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</li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aberfan_disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aberfan_disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Aberfan disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aberfan_disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motorcyclists'_protective_clothing_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motorcyclists'_protective_clothing_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Motorcyclists' protective clothing standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motorcyclists'_protective_clothing_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Aviation_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Aviation_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Federal Aviation Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Aviation_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Communications_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Communications_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Federal Communications Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Communications_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_Drug_Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Food and Drug Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_Drug_Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Federal Reserve Bank of New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstate_Commerce_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_Commerce_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Interstate Commerce Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_Commerce_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Nuclear Regulatory Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.9</span> <span>Securities and Exchange Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Securities_and_Exchange_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Trade_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Trade_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.10</span> <span>Federal Trade Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Trade_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-District_of_Columbia_Taxicab_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#District_of_Columbia_Taxicab_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.11</span> <span>District of Columbia Taxicab Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-District_of_Columbia_Taxicab_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board_and_I-502" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board_and_I-502"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.12</span> <span>Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and I-502</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board_and_I-502-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuclear_and_Industrial_Safety_Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_and_Industrial_Safety_Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_and_Industrial_Safety_Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(MHLW)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(MHLW)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(MHLW)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Trade_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Trade_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>World Trade Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Trade_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="استئثار تنظيمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استئثار تنظيمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regulatory capture" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captura_del_regulador" title="Captura del regulador – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Captura del regulador" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_r%C3%A8glementaire" title="Capture règlementaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capture règlementaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%9C_%ED%8F%AC%ED%9A%8D" title="규제 포획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="규제 포획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Regulatory capture" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regluger%C3%B0arhertaka" title="Reglugerðarhertaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Reglugerðarhertaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regulatory capture" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E5%88%B6%E3%81%AE%E8%99%9C" title="規制の虜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="規制の虜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatorisk_fangst" title="Regulatorisk fangst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regulatorisk fangst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captura_do_regulador" title="Captura do regulador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Captura do regulador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Регуляторный захват – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Регуляторный захват" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapja_rregullatore" title="Kapja rregullatore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kapja rregullatore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4%C3%A4ntelij%C3%A4n_kaappaus" title="Sääntelijän kaappaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sääntelijän kaappaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Регуляторне захоплення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Регуляторне захоплення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1m_quy%E1%BB%81n_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_ti%E1%BA%BFt" title="Lạm quyền điều tiết – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lạm quyền điều tiết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E7%AE%A1%E4%BF%98%E8%99%9C" title="監管俘虜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="監管俘虜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Basic concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_competition_law" title="History of competition law">History of competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_monopoly" title="Coercive monopoly">Coercive monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl%E2%80%93Hirschman_index" title="Herfindahl–Hirschman index">Herfindahl–Hirschman index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price" title="Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price">SSNIP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">Relevant market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_control" title="Merger control">Merger control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">Monopolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a> <ul><li>Formation of <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Price fixing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Price_fixing_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Price fixing cases">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">Bid rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">Tacit collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">Occupational licensing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_deal" title="Refusal to deal">Refusal to deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_boycott" title="Group boycott">Group boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine" title="Essential facilities doctrine">Essential facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">Exclusive dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">Dividing territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_closure" title="Occupational closure">Occupational closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_pricing" title="Predatory pricing">Predatory pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Misuse of patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_misuse" title="Copyright misuse">copyrights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Enforcement authorities and organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Competition_Network" title="International Competition Network">International Competition Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_regulator" title="Competition regulator">List of competition regulators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Competition_law" title="Template:Competition law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Competition_law" title="Template talk:Competition law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Competition_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Competition law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <b>regulatory capture</b> (also called <b>agency capture</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> of authority that occurs when a political entity, <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">policymaker</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulator</a> is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">constituency</a>, such as a particular geographic area, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When regulatory capture occurs, a special interest is prioritized over the general interests of the public, leading to a net loss for <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. The theory of <i><a href="/wiki/Client_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Client politics">client politics</a></i> is related to that of <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Political failure">political failure</a>; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>, profession, or <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">locality</a>) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a> (for example, all <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxpayers</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common-Carriers,_1935-1969,_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_(Figure_5,_Stigler_1971).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Common-Carriers%2C_1935-1969%2C_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_%28Figure_5%2C_Stigler_1971%29.jpg/220px-Common-Carriers%2C_1935-1969%2C_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_%28Figure_5%2C_Stigler_1971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Common-Carriers%2C_1935-1969%2C_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_%28Figure_5%2C_Stigler_1971%29.jpg/330px-Common-Carriers%2C_1935-1969%2C_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_%28Figure_5%2C_Stigler_1971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Common-Carriers%2C_1935-1969%2C_Cumulative_Applications_versus_Licensed_In-Operation_%28Figure_5%2C_Stigler_1971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as Barrier-to-Competition: Applications-to-Operate vs In-Operation</figcaption></figure> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">public choice theorists</a>, regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with high-stakes interests in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-tbl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-tbl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulatory capture refers to the actions of <a href="/wiki/Interest_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Interest group">interest groups</a> when this is successful at influencing the staff or commission members of the regulator. