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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarnoff_museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarnoff_museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sarnoff museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarnoff_museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sarnoff's_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sarnoff's_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sarnoff's Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sarnoff's_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="دايفيد سارنوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دايفيد سارنوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB" title="ডেভিড সারনফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড সারনফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Давід Сарноў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Давід Сарноў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Давід Сарноў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Давід Сарноў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%86" title="Δαβίδ Σαρνόφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δαβίδ Σαρνόφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%ED%94%84" title="데이비드 사르노프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 사르노프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Դավիդ Սարնով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դավիդ Սարնով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A3" title="דוד סארנוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוד סארנוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="دايفيد سارنوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دايفيد سارنوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95" title="デイヴィッド・サーノフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デイヴィッド・サーノフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сарнов, Давид Абрамович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарнов, Давид Абрамович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Давид Сарнов – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давид Сарнов" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="David Sarnoff" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB" title="大衛·沙諾夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大衛·沙諾夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q360106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian and American businessman (1891–1971)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Sarnoff</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Давид Сарнов</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg/220px-DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg/330px-DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/DavidSarnoff_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sarnoff in 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-02-27</span>)</span>February 27, 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Uzlyany" title="Uzlyany">Uzlyany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 12, 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-12-12)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Kensico_Cemetery" title="Kensico Cemetery">Kensico Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Valhalla,_New_York" title="Valhalla, New York">Valhalla, New York</a>, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=David_Sarnoff&params=41.0779_N_73.7865_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°04′40″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°47′11″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.0779°N 73.7865°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.0779; -73.7865</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1919–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employers</th><td class="infobox-data org"> <ul><li>Marconi Wireless Company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund" title="Rockefeller Brothers Fund">Rockefeller Brothers Fund</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lizette Hermant</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="July 4, 1917">1917</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sarnoff" title="Robert Sarnoff">Robert W. Sarnoff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lyons" title="Eugene Lyons">Eugene Lyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Privin" title="Bernie Privin">Bernie Privin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Baer (writer)">Richard Baer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Oreck" title="Bruce J. Oreck">Bruce J. Oreck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Achievement" title="Junior Achievement">Junior Achievement</a> US Business Hall of Fame</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame">National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame</a> Distinguished Service Award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Television Hall of Fame">Television Hall of Fame</a> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">posthumously</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Hall_of_Fame" title="Radio Hall of Fame">Radio Hall of Fame</a> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">posthumously</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-radiohof_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiohof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a> <i><span style="font-size:85%;">posthumously</span></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"The General"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Army Signal Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Knight of the Cross of Lorraine (France)<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Companion of the Resistance (France)<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Sarnoff</b> (February 27, 1891 – December 12, 1971) was a Russian<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_obit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American businessman who played an important role in the American history of <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. He led <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> for most of his career in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970. </p><p>He headed a conglomerate of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> companies, including RCA and <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, that became one of the largest in the world. Named a Reserve <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a> in 1945, Sarnoff thereafter was widely known as "The General".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>David Sarnoff was born to a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Uzlyany" title="Uzlyany">Uzlyany</a>, a small town in <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_obit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_obit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (today part of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>), the son of Abraham Sarnoff and Leah Privin. Abraham emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and raised funds to bring the family. Sarnoff spent much of his early childhood in a <a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">cheder</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a>) studying and memorizing the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. He emigrated with his mother and three brothers and one sister to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 1900, where he helped support his family by selling newspapers before and after his classes at the <a href="/wiki/Educational_Alliance" title="Educational Alliance">Educational Alliance</a>. In 1906 his father became incapacitated by <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, and at age 15 Sarnoff went to work to support the family.