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Personal life and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Science and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles H. Townes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="تشارلز تاونز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز تاونز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="چارلز هارد تاونز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز هارد تاونز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8" title="চার্লস হার্ড টাউনস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস হার্ড টাউনস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлз Хард Таўнс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Хард Таўнс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлз Хард Таунс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Хард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%82" title="Τσαρλς Χαρντ Τάουνς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαρλς Χαρντ Τάουνς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="چارلز هارد تاونز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز هارد تاونز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="찰스 하드 타운스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 하드 타운스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BD" title="Չարլզ Հարդ Թաունս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Հարդ Թաունս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="चार्ल्स हार्ड टाउन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स हार्ड टाउन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס טאונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס טאונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ ტაუნზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ ტაუნზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлз Хард Таунс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Хард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Townes" title="Carolus Townes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Townes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Taunss" title="Čārlzs Taunss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Taunss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлс Хард Таунс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Хард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="चार्ल्स हार्ड टाउन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स हार्ड टाउन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ ტაუნსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ ტაუნსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="تشارلز تاونز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز تاونز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="چارلز هارد تاونز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز هارد تاونز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् एच् टाउन्स् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चार्ल्स् एच् टाउन्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA" title="チャールズ・タウンズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・タウンズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%9A._%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਐਚ. ਟਾਊਨਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਐਚ. ਟਾਊਨਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%B2" title="چارلس ٹاؤنز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس ٹاؤنز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Таунс, Чарлз Хард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таунс, Чарлз Хард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् एच् टाउन्स् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चार्ल्स् एच् टाउन्स्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%A6%DB%8E%DA%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2" title="چارڵز ئێچ تاونز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز ئێچ تاونز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлс Хард Таунс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Хард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles H. Townes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்லஸ். எச். டவ்ன்ஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்லஸ். எச். டவ்ன்ஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлз Һард Таунс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарлз Һард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Чарлз Гард Таунс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Гард Таунс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3" title="چارلس ہارڈ ٹاونس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس ہارڈ ٹاونس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Townes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·汤斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·汤斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Hard Townes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·汤斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·汤斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184566#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Charles Townes" redirects here. For the addiction researcher, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Towns" title="Charles B. Towns">Charles B. Towns</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles H. Townes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/220px-Charles_Townes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/330px-Charles_Townes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Charles_Townes.jpg/440px-Charles_Townes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Townes in 1983</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Hard Townes</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-07-28</span>)</span>July 28, 1915<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 27, 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-01-27)</span> (aged 99)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furman_University" title="Furman University">Furman University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, 1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Inventing the <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> (1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Frances Brown</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1941)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comstock_Prize_in_Physics" title="Comstock Prize in Physics">Comstock Prize in Physics</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Medal and Prize">Young Medal and Prize</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1976)<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_K._Plyler_Prize_for_Molecular_Spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy">Earle K. Plyler Prize for Molecular Spectroscopy</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medal" title="Lomonosov Gold Medal">Lomonosov Gold Medal</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush_Award" title="Vannevar Bush Award">Vannevar Bush Award</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIE_Gold_Medal" title="SPIE Gold Medal">SPIE Gold Medal</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Goose_Award" title="Golden Goose Award">Golden Goose Award</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honors</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USA_Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal_ribbon.svg/40px-USA_Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/USA_Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-USA_Philadelphia_Liberty_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1982)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> (1933–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (1948–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a> (1959–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (1961–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (from 1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4202/">Concentration of the heavy isotope of carbon and measurement of its nuclear spin</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1939)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Smythe_(physicist)" title="William Smythe (physicist)">William Smythe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abella" title="Isaac Abella">Isaac