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>... as a rule, regulation is acquired by the industry and is designed and operated primarily for its benefit... We propose the general hypothesis: every industry or occupation that has enough political power to utilize the state will seek to control entry. In addition, the regulatory policy will often be so fashioned as to retard the rate of growth of new firms. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, <i>The Theory of Economic Regulation</i> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Regulatory capture theory is a core focus of the branch of public choice referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">economics of regulation</a>; economists in this specialty are critical of conceptualizations of governmental regulatory intervention as being motivated to protect the <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>. Often cited articles include <a href="/wiki/Marver_Bernstein" title="Marver Bernstein">Bernstein</a> (1955), Huntington (1952), Laffont & <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a> (1991), and Levine & Forrence (1990). The theory of regulatory capture is associated with <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel</a> laureate economist <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of its major developers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The likelihood of regulatory capture is a risk to which an agency is exposed by its very nature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that a regulator should be protected from outside influence as much as possible. Alternatively, it may be better to not create a given agency at all. A captured regulator is often worse than no regulation, because it wields the authority of government. However, increased transparency of the agency may mitigate the effects of capture. Recent evidence suggests that, even in mature <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracie</a>s with high levels of transparency and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">media freedom</a>, more extensive and complex regulatory environments are associated with higher levels of corruption (including regulatory capture).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stigler framed the problem of regulatory capture as "the problem of discovering when and why an industry is able to use the state for its purposes". He focuses on whole industries. But, it is never a whole industry that is 'capturing' its regulators, but only the big companies that, using the tool of the <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a>, 'highjack' the regulator by offering high salaries. <a href="/wiki/Elise_Brezis" title="Elise Brezis">Brezis</a> and Cariolle (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown that the connected firms are always the big firms. Indeed, the top 5 financial companies concentrate around 80% of the stock of revolving door movements and regulatory capture. This leads to inequality of influence among firms in the same sector. </p><p>It should also be noted that regulatory capture in developed countries is not anymore related to corruption and illegal behavior, but to abuse of power.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_federalism">Relationship with federalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with federalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is substantial academic literature suggesting that smaller government units are easier for small, concentrated industries to capture than large ones. For example, a group of states or provinces with a large timber industry might have their legislature and/or their delegation to the national legislature captured by lumber companies. These states or provinces then become the voice of the industry, even to the point of blocking national policies that would be preferred by the majority across the whole country. Moore and Giovinazzo (2012) call this the "distortion gap".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposite is possible. Very large and powerful industries (e.g., energy, banking, <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">weapon system construction</a>) can capture national governments, and then use that power to block policies at the national, state or provincial level that the voters may want,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although even local interests can thwart national priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_rationale">Economic rationale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economic rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regulatory capture has an economic basis: vested interests in an industry have the greatest financial stake in regulations affecting them, and so are more likely to try to influence the regulator than relatively dispersed individual consumers,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-tbl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-tbl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with little incentive. When regulators form expert bodies to examine policy, these invariably feature current or former industry members, or at the very least, individuals with lives and contacts in the industry. Capture is also facilitated where consumers or taxpayers have a poorer understanding of underlying issues than businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jon Hanson and his co-authors argue that the phenomenon extends beyond political agencies and organizations. Businesses have an incentive to control anything that has power over them, including the media, academia and popular culture, and will try to capture them too. This is called "deep capture".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regulatory public interest is based on <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a> and welfare economics. It holds that regulation is the response of the government to public needs. Its purpose is to make up for market failures, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, and maximize social welfare. Posner states that the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_theory" title="Public interest theory">public interest theory</a> contains the assumption that the market is fragile, and that if left unchecked, it will tend to be unfair and inefficient, and government regulation is a costless and effective way to meet the needs of social justice and efficiency. Mimik states that government regulation is a public administration policy that focuses on private behavior. It is a rule drawn from the public interest. Irving and Brouhingan state that regulation is a way of obeying public needs and weakening the risk of market operations. They also expressed the view that regulation reflects the public interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Regulatory_capture" title="Special:EditPage/Regulatory capture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The review of the United States history of regulation at the end of the 19th century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is "The review"? (December 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> especially the regulation of railway tariffs by the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC) in 1887, revealed that regulations and market failures are not co-relevant. At least until the 1960s, regulation was developed in the direction of favoring producers, and regulation increased the profits of manufacturers within the industry. In potentially competitive industries such as trucking and taxis, regulations allow higher prices and prevent entrants. In monopoly industries such as electric power generation, there is evidence that regulation has little effect on prices, so the industry can earn excess profits. Evidence shows that regulation is beneficial to producers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These observations led to the emergence and development of regulatory capture theory. Contrary to regulatory public interest theory, this holds that the provision of regulation adapts to the industry's needs, that is, both the legislator and regulator are controlled and captured by the industry. The basic view of the theory is that the regulator gets captured no matter how the regulatory scheme is designed. The implication is that regulation increases the industry's profits rather than the social welfare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This was essentially a purely capture theory in the early days, that is, the regulators and legislators were captured and controlled by the industry. Later regulatory models, such as those by Stigler, Pelzmann, or Becker, follow the regulatory capture theory in the eyes of Posner (1974) and others. All these models reflect that regulators and legislators are trying to maximize private, not public, interests. They use the "private interest" theory to explain the origin and purpose of regulation. Aton (1986) argues that Stigler's theoretical logic is clearer and more central than the previous "capture theory" hypothesis, but it is difficult to distinguish between the two.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regulatory capture theory has a specific meaning, that is, an experience statement that regulations are beneficial for producers in real life. So it is essentially not a true regulatory theory. Although the analysis results are similar to the Stigler model, the methods are completely different. Stigler used standard economic analysis methods to analyze the regulation behavior, then created a new regulatory theory – regulatory economic theory. Of course, different divisions depend on the criteria for division, and they essentially depend on the researchers' different understanding of specific concepts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Justice Douglas' dissent in <i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton#Justice_Douglas'_dissent" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972) describes concern that regulators become too favorable with their regulated industries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic types of regulatory capture:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Materialist capture</i>, also called <i>financial capture</i>, in which the captured regulator's motive is based on its material self-interest. This can result from bribery, <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">political donations</a>, or the regulator's desire to maintain its government funding. These forms of capture often amount to <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>.</li> <li><i>Non-materialist capture</i>, also called <i>cognitive capture</i> or <i>cultural capture</i>, in which the regulator begins to think like the regulated industry. This can result from interest groups lobbying the industry. Highly specialized technical industries can pose a risk of cultural capture because the regulating agency typically needs to employ experts in the regulated area, and the pool of such experts typically consists largely of existing or former employees from the regulated industry.