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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Training and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern times subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" 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professions</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قطاع الرعاية الصحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطاع الرعاية الصحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সহযোগী স্বাস্থ্য পেশাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সহযোগী স্বাস্থ্য পেশাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweithiwr_gofal_iechyd" title="Gweithiwr gofal iechyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweithiwr gofal iechyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesundheitsfachberuf" title="Gesundheitsfachberuf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gesundheitsfachberuf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="پیراپزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیراپزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tiers_du_param%C3%A9dical" title="Métiers du paramédical – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métiers du paramédical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%A2%85_%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95_%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B8%EA%B0%80" title="동종 건강 전문가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동종 건강 전문가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90-%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="מקצוע פארא-רפואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקצוע פארא-רפואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galwesigeth_yegheswith_unys" title="Galwesigeth yegheswith unys – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Galwesigeth yegheswith unys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi%C4%B7is" title="Mediķis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mediķis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedicus" title="Paramedicus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paramedicus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB" title="コ・メディカル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コ・メディカル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_e_kujdesit_sh%C3%ABndet%C3%ABsor" title="Industria e kujdesit shëndetësor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Industria e kujdesit shëndetësor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5%E4%B8%93%E4%B8%9A%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98" title="医疗保健专业人员 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="医疗保健专业人员" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Health care professions distinct from optometry, dentistry, nursing, medicine, and pharmacy</div> <p><b>Allied health professions</b> (AHPs) are a category of <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health professionals</a> that provide a range of diagnostic, preventive, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services in connection with <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>. While there is no international standard for defining the diversity of allied health professions, they are typically considered those which are distinct from the fields of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RRHreview_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRHreview-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RRH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In providing care to patients with certain illnesses, AHPs may work in the public or private sector, in hospitals or in other types of facilities, and often in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_collaboration" title="Clinical collaboration">clinical collaboration</a> with other providers having complementary <a href="/wiki/Scope_of_practice" title="Scope of practice">scopes of practice</a>. Allied health professions are usually of smaller size proportional to physicians and nurses. It has been estimated that approximately 30% of the total health workforce worldwide are AHPs.<sup id="cite_ref-QA2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most jurisdictions, AHPs are subject to <a href="/wiki/Health_professional_requisites" title="Health professional requisites">health professional requisites</a> including minimum standards for education, regulation and licensing. They must work based on scientific principles and within an <a href="/wiki/Evidence_based_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence based practice">evidence based practice</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-QA2022_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may sometimes be considered to perform the role of <a href="/wiki/Mid-level_practitioner" title="Mid-level practitioner">mid-level practitioners</a>, when having an advanced education and training to diagnose and treat patients, but not the certification of a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>. Allied health professionals are different from <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> practitioners, also sometimes called natural healers, who work outside the conventions of modern biomedicine. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization of International Chief Health Professions Officers (ICHPO)<sup id="cite_ref-QA2022_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QA2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed a widely-used definition of the allied health professions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Allied Health Professions are a distinct group of health professionals who apply their expertise to prevent disease transmission, diagnose, treat and rehabilitate people of all ages and all specialties. Together with a range of technical and support staff they may deliver direct patient care, rehabilitation, treatment, diagnostics and health improvement interventions to restore and maintain optimal physical, sensory, psychological, cognitive and social functions.<sup id="cite_ref-UIS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIS_-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professions">Professions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The allied health professions represent a large cluster of health and care service providers, which usually require specific training and/or certification, but which are distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a> professions.<sup id="cite_ref-RRHreview_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRHreview-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a large demand for allied health professionals, especially in rural and medically underserved areas.<sup id="cite_ref-RRH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AHPs are generally considered distinct from other healthcare service providers on the basis of several factors. These factors may include AHPs offering services in ways which support treatments provided by other healthcare professionals (working either in independent autonomous practice or under direct supervision), or by offering services which other healthcare professionals require but do not provide themselves (for example in the use of medical technologies).<sup id="cite_ref-AHS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precise titles, roles and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_provider_requisites" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare provider requisites">requisites</a> of AHPs vary considerably from country to country. For the United States, a generic definition is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a>, including those with "training, in a science relating to health care, [and] who shares in the responsibility for the delivery of health care services or related services" (other than a registered nurse or physician assistant).<sup id="cite_ref-USAUSC42_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAUSC42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South Africa, AHPs are identified and regulated through the <a href="/wiki/Health_Professions_Council_of_South_Africa" title="Health Professions Council of South Africa">Health Professions Council of South Africa</a> (e.g., clinical technologists, dental therapists) or through the Allied Health Professions Council (e.g., massage therapists, chiropractors).