Abella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Boyd" title="Robert W. Boyd">Robert W. Boyd</a><sup id="cite_ref-nature_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Chiao" title="Raymond Chiao">Raymond Chiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_M._Garmire" title="Elsa M. Garmire">Elsa M. Garmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Gordon" title="James P. Gordon">James P. Gordon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Hard Townes</b> (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-furman.bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-furman.bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes worked on the theory and application of the <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>, for which he obtained the fundamental patent, and other work in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_optics#Quantum_electronics" title="Quantum optics">quantum electronics</a> associated with both maser and <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He shared the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-death_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scopus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes was an adviser to the United States Government, meeting every US president from <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945) to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1999). </p><p>He directed the US government's Science and Technology Advisory Committee for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo lunar landing program</a>. After becoming a professor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> in 1967, he began an astrophysical program that produced several important discoveries, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> at <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">the center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy. </p><p>Townes was religious<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believed that science and religion are converging to provide a greater understanding of the nature and purpose of the universe. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Townes had German, Scottish, English, Welsh, Huguenot French, and Scotch Irish ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes was born in <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina" title="Greenville, South Carolina">Greenville, South Carolina</a>, the son of Henry Keith Townes (1876–1958), an attorney, and Ellen Sumter Townes (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Hard</span>; 1881–1980).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Keith_Townes" title="Henry Keith Townes">Henry Keith Townes</a> Jr., (January 20, 1913 – May 2, 1990), was a renowned entomologist who was a world authority on <a href="/wiki/Ichneumon_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichneumon wasp">Ichneumon wasps</a>. Charles earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> in Physics and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in Modern Languages at <a href="/wiki/Furman_University" title="Furman University">Furman University</a>, where he graduated in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes completed work for the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree in physics at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in 1937,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then began graduate school at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a>, from which he received a <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> degree in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-phd_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he worked on radar bombing systems at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nature_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1950, Townes was appointed professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as executive director of the Columbia Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952. He was Chairman of the Physics Department from 1952 to 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/40px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/the-man-the-myth-the-laser">"The Man, the Myth, the Laser"</a>, <i>Distillations</i> Podcast, <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1951, Townes conceived a new way to create intense, precise beams of <a href="/wiki/Coherent_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coherent radiation">coherent radiation</a>, for which he invented the acronym <i>maser</i> (for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). When the same principle was applied to higher frequencies, the term <i>laser</i> was used (the word "light" substituting for the word "microwave").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1953, Townes, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Gordon" title="James P. Gordon">James P. Gordon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Zeiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert J. Zeiger">Herbert J. Zeiger</a> built the first ammonia maser at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This device used stimulated emission in a stream of energized <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> molecules to produce amplification of microwaves at a frequency of about 24.0 <a href="/wiki/Hertz#SI_multiples" title="Hertz">gigahertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1959 to 1961, he was on leave of absence from Columbia University to serve as vice president and director of research of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Defense_Analyses" title="Institute for Defense Analyses">Institute for Defense Analyses</a> in Washington, D.C., a nonprofit organization, which advised the U.S. government and was operated by eleven universities.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1961 and 1967, Townes served as both provost and professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, during 1967, he was appointed as a professor of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>, where he remained for almost 50 years; his status was as professor emeritus by the time of his death during 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1966 and 1970, he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Science Advisory Committee for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> lunar landing program. </p><p>For his creation of the maser, Townes along with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> received the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes also developed the use of masers and lasers for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, was part of a team that first discovered complex molecules in space, and determined the mass of the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 2002–2003, Townes served as a Karl Schwarzschild Lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the Birla Lecturer and Schroedinger Lecturer in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Townes is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in May 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Science" title="Office of Science">Office of Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Astrophysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galactic_Center">Galactic Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Galactic Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> of the Milky Way had long puzzled astronomers, and thick dust obscures the view of it in visible light. During the mid to late 1970s, Townes together with Eric Wollman, John Lacy, Thomas Geballe and Fred Baas studied <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A" title="Sagittarius A">Sagittarius A</a>, the <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II region</a> at the Galactic Center, at infrared wavelengths. They observed ionized <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> gas swirling around the center at such velocities that the mass at the very center must be approximately equal to that of 3 million suns.