</li></ul> <p>Another distinction can be made between capture retained by big firms and by small firms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Stigler mainly referred<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to large firms capturing regulators by bartering their vast resources (materialist capture), small firms are more prone to retain non-materialist capture via a special underdog rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe <span class="anchor" id="European_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aberfan_disaster">Aberfan disaster</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aberfan disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a></div> <p>On 21 October 1966, a <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">tip</a> containing spoil and tailings from <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Vale" title="Merthyr Vale">Merthyr Vale</a> Colliery slipped after a period of heavy rain, <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">killing 116 children and 28 adults in the Welsh village of Aberfan</a>. In contravention of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>'s procedures, the tip was partly based on the ground from which water springs were known to emerge. After three weeks of rain, the tip became saturated and 140,000 cubic yards (110,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of spoil and tailings slipped down the side of the hill, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and a row of houses. </p><p>Iain McLean and Martin Johnes, in a 2000 study of the Aberfan disaster, observed that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her_Majesty%27s_Inspectorate_of_Mines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Mines (page does not exist)">Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Mines</a> went largely unchallenged by the tribunal, although the two consider that the organisation failed in their duty, falling in line with the interests of the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> whose activities they were supposed to be overseeing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motorcyclists'_protective_clothing_standards"><span id="Motorcyclists.27_protective_clothing_standards"></span>Motorcyclists' protective clothing standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Motorcyclists' protective clothing standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of the European standard for <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_personal_protective_equipment" title="Motorcycle personal protective equipment">motorcyclists' protective clothing</a> (EN 17092), <a href="/wiki/Bennetts" title="Bennetts">Bennetts</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_Cycle_News" title="Motor Cycle News">Motor Cycle News</a></i> asserted that "the testing standards now used to certify motorcycle riding kit have reduced protection levels by as much as 90%" because of regulatory capture as industry representatives accounted for half the standards committee members including its chair, noting "Few will be aware of the intense opposition [to higher safety standards] from within the industry."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is a shortage of academic research into regulatory capture regarding motorcyclists' PPE standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States<span class="anchor" id="United_States_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement"><span id="Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management.2C_Regulation_and_Enforcement"></span>Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, the Minerals Management Service (MMS), which had regulatory responsibility for offshore oil drilling, was widely cited as an example of regulatory capture.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-frank_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-frank-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MMS then became the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement</a> (BOEMRE) and on October 1, 2010, the collection of mineral leases was split off from the agency and placed under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Natural_Resources_Revenue" title="Office of Natural Resources Revenue">Office of Natural Resources Revenue</a> (ONRR). On October 1, 2011, BOEMRE was then split into two bureaus, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Safety_and_Environmental_Enforcement" title="Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement">Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement</a> (BSEE) and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a> (BOEM).<sup id="cite_ref-lawbrief-hall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawbrief-hall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three-stage reorganization, including the name change to BOEMRE, was part of a re-organization by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lawbrief-hall_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lawbrief-hall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was sworn into office as the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> on the same day the name change was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-BOEMRE_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOEMRE-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar's appointment was controversial because of his ties to the energy industry.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-broder_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-broder-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a senator, Salazar voted against an amendment to repeal tax breaks for <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and other major <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> companies<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2006, he voted to end protections that limit <a href="/wiki/Offshore_oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore oil drilling">offshore oil drilling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf</a> Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Salazar's immediate tasks was to "[end] the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">department's</a> coziness with the industries it regulates"<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-broder_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-broder-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Daniel R. Patterson, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_House_of_Representatives" title="Arizona House of Representatives">Arizona House of Representatives</a>, said "Salazar has a disturbingly weak conservation record, particularly on energy development, global warming, endangered wildlife and protecting scientific integrity. It's no surprise oil and gas, mining, agribusiness and other polluting industries that have dominated Interior are supporting rancher Salazar – he's their friend".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-broder_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-broder-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, a spokesman for the <a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Association" title="National Mining Association">National Mining Association</a>, which lobbies for the mining industry, praised Salazar, saying that he was not doctrinaire about the use of <a href="/wiki/Public_land#United_States" title="Public land">public lands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-broder_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-broder-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MMS had allowed <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and dozens of other companies to drill in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> without first attaining permits to assess threats to <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>, as required by law.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BP and other companies were also given a blanket exemption (<a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act#Preparation_of_a_Categorical_Exclusion" title="National Environmental Policy Act">categorical exclusion</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from having to provide <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">environmental impact statements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) issued strong warnings about the risks posed by such drilling and in a 2009 letter, accused MMS of understating the likelihood and potential consequences of a major spill in the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter further accused MMS of highlighting the safety of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> while understating the risks and impact of spills and playing down the fact that spills had been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both current and former MMS staff scientists said their reports were overruled and altered if they found a high risk of accident or environmental impact.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kieran Suckling, director of the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a>, said, "MMS has given up any pretense of regulating the offshore oil industry. The agency seems to think its mission is to help the oil industry evade environmental laws".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Deepwater accident occurred, Salazar said he would delay granting any further drilling permits. Three weeks later, at least five more permits had been issued by the minerals agency.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-urbina_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-urbina-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2011, BOEMRE began issuing more offshore drilling permits in the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-rydez_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-rydez-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bromwich" title="Michael Bromwich">Michael Bromwich</a>, head of BOEMRE, said he was disturbed by the speed at which some oil and gas companies were shrugging off Deepwater Horizon as "a complete aberration, a perfect storm, one in a million", but would nonetheless soon be granting more permits to drill for oil and gas in the gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj-rydez_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-rydez-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Aviation_Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federal Aviation Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) charter was amended in 1996, its sole focus has been the regulation of safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A report by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> found that FAA managers had allowed <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a> to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations.<sup id="cite_ref-ainonline_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ainonline-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee">House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee</a> investigated the matter after two FAA <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblowers</a>, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, contacted them. Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-faa_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-faa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee subsequently held hearings in April 2008. <a href="/wiki/James_Oberstar" class="mw-redirect" title="James Oberstar">James Oberstar</a>, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-faa_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-faa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption".<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-faa_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-faa-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, aviation in the United States, the field in which the FAA is tasked to regulate, has had an unparalleled safety streak. Because of this, U.S. regulatory policy in this sector is regarded as one of the best in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an estimated 29,000 flights daily, the United States hasn't had a major commercial aviation disaster since <a href="/wiki/Colgan_Air_Flight_3407" title="Colgan Air Flight 3407">Colgan Air Flight 3407</a> in February 2009. </p><p>On July 22, 2008, a bill was unanimously approved in the Democrat-controlled <a href="/wiki/United_States_House" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House">House</a> to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-ainonline_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ainonline-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill also required the rotation of principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA.<sup id="cite_ref-ainonline_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ainonline-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill died in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation</a> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks,<sup id="cite_ref-ap-mailtrib/msnbc_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-mailtrib/msnbc-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $7.5 million penalty and would adopt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow through.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2009, FAA Administrator <a href="/wiki/Randy_Babbitt" title="Randy Babbitt">Randy Babbitt</a> issued a directive mandating that the agency use the term "customers" only to refer to the flying public.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Airline_deregulation#Airline_deregulation_in_the_United_States" title="Airline deregulation">deregulation of the US air industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> served to maintain an <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> of US airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a June 2010 article on regulatory capture, the FAA was cited as an example of "old-style" regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation but placing key people to head these regulators".<sup id="cite_ref-davidoff-regcap_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidoff-regcap-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That the FAA was a victim of regulatory capture was one focus of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Commerce_Subcommittee_on_Aviation_and_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation and Space">United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation and Space</a> meeting held in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_302" title="Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302">Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302</a> crash that followed a previous crash of a <a href="/wiki/Lion_Air" title="Lion Air">Lion Air</a> flight and claimed 157 lives. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX" title="Boeing 737 MAX">Boeing 737 MAX</a> platform that crashed had been subjected to only an "amended" <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness" title="Airworthiness">airworthiness</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_certificate" title="Type certificate">type certificate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/NTSB" class="mw-redirect" title="NTSB">NTSB</a> was tasked with investigating the FAA's certification process.<sup id="cite_ref-dots_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dots-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Communications_Commission">Federal Communications Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Federal Communications Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legal scholars have pointed to the possibility that federal agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) have been captured by <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerates" class="mw-redirect" title="Media conglomerates">media conglomerates</a>. Peter Schuck of <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a> has argued that the FCC is subject to capture by the media industries' leaders and therefore reinforce the operation of corporate cartels in a form of "corporate socialism" that serves to "regressively tax consumers, impoverish small firms, inhibit new entry, stifle innovation, and diminish <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choice</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FCC selectively granted communications licenses to some radio and television stations in a process that excluded other citizens and little stations from having access to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael K. Powell">Michael K. Powell</a>, who served on the FCC for eight years and was chairman for four, was appointed president and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cable_%26_Telecommunications_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cable & Telecommunications Association">National Cable & Telecommunications Association</a>, a lobby group, effective April 25, 2011. His role has been the cable industry's leading advocate, spokesman, and representative in its relationship with the U.S. Congress, the Administration, the FCC, and other federal agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Attwell_Baker" title="Meredith Attwell Baker">Meredith Attwell Baker</a> was one of the FCC commissioners who approved a controversial merger between <a href="/wiki/NBC_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Universal">NBC Universal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>. Four months later, she announced her resignation from the FCC to join Comcast's Washington, D.C. lobbying office.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-ew_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-ew-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legally, she is prevented from lobbying anyone at the FCC for two years and an agreement made by Comcast with the FCC as a condition of approving the merger will ban her from lobbying any <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> agency for life.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-ew_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-ew-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Craig Aaron, of <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(advocacy_group)" title="Free Press (advocacy group)">Free Press</a>, who opposed the merger, complained that "the complete capture of government by industry barely raises any eyebrows" and said public policy would continue to suffer from the "continuously revolving door at the FCC".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-ew_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-ew-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, congresswomen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Pramila Jayapal</a> issued a letter (citing a report by the <a href="/wiki/Project_On_Government_Oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Project On Government Oversight">Project On Government Oversight</a>) showing concerns for the composition of the FCC's Communications Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council (CSRIC), questioning whether it could effectively serve the public interest if the majority of its members were representatives of the private sector. They wrote that "having the FCC's policy-making process rely on input from individuals employed by, or affiliated with, the corporations that it is tasked with overseeing is the very definition of regulatory capture".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_and_Drug_Administration">Food and Drug Administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Food and Drug Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> is considered to suffer from regulatory capture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (January 2025)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Federal Reserve Bank of New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a> (New York Fed) is the most influential of the Federal Reserve Banking System. Part of the New York Fed's responsibilities is the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, but its president is selected by and reports to a board dominated by the chief executives of some of the banks it oversees.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-geithner_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-geithner-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the New York Fed has always had a closer relationship with Wall Street, during the years that <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> was president, he became unusually close with the scions of Wall Street banks,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-geithner_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-geithner-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a time when banks and <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge funds</a> were pursuing investment strategies that caused the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, which the Fed failed to stop. </p><p>During the crisis, several major banks that were on the verge of collapse were rescued via the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-geithner_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-geithner-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geithner engineered the New York Fed's purchase of $30 billion of <a href="/wiki/Credit_default_swap" title="Credit default swap">credit default swaps</a> from <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a> (AIG), which it had sold to <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill Lynch">Merrill Lynch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a>. By purchasing these contracts, the banks received a "back-door bailout" of 100 cents on the dollar for the contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-bberg-reilly_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bberg-reilly-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had the New York Fed allowed AIG to fail, the contracts would have been worth much less, resulting in much lower costs for any taxpayer-funded bailout.<sup id="cite_ref-bberg-reilly_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bberg-reilly-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geithner defended his use<sup id="cite_ref-bberg-reilly_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bberg-reilly-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of unprecedented amounts of taxpayer funds to save the banks from their own mistakes,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-geithner_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-geithner-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saying the financial system would have been threatened. At the January 2010 congressional hearing into the AIG bailout, the New York Fed initially refused to identify the <a href="/wiki/Counterparty" title="Counterparty">counterparties</a> that benefited from AIG's bailout, claiming the information would harm AIG.