<sup id="cite_ref-museumbc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had planned to pursue a full-time career in the newspaper business, but a chance encounter led to a position as an office boy at the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Cable_Company" title="Commercial Cable Company">Commercial Cable Company</a>. When his superior refused him leave for <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Wireless_Telegraph_Company_of_America" title="Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America">Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America</a> on September 30, 1906, and started a career of over <span class="nowrap">60 years</span> in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic communications">electronic communications</a>. </p><p>Over the next <span class="nowrap">13 years</span>, Sarnoff rose from office boy to commercial manager of the company, learning about the technology and the business of electronic communications on the job and in libraries. He also served at Marconi stations on ships and posts on <a href="/wiki/Siasconset" class="mw-redirect" title="Siasconset">Siasconset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> and the New York <a href="/wiki/Wanamaker%27s" title="Wanamaker's">Wanamaker Department Store</a>. In 1911, he installed and operated the wireless equipment on a ship hunting seals off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, and used the technology to relay the first remote medical diagnosis from the ship's doctor to a radio operator at <a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Belle Isle (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Belle Isle</a> with an infected tooth. </p><p>The following year, he led two other operators at the Wanamaker station in an effort to confirm the fate of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-radiohof_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiohof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarnoff later exaggerated his role as the sole hero who stayed by his <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a> for three days to receive information on the <i>Titanic</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-museumbc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)" title="Evan Schwartz (author)">Schwartz</a> questions whether Sarnoff, who was a manager of the telegraphers by the time of the disaster, was working the key although that brushes aside concerns about corporate hierarchy. The event began on a Sunday when the store would have been closed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next two years Sarnoff earned promotions to chief inspector and contracts manager for a company whose revenues swelled after Congress passed legislation mandating continuous staffing of commercial shipboard radio stations. That same year Marconi won a patent suit that gave it the coastal stations of the <a href="/wiki/United_Wireless_Telegraph_Company" title="United Wireless Telegraph Company">United Wireless Telegraph Company</a>. Sarnoff also demonstrated the first use of radio on a railroad line, the <a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lackawanna Railroad">Lackawanna Railroad</a> Company's link between <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a>; and permitted and observed <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>'s demonstration of his regenerative receiver at the Marconi station at <a href="/wiki/Belmar,_New_Jersey" title="Belmar, New Jersey">Belmar, New Jersey</a>. Sarnoff used <a href="/wiki/H._J._Round" title="H. J. Round">H. J. Round</a>'s hydrogen arc transmitter to demonstrate the broadcast of music from the New York Wanamaker station. </p><p>This demonstration and the <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">AT&T</a> demonstrations in 1915 of long-distance wireless telephony inspired the first of many memos to his superiors on applications of current and future radio technologies. Sometime late in 1915 or in 1916 he proposed to the company's president, <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Nally" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward J. Nally">Edward J. Nally</a>, that the company develop a "radio music box" for the "amateur" market of radio enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nally deferred on the proposal because of the expanded volume of business during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Throughout the war years, Sarnoff remained Marconi's Commercial Manager,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including oversight of the company's factory in <a href="/wiki/Roselle_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Roselle Park, New Jersey">Roselle Park, New Jersey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_career">Business career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RCA">RCA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: RCA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg/300px-Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg/450px-Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg/600px-Albert_Einstein_with_engineers_and_scientists_-_RCA_radio_station_-_Hagley_Archives_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="4035" /></a><figcaption>Sarnoff with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and other noted scientists and engineers on a tour of the RCA wireless station in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a> in 1921. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a> is next to Einstein.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike many who were involved with early radio communications, who often viewed radio as point-to-point, Sarnoff saw the potential of radio as point-to-mass. One person (the broadcaster) could speak to many (the listeners). </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> of <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> arranged the purchase of American Marconi and reorganized it as the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a>, a radio patent <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, Sarnoff realized his dream and revived his proposal in a lengthy memo on the company's business and prospects. His superiors again ignored him but he contributed to the rising postwar radio boom by helping arrange for the broadcast of a <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey_vs._Georges_Carpentier" title="Jack Dempsey vs. Georges Carpentier">heavyweight boxing match between Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpentier</a> in July, 1921. Up to 300,000 people listened to the broadcast of the fight, and demand for home radio equipment bloomed that winter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the spring of 1922, Sarnoff's prediction of popular demand for radio broadcasting had come to pass and over the next few years, he gained much stature and influence. </p><p>In 1925, RCA purchased its first radio station (<a href="/wiki/WFAN_(AM)" title="WFAN (AM)">WEAF</a>, New York) and launched the National Broadcasting Company (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), the first radio network in America. Four years later, Sarnoff became president of RCA. NBC had by that time split into two networks, the <a href="/wiki/NBC_Red_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Red Network">Red</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">Blue</a>. The Blue Network eventually became <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-radiohof_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiohof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarnoff is often inaccurately referred to as the founder of both RCA and NBC, but he was in fact founder of only NBC.