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a large mass in such a small space implied that the central object (the radio source <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a>) contains a supermassive <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>. Sagittarius A* was one of the first black holes detected; subsequently its mass has been more accurately determined to be 4.3 million solar masses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shapes_and_sizes_of_stars">Shapes and sizes of stars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shapes and sizes of stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Townes's last major technological creation was the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Spatial_Interferometer" title="Infrared Spatial Interferometer">Infrared Spatial Interferometer</a> with Walt Fitelson, Ed Wishnow and others. The project combined three mobile infrared detectors aligned by lasers that study the same star. If each telescope is 10 meters from the other, it creates an impression of a 30-meter lens.<sup id="cite_ref-berkley-isi-website_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkley-isi-website-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations of <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, a red giant in the shoulder of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>, found that it is increasing and decreasing in size at the rate of 1% per year, 15% over 15 years. ISI produces extremely high <a href="/wiki/Angular_resolution" title="Angular resolution">angular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_resolution" title="Spatial resolution">spatial resolution</a>. The technology is also playing an important role in the search for extraterrestrial life in collaborations with <a href="/wiki/Dan_Werthimer" title="Dan Werthimer">Dan Werthimer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Search_for_Extraterrestrial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence">Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence</a> (SETI).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_legacy">Personal life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/250px-Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/330px-Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/500px-Daughters_of_Charles_Townes_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Daughters of Townes in Sweden in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Townes married Frances H. Brown, an activist for the homeless,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during 1941. They lived in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> and had four daughters, Linda Rosenwein, Ellen Anderson, Carla Kessler, and Holly Townes.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frances died in 2018 aged 101. </p><p>A religious man and a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, Townes believed that "science and religion [are] quite parallel, much more similar than most people think and that in the long run, they must converge".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote in a statement after winning the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> during 2005: "Science tries to understand what our universe is like and how it works, including us humans. Religion is aimed at understanding the purpose and meaning of our universe, including our own lives. If the universe has a purpose or meaning, this must be reflected in its structure and functioning, and hence in science."<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_religion">Science and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Science and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_H._Townes" title="Special:EditPage/Charles H. Townes">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Townes's opinions concerning science and religion were expounded in his essays "The Convergence of Science and Religion", "Logic and Uncertainties in Science and Religion", and his book <i>Making Waves</i>. Townes felt that the beauty of nature is "obviously God-made" and that God created the universe for humans to emerge and flourish. He prayed every day and ultimately felt that religion is more important than science because it addresses the most important long-range question: the meaning and purpose of our lives. Townes's belief in the convergence of science and religion is based on claimed similarities: </p> <ol><li>Faith. Townes argued that the scientist has faith much like a religious person does, allowing him/her to work for years for an uncertain result.</li> <li>Revelation. Townes claimed that many important scientific discoveries, like his invention of the maser/laser, occurred as a "flash" much more akin to religious revelation than interpreting data.</li> <li>Proof. During this century the mathematician Godel discovered there can be no absolute proof in a scientific sense. Every proof requires a set of assumptions, and there is no way to check if those assumptions are self-consistent because other assumptions would be required.</li> <li>Uncertainty. Townes believed that we should be open-minded to a better understanding of science and religion in the future. This will require us to modify our theories, but not abandon them. For example, at the start of the 20th century physics was largely deterministic. But when scientists began studying the quantum mechanics they realized that indeterminism and chance play a role in our universe. Both classical physics and quantum mechanics are correct and work well within their own bailiwick, and continue to be taught to students. Similarly, Townes believes growth of religious understanding will modify, but not make us abandon, our classic religious beliefs.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Townes had steadily been active at the UCB campus, visiting and working regularly in the physics department or at the Space Sciences Laboratory past his 99th birthday and only a few months before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Townes' health began to decline, and he died on route to the hospital in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, on January 27, 2015, at the age of 99.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He was one of the most important experimental physicists of the last century," <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a>, a professor of physics at Berkeley, said of Townes. "His strength was his curiosity and his unshakable optimism, based on his deep Christian spirituality."<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Townes work was published widely in books and peer-reviewed journal articles,<sup id="cite_ref-scopus_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scopus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordonZeigerTownes1955" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, J.; Zeiger, H.; Townes, Charles (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.99.1264">"The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>99</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1264–</span>1274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PhRv...99.1264G">1955PhRv...99.1264G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.99.1264">10.1103/PhysRev.99.1264</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Maser%E2%80%94New+Type+of+Microwave+Amplifier%2C+Frequency+Standard%2C+and+Spectrometer&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1264-%3C%2Fspan%3E1274&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.99.1264&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955PhRv...99.1264G&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Zeiger%2C+H.&rft.au=Townes%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.99.1264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShimodaWangTownes1956" class="citation journal cs1">Shimoda, K.; Wang, T.; Townes, Charles (1956). "Further Aspects of the Theory of the Maser". <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>102</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1308–</span>1321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PhRv..102.1308S">1956PhRv..102.1308S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.1308">10.1103/PhysRev.102.1308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Further+Aspects+of+the+Theory+of+the+Maser&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1308-%3C%2Fspan%3E1321&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.102.1308&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PhRv..102.1308S&rft.aulast=Shimoda&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Wang%2C+T.