<sup id="cite_ref-bberg-reilly_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bberg-reilly-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it became apparent this information would become public, a legal staffer at the New York Fed e-mailed colleagues to warn them, lamenting the difficulty of continuing to keep Congress in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-bberg-reilly_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bberg-reilly-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rickards" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Rickards">Jim Rickards</a> calls the bailout a crime and says "the regulatory system has become captive to the banks and the non-banks".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstate_Commerce_Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Interstate Commerce Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians, political scientists, and economists have often used the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC), a now-defunct federal regulatory body in the United States, as a classic example of regulatory capture. The creation of the ICC was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Richard Olney</a>, a prominent railroad lawyer, was asked by a railroad president if he could do something to get rid of the ICC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olney, who later was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> administration, replied in an 1892 letter: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Commission… is, or can be made, of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for government supervision of the railroads, at the same time that supervision is almost entirely nominal. Further, the older such a commission gets to be, the more inclined it will be found to take the business and railroad view of things.… The part of wisdom is not to destroy the Commission, but to utilize it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate Commerce Act">Interstate Commerce Act</a> forbade "undue and unreasonable prejudice" against interstate passengers, in the sixty-six years before <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a> (1955) the ICC had ruled against every black petitioner bringing a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> complaint, earning the nickname "The Supreme Court of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICC then failed to enforce <i>Keys vs. Carolina Coach</i>, attempting to justify segregation on a <a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a> basis for six years before being forced by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> under then-<a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> to act in response to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a> protests of 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nuclear Regulatory Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Frank_N._von_Hippel" title="Frank N. von Hippel">Frank N. von Hippel</a>, despite the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> in Pennsylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC) has often been too timid in ensuring that America's 104 commercial reactors are operated safely: </p> <blockquote><p>Nuclear power is a textbook example of the problem of "regulatory capture" – in which an industry gains control of an agency meant to regulate it. Regulatory capture can be countered only by vigorous public scrutiny and Congressional oversight, but in the 32 years since Three Mile Island, interest in nuclear regulation has declined precipitously.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Then-candidate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said in 2007 that the five-member NRC had become "captive of the industries that it regulates" and Joe Biden indicated he had absolutely no confidence in the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-salon-je_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-je-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NRC has given a license to "every single reactor requesting one", according to <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace_USA" title="Greenpeace USA">Greenpeace USA</a> nuclear policy analyst Jim Riccio to refer to the agency approval process as a "rubber stamp".<sup id="cite_ref-mothrjns_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mothrjns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vermont, ten days after the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> that damaged Japan's <a href="/wiki/2011_Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Daiichi plant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture" title="Fukushima Prefecture">Fukushima</a>, the NRC approved a 20-year extension for the license of <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_state_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont state legislature">Vermont state legislature</a> had voted overwhelmingly to deny such an extension.<sup id="cite_ref-mothrjns_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mothrjns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vermont plant uses the same <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_United_States#GE_Mark_1_reactor_design" title="Nuclear safety in the United States">GE Mark 1 reactor design</a> as the Fukushima Daiichi plant.<sup id="cite_ref-mothrjns_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mothrjns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant had been found to be leaking <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> materials through a network of underground pipes, which <a href="/wiki/Entergy" title="Entergy">Entergy</a>, the company running the plant, had denied <a href="/wiki/Oath#Modern_law" title="Oath">under oath</a> even existed. Representative Tony Klein, who chaired the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_House_of_Representatives" title="Vermont House of Representatives">Vermont House</a> Natural Resources and Energy Committee, said that when he asked the NRC about the pipes at a hearing in 2009, the NRC didn't know about their existence, much less that they were leaking.<sup id="cite_ref-mothrjns_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mothrjns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 17, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</a> (UCS) released a study critical of the NRC's 2010 performance as a regulator. The UCS said that through the years, it had found the NRC's enforcement of safety rules has not been "timely, consistent, or effective" and it cited 14 "near-misses" at U.S. plants in 2010 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-wapo-jly_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapo-jly-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyson Slocum, an energy expert at <a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a> said the nuclear industry has "embedded itself in the political establishment" through "reliable friends from George Bush to Barack Obama", and that the government "has really just become cheerleaders for the industry".<sup id="cite_ref-lichtblau_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lichtblau-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the exception, there have been instances of a <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a>. Jeffrey Merrifield, who was on the NRC from 1997 to 2008 and was appointed by presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a>, left the NRC to take an executive position at <a href="/wiki/The_Shaw_Group" title="The Shaw Group">The Shaw Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mothrjns_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mothrjns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a nuclear division regulated by the NRC.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NRC Inspector General's report detailed that Merrifield had voted twice on matters involving companies he had contacted about job prospects. In addition, the report noted that Merrifield called a senior executive at another utility to request that he encourage other companies to return calls about his job search. The report also noted that Merrifield failed to report certain reimbursed travel expenses for himself and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of those interviewed by the NRC Inspector General was Dale Klein, Chairman of the NRC at the time. Klein commented that "Merrifield generally was a staunch advocate of his chosen positions and was reluctant to change his mind." The interview notes also indicated that "other Commissioners also commented that Merrifield was excessively touting his accomplishments within [a] task force, but Klein indicated that this self-promoting tendency by Merrifield was not unique to this issue."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the NRC referred the matter to the Justice Department for civil action and to the U.S. Attorney's office for criminal action, neither office pursued the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same U.S. Attorney's Office declined all 20 similar referrals for prosecution during the period from 2004 to 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year-long <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (AP) investigation showed that the NRC, working with the industry, has relaxed regulations so that ageing reactors can remain in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-ap-jdonn_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-jdonn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AP found that wear and tear of plants, such as clogged lines, cracked parts, leaky seals, rust and other deterioration resulted in 26 alerts about emerging safety problems and may have been a factor in 113 of the 226 alerts issued by the NRC between 2005 and June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ap-jdonn_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-jdonn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NRC repeatedly granted the industry permission to delay repairs and problems often grew worse before they were fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-ap-jdonn_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-jdonn-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a paper by Stanford University economics professors John B. Taylor and Frank A. Wolak compared the financial services and nuclear industries. While acknowledging both are susceptible in principle to regulatory capture, they concluded regulatory failure – including through regulatory capture – has been much more of a problem in the financial industry and even suggested the financial industry create an analog to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nuclear_Power_Operations" title="Institute of Nuclear Power Operations">Institute of Nuclear Power Operations</a> to reduce regulatory risk.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> (OCC) has strongly opposed the efforts of the 50 <a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">state attorneys general</a>, who have banded together to penalize banks and reform the mortgage modification process, following the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. This example was cited in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> as evidence that the OCC is "a captive of the banks it is supposed to regulate".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Securities_and_Exchange_Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Securities and Exchange Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) has also been accused of acting in the interests of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> banks and <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge funds</a> and of dragging its feet or refusing to investigate cases or bring charges for <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial analyst <a href="/wiki/Harry_Markopolos" title="Harry Markopolos">Harry Markopolos</a>, who spent ten years trying to get the SEC to investigate <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Madoff" title="Bernie Madoff">Bernie Madoff</a>, called the agency "nonfunctional, captive to the industry".