability of strangelets depends on their size, because of </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> at the interface between quark matter and vacuum (which affects small strangelets more than big ones). The surface tension of strange matter is unknown. If it is smaller than a critical value (a few MeV per square femtometer<sup id="cite_ref-screen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-screen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) then large strangelets are unstable and will tend to fission into smaller strangelets (strange stars would still be stabilized by gravity). If it is larger than the critical value, then strangelets become more stable as they get bigger.</li> <li>screening<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of charges, which allows small strangelets to be charged, with a neutralizing cloud of electrons/positrons around them, but requires large strangelets, like any large piece of matter, to be electrically neutral in their interior. The charge screening distance tends to be of the order of a few femtometers, so only the outer few femtometers of a strangelet can carry charge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_or_artificial_occurrence">Natural or artificial occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural or artificial occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although nuclei do not decay to strangelets, there are other ways to create strangelets, so if the strange matter hypothesis is correct there should be strangelets in the universe. There are at least three ways they might be created in nature: </p> <ul><li>Cosmogonically, i.e. in the early universe when the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">QCD</a> confinement phase transition occurred. It is possible that strangelets were created along with the neutrons and protons that form ordinary matter.</li> <li>High-energy processes. The universe is full of very high-energy particles (<a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>). It is possible that when these collide with each other or with neutron stars they may provide enough energy to overcome the energy barrier and create strangelets from nuclear matter. Some identified exotic cosmic ray events, such as "<a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole#Searches_for_magnetic_monopoles" title="Magnetic monopole">Price's event</a>"—<i>i.e.,</i> those with very low charge-to-mass ratios (as the <i>s</i>-quark itself possesses charge commensurate with the more-familiar <i>d</i>-quark, but is much more massive)—could have already registered strangelets.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cosmic ray impacts. In addition to head-on collisions of cosmic rays, <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_energy_cosmic_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra high energy cosmic ray">ultra high energy cosmic rays</a> impacting on <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> may create strangelets.</li></ul> <p>These scenarios offer possibilities for observing strangelets. If strangelets can be produced in high-energy collisions, then they might be produced by heavy-ion colliders. Similarly, if there are strangelets flying around the universe, then occasionally a strangelet should hit Earth, where it may appear as an exotic type of cosmic ray; alternatively, a stable strangelet could end up incorporated into the bulk of the Earth's matter, acquiring an electron shell proportional to its charge and hence appearing as an anomalously heavy isotope of the appropriate element—though searches for such anomalous "isotopes" have, so far, been unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accelerator_production">Accelerator production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Accelerator production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At heavy ion accelerators like the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</a> (RHIC), nuclei are collided at relativistic speeds, creating strange and antistrange quarks that could conceivably lead to strangelet production. The experimental signature of a strangelet would be its very high ratio of mass to charge, which would cause its trajectory in a magnetic field to be very nearly, but not quite, straight. The <a href="/wiki/STAR_detector" title="STAR detector">STAR collaboration</a> has searched for strangelets produced at the RHIC,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but none were found. The <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a> (LHC) is even less likely to produce strangelets,<sup id="cite_ref-LSAGreport_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSAGreport-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but searches are planned<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the LHC <a href="/wiki/ALICE:_A_Large_Ion_Collider_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="ALICE: A Large Ion Collider Experiment">ALICE</a> detector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space-based_detection">Space-based detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Space-based detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer</a> (AMS), an instrument that is mounted on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, could detect strangelets.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_seismic_detection">Possible seismic detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Possible seismic detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2002, a group of researchers at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a> reported the possibility that strangelets may have been responsible for seismic events recorded on October 22 and November 24 in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors later retracted their claim, after finding that the clock of one of the seismic stations had a large error during the relevant period.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty_Organization#International_Monitoring_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization">International Monitoring System</a> be set up to verify the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT) after entry into force may be useful as a sort of "strangelet observatory" using the entire Earth as its detector. The IMS will be designed to detect anomalous seismic disturbances down to 1 <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">kiloton of TNT</a> (4.2 <a href="/wiki/Terajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Terajoule">TJ</a>) energy release or less, and could be able to track strangelets passing through Earth in real time if properly exploited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_on_Solar_System_bodies">Impacts on Solar System bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impacts on Solar System bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that strangelets of subplanetary (i.e. heavy meteorite) mass would puncture planets and other Solar System objects, leading to impact craters which show characteristic features.