&rft.au=Townes%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchawlowTownes1958" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow, Arthur</a>; Townes, Charles (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940">"Infrared and Optical Masers"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>112</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1940–</span>1949. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PhRv..112.1940S">1958PhRv..112.1940S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940">10.1103/PhysRev.112.1940</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Infrared+and+Optical+Masers&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1940-%3C%2Fspan%3E1949&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PhRv..112.1940S&rft.aulast=Schawlow&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Townes%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.112.1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownes1999" class="citation book cs1">Townes, Charles (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howlaserhappened0000town"><i>How the Laser Happened: Adventures Of a Scientist</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512268-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512268-8"><bdi>978-0-19-512268-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Laser+Happened%3A+Adventures+Of+a+Scientist&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512268-8&rft.aulast=Townes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowlaserhappened0000town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownesSchawlow1955" class="citation book cs1">Townes, Charles; Schawlow, Arthur (1955). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microwavespectro0000town"><i>Microwave Spectroscopy</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-065095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-065095-4"><bdi>978-0-07-065095-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microwave+Spectroscopy&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-07-065095-4&rft.aulast=Townes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Schawlow%2C+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrowavespectro0000town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownes1995" class="citation book cs1">Townes, Charles (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingwaves00town_9"><i>Making Waves</i></a></span>. Vol. 432. American Institute of Physics Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingwaves00town_9/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F432153a">10.1038/432153a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56396-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56396-381-0"><bdi>978-1-56396-381-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15538346">15538346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4427024">4427024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Waves&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F432153a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4427024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15538346&rft.isbn=978-1-56396-381-0&rft.aulast=Townes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingwaves00town_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townes_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/250px-Charles_Townes_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/330px-Charles_Townes_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charles_Townes_1964.jpg/440px-Charles_Townes_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Townes (right) receiving the 1964 Nobel Prize</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Townes%26ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Townes%26ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Townes (right) receiving the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush_Award" title="Vannevar Bush Award">Vannevar Bush Award</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Townes was widely recognized for his scientific work and leadership. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li>1956 — elected Full Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1957 — elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Prize_in_Physics" title="Comstock Prize in Physics">Comstock Prize in Physics</a> from the National Academy of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-Comstock_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comstock-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Richtmyer_Memorial_Award" title="Richtmyer Memorial Award">Richtmyer Memorial Award</a> from the American Association of Physics Teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-Richtmyer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richtmyer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 — elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1961 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> Electronics Award given by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a> awarded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1962 — The <a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Award_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science">John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science</a> given by the National Academy of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-Carty_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 — <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ballantine_Medal" title="Stuart Ballantine Medal">Stuart Ballantine Medal</a> given by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a>.</li> <li>1963 — <a href="/wiki/Young_Medal_and_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Medal and Prize">Young Medal and Prize</a>, for distinguished research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> presented by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a>.</li> <li>1964 — <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Aleksandr Prokhorov</a> for contributions to fundamental work in quantum electronics leading to the development of the maser and laser.</li> <li>1969 - Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.E.K._Mees_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.E.K. Mees Medal (page does not exist)">C.E.K. Mees Medal</a>, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society">Optical Society of America</a>.</li> <li>1970 — <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 — Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society">Optical Society of America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1976">1976 — Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1979 — He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> international medal, for contributions to the peaceful use of atomic energy.</li> <li>1980 — Townes was inducted by his home state into the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> Hall of Science and Technology, and has also been awarded a South Carolina Hall of Science and Technology Citation.</li> <li>1982 — He received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, presented by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.</li> <li>1983 — appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1994 — elected Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1996 — awarded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/">Frederic Ives Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society">Optical Society of America</a></li> <li>1997 — <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory#Jansky_Prize" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">Jansky Lectureship</a> before the <a href="/wiki/National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a></li> <li>1998 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a>.</li> <li>2000 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medal" title="Lomonosov Gold Medal">Lomonosov Gold Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>.