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Allen_Stanford" title="Allen Stanford">Allen Stanford</a> <a href="/wiki/Ponzi_scheme" title="Ponzi scheme">Ponzi scheme</a>, there were repeated warnings of fraud from both inside and outside the SEC for more than a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the agency did not stop the fraud until 2009, after the Madoff scandal became public in 2008. </p><p>The SEC has been found by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Finance">U.S. Senate Committee on Finance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federal_district_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal district court">federal district court</a> to have illegally dismissed an employee in September 2005 who was critical of superiors' refusal to pursue <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> titan <a href="/wiki/John_J._Mack" title="John J. Mack">John Mack</a>. Mack was suspected of giving insider information to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Samberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur J. Samberg">Arthur J. Samberg</a>, head of <a href="/wiki/Pequot_Capital_Management" title="Pequot Capital Management">Pequot Capital Management</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> once one of the world's largest hedge funds.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-may272010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-may272010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After more than four years of legal battles, former SEC investigator <a href="/wiki/Gary_J._Aguirre" title="Gary J. Aguirre">Gary J. Aguirre</a> filed papers in a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a> (FOIA) case he had against the SEC, seeking an order to force the SEC to turn over Pequot investigation records to him on the grounds that they had not charged anyone. Aguirre had already provided incriminating evidence of Pequot's insider trading involving <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> trades to the SEC in a letter on January 2, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-gap_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morning after Aguirre's FOIA papers were filed,<sup id="cite_ref-gap_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gap-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the SEC announced they had filed charges against Pequot and Pequot had agreed to <a href="/wiki/Disgorgement_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disgorgement (law)">disgorge</a> $18 million in illegal gains and pay $10 million in penalties.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-may272010_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-may272010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, the SEC settled Aguirre's <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_termination" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrongful termination">wrongful termination</a> lawsuit for $755,000.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of officials who have left the SEC for highly lucrative jobs in the private sector and who sometimes have returned to the SEC includes <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Levitt" title="Arthur Levitt">Arthur Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Khuzami" title="Robert Khuzami">Robert Khuzami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Chatman_Thomsen" title="Linda Chatman Thomsen">Linda Chatman Thomsen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Walker" title="Richard H. Walker">Richard H. Walker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lynch" title="Gary Lynch">Gary Lynch</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Paul R. Berger.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Project_on_Government_Oversight" title="Project on Government Oversight">Project on Government Oversight</a> (POGO) released a report on May 13, 2011, which found that between 2006 and 2010, 219 former SEC employees sought to represent clients before the SEC.<sup id="cite_ref-djn-sb_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djn-sb-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pogo-sec_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogo-sec-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former employees filed 789 statements notifying the SEC of their intent to represent outside clients before the commission, some filing within days of leaving the SEC.<sup id="cite_ref-djn-sb_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-djn-sb-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pogo-sec_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogo-sec-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reporter <a href="/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Matt Taibbi</a> calls the SEC a classic case of regulatory capture. On August 17, 2011, Taibbi reported that in July 2001, a preliminary fraud investigation against <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> was stymied by <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Walker" title="Richard H. Walker">Richard H. Walker</a>, then SEC enforcement director, who began working as general counsel for Deutsche Bank in October 2001. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darcy_Flynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darcy Flynn (page does not exist)">Darcy Flynn</a>, an SEC lawyer, the whistleblower who exposed this case also revealed that for 20 years, the SEC had been routinely destroying all documents related to thousands of preliminary inquiries that were closed rather than proceeding to formal investigation. The SEC is legally required to keep files for 25 years and destruction is supposed to be done by the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. The lack of files deprives investigators of possible background when investigating cases involving those firms. Documents were destroyed for inquiries into <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Madoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Madoff">Bernard Madoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> and other major Wall Street firms that played key roles in the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. The SEC has since changed its policy on destroying those documents and as of August 2011, the SEC investigator general was investigating the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Trade_Commission">Federal Trade Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Federal Trade Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision known as <i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Amway_Corp." title="In re Amway Corp.">In re Amway Corp.</a></i>, popularly called "Amway '79", made the FTC a captive regulator of the nascent multi-level marketing industry. The situation came to a head in December 2012, when hedge fund Pershing Square Capital management announced a $1-billion short position against the company, and evidently expected the FTC to act, which, to date, it has not. From a forensic accounting standpoint, there is no difference between a Ponzi scheme like the Madoff scandal, and a <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_scheme" title="Pyramid scheme">pyramid scheme</a>, except that in the latter the money is laundered through product sales, not an investment.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press has widely reported on why the FTC won't act, e.g. Forbes<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though legal opinion has been very supportive in some quarters, such as William K. Black, who was instrumental in bringing thousands of criminal prosecutions in the S&L scandal, which was also rife with problems of regulatory capture.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="District_of_Columbia_Taxicab_Commission">District of Columbia Taxicab Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: District of Columbia Taxicab Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The District of Columbia Taxicab Commission has been criticized<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for being beholden to taxi companies and drivers rather than ensuring that the district has access to a "safe, comfortable, efficient and affordable taxicab experience in well-equipped vehicles".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board_and_I-502">Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and I-502</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and I-502"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some commentators<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have acknowledged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (November 2022)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> that while <a href="/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> legalized marijuana, it did so in a manner that led to a state-run monopoly on legal marijuana stores with prices far above that of the existing medical dispensaries,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board" title="Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board">Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board</a> is now trying to close down in favor of the recreational stores, where prices are two to five times higher than the product can be obtained elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada<span class="anchor" id="Canadian_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) provisionally granted a request by <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> to impose <a href="/wiki/Usage-based_billing" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage-based billing">usage-based billing</a> on Internet <a href="/wiki/Wholesale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wholesale">wholesalers</a>, igniting protest from both the wholesalers and consumers, who claimed that the CRTC was "kow-towing to Bell".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 2, 2011, CRTC chair <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Finckenstein" title="Konrad von Finckenstein">Konrad von Finckenstein</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Industry,_Science_and_Technology" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology">House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology</a> to defend the agency's decision. Critic <a href="/wiki/Steve_Anderson_(open_media_activist)" title="Steve Anderson (open media activist)">Steve Anderson</a> said, "The CRTC's stubbornness in the face of a mass public outcry demonstrates the strength of the Big Telecom lobby's influence. While government officials have recognized the need to protect citizens' communications interests, the CRTC has made it clear that their priorities lie elsewhere".