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_propagation">Potential propagation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Potential propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the strange matter hypothesis is correct, and if a stable negatively-charged strangelet with a surface tension larger than the aforementioned critical value exists, then a larger strangelet would be more stable than a smaller one. One speculation that has resulted from the idea is that a strangelet coming into contact with a lump of ordinary matter could over time convert the ordinary matter to strange matter.<sup id="cite_ref-DDH_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDH-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BJSW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJSW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is not a concern for strangelets in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a> because they are produced far from Earth and have had time to decay to their <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>, which is predicted by most models to be positively charged, so they are <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">electrostatically</a> repelled by nuclei, and would rarely merge with them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, high-energy collisions could produce negatively charged strangelet states, which could live long enough to interact with the nuclei of <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary matter">ordinary matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The danger of catalyzed conversion by strangelets produced in <a href="/wiki/High-energy_nuclear_physics" title="High-energy nuclear physics">heavy-ion colliders</a> has received some media attention,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and concerns of this type were raised<sup id="cite_ref-DDH_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDH-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/RHIC" class="mw-redirect" title="RHIC">RHIC</a> experiment at <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven</a>, which could potentially have created strangelets. A detailed analysis<sup id="cite_ref-BJSW_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJSW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluded that the RHIC collisions were comparable to ones which naturally occur as cosmic rays traverse the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, so we would already have seen such a disaster if it were possible. RHIC has been operating since 2000 without incident. Similar concerns have been raised about the operation of the <a href="/wiki/LHC" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC">LHC</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but such fears are dismissed as far-fetched by scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>, the conversion scenario may be more plausible. A neutron star is in a sense a giant nucleus (20 km across), held together by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, but it is electrically neutral and would not electrostatically repel strangelets. If a strangelet hit a neutron star, it might catalyze quarks near its surface to form into more strange matter, potentially continuing until the entire star became a <a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">strange star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_about_the_strange_matter_hypothesis">Debate about the strange matter hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Debate about the strange matter hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The strange matter hypothesis remains unproven. No direct search for strangelets in cosmic rays or <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle accelerators">particle accelerators</a> has yet confirmed a strangelet. If any of the objects such as neutron stars could be shown to have a surface made of strange matter, this would indicate that strange matter is stable at zero <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, which would vindicate the strange matter hypothesis. However, there is no strong evidence for strange matter surfaces on neutron stars. </p><p>Another argument against the hypothesis is that if it were true, essentially all neutron stars should be made of strange matter, and otherwise none should be.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even if there were only a few strange stars initially, violent events such as collisions would soon create many fragments of strange matter flying around the universe. Because collision with a single strangelet would convert a neutron star to strange matter, all but a few of the most recently formed neutron stars should by now have already been converted to strange matter. </p><p>This argument is still debated,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but if it is correct then showing that one old neutron star has a conventional nuclear matter crust would disprove the strange matter hypothesis. </p><p>Because of its importance for the strange matter hypothesis, there is an ongoing effort to determine whether the surfaces of neutron stars are made of strange matter or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_matter" title="Nuclear matter">nuclear matter</a>. The evidence currently favors nuclear matter. This comes from the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(physics)" title="Phenomenology (physics)">phenomenology</a> of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray burst">X-ray bursts</a>, which is well explained in terms of a nuclear matter crust,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from measurement of seismic vibrations in <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>An episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_5" title="Odyssey 5">Odyssey 5</a></i> featured an attempt to destroy the planet by intentionally creating negatively charged strangelets in a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/End_Day" title="End Day">End Day</a></i> features a scenario where a particle accelerator in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> explodes, creating a strangelet and starting a catastrophic chain reaction which destroys Earth.</li> <li>The story <i>A Matter most Strange</i> in the collection <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indistinguishable_from_Magic_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indistinguishable from Magic (book) (page does not exist)">Indistinguishable from Magic</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Forward" title="Robert L. Forward">Robert L. Forward</a> deals with the making of a strangelet in a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Impact_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact (novel)">Impact</a></i>, published in 2010 and written by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Preston" title="Douglas Preston">Douglas Preston</a>, deals with an alien machine that creates strangelets. The machine's strangelets impact the Earth and Moon and pass through.</li> <li>The novel <i>Phobos</i>, published in 2011 and written by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Alten" title="Steve Alten">Steve Alten</a> as the third and final part of his <i>Domain</i> trilogy, presents a fictional story where strangelets are unintentionally created at the <a href="/wiki/LHC" class="mw-redirect" title="LHC">LHC</a> and escape from it to destroy the Earth.