</li> <li>2003 — awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in <a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride, Colorado</a>.</li> <li>2004 — awarded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/siofottica/home">Italian Society of Optics and Photonics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514103649/https://sites.google.com/site/siofottica/home">Archived</a> May 14, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (SIOF) "Galileo" medal.</li> <li>2005 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> for "Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities." <ul><li>He has also been awarded the LeConte Medallion.</li></ul></li> <li>2006 — Along with associate <a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a>, Townes was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush_Award" title="Vannevar Bush Award">Vannevar Bush Award</a> for Lifetime Contributions and Statesmanship to Science</li> <li>2008 — On May 24 Townes received an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Redlands" title="University of Redlands">University of Redlands</a>.</li> <li>2010 — <a href="/wiki/SPIE_Gold_Medal" title="SPIE Gold Medal">SPIE Gold Medal</a></li> <li>2011 —On May 14 Townes received an Honorary Doctorate of Science from <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>.</li> <li>2012 — awarded the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Goose_Award" title="Golden Goose Award">Golden Goose Award</a> for government-funded research with unexpected applications.</li> <li>2012 — awarded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asme.org/about-asme/participate/honors-awards/achievement-awards/nancy-deloye-fitzroy-and-roland-v-fitzroy-medal">Nancy DeLoye Fitzroy and Roland V. Fitzroy Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div><p>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas,_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg/250px-Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg/330px-Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg/500px-Charles_H._Townes-Nobel_Prize_in_Physicas%2C_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Charles H. Townes Statue-South Main Street and Falls Park Drive, Greenville, SC-Birthplace of Townes.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilhelmexner.org/medalists/charles-hard-townes/"><i>Charles Hard Townes</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808124954/https://www.wilhelmexner.org/medalists/charles-hard-townes/">Archived</a> August 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 29 July 2020 in Wilhelmexner.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314224855/https://royalsociety.org/people/charles-townes-12428/">"Professor Charles Townes ForMemRS, Foreign Member"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/charles-townes-12428/">the original</a> on March 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Charles+Townes+ForMemRS%2C+Foreign+Member&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fcharles-townes-12428%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nature-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nature_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nature_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Boyd" title="Robert W. Boyd">Boyd, Robert</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F519292a">"Dr. Charles H. Townes (1915–2015) Laser co-inventor, astrophysicist and US presidential adviser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>519</b> (7543): 292. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.519..292B">2015Natur.519..292B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F519292a">10.1038/519292a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25788091">25788091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dr.+Charles+H.+Townes+%281915%E2%80%932015%29+Laser+co-inventor%2C+astrophysicist+and+US+presidential+adviser&rft.volume=519&rft.issue=7543&rft.pages=292&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25788091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F519292a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.519..292B&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F519292a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-bio.html">"Charles H. Townes – Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728181033/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+H.+Townes+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Ftownes-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-furman.bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-furman.bio_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.furman.edu/academics/charles-h-townes-lecture-series/about-charles-townes/">"About Charles Townes – Charles H. Townes Lecture Series"</a>. <i>www.furman.edu</i>. Furman University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727194508/https://www.furman.edu/academics/charles-h-townes-lecture-series/about-charles-townes/">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.furman.edu&rft.atitle=About+Charles+Townes+%E2%80%93+Charles+H.+Townes+Lecture+Series&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.furman.edu%2Facademics%2Fcharles-h-townes-lecture-series%2Fabout-charles-townes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBertolotti2004" class="citation book cs1">Bertolotti, Mario (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflaser0000bert"><i>The History of the Laser</i></a></span>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7503-0911-0"><bdi>978-0-7503-0911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Laser&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0911-0&rft.aulast=Bertolotti&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflaser0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Bromberg, Joan (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laserinamerica190000brom"><i>The Laser in America, 1950–1970</i></a></span>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-36732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-36732-3"><bdi>978-0-585-36732-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laser+in+America%2C+1950%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-585-36732-3&rft.aulast=Bromberg&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaserinamerica190000brom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiao1996" class="citation book cs1">Chiao, Raymond, ed. (1996). <i>Amazing Light: A Volume Dedicated To Charles Hard Townes On His 80th Birthday</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94658-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94658-0"><bdi>978-0-387-94658-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazing+Light%3A+A+Volume+Dedicated+To+Charles+Hard+Townes+On+His+80th+Birthday&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-387-94658-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiao2005" class="citation book cs1">Chiao, Raymond, ed. (2005). <i>Visions of Discovery: New Light on Physics, Cosmology, and Consciousness, A Volume Dedicated to Charles Hard Townes on his 90th Birthday</i>. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88239-2"><bdi>978-0-521-88239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Discovery%3A+New+Light+on+Physics%2C+Cosmology%2C+and+Consciousness%2C+A+Volume+Dedicated+to+Charles+Hard+Townes+on+his+90th+Birthday&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88239-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Nick (2000). <i>Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83515-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83515-0"><bdi>978-0-684-83515-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laser%3A+The+Inventor%2C+the+Nobel+Laureate%2C+and+the+Thirty-Year+Patent+War&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83515-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-death-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-death_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/27/nobel-laureate-and-laser-inventor-charles-townes-dies-at-99/">"Nobel laureate and laser inventor, Charles Hard Townes, dies at 99"</a>. Berkeley.edu. January 27, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128110636/http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/27/nobel-laureate-and-laser-inventor-charles-townes-dies-at-99/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+laureate+and+laser+inventor%2C+Charles+Hard+Townes%2C+dies+at+99&rft.pub=Berkeley.edu&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewscenter.berkeley.edu%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fnobel-laureate-and-laser-inventor-charles-townes-dies-at-99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scopus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scopus_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scopus_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7006946594">Charles H. Townes's publications</a> indexed by the <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> bibliographic database. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiess,_Suzanne_B.1992" class="citation web cs1">Riess, Suzanne B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt3199n627;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e1739&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1210&brand=calisphere">"A Life in Physics: Bell Telephone Laboratories and World War II; Columbia University and the Laser; MIT and Government Service; California and Research in Astrophysics"</a>. California Digital Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208100701/https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt3199n627;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e1739&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e1210&brand=calisphere">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Life+in+Physics%3A+Bell+Telephone+Laboratories+and+World+War+II%3B+Columbia+University+and+the+Laser%3B+MIT+and+Government+Service%3B+California+and+Research+in+Astrophysics&rft.pub=California+Digital+Library&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Riess%2C+Suzanne+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dkt3199n627%3BNAAN%3D13030%26doc.view%3Dframes%26chunk.id%3Dd0e1739%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e1210%26brand%3Dcalisphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaserud, Finn (May 20, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4918">Charles Townes interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222164446/https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4918">Archived</a> December 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. American Institute of Physics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Farnsworth2010" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Farnsworth (September 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023063219/http://indigobluesc.com/2010/10/09/notable-south-carolinians-dr-charles-hard-townes/">"Notable South Carolinians- Dr. Charles Hard Townes"</a>. Indigobluesc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indigobluesc.com/2010/10/09/notable-south-carolinians-dr-charles-hard-townes/">the original</a> on October 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notable+South+Carolinians-+Dr.+Charles+Hard+Townes&rft.pub=Indigobluesc.com&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.au=Stephen+Farnsworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findigobluesc.com%2F2010%2F10%2F09%2Fnotable-south-carolinians-dr-charles-hard-townes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223153726/https://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?townesc">"Charles Townes"</a>. The Array of Contemporary American Physicists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history/acap/biographies/bio.jsp?townesc">the original</a> on February 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Townes&rft.pub=The+Array+of+Contemporary+American+Physicists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Facap%2Fbiographies%2Fbio.jsp%3Ftownesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phd_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownes1939" class="citation thesis cs1">Townes, Charles (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4202/"><i>Concentration of the heavy isotope of carbon and measurement of its nuclear spin</i></a> (PhD thesis). Caltech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114120215/https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4202/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Concentration+of+the+heavy+isotope+of+carbon+and+measurement+of+its+nuclear+spin&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Caltech&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Townes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesis.library.caltech.edu%2F4202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTownes,_Charles2002" class="citation book cs1">Townes, Charles (2002). <i>How the Laser Happened</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195153767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195153767"><bdi>978-0195153767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Laser+Happened&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0195153767&rft.au=Townes%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/29/laser-inventor-charles-townes-dies">"Laser inventor Charles Townes dies"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. January 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226213535/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/29/laser-inventor-charles-townes-dies">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Laser+inventor+Charles+Townes+dies&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2015%2Fjan%2F29%2Flaser-inventor-charles-townes-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiaoGarmireTownes1964" class="citation journal cs1">Chiao, R.; Garmire, E.; Townes, C. (1964). "Self-Trapping of Optical Beams". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>13</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>482. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRvL..13..479C">1964PhRvL..13..479C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.13.479">10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Self-Trapping+of+Optical+Beams&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E479-%3C%2Fspan%3E482&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.13.479&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRvL..13..479C&rft.aulast=Chiao&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Garmire%2C+E.&rft.au=Townes%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchawlowTownes1958" class="citation journal cs1">Schawlow, A.; Townes, C. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940">"Infrared and Optical Masers"</a>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>112</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1940–</span>1949. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PhRv..112.1940S">1958PhRv..112.1940S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940">10.1103/PhysRev.112.1940</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Infrared+and+Optical+Masers&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1940-%3C%2Fspan%3E1949&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.112.1940&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PhRv..112.1940S&rft.aulast=Schawlow&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Townes%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRev.112.1940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAutlerTownes1955" class="citation journal cs1">Autler, S.; Townes, C. (1955). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+J.+Carty+Award+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fsite%2FPageServer%3Fpagename%3DAWARDS_carty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+H.