<sup id="cite_ref-museumbc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarnoff was instrumental in building and establishing the <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a> radio business that became the preeminent public radio standard for the majority of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RKO">RKO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: RKO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sarnoff negotiated successful contracts to form <a href="/wiki/RKO_Radio_Pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO Radio Pictures">Radio-Keith-Orpheum</a> (RKO), a film production and distribution company.<sup id="cite_ref-museumbc_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essential elements in that new company were RCA, the <a href="/wiki/Film_Booking_Offices_of_America" title="Film Booking Offices of America">Film Booking Offices of America</a> (FBO), and the <a href="/wiki/Keith-Albee-Orpheum" title="Keith-Albee-Orpheum">Keith-Albee-Orpheum</a> (KAO) theater chain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_of_television">Early history of television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history of television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg/220px-Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg/330px-Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg/440px-Sarnoff_RCA_videotape_recorder_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Sarnoff with the first RCA videotape recorder in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>When Sarnoff was put in charge of radio broadcasting at RCA, he soon recognized the potential for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, i.e., the combination of motion pictures with electronic transmission. Schemes for television had long been proposed (well before World War I) but with no practical outcome. Sarnoff was determined to lead his company in pioneering the medium and met with <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zworykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a> in 1928. At the time Zworykin was attempting to develop an all-electronic television system at Westinghouse, but with little success. Zworykin had visited the laboratory of the inventor <a href="/wiki/Philo_T._Farnsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo T. Farnsworth">Philo T. Farnsworth</a>, who had developed an Image Dissector, part of a system that could enable a working television. Zworykin was sufficiently impressed with Farnsworth's invention that he had his team at Westinghouse make several copies of the device for experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zworykin pitched the concept to Sarnoff, claiming a viable television system could be realized in two years with a mere $100,000 investment. Sarnoff opted to fund Zworkyin's research, most likely well-aware that Zworykin was underestimating the scope of his television effort. Seven years later, in late 1935, Zworykin's photograph appeared on the cover of the trade journal <i>Electronics</i>, holding an early RCA <a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> prototype. The photomultiplier, subject of intensive research at RCA and in Leningrad, Russia, would become an essential component within sensitive television cameras. On April 24, 1936, RCA demonstrated to the press a working <a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">iconoscope</a> camera tube and <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a> receiver display tube (an early <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>), two key components of all-electronic <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. </p><p>The final cost of the enterprise was closer to $50 million. On the road to success they encountered a legal battle with <a href="/wiki/Philo_T._Farnsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo T. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a>, who had been granted <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> in 1930 for his solution to <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> moving pictures. Despite Sarnoff's efforts to prove that he was the inventor of the television, he was ordered to pay Farnsworth $1,000,000 in royalties, a small price to settle the dispute for an invention that would profoundly revolutionize the world. However this sum was never paid to Farnsworth. </p><p>In 1929, Sarnoff engineered the purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a>, the nation's largest manufacturer of <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonographs</a>, merging radio-phonograph production at Victor's large manufacturing facility in <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>Sarnoff became president of RCA on January 3, 1930, succeeding General <a href="/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord">James Harbord</a>. On May 30 the company was involved in an <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> case concerning the original radio <a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">patent pool</a>. Sarnoff negotiated an outcome where RCA was no longer partly owned by Westinghouse and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, giving him final say in the company's affairs. </p><p>Initially, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> caused RCA to cut costs, but Zworykin's project was protected. After nine years of Zworykin's hard work, Sarnoff's determination, and legal battles with Farnsworth (in which Farnsworth was proved in the right), they had a commercial system ready to launch. Finally, in April 1939, regularly scheduled, electronic television in America was initiated by RCA under the name of their broadcasting division at the time, The National Broadcasting Company (NBC). The first television broadcast aired was the dedication of the RCA pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">1939 New York World's Fairgrounds</a> and was introduced by Sarnoff himself. Later that month on April 30, opening day ceremonies at The World's Fair were telecast in the medium's first major production, featuring a speech by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the first US president to appear on television. These telecasts were seen only in New York City and the immediate vicinity, since NBC television had only one station at the time, W2XBS Channel 1, now WNBC Channel 4. The broadcast was seen by an estimated 1,000 viewers from the roughly 200 television sets which existed in the New York City area at the time. </p><p>The standard approved by the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">National Television System Committee</a> (the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>) in 1941 differed from RCA's standard, but RCA quickly became the market leader of manufactured sets and NBC became the first television network in the United States, connecting their New York City station to stations in Philadelphia and Schenectady for occasional programs in the early 1940s. </p><p>Meanwhile, a system developed by <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> based on Russian research and Zworykin's work was adopted in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> had a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Television Service">regular television service</a> from 1936 onwards. However, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> put a halt to a dynamic growth of the early television development stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg/220px-David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg/330px-David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg/440px-David_Sarnoff_becomes_brigadier_general_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Sarnoff receiving his brigadier general's star from Major General Harry C. Ingles, chief signal officer of the US Army.