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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saturday Night Massacre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_del_s%C3%A1bado_por_la_noche" title="Masacre del sábado por la noche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre del sábado por la noche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_du_samedi_soir" title="Massacre du samedi soir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre du samedi soir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EC%9A%94%EC%9D%BC_%EB%B0%A4%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="토요일 밤의 학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토요일 밤의 학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9B%9C%E6%97%A5%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%9C%E3%81%AE%E8%99%90%E6%AE%BA" title="土曜日の夜の虐殺 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土曜日の夜の虐殺" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakra_sobotniej_nocy" title="Masakra sobotniej nocy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Masakra sobotniej nocy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_S%C3%A1bado_%C3%A0_Noite" title="Massacre de Sábado à Noite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Sábado à Noite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_subotnje_ve%C4%8Deri" title="Masakr subotnje večeri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masakr subotnje večeri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of resignations during the Watergate scandal in 1973</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#233738;"><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Watergate scandal</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatergateFromAir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/250px-WatergateFromAir.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/375px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/500px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandwedge" title="Operation Sandwedge">Operation Sandwedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gemstone" title="Operation Gemstone">Operation Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a></li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Watergate burglars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sturgis" title="Frank Sturgis">Frank Sturgis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">Master list of Nixon's political opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Babies" title="Watergate Babies">Watergate Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Seven" title="Watergate Seven">Watergate Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">CRP</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> (CRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_LaRue" title="Fred LaRue">Fred LaRue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart_Magruder" title="Jeb Stuart Magruder">Jeb Stuart Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mardian" title="Robert Mardian">Robert Mardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parkinson" title="Kenneth Parkinson">Kenneth Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sloan_Jr." title="Hugh W. Sloan Jr.">Hugh W. Sloan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">White House</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Strachan" title="Gordon C. Strachan">Gordon C. Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Journalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sussman" title="Barry Sussman">Barry Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Rosenfeld" title="Harry M. Rosenfeld">Harry M. Rosenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Intelligence community</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Congress</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Peter W. Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">U.S. Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wills_(security_guard)" title="Frank Wills (security guard)">Frank Wills (security guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Neal" title="James F. Neal">James F. Neal (prosecutor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men"><i>All the President's Men</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days" title="The Final Days"><i>The Final Days</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Ambition_(miniseries)" title="Blind Ambition (miniseries)"><i>Blind Ambition</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"><i>Mark Felt: The Man who Brought<br />Down the White House</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(podcast)" title="Slow Burn (podcast)">Slow Burn</a></i> (2020 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaslit_(TV_series)" title="Gaslit (TV series)">Gaslit</a></i> (2022 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i> (2023 miniseries)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watergate" title="Template:Watergate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watergate" title="Template talk:Watergate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The "<b>Saturday Night Massacre</b>" was a series of resignations over the dismissal of <a href="/wiki/Special_counsel" title="Special counsel">special prosecutor</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a> that took place in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events followed the refusal by Cox to drop a <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a> at President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s request. </p><p>During a single evening on Saturday, October 20, Nixon ordered <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> to fire Archibald Cox; Richardson refused and resigned effective immediately. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/William_Ruckelshaus" title="William Ruckelshaus">William Ruckelshaus</a> to fire Cox; Ruckelshaus refused, and also resigned. Nixon then ordered the third-most-senior official at the Justice Department, <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, to fire Cox. Bork carried out the dismissal as Nixon asked.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bork stated that he intended to resign afterward, but was persuaded by Richardson and Ruckelshaus to stay on for the good of the Justice Department.<sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political and public reactions to Nixon's actions were negative and highly damaging to the president. The <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process against Nixon</a> began ten days later, on October 30, 1973. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a> was appointed as the new special prosecutor on November 1, 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on November 14, 1973, <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States District Judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gesell" title="Gerhard Gesell">Gerhard Gesell</a> ruled that the dismissal had been illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bork_pp._104_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bork_pp._104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saturday Night Massacre marked the turning point of the Watergate scandal as the public, while increasingly uncertain about Nixon's actions in Watergate, were incensed by Nixon's seemingly blatant attempt to end the Watergate probe, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, having largely taken a wait-and-see policy regarding Nixon's role in the scandal, quickly turned on Nixon and initiated impeachment proceedings that would end in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Nixon's resignation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_phrase">Origin of the phrase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual origin of the phrase is unknown; it first appeared in writing two days after the events, in a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> article by <a href="/wiki/David_S._Broder" title="David S. Broder">David S. Broder</a> on October 22, but even in that article, Broder writes that the events were already "being called" the Saturday Night Massacre. In a 2017 article in <i>The Washington Post</i>, Amy B. Wang attributed the phrase to humorist <a href="/wiki/Art_Buchwald" title="Art Buchwald">Art Buchwald</a>, based on the recollection of <a href="/wiki/Sally_Quinn" title="Sally Quinn">Sally Quinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson had appointed Cox in May 1973 after promising the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> that he would appoint a special prosecutor to investigate the events surrounding the break-in of the Democratic National Committee's offices at the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate Hotel</a> in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972. The appointment was created as a career reserved position in the Justice Department, meaning it came under the authority of the attorney general, who could only remove the special prosecutor "for cause", e.g., gross improprieties or malfeasance in office. Richardson had, in his confirmation hearings before the U.S. Senate, promised not to use his authority to dismiss the Watergate special prosecutor unless for cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Cox issued a <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoena</a> to Nixon, asking for copies of <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">taped conversations</a> recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, the president refused to comply. On October 12, 1973, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> upheld the subpoena, rejecting Nixon's claims of <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Friday, October 19, Nixon offered what was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Stennis_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Stennis Compromise">Stennis Compromise</a> – asking the infamously <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">hard-of-hearing</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_C._Stennis" title="John C. Stennis">John C. Stennis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> to review and summarize the tapes for the special prosecutor's office. Cox refused the compromise that same evening, and it was believed that there would be a short rest in the legal maneuvering while government offices were closed for the weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg/192px-Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg/288px-Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg/384px-Archibald_Cox_04989v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, on the following day (Saturday), Nixon ordered Attorney General Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson refused and resigned in protest. Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox. Ruckelshaus also refused and resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon then ordered the Solicitor General of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, as acting head of the Justice Department, to fire Cox. Both Richardson and Ruckelshaus had given personal assurances to Congressional oversight committees that they would not interfere, but Bork had not. Although Bork later claimed he believed Nixon's order to be valid and appropriate, he still considered resigning to avoid being "perceived as a man who did the President's bidding to save my job".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, having been brought to the White House by limousine and sworn in as acting attorney general, Bork wrote the letter dismissing Cox.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Nixon White House claimed to have fired Ruckelshaus, but as an article published the next day by <i>The Washington Post</i> pointed out, "The letter from the President to Bork also said Ruckelshaus resigned", catching Nixon lying.<sup id="cite_ref-Kilpatrick_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kilpatrick-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The night he was fired, Cox's deputy prosecutor and press aides held an impassioned news briefing and read the following statement from him, "Whether ours shall continue to be a government of laws and not of men is now for Congress and ultimately the American people [to decide]."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 14, 1973, federal district judge <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gesell" title="Gerhard Gesell">Gerhard Gesell</a> ruled firing Cox was illegal absent a finding of extraordinary impropriety as specified in the regulation establishing the special prosecutor's office.