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan<span class="anchor" id="Japanese_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, the line may be blurred between the goal of solving a problem and the different goal of making it look as if the problem is being addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_and_Industrial_Safety_Agency">Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite warnings about its safety, Japanese regulators from the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_Industrial_Safety_Agency" title="Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency">Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency</a> (NISA) approved a 10-year extension for the oldest of the six <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactor technology">reactors</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi">Fukushima Daiichi</a> just one month before a 9.0 magnitude <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">earthquake and subsequent tsunami</a> damaged reactors<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-januke_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-januke-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and caused a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_meltdown" title="Nuclear meltdown">meltdown</a>. The conclusion to the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diet of Japan">Diet of Japan</a>'s report on Fukushima attributed this directly to regulatory capture.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nuclear opponent<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sato_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisaku Sato (governor)">Eisaku Sato</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Prefecture" title="Fukushima Prefecture">Fukushima Prefecture</a> from 1988 to 2006, said a conflict of interest is responsible for NISA's lack of effectiveness as a watchdog.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-januke_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-januke-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency is under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy,_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry">Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry</a>, which encourages the development of Japan's nuclear industry. Inadequate inspections are reviewed by expert panels drawn primarily from academia and rarely challenge the agency.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-januke_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-januke-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics say the main weakness in Japan's nuclear industry is weak oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-nomf_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-nomf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">Seismologist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takashi_Nakata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takashi Nakata (page does not exist)">Takashi Nakata</a> said, "The regulators just rubber-stamp the utilities' reports".<sup id="cite_ref-bloom-japan_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-japan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the ministry and the agency have ties with nuclear plant operators, such as <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Electric">Tokyo Electric</a>. Some former ministry officials have been offered lucrative jobs in a practice called <i><a href="/wiki/Amakudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakudari">amakudari</a></i>, "descent from heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-januke_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-januke-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt-nomf_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-nomf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A panel responsible for re-writing Japan's nuclear safety rules was dominated by experts and advisers from utility companies, said seismology professor <a href="/wiki/Katsuhiko_Ishibashi" title="Katsuhiko Ishibashi">Katsuhiko Ishibashi</a>, who quit the panel in protest, saying it was rigged and "unscientific".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-nomf_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-nomf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloom-japan_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-japan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new guidelines, established in 2006, did not set stringent industry-wide <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> standards, rather nuclear plant operators were left to do their own inspections to ensure their plants were compliant.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-nomf_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-nomf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the NISA found all of Japan's reactors to be in compliance with the new earthquake guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-nomf_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-nomf-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoshihiro_Kinugasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoshihiro Kinugasa (page does not exist)">Yoshihiro Kinugasa</a> helped write Japan's nuclear safety rules, later conducted inspections and still in another position at another date, served on a licensing panel, signing off on inspections.<sup id="cite_ref-bloom-japan_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-japan-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(MHLW)"><span id="Ministry_of_Health.2C_Labour_and_Welfare_.28MHLW.29"></span>Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan)">Ministry of Health and Welfare</a> (now combined with the Ministry of Labour) came under fire over the <a href="/wiki/HIV-tainted_blood_scandal_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-tainted blood scandal (Japan)">scandal of HIV-tainted blood</a> being used to treat <a href="/wiki/Hemophiliac" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophiliac">hemophiliacs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpri_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpri-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although warned about HIV contamination of blood products imported from the U.S., the ministry abruptly changed its position on heated and unheated blood products from the U.S., protecting the <a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Cross (Japan)">Green Cross</a> and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>, keeping the Japanese market from being inundated with heat-treated blood from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-jpri_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpri-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the unheated blood was not taken off the market, 400 people died and over 3,000 people were infected with HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-jpri_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpri-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No senior officials were indicted and only one lower-level manager was indicted and convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-jatimes_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jatimes-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics say the major task of the ministry is the protection of industry, rather than of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-jpri_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpri-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, bureaucrats get <i><a href="/wiki/Amakudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Amakudari">amakudari</a></i> jobs at related industries in their field upon retirement, a system which serves to inhibit regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-jpri_109-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpri-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moriyo Kimura, a critic who works at MHLW, says the ministry does not look after the interests of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-jatimes_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jatimes-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines<span class="anchor" id="Philippine_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control</a> in the Philippines is largely vested in the Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco (IACT) under Republic Act No. 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IACT's membership includes pro-tobacco groups in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Department of Agriculture (Philippines)">Department of Agriculture</a> and National Tobacco Administration,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as "a representative from the Tobacco Industry to be nominated by the legitimate and recognized associations of the industry", the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Tobacco_Institute" title="Philippine Tobacco Institute">Philippine Tobacco Institute</a> (composed of the largest local cigarette producers and distributors).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2015 Philippine Supreme Court case, the Court ruled that the IACT as the "exclusive authority" in regulating various aspects tobacco control including access restrictions and tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorships. In this case, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a>, which is the primary technical agency for disease control and prevention, was held to be without authority to create tobacco control regulations unless the IACT delegates this function.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IACT's organization also limits the Philippines' enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International<span class="anchor" id="International_examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Trade_Organization">World Trade Organization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: World Trade Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The academic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Alured_Faunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Alured Faunce (page does not exist)">Thomas Alured Faunce</a> has argued the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-violation_nullification_of_benefits" title="Non-violation nullification of benefits">non-violation nullification of benefits</a> claims, particularly when inserted in bilateral trade agreements, can facilitate intense lobbying by industry which can result in effective regulatory capture of large areas of governmental policy.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McClean and Johnes argued that the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">sinking of the Titanic</a> and its investigation illustrate an early example of regulatory failure and regulatory capture of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> by the shipping industry.