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the country and local health care system, the professions that are considered AHPs vary. For example, in some contexts <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometrists</a> are not considered AHPs, as the profession has a longer history of <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> practice independent of modern medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in others optometrists are identified as falling under the AHP umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in some health care jurisdictions <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physiotherapists</a> are not considered AHPs, as they tend to have more autonomy in private practice without the need for <a href="/wiki/Referral_(medicine)" title="Referral (medicine)">medical referral</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AHS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in other jurisdictions physiotherapists are identified and regulated as AHPs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A limited subset of the following professional areas may be represented, and may be regulated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesia_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesia technician">Anesthesia technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist assistant">Anesthesiologist assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_trainer" title="Athletic trainer">Athletic trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotransfusionist" title="Autotransfusionist">Autotransfusionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_technologist" title="Cardiovascular technologist">Cardiovascular technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical psychologist">Clinical psychologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical social worker">Clinical social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicative_disorders_assistant" title="Communicative disorders assistant">Communicative disorders assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_assistant" title="Dental assistant">Dental assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_therapist" title="Dental therapist">Dental therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denturist" title="Denturist">Denturist / clinical dental technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health_officer" title="Environmental health officer">Environmental health officer / public health inspector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Exercise physiologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_technician" title="Healthcare technician">Healthcare technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation_consultant" title="Lactation consultant">Lactation consultant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation#Medical" title="Language interpretation">Medical interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory_scientist" title="Medical laboratory scientist">Medical laboratory professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physicist" title="Medical physicist">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_radiation_scientist" title="Medical radiation scientist">Medical radiation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_counselor" title="Mental health counselor">Mental health counselor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music therapist">Music therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_department_practitioners" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating department practitioners">Operating department practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthoptist">Orthoptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prosthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosthetics">prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">Paramedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathologists%27_Assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologists' Assistant">Pathologists' Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedorthist" title="Pedorthist">Pedorthist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusionist" title="Perfusionist">Perfusionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebotomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebotomist">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist / physical therapist</a><sup id="cite_ref-RRH_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer / radiology technologist</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">mammographer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">angiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapist" title="Radiation therapist">Radiotherapist / radiation therapist / medical dosimetrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_therapy" title="Recreational therapy">Recreational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_counseling" title="Rehabilitation counseling">Rehabilitation counselor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Renal dialysis technologist</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonographer" title="Sonographer">Sonographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-language_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-language pathology">Speech and language pathologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_technologist" title="Surgical technologist">Surgical technologist</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_education">Training and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Training and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some allied health professions are more specialized, and so must adhere to national training and education standards and their professional scope of practice. Often they must prove their skills through degrees, <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diplomas</a>, certified credentials, and continuing education. Other allied health professions require no special training or credentials and are trained for their work by their employer through on-the-job training (which would then exclude them from consideration as an allied health profession in a country like Australia). Many allied health jobs are considered <a href="/wiki/Career_ladder" title="Career ladder">career ladder</a> jobs because of the opportunities for advancement within specific fields.<sup id="cite_ref-BLS_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLS-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allied health professions can include the use of many skills. Depending on the profession, these may include <a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">basic life support</a>; medical <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a>; basics of medical law and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>; understanding of human relations; <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal communication</a> skills; <a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">counseling</a> skills; computer literacy; ability to document healthcare information; <a href="/wiki/Interviewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Interviewing">interviewing</a> skills; and proficiency in <a href="/wiki/Word_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing">word processing</a>; <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> management and electronic dictation.