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the onset of World War II, Sarnoff served on <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower's</a> communications staff, arranging expanded radio circuits for NBC to transmit news from the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">invasion of France in June 1944</a>. In France, Sarnoff arranged for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_France" title="Radio France">Radio France</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> that the Germans destroyed and oversaw the construction of a radio transmitter powerful enough to reach all of the allied forces in Europe, called <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>. In recognition of his achievements, Sarnoff was decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> on October 11, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to his communications skills and support he received the <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a>'s star in December 1945, and thereafter was known as "General Sarnoff."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The star, which he proudly and frequently wore, was buried with him. </p><p>Sarnoff anticipated that post-war America would need an international radio voice explaining its policies and positions. In 1943, he tried to influence Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> to include radio broadcasting in post-war planning. In 1947, he lobbied Secretary of State George Marshall to expand the roles of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>. His concerns and proposed solutions were eventually seen as prescient.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_expansion">Post-war expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, monochrome TV production began in earnest. Color TV was the next major development, and NBC once again won the battle. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> had their electro-mechanical color television system approved by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> on October 10, 1950, but Sarnoff filed an unsuccessful suit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a> to suspend that ruling. Subsequently, he made an appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> which eventually upheld the FCC decision. Sarnoff's tenacity and determination to win the "Color War" pushed his engineers to perfect an all-electronic color television system that used a signal that could be received on existing monochrome sets that prevailed. CBS was now unable to take advantage of the color market, due to lack of manufacturing capability and color programming, a system that could not be seen on the millions of black and white receivers and sets that were triple the cost of monochrome sets. A few days after CBS had its color premiere on June 14, 1951, RCA demonstrated a fully functional all-electronic color TV system and became the leading manufacturer of color TV sets in the US. </p><p>CBS system color TV production was suspended in October 1951 for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. As more people bought monochrome sets, it was increasingly unlikely that CBS could achieve any success with its incompatible system. Few receivers were sold, and there were almost no color broadcasts, especially in prime time, when CBS could not run the risk of broadcasting a program which few could see. The NTSC was reformed and recommended a system virtually identical to RCA's in August 1952. On December 17, 1953, the FCC approved RCA's system as the new standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg/220px-1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg/330px-1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg/440px-1_David_Sarnoff_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Sarnoff's mausoleum at Kensico Cemetery.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1955, Sarnoff received <a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Year_Association_of_New_York" title="The Hundred Year Association of New York">The Hundred Year Association of New York</a>'s Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." </p><p>In 1959 Sarnoff was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund" title="Rockefeller Brothers Fund">Rockefeller Brothers Fund</a> panel to report on U.S. foreign policy. As a member of that panel and in a subsequent essay published in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> as part of its "The National Purpose" series, he was critical of the tentative stand being taken by the United States in fighting the political and psychological warfare being waged by <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet</a>-led international <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> against the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">West</a>. He strongly advocated an aggressive, multi-faceted fight in the ideological and political realms with a determination to decisively win the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarnoff retired in 1970, at the age of 79, and died the following year, aged 80. He is interred in a mausoleum featuring a stained-glass vacuum tube in <a href="/wiki/Kensico_Cemetery" title="Kensico Cemetery">Kensico Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valhalla,_New_York" title="Valhalla, New York">Valhalla, New York</a>. </p><p>After his death, Sarnoff left behind an estate estimated to be worth over $1 million. The majority of the estate went to his widow, Lizette Hermant Sarnoff, who received $300,000, personal and household effects in addition to the Sarnoff home, located on 44 East 71st Street.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 4, 1917, Sarnoff married Lizette Hermant, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/French-Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Jewish">French-Jewish</a> immigrant family who settled in the Bronx as one of his family's neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a> describes their 54-year marriage as the bedrock of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-museumbc_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lizette was often the first person to hear her husband's new ideas as radio and television became integral to American home life.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple had three sons. Eldest son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sarnoff" title="Robert Sarnoff">Robert W. Sarnoff</a> (1918–1997)<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1997_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeeded his father at the helm of RCA in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert's third wife was operatic soprano <a href="/wiki/Anna_Moffo" title="Anna Moffo">Anna Moffo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1997_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1997-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Sarnoff, the middle child, headed Fleet Services of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas W. Sarnoff, the youngest, was NBC's West Coast President.