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_benefits_and_diffuse_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentrated benefits and diffuse costs">Concentrated benefits and diffuse costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">Corporate welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_the_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_triangle_(US_politics)" title="Iron triangle (US politics)">Iron triangle (US politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">Occupational licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_shopping" title="Regulator shopping">Regulator shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>North American groups promoting transparency</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPLight.org" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPLight.org">MAPLight.org</a>, tracks money and politics in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight_Foundation" title="Sunlight Foundation">Sunlight Foundation</a>, promotes government transparency and accountability</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Pete Domenici</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> now promotes nuclear energy. Over the course of his 20 years in government, he received $1.25 million in political contributions connected with the energy sector. From 2000 to 2010, the nuclear industry and people who work in it, contributed $4.6 million to members of Congress, in addition to the $54 million spent by electric utilities, trade groups and other supporters to hire lobbyists, including some former members of Congress. (See <a href="#CITEREFLichtblau2011">Lichtblau 2011</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the AP, of the United States' 104 operating nuclear power plants, 82 are over 25 years old, the NRC has re-licensed 66 for 20 additional years and another 16 renewal applications are under review.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_capture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDal_Bó2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dal Bó, Ernesto (2006). "Regulatory capture: A review". <i>Oxford Review of Economic Policy</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxrep%2Fgrj013">10.1093/oxrep/grj013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23606888">23606888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Regulatory+capture%3A+A+review&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxrep%2Fgrj013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23606888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dal+B%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulatory-capture.asp">"Regulatory Capture Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Investopedia" title="Investopedia">Investopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003140220/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/regulatory-capture.asp">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investopedia&rft.atitle=Regulatory+Capture+Definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fr%2Fregulatory-capture.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James (2000). <i>Bureaucracy: what government agencies do and why they do it</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465007856" title="Special:BookSources/0465007856"><bdi>0465007856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bureaucracy%3A+what+government+agencies+do+and+why+they+do+it&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0465007856&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-tbl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-tbl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-tbl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy B. Lee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/03/opinion/03lee.html">"Entangling the Web"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075044/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/03/opinion/03lee.html">Archived</a> 2018-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The New York Times</i> (August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStigler1971" class="citation journal cs1">Stigler, George J. (1971). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-08</span></span>. <q>Senate Budget Committee Chairwoman <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a>, an "anti-war Democratic senator from Washington State" who "voted against the Iraq war resolution and subsequent troop surges". She's spearheading the Senate's efforts to bring the budget in line. Until it gets to <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>... 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(1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol61/iss4/1">"The Marasmus of the ICC: The Commission, the Railroads, and the Public Interest"</a>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">467–</span>509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F793586">10.2307/793586</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.13051%2F13870">20.500.13051/13870</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/793586">793586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Marasmus+of+the+ICC%3A+The+Commission%2C+the+Railroads%2C+and+the+Public+Interest&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.13051%2F13870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F793586%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F793586&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fylj%2Fvol61%2Fiss4%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffontTirole1991" class="citation journal cs1">Laffont, Jean-Jacques; Tirole, Jean (1991). 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"The Theory of Economic Regulation". <i>The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.178.6588">10.1.1.178.6588</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3003160">10.2307/3003160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003160">3003160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18393956">18393956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bell+Journal+of+Economics+and+Management+Science&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Economic+Regulation&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.178.6588%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18393956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3003160%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3003160&rft.aulast=Stigler&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalletSchlink1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kallet" title="Arthur Kallet">Kallet, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/F.J._Schlink" class="mw-redirect" title="F.J. Schlink">Schlink, F.J.</a> (1933). <i><a href="/wiki/100,000,000_Guinea_Pigs" title="100,000,000 Guinea Pigs">100,000,000 Guinea Pigs</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100%2C000%2C000+Guinea+Pigs&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Kallet&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Schlink%2C+F.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegulatory+capture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_subversion" title="Election subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflict_of_interest373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_of_interest" title="Template:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">Judicial disqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-dealing" title="Self-dealing">Self-dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Self-regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllTrials" title="AllTrials">AllTrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle" title="Arm's length principle">Arm's length principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cui_bono" class="mw-redirect" title="Cui bono">Cui bono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_the_money" title="Follow the money">Follow the money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">Pharmaceutical marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_sales_representative" title="Pharmaceutical sales representative">Pharmaceutical sales representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education#sponsorship" title="Continuing medical education">Sponsorship of continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">Nemo iudex in causa sua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Bow_Street_Metropolitan_Stipendiary_Magistrate,_ex_parte_Pinochet" title="R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet">R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Neil" title="R v Neil">R v Neil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Sussex_Justices,_ex_parte_McCarthy" title="R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy">R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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20 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.83% 89.757 22 Template:Cite_web"," 7.31% 83.782 1 Template:Competition_law"," 7.04% 80.736 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.17% 70.724 5 Template:Navbox"," 5.87% 67.291 9 Template:Fix"," 5.82% 66.700 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.74% 65.780 15 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.693","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11378725,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAmann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckerMorgenson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1955\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBienPrasad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrezis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrezisCariolle2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenterMoss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClenfieldSato2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDal_Bó2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngstrom\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Von_Hippel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansonYosifon2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeimsMoxon2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalletSchlink1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurdas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaffontTirole1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineForrence1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtblau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeanJohnes2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMintz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyamoto1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreGiovinazzo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakamura2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeidig2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Driscoll2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlive2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnishiFackler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtake2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippine_Supreme_Court\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoque\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStigler1971\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFStroud\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabuchiOnishiBelson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorWolak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravis2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadin2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Competition law\"] = 1,\n [\"Conflict of interest\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Corruption\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Weasel inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75cfc7cb9-5c6bw","timestamp":"20250218105231","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Regulatory capture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulatory_capture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2408462","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2408462","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-31T01:58:08Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T01:20:18Z","headline":"corrupt government failure in which regulations are written in favour of private interests"}</script> </body> </html>