</li> <li>In the 1992 black-comedy novel <i>Humans</i> by <a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Westlake" title="Donald E. Westlake">Donald E. Westlake</a>, an irritated God sends an angel to Earth to bring about <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> by means of using a strangelet created in a particle accelerator to convert the Earth into a quark star.</li> <li>In the 2010 film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Apocalypse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantum Apocalypse (page does not exist)">Quantum Apocalypse</a></i>, a strangelet approaches the Earth from space.</li> <li>In the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quantum_Thief" title="The Quantum Thief">The Quantum Thief</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hannu_Rajaniemi" title="Hannu Rajaniemi">Hannu Rajaniemi</a> and the rest of the trilogy, strangelets are mostly used as weapons, but during an early project to <a href="/wiki/Terraforming" title="Terraforming">terraform</a> Mars, one was used to convert <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> into an additional "sun".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_goo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey goo">Grey goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice-nine" title="Ice-nine">Ice-nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperon" title="Hyperon">Hyperon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolden1998" class="citation web cs1">Holden, Joshua (May 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107024303/http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html">"The Story of Strangelets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers">Rutgers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~jholden/strange/strange.html">the original</a> on January 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Strangelets&rft.pub=Rutgers&rft.date=1998-05-17&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.rutgers.edu%2F~jholden%2Fstrange%2Fstrange.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridolin_Weber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fridolin Weber (2005). "Strange Quark Matter and Compact Stars". <i>Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 193–288. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0407155">astro-ph/0407155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PrPNP..54..193W">2005PrPNP..54..193W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2004.07.001">10.1016/j.ppnp.2004.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15002134">15002134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Particle+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.atitle=Strange+Quark+Matter+and+Compact+Stars&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=193-288&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0407155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15002134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ppnp.2004.07.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PrPNP..54..193W&rft.au=Fridolin+Weber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJes_Madsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Jes Madsen (1999). "Physics and astrophysics of strange quark matter". <i>Hadrons in Dense Matter and Hadrosynthesis</i>. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 516. pp. 162–203. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9809032">astro-ph/9809032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0107314">10.1007/BFb0107314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65209-0"><bdi>978-3-540-65209-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16566509">16566509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physics+and+astrophysics+of+strange+quark+matter&rft.btitle=Hadrons+in+Dense+Matter+and+Hadrosynthesis&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Physics&rft.pages=162-203&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9809032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16566509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBFb0107314&rft.isbn=978-3-540-65209-0&rft.au=Jes+Madsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Farhi_and_Jaffe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farhi_and_Jaffe_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhiJaffe1984" class="citation journal cs1">Farhi, Edward; Jaffe, R. L. (1984). "Strange matter". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>30</b> (11): 2379–2390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30.2379F">1984PhRvD..30.2379F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.2379">10.1103/PhysRevD.30.2379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Strange+matter&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2379-2390&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.2379&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhRvD..30.2379F&rft.aulast=Farhi&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witten-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Witten_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten1984" class="citation journal cs1">Witten, Edward (1984). "Cosmic separation of phases". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 272–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30..272W">1984PhRvD..30..272W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272">10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Cosmic+separation+of+phases&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-285&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhRvD..30..272W&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodmer1971" class="citation journal cs1">Bodmer, A.R. (15 September 1971). "Collapsed Nuclei". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>4</b> (6): 1601–1606. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PhRvD...4.1601B">1971PhRvD...4.1601B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.4.1601">10.1103/PhysRevD.4.1601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Collapsed+Nuclei&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1601-1606&rft.date=1971-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.4.1601&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971PhRvD...4.1601B&rft.aulast=Bodmer&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitten1984" class="citation journal cs1">Witten, Edward (15 July 1984). "Cosmic separation of phases". <i>Physical Review D</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 272–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvD..30..272W">1984PhRvD..30..272W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272">10.1103/PhysRevD.30.272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+D&rft.atitle=Cosmic+separation+of+phases&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-285&rft.date=1984-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.30.272&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhRvD..30..272W&rft.aulast=Witten&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saga-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saga_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbeckOnel2011" class="citation journal cs1">Norbeck, E.; Onel, Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F316%2F1%2F012034">"The strangelet saga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics:_Conference_Series" title="Journal of Physics: Conference Series">Journal of Physics: Conference Series</a></i>. <b>316</b> (1): 012034–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPhCS.316a2034N">2011JPhCS.316a2034N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F316%2F1%2F012034">10.1088/1742-6596/316/1/012034</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=The+strangelet+saga&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=012034-2&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F316%2F1%2F012034&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPhCS.316a2034N&rft.aulast=Norbeck&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Onel%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1742-6596%252F316%252F1%252F012034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-screen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-screen_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfordRajagopalReddySteiner2006" class="citation journal cs1">Alford, Mark G.; Rajagopal, Krishna; Reddy, Sanjay; Steiner, Andrew W. (2006). 