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarnoff was the maternal <a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">uncle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Baer (writer)">Richard Baer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarnoff was credited with sparking Baer's interest in television.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Baer's 2005 <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, Sarnoff called a <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice president</a> at <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> at 6 A.M. and ordered him to find Baer "a job by 9 o'clock" that same morning.<sup id="cite_ref-lat_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NBC vice president complied with Sarnoff's request. </p><p>David Sarnoff was initiated to the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> Freemasonry<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Renovation Lodge No. 97, Albion, NY.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1938, he received an honorary degree Doctor of Commercial Science from <a href="/wiki/Oglethorpe_University" title="Oglethorpe University">Oglethorpe University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was an honorary member of <a href="/wiki/Omicron_Alpha_Tau" title="Omicron Alpha Tau">Omicron Alpha Tau</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Knight of the Cross of Lorraine (France), 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Companion of the Resistance (France), 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1974_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> from the United States Army, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sarnoff was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Achievement" title="Junior Achievement">Junior Achievement</a> US Business Hall of Fame in 1975.</li> <li>Sarnoff was the winner of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame">National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame</a> Distinguished Service Award in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sarnoff was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Television Hall of Fame">Television Hall of Fame</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sarnoff was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Hall_of_Fame" title="Radio Hall of Fame">Radio Hall of Fame</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-radiohof_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiohof-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sarnoff was posthumously inducted into the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame" title="New Jersey Hall of Fame">New Jersey Hall of Fame</a> in 2014.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarnoff_museum">Sarnoff museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sarnoff museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The David Sarnoff Library, a library and museum open to the public containing many historical items from David Sarnoff's life was in <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Junction,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton Junction, New Jersey">Princeton Junction</a>, NJ. The David Sarnoff Library now exists as a virtual museum online. When the Library was operating, The David Sarnoff Radio Club composed of local <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_operator" title="Amateur radio operator">amateur radio operators</a> used to meet there, as did the New Jersey Antique Radio Club and other community organizations. The exhibits are now on display in Roscoe L. West Hall at <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey" title="The College of New Jersey">The College of New Jersey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarnoff's_Law"><span id="Sarnoff.27s_Law"></span>Sarnoff's Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sarnoff's Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">David P. Reed</a> coined Sarnoff's Law, which states that "the value of a network grows in proportion to the number of viewers."<sup id="cite_ref-reed_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sarnoff's Law, <a href="/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Metcalfe's Law">Metcalfe's Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reed%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed's Law">Reed's Law</a> are frequently used in tandem in discussions of the value of networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Air:_The_Men_Who_Made_Radio" title="Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio">Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnoff_Corporation" title="Sarnoff Corporation">Sarnoff Corporation</a>, the eponymous successor organization to <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> Laboratories following the 1986 acquisition of RCA by General Electric.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalfe%27s_law" title="Metcalfe's law">Metcalfe's law</a>: the value of a communication network is proportional to the square of the number of users. By comparison, Sarnoff's law is linear.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-radiohof-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radiohof_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiohof_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiohof_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiohof_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413090957/http://www.radiohof.org/david_sarnoff.htm">"Radio Hall of Fame web site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiohof.org/david_sarnoff.htm">the original</a> on 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+Hall+of+Fame+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiohof.org%2Fdavid_sarnoff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagley.org/librarynews/sarnoff/how-general-earned-his-star">"How the General Earned his Star"</a>. <i>Hagley Museum</i>. 29 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hagley+Museum&rft.atitle=How+the+General+Earned+his+Star&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagley.org%2Flibrarynews%2Fsarnoff%2Fhow-general-earned-his-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1974-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1974_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowle1974" class="citation news cs1">Fowle, Farnsworth (10 January 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/10/archives/mrs-david-sarnoff-dies-at-79-widow-of-broadcasting-pioneer.html">"Mrs. David Sarnoff Dies at 79; Widow of Broadcasting Pioneer"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+David+Sarnoff+Dies+at+79%3B+Widow+of+Broadcasting+Pioneer&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1974-01-10&rft.aulast=Fowle&rft.aufirst=Farnsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F01%2F10%2Farchives%2Fmrs-david-sarnoff-dies-at-79-widow-of-broadcasting-pioneer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_obit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_obit_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_obit_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605212715/https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch/125914520/">"Genius Who Brought Radio and TV into Homes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. December 16, 1971. p. 71. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch/125914520/">the original</a> on June 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2023</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>. <q>The eldest of five children, [David Sarnoff] was born on Feb. 27, 1891, to a desperately poor itinerant trader ... in a bleak little village in the Russian province of Minsk. ... David Sarnoff, at age 5, with his mother in the village of Uzlian, Russia, where he was born.