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bork_pp._104_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bork_pp._104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress was infuriated by what it saw as a gross abuse of presidential power – as were many Americans, who sent an unusually large number of <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegrams</a> to the White House and Congress in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif/250px-NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif/330px-NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/NYTimes_Saturday_Night_Massacre_Front_Page.gif 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, October 21, 1973, announcing the dismissal of Cox and the departure of Richardson and Ruckelshaus</figcaption></figure> <p>Less than a week after the Saturday Night Massacre, an Oliver Quayle poll for NBC News indicated that, for the first time, a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> of U.S. citizens supported <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeaching</a> Nixon, with 44% in favor, 43% opposed, and 13% undecided, with a sampling error of 2 to 3 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaworski_Newcombe_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jaworski_Newcombe_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Jaworski_Newcombe_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jaworski_Newcombe_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-Jaworski_Newcombe_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Jaworski_Newcombe_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nixon felt political pressure to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor, and Bork, with Nixon's approval, chose <a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a question whether Jaworski would limit his investigation to the Watergate break-in or follow Cox's lead and look into other corrupt activities, such as those involving the "<a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continuing Cox's investigation, Jaworski did look at broader corruption involving the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Nixon continued to refuse to turn over the tapes, he agreed to release transcripts of a large number of them. Nixon said he did so partly because any audio pertinent to national security would have to be <a href="/wiki/Redaction" title="Redaction">redacted</a> from the tapes. There was further controversy on November 7 when an <a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes#18½-minute_gap" title="Nixon White House tapes">18½-minute portion</a> of one tape was found to have been erased. Nixon's personal secretary, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a>, said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong foot pedal on her tape player while answering the phone. Later forensic analysis determined that the tape had been erased in several segments – at least five, and perhaps as many as nine.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's presidency succumbed to mounting pressure resulting from the Watergate scandal and its cover-up. Faced with almost certain impeachment and conviction, Nixon resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his posthumously published memoirs, Bork said Nixon promised him the next seat on the Supreme Court following Bork's role in firing Cox. Nixon was unable to carry out that promise, but President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">nominated Bork</a> for the Supreme Court in 1987; his nomination nevertheless failed in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act" title="Ethics in Government Act">Ethics in Government Act</a> of 1978 was a direct result of the Saturday Night Massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After six senior Justice Department officials resigned following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">DOJ</a> order to dismiss all <a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_Eric_Adams_administration" title="Investigations into the Eric Adams administration">federal charges</a> against <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a>, some compared the resignations to the Saturday Night Massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturday_Night_Massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrews" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/what-was-the-saturday-night-massacre">"What Was the Saturday Night Massacre?"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+Saturday+Night+Massacre%3F&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-was-the-saturday-night-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/10/21/659279158/a-brief-history-of-nixons-saturday-night-massacre">"A Brief History Of Nixon's 'Saturday Night Massacre'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Nixon%27s+%27Saturday+Night+Massacre%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F10%2F21%2F659279158%2Fa-brief-history-of-nixons-saturday-night-massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yahoo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yahoo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/bork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html">"Bork: Nixon Offered Next High Court Vacancy in '73"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. February 25, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301231021/http://news.yahoo.com/bork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=Bork%3A+Nixon+Offered+Next+High+Court+Vacancy+in+%2773&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fbork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoble1987" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Kenneth B. (July 2, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/02/us/bork-irked-by-emphasis-on-his-role-in-watergate.html">"Bork Irked by Emphasis on His Role in Watergate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bork+Irked+by+Emphasis+on+His+Role+in+Watergate&rft.date=1987-07-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F02%2Fus%2Fbork-irked-by-emphasis-on-his-role-in-watergate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1988&dat=19731101&id=q00iAAAAIBAJ&pg=2082,4677">"Attorney General, Prosecutor Picked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus-Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Argus-Press">The Argus-Press</a></i>. Associated Press. November 1, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus-Press&rft.atitle=Attorney+General%2C+Prosecutor+Picked&rft.date=1973-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1988%26dat%3D19731101%26id%3Dq00iAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2082%2C4677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noble-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noble_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noble_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noble_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoble1987" class="citation news cs1">Noble, Kenneth B. (July 26, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/26/us/new-views-emerge-of-bork-s-role-in-watergate-dismissals.html?src=pm">"New Views Emerge Of Bork's Role in Watergate Dismissals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Views+Emerge+Of+Bork%27s+Role+in+Watergate+Dismissals&rft.date=1987-07-26&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F07%2F26%2Fus%2Fnew-views-emerge-of-bork-s-role-in-watergate-dismissals.