+Townes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Charles H. Townes</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Charles_Townes" class="extiw" title="c:category:Charles Townes">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" class="extiw" title="q:Charles Hard Townes">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Charles_Townes_%281991%29">Charles Townes Oral History part 1</a> Childhood, college, career overview, Recorded at IEEE History Center, August 1991, Retrieved May 1, 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Charles_H._Townes_%281992%29">Charles Townes Oral History part 2</a> Studies at Caltech and work at Bell Labs on the eve of World War II, Recorded at IEEE History Center, September 1992, Retrieved May 1, 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindstrengthbalance.com/learn/interviews/charleshtownes.htm%281991%29">The Learning Project</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Charles Hard Townes, physicist, astronomer, university professor. Interview for The Learning Project: Views of Authentic Learning, June 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/#interview">Charles H. Townes, Ph.D., Biography and Interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/81">Charles H. Townes</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184566#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1964 <i>Production of Coherent Radiation by Atoms and Molecules</i></li> <li>Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/29">Office of the Provost, Records of Charles H. Townes, AC-0031</a>. Department of Distinctive Collections, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/townes-charles.pdf">P. Buford Price and Reinhard Genzel, "Charles H. Townes", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (2016)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="Provosts_of_the_Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Provosts of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton" title="Julius Adams Stratton">Julius Adams Stratton</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles H. Townes</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Rosenblith" title="Walter A. Rosenblith">Walter A. Rosenblith</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Low" title="Francis E. Low">Francis E. Low</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Deutch" title="John M. Deutch">John M. Deutch</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Wrighton" title="Mark S. Wrighton">Mark S. Wrighton</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Moses" title="Joel Moses">Joel Moses</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Brown" title="Robert A. Brown">Robert A. Brown</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Rafael_Reif" title="L. Rafael Reif">L. Rafael Reif</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_A._Kaiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris A. Kaiser (page does not exist)">Chris A. Kaiser</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Schmidt" title="Martin A. Schmidt">Martin A. Schmidt</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Barnhart" title="Cynthia Barnhart">Cynthia Barnhart</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates947" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates947" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Hard Townes</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Emil Bloch</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners">1963</a></dd> <dd><b>1964 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Templeton_Prize_laureates85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Template talk:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton_Prize_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Templeton Prize Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Templeton_Prize_laureates85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize#Laureates" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Joseph_Suenens" title="Leo Joseph Suenens">Leo Josef Suenens</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">Thomas F. Torrance</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Wendell_Burhoe" title="Ralph Wendell Burhoe">Ralph Wendell Burhoe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely_Saunders" title="Cicely Saunders">Cicely Saunders</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Michael Bourdeaux</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I._McCord" title="James I. McCord">James I. McCord</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jaki" title="Stanley Jaki">Stanley Jaki</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inamullah_Khan" title="Inamullah Khan">Inamullah Khan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a> & <a href="/wiki/George_MacLeod" title="George MacLeod">George MacLeod</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Birch" title="Charles Birch">Charles Birch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Jakobovits,_Baron_Jakobovits" title="Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits">Immanuel Jakobovits</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyung-Chik_Han" title="Kyung-Chik Han">Kyung-Chik Han</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bright" title="Bill Bright">Bill Bright</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Sternberg" title="Sigmund Sternberg">Sigmund Sternberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Barbour" title="Ian Barbour">Ian Barbour</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Peacocke" title="Arthur Peacocke">Arthur Peacocke</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polkinghorne" title="John Polkinghorne">John Polkinghorne</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Rolston_III" title="Holmes Rolston III">Holmes Rolston III</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">George F. R. Ellis</a> (2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles H. Townes</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Barrow" title="John D. Barrow">John D. Barrow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Espagnat" title="Bernard d'Espagnat">Bernard d'Espagnat</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_J._Ayala" title="Francisco J. Ayala">Francisco J. Ayala</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sacks,_Baron_Sacks" title="Jonathan Sacks, Baron Sacks">Jonathan Sacks</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">Abdullah II of Jordan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Adan_Ismail" title="Edna Adan Ismail">Edna Adan Ismail</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Physical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Physical_Society124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">Presidents of the American Physical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1899–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Augustus_Rowland" title="Henry Augustus Rowland">Henry Augustus Rowland</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Gordon_Webster" title="Arthur Gordon Webster">Arthur Gordon Webster</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Barus" title="Carl Barus">Carl Barus</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leamington_Nichols" title="Edward Leamington Nichols">Edward Leamington Nichols</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crew" title="Henry Crew">Henry Crew</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Magie" title="William Francis Magie">William Francis Magie</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Osgood_Peirce" title="Benjamin Osgood Peirce">Benjamin Osgood Peirce</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Merritt" title="Ernest Merritt">Ernest Merritt</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Bumstead" title="Henry A. Bumstead">Henry A. Bumstead</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sweetman_Ames" title="Joseph Sweetman Ames">Joseph Sweetman Ames</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_IV" title="Theodore Lyman IV">Theodore Lyman</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin_Mendenhall" title="Thomas Corwin Mendenhall">Thomas Corwin Mendenhall</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Miller" title="Dayton Miller">Dayton Miller</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Taylor_Compton" title="Karl Taylor Compton">Karl Taylor Compton</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Gray_Swann" title="William Francis Gray Swann">William Francis Gray Swann</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Foote" title="Paul D. Foote">Paul D. Foote</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_K._Richtmyer" title="Floyd K. Richtmyer">Floyd K. Richtmyer</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_M._Randall" title="Harrison M. Randall">Harrison M. Randall</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_James_Briggs" title="Lyman James Briggs">Lyman James Briggs</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Torrence_Tate_Sr." title="John Torrence Tate Sr.">John Torrence Tate Sr.