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Louis+Post-Dispatch&rft.atitle=Genius+Who+Brought+Radio+and+TV+into+Homes&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1971-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fst-louis-post-dispatch%2F125914520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museumbc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-museumbc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museumbc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museumbc_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museumbc_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-museumbc_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621152041/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/sarnoffdavi.htm">"Museum of Broadcast Communications web site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/sarnoffdavi.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications+web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotv%2Fsarnoffdavi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magoun-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magoun_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Magoun, Alexander <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/images/1/1c/Magoun.pdf">"Pushing Technology: David Sarnoff and Wireless Communications"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706140132/http://ethw.org/images/1/1c/Magoun.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> paper presented at 2001 IEEE Conference on the History of Telecommunications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legendsrevealed.com/entertainment/2012/10/01/did-david-sarnoff-work-a-telegraph-three-days-straight-covering-the-titanic-sinking/">Urban Legends Revealed</a>: Did David Sarnoff Work a Telegraph Three Days Straight Covering the Titanic Sinking?, Retrieved July 6, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin, Louise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ipfw.edu/tankel/Syllabi/Fall%202007/COM%20584/Benjamin.pdf">"In Search of the Sarnoff 'Radio Music Box' Memo: Nally's Reply."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706212515/http://users.ipfw.edu/tankel/Syllabi/Fall%202007/COM%20584/Benjamin.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Journal of Radio Studies. </i>June 2002. pp 97–106. Retrieved July 5, 2015. The 1915 memo has not been found, but Benjamin and the curator of Sarnoff's papers found a previously mis-filed 1916 memo that did mention a "radio music box scheme" (the word "scheme" at that time usually meant a plan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/bigdream/masarnoff.html">"Big Dream, Small Screen,"</a> <i>The American Experience</i> television series. (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063828/RKO-Radio-Pictures-Inc">RKO Radio Pictures, Inc.</a> – retrieved February 4, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">^ Abramson, Albert (1987), The History of Television, 1880 to 1941. Jefferson, NC: Albert Abramson. p. 149-151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-284-9">0-89950-284-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times._October_12,_1944_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. October 12, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/radioageresearch194245newyrich#page/n381/mode/2up">"Sarnoff Becomes a General"</a>. Radio Age. January 1945: 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sarnoff+Becomes+a+General&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1945-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fradioageresearch194245newyrich%23page%2Fn381%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/05/16/archives/sarnoff-revives-plea-for-us-radio-1943-letter-to-hull-now-sent-to.html?sq=david+sarnoff&scp=1&st=p">"Sarnoff Revives Pleas for U.S. Radio; 1943 Letter to Hull, Now Sent to Marshall, Bids Nation Set Up a 'Voice of America',"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> May 16, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/02/archives/national-purpose-sarnoff-program-renewed-dedication-of-traditions.html?sq=david+sarnoff&scp=11&st=p">Sarnoff, David. "National Purpose: Sarnoff Program; Renewed Dedication of Traditions Urged in Fighting Communism,"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> June 2, 1960; Sarnoff, David. "Turn the Cold War Tide in America's Favor", <i>Life.</i> June 6, 1960.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/24/archives/sarnoff-estate-tops-million-with-most-going-to-his-widow.html">"Sarnoff Estate Tops Million, With Most Going to His Widow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1971-12-24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sarnoff+Estate+Tops+Million%2C+With+Most+Going+to+His+Widow&rft.date=1971-12-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1971%2F12%2F24%2Farchives%2Fsarnoff-estate-tops-million-with-most-going-to-his-widow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCRaaFoxXvsC&dq=Lizette+Hermant&pg=PA228"><i>The Froehlich/Kent Encycloped of Telecommunications Vol 15</i> By Allen S. Kent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1997-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1997_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1997_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/24/nyregion/robert-sarnoff-78-rca-chairman-dies.html?sq=david+sarnoff&scp=5&st=nyt">Kleinfeld, N.R. "Robert Sarnoff, 78, RCA Chairman, Dies,"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> February 24, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinfield1997" class="citation news cs1">Kleinfield, N. R. (1997-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/24/nyregion/robert-sarnoff-78-rca-chairman-dies.html">"Robert Sarnoff, 78, RCA Chairman, Dies"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Sarnoff%2C+78%2C+RCA+Chairman%2C+Dies&rft.date=1997-02-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kleinfield&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F02%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Frobert-sarnoff-78-rca-chairman-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15181837/david_sarnoff_head_of_rca_dies/">"David Sarnoff, Head of RCA, Dies"</a>. <i>Beckley Post-Herald</i>. 1971-12-13. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beckley+Post-Herald&rft.atitle=David+Sarnoff%2C+Head+of+RCA%2C+Dies&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1971-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F15181837%2Fdavid_sarnoff_head_of_rca_dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiAEAAAAMBAJ&q=david+sarnoff+son+thomas+nbc+west+coast+president&pg=PA35"><i>Billboard</i></a>. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1961-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billboard&rft.pub=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1961-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiAEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Ddavid%2Bsarnoff%2Bson%2Bthomas%2Bnbc%2Bwest%2Bcoast%2Bpresident%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lat_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2008" class="citation news cs1">Nelson, Valerie J. (2008-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-feb-26-me-baer26-story.html">"Richard Baer, 79; wrote for many popular sitcoms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Baer%2C+79%3B+wrote+for+many+popular+sitcoms&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-feb-26-me-baer26-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.acgl.eu/index.php/freemasonry/information">"Famous men members of Masonic Lodges"</a>. <i>American Canadian Grand Lodge ACGL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117142833/https://pub.acgl.eu/index.php/freemasonry/information">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Canadian+Grand+Lodge+ACGL&rft.atitle=Famous+men+members+of+Masonic+Lodges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.acgl.eu%2Findex.php%2Ffreemasonry%2Finformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bavarialodge.org/freemasonry">"Famous members of Masonic Lodges"</a>. <i>Bavaria Lodge No. 935 A.F. & A. M</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211059/https://www.bavarialodge.org/freemasonry">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bavaria+Lodge+No.