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bork_pp._104-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bork_pp._104_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bork_pp._104_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a> v. Bork</i>, 366 F. Supp. 104 (D.D.C. 1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Amy B. (May 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/05/12/how-a-washington-post-humorist-became-connected-to-the-saturday-night-massacre/">"Who coined 'Saturday Night Massacre'? A birthday party at a YMCA may hold the key"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who+coined+%27Saturday+Night+Massacre%27%3F+A+birthday+party+at+a+YMCA+may+hold+the+key.&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2017%2F05%2F12%2Fhow-a-washington-post-humorist-became-connected-to-the-saturday-night-massacre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>Watergate</i> (VHS). Vol. 2: The Conspiracy Crumbles. Episode 4: Massacre. Discovery Channel. 1994. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37028979">37028979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watergate&rft.pub=Discovery+Channel&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37028979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nixon v. Sirica</i>, 487 F.2d 700 (D.C. Cir. 1973)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nCtcAAAAIBAJ&pg=1370,1527272">"Nixon Fires Cox; Richardson Quits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vindicator">The Vindicator</a></i>. Youngstown, Ohio. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. October 21, 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vindicator&rft.atitle=Nixon+Fires+Cox%3B+Richardson+Quits&rft.date=1973-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DnCtcAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1370%2C1527272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kilpatrick-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kilpatrick_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilpatrick1973" class="citation news cs1">Kilpatrick, Carroll (October 21, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/102173-2.htm">"Nixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nixon+Forces+Firing+of+Cox%3B+Richardson%2C+Ruckelshaus+Quit&rft.date=1973-10-21&rft.aulast=Kilpatrick&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fwatergate%2Farticles%2F102173-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOelsner1973" class="citation news cs1">Oelsner, Lesley (October 21, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/21/archives/cox-office-shut-on-nixons-order-fbi-agents-impound-files-and.html">"Cox Office Shut On Nixon's Order"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cox+Office+Shut+On+Nixon%27s+Order&rft.date=1973-10-21&rft.aulast=Oelsner&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F10%2F21%2Farchives%2Fcox-office-shut-on-nixons-order-fbi-agents-impound-files-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718162705/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KBIuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jn8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3099,1866772&dq=western-union&hl=en">"Record Numbers Jam Western Union"</a>. McClatchy Newspapers Service and UPI. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modesto_Bee" title="The Modesto Bee">The Modesto Bee</a></i> (Modesto, California). p. A2. "Western Union today reported a record 71,000 telegrams received in its Washington office about the firing [of] Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox in the first 36 hours ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713154116/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KBIuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jn8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4505,1866748&dq=ray-taylor&hl=en">"You Can Cheaply Wire (Cable) The White House"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modesto_Bee" title="The Modesto Bee">The Modesto Bee</a></i> (Modesto, California). October 22, 1973. p. A2. "... special flat rate for public opinion messages to Washington, D.C. ... up to 15 words, can be sent by dialing 1-800 ... $1.25 charge for the telegram is then billed to the calling person's telephone number ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hMofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wdcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=694,3954202&dq=telegrams&hl=en">"Impeachment Mail Floods Congress"</a>. <i>Gadsden Times</i> (Gadsden, Alabama). October 24, 1973. p. 2. "... Sen. Barry Goldwater, R-Ariz., had 270 telegrams for impeachment and about a dozen against it with telephone calls more evenly divided in sentiment. Sen. John G. Tower, R-Tex., reported 275 telegrams against Nixon, 16 for him;..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kJNYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VvgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2407,2360158&dq=oliver-quayle&hl=en">"Poll Shows Many for Impeachment"</a>. Associated Press. <i>Spokane Daily Chronicle</i>. October 23, 1973. p. 14. "... shows 44 per cent favored impeaching Nixon. Forty-three per cent opposed impeachment and 13 per cent were undecided, according to the poll…built-in sampling error of 2 to 3 per cent ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbers1973" class="citation news cs1">Herbers, John (November 2, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/02/archives/nixon-names-saxbe-attorney-general-jaworski-appointed-special.html">"Nixon Names Saxbe Attorney General; Jaworski Appointed Special Prosecutor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nixon+Names+Saxbe+Attorney+General%3B+Jaworski+Appointed+Special+Prosecutor&rft.date=1973-11-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Herbers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F02%2Farchives%2Fnixon-names-saxbe-attorney-general-jaworski-appointed-special.