</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zeleny" title="John Zeleny">John Zeleny</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Stewart" title="George W. Stewart">George Stewart</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">Albert W. Hull</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jeffrey_Dempster" title="Arthur Jeffrey Dempster">Arthur Jeffrey Dempster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Alvin_DuBridge" title="Lee Alvin DuBridge">Lee Alvin DuBridge</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheeler_Loomis" title="Francis Wheeler Loomis">Francis Wheeler Loomis</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Lauritsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Christian Lauritsen">Charles Christian Lauritsen</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">H. Bethe</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Thayer_Birge" title="Raymond Thayer Birge">Raymond Thayer Birge</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">E. Wigner</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Beams" title="Jesse Beams">Jesse Beams</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Seitz" title="Frederick Seitz">Frederick Seitz</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Houston" title="William V. Houston">William V. Houston</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harry_Williams" title="John Harry Williams">John Harry Williams</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles H. Townes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Serber" title="Robert Serber">Robert Serber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_M._Morse" title="Philip M. Morse">Philip M. Morse</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer" title="Joseph Edward Mayer">Joseph Edward Mayer</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pief_Panofsky" title="Pief Panofsky">Pief Panofsky</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pake" title="George Pake">George Pake</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_M._Branscomb" title="Lewis M. Branscomb">Lewis M. Branscomb</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Feshbach" title="Herman Feshbach">Herman Feshbach</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Marshak" title="Robert Marshak">Robert Marshak</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert R. Wilson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Drell" title="Sidney Drell">Sidney Drell</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Krumhansl" title="James A. Krumhansl">James A. Krumhansl</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Merzbacher" title="Eugen Merzbacher">Eugen Merzbacher</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_M._Henley" title="Ernest M. Henley">Ernest M. Henley</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Langenberg" title="Donald N. Langenberg">Donald N. Langenberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Kumar_N._Patel" title="C. Kumar N. Patel">C. Kumar Patel</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">J.R. Schrieffer</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Allan_Bromley" title="D. Allan Bromley">D. Allan Bromley</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sessler" title="Andrew Sessler">Andrew Sessler</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Langer" title="James S. Langer">James S. Langer</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Trilling" title="George Trilling">George Trilling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Brinkman" title="William F. Brinkman">William F. Brinkman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Sarachik" title="Myriam Sarachik">Myriam Sarachik</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Quinn" title="Helen Quinn">Helen Quinn</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Cohen" title="Marvin L. Cohen">Marvin L. Cohen</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bienenstock" title="Arthur Bienenstock">Arthur Bienenstock</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_A._Murray" title="Cherry A. Murray">Cherry A. Murray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Callan" title="Curtis Callan">Curtis Callan</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Byer" title="Robert L. Byer">Robert L. Byer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Turner" title="Michael S. Turner">Michael S. Turner</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Beasley" title="Malcolm Beasley">Malcolm R. Beasley</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aronson" title="Sam Aronson">Sam Aronson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Neal" title="Homer Neal">Homer Neal</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Greene_(physicist)" title="Laura Greene (physicist)">Laura Greene</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Falcone" title="Roger Falcone">Roger Falcone</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_H._Bucksbaum" title="Philip H. Bucksbaum">Philip H. Bucksbaum</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates" title="Sylvester James Gates">Sylvester James Gates Jr.</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Hellman" title="Frances Hellman">Frances Hellman</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rosner" title="Robert Rosner">Robert Rosner</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1951–1975"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Template talk:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1951–1975"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Medal_of_Honor_Laureates_1951%E2%80%931975" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Medal of Honor Laureates 1951–1975"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Medal_of_Honor34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Medal_of_Honor" title="IEEE Medal of Honor">IEEE Medal of Honor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter R. G. Baker</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Miller" title="John Milton Miller">John M. Miller</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Littell_Everitt" title="William Littell Everitt">William L. Everitt</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_T._Friis" title="Harald T. Friis">Harald T. Friis</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Lawless_Hogan" title="John Vincent Lawless Hogan">John V. L. Hogan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Adams_Stratton" title="Julius Adams Stratton">Julius Adams Stratton</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hull" title="Albert W. Hull">Albert W. Hull</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Leon_Chaffee" title="Emory Leon Chaffee">Emory Leon Chaffee</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nyquist" title="Harry Nyquist">Harry Nyquist</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Guillemin" title="Ernst Guillemin">Ernst Guillemin</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clark_Southworth" title="George Clark Southworth">George C. Southworth</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hays_Hammond_Jr." title="John Hays Hammond Jr.">John Hays Hammond Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Alden_Wheeler" title="Harold Alden Wheeler">Harold Alden Wheeler</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> (1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles H. Townes</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kidd_Teal" title="Gordon Kidd Teal">Gordon Kidd Teal</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ginzton" title="Edward Ginzton">Edward Ginzton</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner" title="Rudolf Kompfner">Rudolf Kompfner</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2709" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184566#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2709" 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