+935+A.F.+%26+A.+M.&rft.atitle=Famous+members+of+Masonic+Lodges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bavarialodge.org%2Ffreemasonry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html">"List of famous freemasons"</a>. <i>Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Sep 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.atitle=List+of+famous+freemasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Ftextfiles%2Ffamous.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scottishritecolsga.com/information/famous-mason-s/">"Information about famous members of Freemasonry"</a>. <i>Scottish Rite Center (Columbus, Orient of Georgia)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930212346/http://scottishritecolsga.com/information/famous-mason-s/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Rite+Center+%28Columbus%2C+Orient+of+Georgia%29&rft.atitle=Information+about+famous+members+of+Freemasonry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscottishritecolsga.com%2Finformation%2Ffamous-mason-s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319104000/http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp">"Honorary Degrees Awarded by Oglethorpe University"</a>. Oglethorpe University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oglethorpe.edu/about_us/history/honorary_degrees.asp">the original</a> on 2015-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Degrees+Awarded+by+Oglethorpe+University&rft.pub=Oglethorpe+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oglethorpe.edu%2Fabout_us%2Fhistory%2Fhonorary_degrees.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Station-Albums/Radio-Personalities-1935.pdf">Radio Personalities 1935 – p142</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nab.org/events/awards/pastAwardWinners.asp?id=1930">"NAB Winners: Distinguished Service Award"</a>. National Association of Broadcasters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAB+Winners%3A+Distinguished+Service+Award&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Broadcasters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nab.org%2Fevents%2Fawards%2FpastAwardWinners.asp%3Fid%3D1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emmys.com/awards/hall-of-fame-honorees">"Television Hall of Fame Honorees: Complete List"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Television+Hall+of+Fame+Honorees%3A+Complete+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emmys.com%2Fawards%2Fhall-of-fame-honorees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reed-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reed_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Reed" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_P._Reed" title="David P. Reed">David P. Reed</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990429093518/http://www.contextmag.com/magazine/setMagazineMain.asp">"Weapon of Math Destruction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contextmag.com/magazine/setMagazineMain.asp">the original</a> on 1999-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weapon+of+Math+Destruction&rft.au=David+P.+Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contextmag.com%2Fmagazine%2FsetMagazineMain.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Sarnoff" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Camenzind" title="Hans Camenzind">Camenzind, Hans</a> "Much ado about almost nothing" He bequeathed it to us at his passing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.historyofelectronics.com/Much-Ado-About-Almost-Nothing.pdf">http://www.historyofelectronics.com/Much-Ado-About-Almost-Nothing.pdf</a> <i>Note chapter 8, Armstrong- The real inventor of radio vs. a charlatan and a ruthless promoter, & Chapter 9, Farnsworth- A 15 year old Idaho farm boy invents television and battles the same ruthless promoter. RIP Hans Camenzind- he designed the 555 Timer chip.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Bilby" title="Kenneth W. Bilby">Bilby, Kenneth</a>. (1986). <i>The General: David Sarnoff and the Rise of the Communications Industry.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-015568-1">978-0-06-015568-1</a> (cloth) – <i>The best biography available, by a retired RCA vice president of public affairs.</i></li> <li>Dreher, Carl Dreher. (1977). <i>Sarnoff: An American Success,</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Book Company">New York Times Book Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-0672-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-0672-1">0-8129-0672-1</a> (cloth) – <i>A thoughtful biography by an early associate of Sarnoff's.</i></li> <li>Lewis, Tom. (1991). <i>Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018215-1">978-0-06-018215-1</a> (cloth) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-098119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-098119-8">978-0-06-098119-8</a> – <i>Profiles Sarnoff's life along with those of Edwin Armstrong and Lee De Forest, drawing on archival sources.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lyons" title="Eugene Lyons">Lyons, Eugene</a>. (1966). <i>David Sarnoff: A Biography.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-150-791-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-150-791-5">978-600-150-791-5</a> (cloth) – <i>A cousin's sympathetic but insightful biography approved by Sarnoff.</i></li> <li>Sarnoff, David. (1968). <i>Looking Ahead: The Papers of David Sarnoff.</i> New York: McGraw Hill. – <i>A useful one-volume compendium of Sarnoff's writings, covering his views on innovation, broadcasting, monopoly rights and responsibilities, freedom, and future electronic innovations.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Schwartz_(author)" title="Evan Schwartz (author)">Schwartz, Evan I</a>. (2002). <i>The Last Lone Inventor: A Tale of Genius, Deceit, and the Birth of Television.</i> New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621069-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-621069-8">978-0-06-621069-8</a> (cloth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Sobel, Robert</a>. (1984). <i>RCA</i>. New York: Stein and Day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3084-2">978-0-8128-3084-2</a> (cloth) – <i>The most authoritative history on the company by a prolific business historian, with a thorough bibliography but no footnotes.</i></li> <li>Gutterman, Leon. (1968). The Wisdom Society for the Advancement of Knowledge, Learning and Research in Education (1968) The Wisdom of Sarnoff and The World of RCA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Woolley" title="Scott Woolley">Woolley, Scott</a>. (2016). <i>The Network: The Battle for the Airwaves and the Birth of the Communications Age</i> New York: HarperCollins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-224275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-224275-4">978-0-06-224275-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/david-sarnoff-of-rca-is-dead-visionary-broadcast-pioneer-david.html?sq=david+sarnoff+&scp=2&st=p">"David Sarnoff of RCA Is Dead; Visionary Broadcast Pioneer; David Sarnoff of RCA, the Visionary Broadcasting Pioneer, Is Dead Here at 80,"</a> <i>New York Times.