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmar2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Amar" title="Vikram Amar">Amar, Vikram David</a> (June 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verdict.justia.com/2017/06/30/summary-analysis-nixon-tapes-case-still-governs-important-aspects-executive-privilege-today">"A Summary and Analysis of the Nixon Tapes Case That Still Governs Important Aspects of "Executive Privilege" Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Justia" title="Justia">Justia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Summary+and+Analysis+of+the+Nixon+Tapes+Case+That+Still+Governs+Important+Aspects+of+%22Executive+Privilege%22+Today&rft.pub=Justia&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Vikram+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverdict.justia.com%2F2017%2F06%2F30%2Fsummary-analysis-nixon-tapes-case-still-governs-important-aspects-executive-privilege-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCloud2018" class="citation news cs1">Cloud, Stanley (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/apr/18/a-political-volcano-just-erupted-is-the-us-on-the-brink-of-the-next-watergate">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A political volcano just erupted': is the US on the brink of the next Watergate?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>At least 22 impeachment resolutions were quickly introduced in the House, along with 12 bills and resolutions ... calling for the appointment of a new special prosecutor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27A+political+volcano+just+erupted%27%3A+is+the+US+on+the+brink+of+the+next+Watergate%3F&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.aulast=Cloud&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2018%2Fapr%2F18%2Fa-political-volcano-just-erupted-is-the-us-on-the-brink-of-the-next-watergate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Evans" title="Rowland Evans">Evans, Rowland</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=W-INAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_2wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7215,609213&dq=saturday-night-massacre&hl=en">"Nixon Hoping Jaworski Will Drop Plumber Probe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette" title="Pittsburgh Post-Gazette">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</a></i>. November 6, 1973. p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Rowland; Novak, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p6BWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5183,2652094&dq=saturday-night-massacre&hl=en">"Jaworski: In Cox's footsteps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star" title="The Free Lance–Star">The Free Lance–Star</a></i> (Fredericksburg, Virginia). November 19, 1973. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clymer" title="Adam Clymer">Clymer, Adam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527231832/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/09/us/national-archives-has-given-up-on-filling-the-nixon-tape-gap.html">"National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 9, 2003. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/09/us/national-archives-has-given-up-on-filling-the-nixon-tape-gap.html">original</a> on September 1, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElving2024" class="citation news cs1">Elving, Ron (August 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/08/09/nx-s1-5068704/nixon-resign">"Half a century ago, Nixon became the only president to resign"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Half+a+century+ago%2C+Nixon+became+the+only+president+to+resign&rft.date=2024-08-09&rft.aulast=Elving&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F08%2F09%2Fnx-s1-5068704%2Fnixon-resign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301231021/http://news.yahoo.com/bork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html">"Bork: Nixon Offered Next High Court Vacancy in '73"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. February 25, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/bork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html">the original</a> on March 1, 2013 – via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bork%3A+Nixon+Offered+Next+High+Court+Vacancy+in+%2773&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fbork-nixon-offered-next-high-court-vacancy-73-215747517.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoen2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Schoen" title="Douglas Schoen">Schoen, Douglas E.</a> (2016). <i>The Nixon effect: how Richard Nixon's presidency fundamentally changed American politics</i>. New York: Encounter Books. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594038006" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594038006"><bdi>978-1594038006</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/891619019">891619019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nixon+effect%3A+how+Richard+Nixon%27s+presidency+fundamentally+changed+American+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F891619019&rft.isbn=978-1594038006&rft.aulast=Schoen&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2025" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Luc (February 13, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/us/manhattan-us-attorney-sassoon-resigns-after-request-drop-eric-adams-case-2025-02-13/">"Trump DOJ's order to drop Eric Adams case sparks mass resignations"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump+DOJ%27s+order+to+drop+Eric+Adams+case+sparks+mass+resignations&rft.date=2025-02-13&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2Fmanhattan-us-attorney-sassoon-resigns-after-request-drop-eric-adams-case-2025-02-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturday+Night+Massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon1004" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Nixon1004" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">37th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1969–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">36th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1953–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_diamond" title="Nixon diamond">Nixon diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. 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