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_AHP_skills_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_AHP_skills-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_growth">History and growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The explosion of scientific knowledge that followed <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> brought increasingly sophisticated and complex <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> diagnostic and treatment procedures. Increasing public demand for medical services combined with higher health care costs provoked a trend toward expansion of service delivery from treating patients in hospitals to widespread provision of care in physician's private and group practices, ambulatory medical and emergency clinics, and mobile clinics and community-based care. </p><p>Changes in the health industry and emphasis on cost-efficient solutions to health care delivery will continue to encourage expansion of the allied health workforce. The World Health Organization estimates there is currently a worldwide shortage of about 2 million allied health professionals (considering all health workers aside from medical and nursing personnel) needed in order to meet <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">global health</a> goals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recognition of the growth of the number and diversity of allied health professionals in recent years, the 2008 version of the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Occupations" title="International Standard Classification of Occupations">International Standard Classification of Occupations</a> increased the number of groups dedicated to allied health professions. Depending on the presumed skill level, they may either be identified as "health professionals" or "health associate professionals". For example, new categories have been created for delineating "paramedical practitioners"—grouping professions such as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_officer" title="Clinical officer">clinical officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_associates" title="Clinical associates">clinical associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">physician assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldsher" title="Feldsher">Feldshers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Medical Officer">assistant medical officers</a>—as well as for <a href="/wiki/Community_health_worker" title="Community health worker">community health workers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">dietitians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">nutritionists</a>; audiologists and speech therapists; and others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In developing countries, many national <a href="/wiki/Health_Human_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Human Resources">human resources for health</a> strategic plans and international development initiatives are focusing on scaling up training of allied health professions, such as HIV/AIDS counsellors, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_officer" title="Clinical officer">clinical officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_health_worker" title="Community health worker">community health workers</a>, in providing essential preventive and treatment services in ambulatory and community-based care settings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With growing demand for <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care" title="Ambulatory care">ambulatory health care</a>, researchers expect to witness a heavier demand for professions that are employed outside of hospital settings — including allied health.<sup id="cite_ref-CHJ_Help_Wanted_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHJ_Help_Wanted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Allied_and_Healthcare_Professions" title="National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions">National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions</a> identifies and sets quality standards for 56 professions in diagnostics, therapeutics, community health, and biomedical technology (e.g., physiotherapists, radiologists).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom there are 12 distinct professions who are considered allied health professionals; in combination they account for about 6% of the NHS workforce. In 2013 the annual expenditure on services provided by allied health professionals amounted to around £2 billion, although there is a lack of evidence around the extent to which these services improve the quality of care.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Schools_of_Allied_Health_Professionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals (page does not exist)">Association of Schools of Allied Health Professionals</a><sup id="cite_ref-ASAHP_def_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASAHP_def-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses wording from the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a> to list those who are considered to be allied health professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-USAUSC42_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAUSC42-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professionals who are <i>excluded</i> under the Act from the list of AHPs, although they may possess degrees or diplomas in health sciences, include the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration" title="Health administration">Health administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">Osteopathic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">Physician assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podiatry" title="Podiatry">Podiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Employment_projections">Employment projections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Employment projections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Projections in the United States and many other countries have shown an expected long-term shortage of qualified workers to fill many allied health positions. This is primarily due to expansion of the health industry due to demographic changes (a growing and aging population), large numbers of health workers nearing retirement, the industry's need to be cost efficient, and a lack of sufficient investment in training programs to keep pace with these trends.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Skills_Coalition_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Skills_Coalition-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAHC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAHC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have also pointed to the need for increased <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> in the allied health workforce to realize a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">culturally competent</a> health system.<sup id="cite_ref-California_Endowment_diversity_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-California_Endowment_diversity-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workforce and health care experts anticipate that health services will increasingly be delivered via ambulatory and nursing care settings rather than in hospitals. According to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">North American Industry Classification System</a> (NAICS), the health care industry consists of four main sub-sectors, divided by the types of services provided at each facility:<sup id="cite_ref-NAICS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAICS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a>: primarily provides <a href="/wiki/Inpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Inpatient">inpatient</a> health services and may provide some <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> services as a secondary activity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory_care" title="Ambulatory care">Ambulatory health care</a> settings: primarily provides outpatient services at facilities such as doctors' offices, outpatient <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinics</a> and clinical laboratories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing and residential care facilities</a>: provides residential care, such as community care for the elderly or <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> and substance abuse facilities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social Assistance</a>: provides services for the elderly and/or disabled, services for the homeless and poor, vocational rehabilitation, or child day care services.