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"Models of type I X-ray bursts from GS 1826-24: A probe of rp-process hydrogen burning". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>671</b> (2): L141. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0711.1195">0711.1195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671L.141H">2007ApJ...671L.141H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F525522">10.1086/525522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14986572">14986572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Models+of+type+I+X-ray+bursts+from+GS+1826-24%3A+A+probe+of+rp-process+hydrogen+burning&rft.volume=671&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L141&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0711.1195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14986572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F525522&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...671L.141H&rft.aulast=Heger&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Cumming%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Galloway%2C+Duncan+K.&rft.au=Woosley%2C+Stanford+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattsReddy2007" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Anna L.; Reddy, Sanjay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2007.00336.x">"Magnetar oscillations pose challenges for strange stars"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>379</b> (1): L63. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0609364">astro-ph/0609364</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.379L..63W">2007MNRAS.379L..63W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2007.00336.x">10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00336.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14055493">14055493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Magnetar+oscillations+pose+challenges+for+strange+stars&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L63&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0609364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14055493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2007.00336.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007MNRAS.379L..63W&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Anna+L.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1745-3933.2007.00336.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrangelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_5" title="Odyssey 5">Odyssey 5</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0664394/">Trouble with Harry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930015717/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0664394/">Archived</a> 2019-09-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, an episode of the Canadian science fiction television series <i>Odyssey 5</i> by Manny Coto (2002)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strangelet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_8yK2kmxoo">"The Most Dangerous Stuff in the Universe – Strange Stars Explained"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Video)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kurzgesagt" title="Kurzgesagt">Kurzgesagt</a></i>. 14 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/p_8yK2kmxoo">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stellar_core_collapse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template talk:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stellar_core_collapse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Stellar core</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">collapse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar physics">Stellar physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_plasma" title="Astrophysical plasma">Stellar plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics">Variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soft_X-ray_source" title="Super soft X-ray source">Super soft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_collapse_scenario.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/270px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/405px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/540px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Surface fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">RP-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carbon_deflagration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon deflagration">deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Orbital decay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">More...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact and <br />exotic objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsar" title="Collapsar">Collapsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_collapsar" title="Shell collapsar">Shell collapsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Observational timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particles, forces, <br />and interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pair_production" title="Pair production">Pair production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">Inverse beta decay (electron capture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneracy_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneracy pressure">Degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure" title="Electron degeneracy pressure">Electron degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_processes" title="Template:Nuclear processes">More...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_concepts_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic concepts of quantum mechanics">Basic concepts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamics" title="Quantum hydrodynamics">Quantum hydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_QCD" title="Lattice QCD">Lattice QCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconfinement" title="Deconfinement">Deconfinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutronium" title="Neutronium">Neutron matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">Quark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon matter">Preon matter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strangelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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