</i> December 13, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan, Marshall</a>. (1964). <i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Media:_The_Extensions_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man">Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man</a>.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Sarnoff&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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title="commons:Category:David Sarnoff"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">David Sarnoff</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monitorbeacon.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Monitor-1971-Lowe-12-12.mp3">NBC Radio broadcast tribute to David Sarnoff upon his death (Dec. 12, 1971)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/David_Sarnoff">Biography on IEEE Global History Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidsarnoff.org/">David Sarnoff Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/people/david-sarnoff">Talking About David Sarnoff</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Interviews:_An_Oral_History_of_Television" title="The Interviews: An Oral History of Television">The Interviews: An Oral History of Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?170335-1/boy-genius-mogul"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Daniel Stashower on <i>The Boy Genius and the Mogul: The Untold Story of Television</i>, July 21, 2002.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template talk:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Founders_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">Founders Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1953–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Sarnoff</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a> (1954)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Heising" title="Raymond A. Heising">Raymond A. Heising</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter Ransom Gail Baker</a> (1958)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a> (1961)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a> (1964)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_William_Engstrom" title="Elmer William Engstrom">Elmer William Engstrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Finley_Carter" title="E. Finley Carter">E. Finley Carter</a> (1969)</li> <li>Morris D. Hooven (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Hyland" title="Lawrence A. Hyland">Lawrence A. Hyland</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grist_Brainerd" title="John Grist Brainerd">John G. Brainerd</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Edward W. Herold (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Fink" title="Donald G. Fink">Donald G. Fink</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hanzo Omi (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a> (1981)</li> <li>Shigeru Yonezawa (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Pettit" title="Joseph M. Pettit">Joseph M. Pettit</a> (1983)</li> <li>Koji Kobayashi (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Owens" title="James B. Owens">James B. Owens</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_Ross" title="Ian Munro Ross">Ian Munro Ross</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bloch" title="Erich Bloch">Erich Bloch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Dorros" title="Irwin Dorros">Irwin Dorros</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_W._Schmitt" title="Roland W. Schmitt">Roland W. Schmitt</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Currie" title="Malcolm R. Currie">Malcolm R. Currie</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Norman R. Augustine</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Rudge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan W. Rudge">Alan W. Rudge</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Rosen" title="Benjamin M. Rosen">Benjamin M. Rosen</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Galvin" title="Bob Galvin">Bob Galvin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch">Robert A. Frosch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stata" title="Ray Stata">Ray Stata</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wong" title="Eugene Wong">Eugene Wong</a> (2005)</li> <li>Toshiharu Aoki (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_K._Jones" title="Anita K. Jones">Anita K. Jones</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sample" title="Steven Sample">Steven Sample</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)" title="Craig Barrett (chief executive)">Craig Barrett</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Gray" title="Paul E. Gray">Paul E. Gray</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Gibbons" title="James F. Gibbons">James F. Gibbons</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._Kohli" title="F. C. Kohli">F. C. Kohli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> (2014)</li> <li>James Plummer (2015)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kanade" title="Takeo Kanade">Takeo Kanade</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Saxby" title="Robin Saxby">Robin Saxby</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen-Hsun Huang">Jen-Hsun Huang</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Samueli" title="Henry Samueli">Henry Samueli</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_Slaughter" title="John Brooks Slaughter">John Brooks Slaughter</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsu-Jae_King_Liu" title="Tsu-Jae King Liu">Tsu-Jae King Liu</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_Hall_of_Fame_Class_of_1984" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1984_Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:1984 Television Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1984_Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:1984 Television Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1984_Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1984 Television Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Television_Hall_of_Fame_Class_of_1984" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_Hall_of_Fame" title="Television Hall of Fame">Television Hall of Fame</a> Class of 1984</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Chayefsky" title="Paddy Chayefsky">Paddy Chayefsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Sarnoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><i>Time</i> 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Sarnoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360106#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082192771">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37856138">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/169209/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcDPmJbDYKPXDYqhDDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124622232">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85340021">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb109795957">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01566211?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmys.com/bios/david-sarnoff">Emmy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124622232">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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