</li></ul> <p>In the US, a larger proportion of the allied health care workforce is already employed in ambulatory settings. In California, nearly half (49.4 percent) of the allied health workforce is employed in ambulatory health care settings, compared with 28.7 percent and 21.9 percent employed in hospital and nursing care, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-CHJ_Help_Wanted_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHJ_Help_Wanted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One source reported allied health professionals making up 60 percent of the total US <a href="/wiki/Health_workforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Health workforce">health workforce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California_San_Francisco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California_San_Francisco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advancements in medical technology also allow for more services that formerly required expensive hospital stays to be delivered via ambulatory care. For example, in California, research has predicted the total consumption of hospital days per person will decline from 4 days in 2010 to 3.2 days in 2020 to 2.5 days in 2030. In contrast, the number of ambulatory visits per person will increase from 3.2 visits per person in 2010 to 3.6 visits per person in 2020 to 4.2 visits in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-CHJ_Help_Wanted_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHJ_Help_Wanted-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">Health care providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Human_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Human Resources">Human resources for health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramedicine" title="Paramedicine">Paramedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RRHreview-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RRHreview_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RRHreview_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetersonNielsenOlson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, M; 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Gulliver, A; Singh, P (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22605%2FRRH7882">"Relative remoteness and wage differentials in the Canadian allied health professional workforce"</a>. <i>Rural and Remote Health</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 7882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22605%2FRRH7882">10.22605/RRH7882</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37264595">37264595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rural+and+Remote+Health&rft.atitle=Relative+remoteness+and+wage+differentials+in+the+Canadian+allied+health+professional+workforce&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7882&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22605%2FRRH7882&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37264595&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Gulliver%2C+A&rft.au=Singh%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22605%252FRRH7882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+health+professions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QA2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QA2022_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QA2022_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QA2022_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedharan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sreedharan, Jithin K (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9318339">"Quality assurance in allied healthcare education: A narrative review"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy</i>. <b>58</b>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29390%2Fcjrt-2022-009">10.29390/cjrt-2022-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9318339">9318339</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35928236">35928236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Respiratory+Therapy&rft.atitle=Quality+assurance+in+allied+healthcare+education%3A+A+narrative+review&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9318339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35928236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29390%2Fcjrt-2022-009&rft.aulast=Sreedharan&rft.aufirst=Jithin+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9318339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+health+professions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UIS_-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uis.edu/alliedhealth/">"Department of Allied Health"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Springfield" title="University of Illinois Springfield">University of Illinois Springfield</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Allied+Health&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Springfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uis.edu%2Falliedhealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+health+professions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine1989" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine (1989). <i>Allied Health Services: Avoiding Crises</i>. 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Definitions (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Futurehealth.ucsf.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+California+San+Francisco%2C+Advancing+the+Allied+Health+Professions&rft.pub=Futurehealth.ucsf.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurehealth.ucsf.edu%2FPublic%2FCenter-Research%2FHome.aspx%3Fpid%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllied+health+professions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_health_professions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Schools Advancing Health Professions</a> (ASAHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Allied_and_Healthcare_Professions" title="National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions">National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions</a> (India)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Dental_hygienist" title="Dental hygienist">Dental hygienist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietitian" title="Dietitian">Dietitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">Medical assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_coder" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coder">Medical coder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physicist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_transcription" title="Medical transcription">Medical transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music and arts therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritionist" title="Nutritionist">Nutritionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_technician" title="Pharmacy technician">Pharmacy technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">Phlebotomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physiotherapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">Radiographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory therapy">Respiratory therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech therapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_care641" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_care" title="Template:Health care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_care" title="Template talk:Health care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_care641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">Providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO%27s_ranking_of_health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO's ranking of health care systems">Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allied health professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">Academic health science centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care" title="Chronic care">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overutilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overutilization">Overutilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_care" title="Total care">Total</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills / training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">Bedside manner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_health" title="Connected health">Connected health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">Digital health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_image_computing" title="Medical image computing">Medical image computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imaging_informatics" title="Imaging informatics">imaging informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_care_systems_by_country" title="Health care systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">reform debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care" title="Category:Health care">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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